Chapter 5

1. Cotton is raised in Egypt, India, and the United States. 2. The navy of Hiram brought gold from Ophir. 3. The career of Cromwell was short. 4. Most mountain ranges run parallel with the coast. 5. Now swiftly glides the bonny boat. 6. An able but dishonest judge presided. 7. The queen bee lays eggs in cells of three different sizes. 8. Umbrellas were introduced into England from China. 9. The first permanent English settlement in America was made at Jamestown, in 1607. 10. The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and cheerful. 11. The summits of the Alps are covered with perpetual snow. 12. The months of July and August were named after Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar. 13. All the kings of Egypt are called, in Scripture, Pharaoh. 14. The bamboo furnishes to the natives of China, shade, food, houses, weapons, and clothing.

LESSON 47.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Supply _attribute complements_ to the following expressions. (See Caution, Lesson 40.)

The marble feels ----. Mary looks ----. The weather continues ----. The apple tastes ----. That lady appears ----. The sky grows ----. The leaves of roses are ----. The undertaking was pronounced ----.

Write a subject and a predicate to each of the following nouns taken as _attribute complements_.

+Model+.--_Soldier_.--That old man has been a _soldier_.

Plant, insect, mineral, vegetable, liquid, gas, solid, historian, poet, artist, traveler, emperor.

Using the following nouns as subjects, build sentences each having a simple predicate and two or more _object complements_.

Congress, storm, education, king, tiger, hunter, Arnold, shoemakers, lawyers, merchant.

Build three sentences on each of the following subjects, two of which shall contain _object complements_, and the third, an _attribute complement_.

+Model+.--_Sun_.-- The _sun_ gives _light_. The _sun_ warms the _earth_. The _sun_ is a luminous _body_.

Moon, oak, fire, whiskey.

LESSON 48.

SUBJECT OR COMPLEMENT MODIFIED BY A PARTICIPLE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--You have learned, in the preceding Lessons, that a _quality_ may be _assumed_ as belonging to a thing; as, _white chalk_, or that it may be _asserted_ of it; as, _Chalk is white_. An _action_, also, may be _assumed_ as belonging to something; as, _Peter turning_, or it may be _asserted;_ as, Peter _turned_. In the expression, _Peter, turning, said_, what word expresses an action as _assumed_, and which _asserts_ an action? Each pupil may give an example of an action asserted and of an action assumed; as, Corn _grows_, corn _growing_; geese _gabble_; geese _gabbling_.

This form of the verb, which merely _assumes_ the act, being, or state, is called the +Participle+.

When the words _growing_ and _gabbling_ are placed before the nouns, thus: _growing corn, gabbling geese_, they tell simply the kind of corn and the kind of geese, and are therefore _adjectives_.

When _the_ or some other adjective is placed before these words, and a preposition after them, thus: _The growing of the corn, the gabbling of the geese_, they are simply the _names_ of actions, and are therefore _nouns_.

Let each pupil give an example of a verb asserting an action, and change it to express:--

1st, An _assumed_ action; 2d, A permanent _quality;_ 3d, The _name_ of an action.

_Participles_ may be completed by _objects_ and _attributes_.

+Analysis and Parsing+.

+Model+.--_Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again_.

Truth | will rise ==========|============= \cru | \again \ shed -------- \to \ earth \-------

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--In this diagram, the line standing for the principal word of the participial phrase is broken; one part slants, and the other is horizontal. This shows that the participle _crushed_ is used like an adjective to modify _Truth_, and yet retains the nature of a verb, expressing an action received by truth.

+Oral Analysis+.--This is a sentence, because ----; _Truth_ is the subject, because ----; _will rise_ is the predicate, because ----; the phrase, _crushed to earth_, is a modifier of the Subj., because ----; _crushed_ introduces the phrase and is the principal word in it; the phrase _to earth_ is a modifier of _crushed_; _to_ introduces it, and _earth_ is the principal word in it; _again_ is a modifier of the Pred., because ----. _Truth crushed to earth_ is the modified subject, _will rise again_ is the modified predicate.

+Parsing+--_Crushed_ is the form of the verb called _participle_. The action expressed by it is merely _assumed_.

1. The mirth of Addison is genial, imparting a mild glow of thought. 2. The general, riding to the front, led the attack. 3. The balloon, shooting swiftly into the clouds, was soon lost to sight. 4. Wealth acquired dishonestly will prove a curse. 5. The sun, rising, dispelled the mists. 6. The thief, being detected, surrendered to the officer. 7. They boarded the vessel lying in the harbor. 8. The territory claimed by the Dutch was called New Netherlands. 9. Washington, having crossed the Delaware, attacked the Hessians stationed at Trenton. 10. Burgoyne, having been surrounded at Saratoga, surrendered to Gen. Gates. 11. Pocahontas was married to a young Englishman named John Rolfe. 12. A shrug of the shoulders, translated into words, loses much force. 13. The armies of England, mustered for the battles of Europe, do not awaken sincere admiration.

