Part 9

Require the pupils to tell how each tense is formed, and to note all changes for agreement in number and person.

A majority of modern writers use the _indicative_ forms instead of the _subjunctive_, in all of the tenses, unless it may be the _present_. The _subjunctive_ forms of the verb _to be_ are retained in the present and the past tense. Let the pupils understand that the mode and tense forms do not always correspond with the actual meaning. _The ship sails next week. I may go to-morrow_. The verbs _sails_ and _may go_ are _present_ in form but _future_ in meaning. _If it rains by noon, he may not come_. The verb _rains_ is _indicative_ in form but _subjunctive_ in meaning.

The plural forms, _You saw, You were_, etc., are used in the _singular_ also.

LESSON 93.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB--SIMPLE FORM.

Fill out the following forms, using the principal parts of the verb _walk. Pres., walk; Past, walked; Past Par., walked_.

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular_. _Plural_. 1. I / _Pres_ /, 1. We / _Pres_ /, 2. You / _Pres_ /, 2. You / _Pres_ /, Thou / _Pres_ /est, 3. He / _Pres_ /s; 3. They / _Pres_ /.

PAST TENSE

1. I / _Past_ /, 1. We / _Past_ /, 2. You / _Past_ /, 2. You / _Past_ /, Thou / _Past_ /st, 3. He / _Past_ /; 3. They / _Past_ /.

FUTURE TENSE.

1. I _shall_ / _Pres_ /, 1. We _will_ / _Pres_ /, 2. You _will_ / _Pres_ /, 2. You _will_ / _Pres_ /, Thou _wil-t_ / _Pres_ /, 3. He _will_ / _Pres_ /; 3. They _will_ / _Pres_ /.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. I _have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _have_ /_Past Par._/, Thou _ha-st_ /_Past Par._/, 3. He _ha-s_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _have_ /_Past Par._/.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. I _had_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _had_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _had_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _had_ /_Past Par._/, Thou _had-st_ /_Past Par._/, 3. He _had_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _had_ /_Past Par._/.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

1. I _shall have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _will have_ _Past Par._, 2. You _will have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _will have_ _Past Par._, Thou _wil-t have_ /_Past Par._/, 3. He _will have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _will have_ _Past Par._.

POTENTIAL MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

1. I _may_ / _Pres._ /, 1. We _may_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _may_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _may_ / _Pres._ /, Thou _may-st_ / _Pres._ /, 3. He _may_ / _Pres._ /; 3. They _may_ / _Pres._ /.

PAST TENSE.

1. I _might_ / _Pres._ /, 1. We _might_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _might_ / _Pres._ /, 2. You _might_ / _Pres._ /, Thou _might-st_ / _Pres._ /, 3. He _might_ / _Pres._ /; 3. They _might_ / _Pres._ /.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. I _may have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _may have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _may have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _may have_ /_Past Par._/, Thou _may-st have_ /_Past Par._/, 3. He _may have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _may have_ /_Past Par._/.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. I _might have_ /_Past Par._/, 1. We _might have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _might have_ /_Past Par._/, 2. You _might have_ /_Past Par._/, Thou _might-st have_ /_Past Par._/, 3. He _might have_ /_Past Par._/; 3. They _might have_ /_Past Par._/.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular_. _Plural_. 1. If I / _Pres._ /, 1. If we / _Pres._ /, 2. If you / _Pres._ /, 2. If you / _Pres._ /, If thou / _Pres._ /, 3. If he / _Pres._ /; 3. If they / _Pres._ /.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

2. / _Pres._ / (you _or_ thou); 2. / _Pres._ / (you).

INFINITIVES.

PRESENT TENSE.

To / _Pres._ /.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

To _have_ /_Past Par._/.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT. /_Pres./ing_. /_Past Par._/ _Having /Past Par./_

+To the Teacher+.--Let the pupils fill out these forms with other verbs. In the indicative, present, third, singular, _es_ is sometimes added instead of _s_; and in the second person, old style, _st_ is sometimes added instead of _est_.

LESSON 94.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE.

In studying this Lesson, pay no attention to the line at the right of each verb.