(Note that the participle, like the predicate verb, may consist of two or more words.)

(Note, too, that the participle, like the adjective, may belong to a _noun complement_.)

LESSON 49.

THE INFINITIVE PHRASE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--There is another form of the verb which, like the participle, cannot be the predicate of a sentence, for it cannot _assert_; as, She went out _to see_ a friend; _To lie_ is a disgrace. As this form of the verb expresses the action, being, or state in a general manner, without limiting it directly to a subject, it is called an +Infinitive+, which means _without limit_. The infinitive generally follows _to_; as, _to walk, to sleep_.

Let each pupil give an infinitive.

The infinitive and the preposition _to_ constitute a phrase, which may be employed in several ways.

+T+.--_I have a duty to perform_. The infinitive phrase modifies what?

+P+.--The noun _duty_. +T+.--It then performs the office of what? +P+.--Of an adjective modifier.

+T+.--_I come to hear_. The infinitive phrase modifies what? +P+.--The verb _come_. +T+.--What office then does it perform? +P+.--Of an adverb modifier.

+T+.--_To lie is base_. _What_ is base? +P+.--To lie. +T+.--_He attempted to speak_. _What_ did he attempt? +P+.--To speak. +T+.--_To lie_ is a subject, and _to speak_ is an _object_. What part of speech is used as subject and object? +P+.--The noun.

+T+.--The +Infinitive+ phrase is used as an +adjective+, an +adverb+, and a +noun+.

_Infinitives_ may be completed by _objects_ and _attributes_.

+Analysis and Parsing+.

+Model+.--_David hasted to meet Goliath_.

David | hasted ==========|=========== | \to \ meet | Goliath \----------------

+Analysis of the Infinitive Phrase+.--_To_ introduces the phrase; _meet_, completed by the object _Goliath_, is the principal part.

+Parsing of the Phrase+.--_To_ is a preposition, because ----; _meet_ is a verb, because ----; _Goliath_ is a noun, because ----.

1. I come not here to talk. 2. I rejoice to hear it. 3. A desire to excel leads to eminence. 4. Dr. Franklin was sent to France to solicit aid for the colonies. 5. To retreat was impossible.

(_To_ is here used merely to introduce the infinitive phrase.)

\to \ retreat \--------- | | / \ | was \ impossible ==========|====================== |

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--As this _phrase subject_ cannot, in its proper form, be written on the subject line, it is placed above, and, by means of a support, the phrase diagram is made to rest on the subject line. The _phrase complement_ may be diagramed in a similar way, and made to rest on the complement line.

6. The hands refuse to labor. 7. To live is not all of life. 8. The Puritans desired to obtain religious freedom. 9. The Romans, having conquered the world, were unable to conquer themselves. 10. Narvaez sailed from Cuba to conquer Florida. 11. Some savages of America and Africa love to wear rings in the nose. 12. Andrew Jackson, elected to succeed J. Q. Adams, was inaugurated in 1829.

LESSON 50.

POSITION AND PUNCTUATION OF THE PARTICIPIAL PHRASE.

ERRORS TO BE CORRECTED. (See Caution 1, Lesson 41.)

Punctuate as you correct. (See Lesson 37.)

A house was built for a clergyman having seven gables. The old man struck the saucy boy raising a gold-headed cane. We saw a marble bust of Sir W. Scott entering the vestibule. Here is news from a neighbor boiled down. I found a cent walking over the bridge. Balboa discovered the Pacific ocean climbing to the top of a mountain.

Punctuate the following exercises.

Cradled in the camp Napoleon was the darling of the army. Having approved of the plan the king put it into execution. Satan incensed with indignation stood unterrified. My friend seeing me in need offered his services. James being weary with his journey sat down on the wall. The owl hid in the tree hooted through the night.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

Give the caution relating to the position of the phrase modifier; that relating to the choice of prepositions; that relating to the double negative (Lesson 41). Give examples of errors. Can a noun be an attribute complement? Illustrate. What do you understand by a participle? Into what may some participles be changed? Illustrate. What offices does the infinitive phrase perform? Illustrate them.

+To the Teacher+.--See COMPOSITION EXERCISES in the Supplement--Selection from George Eliot.

LESSON 51.

REVIEW.

MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS FOR CORRECTION. (See Cautions in Lessons 30, 40, and 41.)

There never was such another man. He was an old venerable patriarch.

John has a cadaverous, hungry, and lean look. He was a well-proportioned, fine fellow.

Pass me them potatoes.

Put your trust not in money. We have often occasion for thanksgiving,

Now this is to be done how? Nothing can justify ever profanity.

To continually study is impossible.

(An adverb is seldom placed between the preposition _to_ and the infinitive.)

Mary likes to tastefully dress. Learn to carefully choose your words.

She looks queerly. Give me a soon and direct answer.

The post stood firmly. The eagle flies highly. The orange tastes sweetly.

I feel tolerable well. The branch breaks easy. Thistles grow rapid. The eagle flies swift. This is a miserable poor pen.

A wealthy gentleman will adopt a little boy with a small family. A gentleman called from Africa to pay his compliments.

Water consists in oxygen and hydrogen. He went out attended with a servant. I have a dislike to such tricksters. We have no prejudice to foreigners. She don't know nothing about it. Father wouldn't give me none. He hasn't been sick neither. I won't have no more nohow.

+To the Teacher+.--Let the reason be given for every correction.

LESSON 52.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Build sentences in which the following participles shall be used as modifiers.

Being fatigued; laughing; being amused; having been elected; running; having been running.

Expand each of the following sentences into three sentences, using the _participial form_ of the verb as a _participle_, in the first; the same form as an _adjective_, in the second; and as a _noun_, in the third.

+Model+.--The stream _flows_. The stream, _flowing_ gently, crept through the meadow. The _flowing_ stream slipped away to the sea. The _flowing_ of the stream caused a low murmur. The stream flows. The sun rises. Insects hum. The birds sing. The wind whistles. The bells are ringing. The tide ebbs.

Form _infinitive phrases_ from the following verbs, and use these phrases as _adjectives, adverbs_, and _nouns_, in sentences of your own building.

Smoke, dance, burn, eat, lie, try.

+To the Teacher+.--For exercises to distinguish the participle from the predicate verb, see Notes, pp. 181, 182.

LESSON 53.

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS AS MODIFIERS.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--In the sentence, _The robin's eggs are blue_, the noun _robin's_ does what? +P+.--It tells what or whose eggs are blue. +T+.--What word names the things owned or possessed? +P+.--_Eggs_. +T+.--What word names the owner or possessor? +P+.--_Robin's_.

+T+.--The noun _robin's_ is here used as a _modifier_. You see that this word, which I have written on the board, is the word _robin_ with a little mark (') called an apostrophe, and the letter _s_ added. These are added to denote possession.

In the sentence, _Webster, the statesman, was born in New Hampshire_, the noun _statesman_ modifies the subject _Webster_ by explaining what or which Webster is meant. Both words name the same person.

Let the pupils give examples of each of these two kinds of +Noun Modifiers+--the +Possessive+ and the +Explanatory+.

Analysis and Parsing.

+Model+.--_Julia's sister Mary has lost her diamond ring_.

sister (Mary) | has lost | ring ===============|============'============= \Julia's | \her \diamond

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--_Mary_ is written on the subject line, because _Mary_ and _sister_ both name the same person, but the word _Mary_ is inclosed within marks of parenthesis to show that _sister_ is the proper grammatical subject.

In _oral analysis_, call _Julia's_ and _Mary_ modifiers of the subject, _sister_, because _Julia's_ tells whose sister, and _Mary_ explains sister by adding another name of the same person. _Her_ is a modifier of the object, because it tells whose ring is meant.

_Julia's sister Mary_ is the _modified subject_, the predicate is unmodified, and _her diamond ring_ is the _modified object complement_.

1. The planet Jupiter has four moons. 2. The Emperor Nero was a cruel tyrant. 3. Peter's wife's mother lay sick of a fever.

mother ======== \wife's \Peter's

4. An ostrich outruns an Arab's horse. 5. His pretty little nephew Arthur had the best claim to the throne. 6. Milton, the great English poet, became blind. 7. Caesar gave his daughter Julia in marriage to Pompey. 8. London, the capital of England, is the largest and richest city in the world. 9. Joseph, Jacob's favorite son, was sold by his brethren to the Ishmaelites. 10. Alexander the Great [Footnote: _Alexander the Great_ may be taken as one name, or _Great_ may be called an explanatory modifier of _Alexander_.] was educated under the celebrated philosopher Aristotle. 11. Friends tie their purses with a spider's thread. 12. Caesar married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna. 13. His fate, alas! was deplorable. 14. Love rules his kingdom without a sword.

LESSON 54.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

Nouns and pronouns denoting possession may generally be changed to equivalent phrases; as, _Arnold's treason_ = _the treason of Arnold_. Here the preposition _of_ indicates _possession_, the same relation expressed by the apostrophe (') and _s_. Change the following possessive nouns to equivalent phrases, and the phrases indicating possession to possessive nouns, and then expand the expressions into complete sentences.