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular_. _Plural_. 1. I am ----, 1. We are ----, 2. You are ---- _or_ 2. You are ----, Thou art ----, 3. He is ----; 3. They are ----.

PAST TENSE.

1. I was ----, 1. We were ----, 2. You were ----, _or_ 2. You were ----, Thou wast ----, 3. He was ----; 3. They were ----.

FUTURE TENSE.

1. I shall be ----, 1. We shall be ----, 2. You will be ----, _or_ 2. You will be ----, Thou wilt be ----, 3. He will be ----; 3. They will be ----.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. I have been ----, 1. We have been ----, 2. You have been ---- _or_ 2. You have been ----, Thou hast been ----, 3. He has been ----; 3. They have been ----.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. I had been ----, 1. We had been ----, 2. You had been ---- _or_ 2. You had been ----, Thou hadst been ----, 3. He had been ----; 3. They had been ----.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

1. I shall have been ----, 1. We shall have been ----, 2. You will have been ---- _or_ 2. You will have been ----, Thou wilt have been ----, 3. He will has been ----; 3. They will have been ----.

POTENTIAL MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular_. _Plural_. 1. I may be ----, 1. We may be ----, 2. You may be ---- _or_ 2. You may be ----, Thou mayst be ----, 3. He may be ----; 3. They may be ----.

PAST TENSE.

1. I might be ----, 1. We might be ----, 2. You might be ---- _or_ 2. You might be ----, Thou mightst be ----, 3. He might be ----; 3. They might be ----.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. I may have been ----, 1. We may have been ----, 2. You may have been ---- _or_ 2. You may have been ----, Thou mayst have been ----, 3. He may have been ----; 3. They may have been ----.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. I might have been ----, 1. We might have been ----, 2. You might have been ---- _or_ 2. You might have been ----, Thou mightst have been ----, 3. He might have been ----; 3. They might have been ----.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular_. _Plural_. 1. If I be ----, 1. If we be ----, 2. If you be ---- _or _ 2. If you be ----, If thou be ----, 3. If he be ----; 3. If they be ----.

PAST TENSE.

1. If I were ----, 1. If we were ----, 2. If you were ---- _or_ 2. If you were ----, If thou wert ----, 3. If he were ----; 3. If they were ----.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

2. Be (you _or_ them) ----; 2. Be (you)------.

INFINITIVES.

PRESENT TENSE. To be ----.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

To have been ----.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT. Being ----. Been. Having been ----.

+To the Teacher+.--After the pupils have become thoroughly familiar with the verb _be_ as a principal verb, teach them to use it as an auxiliary in making the +Progressive Form+ and the +Passive Form+.

The _progressive form_ may be made by filling all the blanks with the _present participle_ of some verb.

The _passive form_ may be made by filling all the blanks with the _past participle_ of a _transitive_ verb.

Notice that, after the past participle, no blank is left.

In the progressive form, this participle is wanting; and, in the passive form, it is the same as in the simple.

LESSON 95.

AGREEMENT OF THE VERB.

+To the Teacher+.--For additional matter, see pp. 163-167.

+_Remember_+ that the verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

Give the person and number of each of the following verbs, and write sentences in which each form shall be used correctly.

_Common forms_.--Does, has=ha(ve)s, is, am, are, was, were.

_Old forms_.--Seest, sawest, hast=ha(ve)st, wilt, mayst, mightst, art, wast.

When a verb has two or more subjects connected by _and_, it must agree with them in the plural. _A similar rule applies to the agreement of the pronoun_.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

+Model+.--Poverty and obscurity _oppresses_ him who thinks that _it is oppressive_.

Wrong: the verb _oppresses_ should be changed to _oppress_ to agree with its two subjects, connected by _and_. The pronoun _it_ should be changed to _they_ to agree with its two antecedents, and the verb _is_ should be changed to _are_ to agree with _they_.

Industry, energy, and good sense is essential to success. Time and tide waits for no man. The tall sunflower and the little violet is turning its face to the sun. The mule and the horse was harnessed together. Every green leaf and every blade of grass seem grateful.

+Model+.--The preceding sentence is wrong. The verb _seem_ is plural, and it should be singular; for, when several singular subjects are preceded by _each_, every_, or _no_, they are taken separately.

Each day and each hour bring their portion of duty. Every book and every paper were found in their place.

When a verb has two or more singular subjects connected by _or_ or _nor_, it must agree with them in the singular. _A similar rule applies to the agreement of the pronoun_.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

One or the other have made a mistake in their statement. Neither the aster nor the dahlia are cultivated for their fragrance. Either the president or his secretary were responsible. Neither Ann, Jane, nor Sarah are at home.

To foretell, or to express future time simply, the auxiliary _shall_ is used in the first person, and _will_ in the second and third; but when a speaker determines or promises, he uses _will_ in the first person and _shall_ in the second and third.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

I will freeze, if I do not move about. You shall feel better soon, I think. She shall be fifteen years old to-morrow. I shall find it for you, if you shall bring the book to me. You will have it, if I can get it for you. He will have it, if he shall take the trouble to ask for it. He will not do it, if I can prevent him. I will drown, nobody shall help me. I will be obliged to you, if you shall attend to it. We will have gone by to-morrow morning. You shall disappoint your father, if you do not return. I do not think I will like the change. Next Tuesday shall be your birthday. You shall be late, if you do not hurry.

LESSON 96.

ERRORS IN THE FORM OF THE VERB.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

+Model+.--Those things _have_ not _came to-day_.

Wrong, because the past _came_ is here used for the past participle _come_. The present perfect tense is formed by prefixing _have_ to the _past participle_.

I done all my work before breakfast. I come in a little late yesterday. He has went to my desk without permission. That stupid fellow set down on my new hat.

_Set_ is generally transitive, and _sit_ is intransitive. _Lay_ is transitive, and _lie_ is intransitive.

He sat the chair in the corner. Sit that plate on the table, and let it set. I have set in this position a long time. That child will not lay still or set still a minute. I laid down under the tree, and enjoyed the scenery. Lie that stick on the table, and let it lay. Those boys were drove out of the fort three times. I have rode through the park. I done what I could. He has not spoke to-day. The leaves have fell from the trees. This sentence is wrote badly. He throwed his pen down, and said that the point was broke. He teached me grammar. I seen him when he done it. My hat was took off my head, and throwed out of the window. The bird has flew into that tall tree. I was chose leader. I have began to do better. I begun this morning. My breakfast was ate in a hurry. Your dress sets well. That foolish old hen is setting on a wooden egg. He has tore it up and throwed it away. William has took my knife, and I am afraid he has stole it. This should be well shook. I begun to sing, before I knowed what I was doing. We drunk from a pure spring. I thought you had forsook us. His pencil is nearly wore up. He come, and tell me all he knowed about it.

LESSON 97.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

+To the Teacher+.--See "Scheme," p. 187.

How many modifications have verbs? Ans.--_Five; viz., voice, mode, tense, number, and person_. Define voice. How many voices are there? Define each. Illustrate. What is mode? How many modes are there? Define each. What is an infinitive? What is a participle? How many different kinds of participles are there? Define each. Illustrate. What is tense? How many tenses are there? Define each. Illustrate. What are the number and the person of a verb? Illustrate. What is conjugation? What is synopsis? What are auxiliaries? Name the auxiliaries. What are the principal parts of a verb? Why are they so called? How does a verb agree with its subject? When a verb has two or more subjects, how does it agree? Illustrate the uses of _shall_ and _will_.

+To the Teacher+.--Select some of the preceding exercises, and require the pupils to write the parsing of all the verbs. See Lessons 34, 35, 48, 49, and 56.

+Model for Written Parsing--Verbs+.--_The Yankee, selling his farm, wanders away to seek new lands_.

CLASSIFICATION. MODIFICATIONS. SYNTAX.

_Verbs_. _Kind_. _Voice_. _Mode_. _Tense_. _Num_. _Per_.

*selling Pr. Par., Ir., Tr. Ac. --- --- --- --- Mod. of _Yankee_. wanders Reg., Int. --- Ind. Pres. Sing. 3d. Pred. of " *seek Inf, Ir., Tt, Ac. --- " --- --- Prin. word in phrase Mod. of _wanders_.

[Footnote *: Participles and Infinitives have no _person_ or _number_.]

LESSON 98.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Participles sometimes partake of the nature of the noun, while they retain the nature of the verb.

Build each of the following phrases into a sentence, and explain the nature of the participle.

+Model+.-- ----_in building a snow fort_. They were engaged _in building a snow fort_. The participle _building_, like a noun, follows the preposition _in_, as the principal word in the phrase; and, like a verb, it takes the object complement _fort_.

---- by foretelling storms. ---- by helping others. ---- on approaching the house. ----- in catching fish.

Use the following phrases as subjects.

Walking in the garden ----. His writing that letter ----. Breaking a promise ----.

Use each of the following phrases in a complex sentence. Let some of the dependent clauses be used as adjectives, and some, as adverbs.

---- in sledges. ---- up the Hudson. ---- down the Rhine. ---- through the Alps. ---- with snow and ice. ---- into New York Bay. ---- on the prairie. ---- at Saratoga.

Build a short sentence containing all the parts of speech.

Expand the following simple sentence into twelve sentences.

Astronomy teaches the size, form, nature, and motions of the sun, moon, and stars.

Contract the following awkward compound sentence into a neat simple sentence,

Hannibal passed through Gaul, and then he crossed the Alps, and then came down into Italy, and then he defeated several Roman generals.

Change the following complex sentences to compound sentences.

When he asked me the question, I answered him courteously. Morse, the man who invented the telegraph, was a public benefactor. When spring comes, the birds will return.

Contract the following complex sentences into simple sentences by changing the verb in the dependent clause to a participle. Notice all the other changes.

A ship which was gliding along the horizon attracted our attention. I saw a man who was plowing a field. When the shower had passed, we went on our way. I heard that he wrote that article. That he was a foreigner was well known. I am not sure that he did it. Every pupil who has an interest in this work will prepare for it.

Change the following compound sentences to complex sentences.

+Model+.--Morning dawns, and the clouds disperse. When morning dawns, the clouds disperse.

Avoid swearing; it is a wicked habit. Pearls are valuable, and they are found in oyster shells. Dickens wrote David Copperfield, and he died in 1870. Some animals are vertebrates, and they have a backbone.

Expand each of the following sentences as much as you can.

Indians dance. The clock struck. The world moves.

LESSON 99.

MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

I have got that book at home.

+Model+.--Wrong, because _have_, alone, asserts possession. _Got_, used in the sense of _obtained_, is correct; as, _I have just got the book_.

Have you got time to help me? There is many mistakes in my composition.

+Model+.--Wrong, because _is_ should agree with its plural subject _mistakes_. The adverb _there_ is often used to introduce a sentence, that the subject may follow the predicate. This often makes the sentence sound smooth, and gives variety.

There goes my mother and sister. Here comes the soldiers. There was many friends to greet him. It ain't there.

+Model+.--_Ain't_ is a vulgar contraction. Correction--It _is not_ there.

I have made up my mind that it ain't no use. 'Tain't so bad as you think. Two years' interest were due. Every one of his acts were criticised. I, Henry, and you have been chosen.

+Model+.--Wrong, for politeness requires that you should mention the one spoken to, first; the one spoken of, next; and yourself, last.

He invited you and I and Mary. Me and Jane are going to the fair. I only want a little piece. He is a handsome, tall man. Did you sleep good? How much trouble one has, don't they? He inquired for some tinted ladies' note-paper. You needn't ask me nothing about it, for I haven't got no time to answer. Him that is diligent will succeed. He found the place sooner than me. Who was that? It was me and him. If I was her, I would say less. Bring me them tongs. Us boys have a base-ball club. Whom did you say that it was? Who did you speak to just now? Who did you mean, when you said that? Where was you when I called? There's twenty of us going. Circumstances alters cases. Tell them to set still. He laid down by the fire. She has lain her book aside. It takes him everlastingly. That was an elegant old rock.

LESSON 100.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

1. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 2. Strike! till the last armed foe expires! 3. You wrong me, Brutus. 4. Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? 5. Why stand we here idle? 6. Give me liberty, or give me death! 7. Thy mercy, O Lord, is in the heavens, and thy faithfulness reacheth unto the clouds. 8. The clouds poured out water, the skies sent out a sound, the voice of thy thunder was in the heaven. 9. The heavens declare his righteousness, and all the people see his glory. 10. The verdant lawn, the shady grove, the variegated landscape, the boundless ocean, and the starry firmament are beautiful and magnificent objects. 11. When you grind your corn, give not the flour to the devil and the bran to God. 12. That which the fool does in the end, the wise man does at the beginning. 13. Xerxes commanded the largest army that was ever brought into the field. 14. Without oxygen, fires would cease to burn, and all animals would immediately die. 15. Liquids, when acted upon by gravity, press downward, upward, and sideways. 16. Matter exists in three states--the solid state, the liquid state, and the gaseous state. 17. The blending of the seven prismatic colors produces white light. 18. Soap-bubbles, when they are exposed to light, exhibit colored rings. 19. He who yields to temptation debases himself with a debasement from which he can never arise. 20. Young eyes that last year smiled in ours Now point the rifle's barrel; And hands then stained with fruits and flowers Bear redder stains of quarrel.

CAPITAL LETTERS AND PUNCTUATION.

+Capital Letters+.--The first word of (1) a sentence, (2) a line of poetry, (3) a direct quotation making complete sense or a direct question introduced into a sentence, and (4) phrases or clauses separately numbered or paragraphed should begin with a capital letter. Begin with a capital letter (5) proper names and words derived from them, (6) names of things personified, and (7) most abbreviations. Write in capital letters (8) the words _I_ and _O_, and (9) numbers in the Roman notation. [Footnote: Small letters are preferred where numerous references to chapters, etc., are made.]

+Examples+.--1. The judicious are always a minority.

2. Honor and shame from no condition rise; Act well your part, there all the honor lies. 3. The question is, "Can law make people honest?" 4. Paintings are useful for these reasons: 1. They please; 2. They instruct. 5. The heroic Nelson destroyed the French fleet in Aboukir Bay. 6. Next, Anger rushed, his eyes on fire. 7. The Atlantic ocean beat Mrs. Partington. 8. The use of _O_ and _oh_ I am now to explain. 9. Napoleon II. never came to the throne.

+Period+.--Place a period after (1) a declarative or an imperative sentence, (2) an abbreviation, and (3) a number written in the Roman notation.

For examples see 1, 7, and 9 in the sentences above.

+Interrogation Point+.--Every direct interrogative sentence or clause should be followed by an interrogation point.

+Example+.--King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets?

+Exclamation Point+.--All exclamatory expressions must be followed by the exclamation point.

+Example+.--Oh! bloodiest picture in the book of time! +_Comma_+.--Set off by the comma (1) a phrase out of its natural order or not closely connected with the word it modifies; (2) an explanatory modifier that does not restrict the modified term or combine closely with it; (3) a participle used as an adjective modifier, with the words belonging to it, unless restrictive; (4) the adjective clause, when not restrictive; (5) the adverb clause, unless it closely follows and restricts the word it modifies; (6) a word or phrase independent or nearly so; (7) a direct quotation introduced into a sentence, unless _formally_ introduced; (8) a noun clause used as an attribute complement; and (9) a term connected to another by or and having the same meaning. Separate by the comma (10) connected words and phrases, unless all the conjunctions are expressed; (11) independent clauses, when short and closely connected; and (12) the parts of a compound predicate and of other phrases, when long or differently modified.

+_Examples_+.--l. In the distance, icebergs look like masses of burnished metal. 2. Alexandria, the capital of Lower Egypt, is an ill-looking city. 3. Labor, diving deep into the earth, brings up long-hidden stores of coal. 4. The sun, which is the center of our system, is millions of miles from us. 5. When beggars die, there are no comets seen. 6. Gentlemen, this, then, is your verdict. 7. God said, "Let there be light." 8. Nelson's signal was, "England expects every man to do his duty." 9. Rubbers, or overshoes, are worn to keep the feet dry. 10. The sable, the seal, and the otter furnish us rich furs. 11. His dark eye flashed, his proud breast heaved, his cheek's hue came and went. 12. Flights of birds darken the air, and tempt the traveler with the promise of abundant provisions.