+Model+.--The _earth's_ surface. The surface _of the earth_ is made up of land and water.

The earth's surface: Solomon's temple; England's Queen; Washington's Farewell Address; Dr. Kane's Explorations; Peter's wife's mother; George's friend's father; Shakespeare's plays; Noah's dove; the diameter of the earth; the daughter of Jephthah; the invasion of Burgoyne; the voyage of Cabot; the Armada of Philip; the attraction of the earth; the light of the moon.

Find for the things mentioned below, _other_ names which shall describe or explain them. Add such names to these nouns, and then expand the expressions into complete sentences.

+Model+.--_Ink_.--_Ink, a dark fluid_, is used in writing.

Observe the following rule.

+COMMA-RULE.--An _Explanatory Modifier_, when it does not restrict the modified term or combine closely with it, is set off by the comma+.

+To the Teacher+.--See Notes, pp. 176, 177.

New York, rain, paper, the monkey, the robin, tea, Abraham Lincoln, Alexander Hamilton, world, peninsula, Cuba, Shakespeare.

Write three sentences, each of which shall contain a noun or pronoun denoting possession, and a noun or pronoun used to explain.

+To the Teacher+.--For additional exercises in the use of possessive modifiers, see Notes, pp. 182, 183.

LESSON 55.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES IN REVIEW.

1. The toad spends the winter in a dormant state. 2. Pride in dress or in beauty betrays a weak mind. 3. The city of London is situated on the river Thames. 4. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769, on an island in the Mediterranean. 5. Men's opinions vary with their interests. 6. Ammonia is found in the sap of trees, and in the juices of all vegetables. 7. Earth sends up her perpetual hymn of praise to the Creator. 8. Having once been deceived by him, I never trusted him again. 9. Aesop, the author of Aesop's Fables, was a slave. 10. Hope comes with smiles to cheer the hour of pain. 11. Clouds are collections of vapors in the air. 12. To relieve the wretched was his pride. 13. Greece, the most noted country of antiquity, scarcely exceeded in size the half of the state of New York.

LESSON 56.

ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES IN REVIEW--CONTINUED.

1. We are never too old to learn. 2. Civility is the result of good nature and good sense. 3. The right of the people to instruct their representatives is generally admitted. 4. The immense quantity of matter in the Universe presents a most striking display of Almighty power. 5. Virtue, diligence, and industry, joined with good temper and prudence, must ever be the surest means of prosperity. 6. The people called Quakers were a source of much trouble to the Puritans. 7. The Mayflower brought to America [Footnote: One hundred and one may be taken as one adjective.] one hundred and one men, women, and children. 8. Edward Wingfield, an avaricious and unprincipled man, was the first president of the Jamestown colony. 9. John Cabot and his son Sebastian, sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, discovered the continent of America. 10. True worth is modest and retiring. 11. Jonah, the prophet, preached to the inhabitants of Nineveh.

LESSON 57.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--A word-modifier may sometimes be expanded into a phrase or into an expression that asserts.

+T+.--_A wise man will be honored_. Expand _wise_ into a phrase, and give me the sentence. +P+.--A man _of wisdom_ will be honored. +T+.--Expand _wise_ into an expression that asserts, join this to _man_, as a modifier, and then give me the entire sentence. +P+.--A man _who is wise_ will be honored.

+T+.--You see that the same quality may be expressed in three ways--A _wise_ man, A man _of wisdom_, A man _who is wise_.

Let the pupils give similar examples.

+T+.--In the sentence, _A man who is wise will be honored_, the word _who_ stands for what? +P+.--For the noun _man_. +T+.--Then what part of speech is it? +P+.--A pronoun.

+T+.--Put the noun _man_ in the place of the pronoun _who_, and then give me the sentence. +P+.--_A man, man is wise, will be honored_.

+T+.--I will repeat your sentence, changing the order of the words--_A man will be honored. Man is wise_. Is the last sentence now joined to the first as a modifier, or are they two separate sentences? +P+.--They are two separate sentences.

+T+.--Then you see that the pronoun _who_ not only stands for the noun _man_, but it connects the modifying expression, _who is wise_, to _man_, the subject of the sentence, _A man will be honored_, and thus there is formed what we call a +Complex Sentence+. These two parts we call +Clauses+. _A man will be honored_ is the +Independent Clause;+ _who is wise_ is the +Dependent Clause+.

Clauses that modify nouns or pronouns are called +Adjective Clauses+.

+DEFINITION.--A _Clause_ is a part of a sentence containing a subject and its predicate+.

+DEFINITION.--A _Dependent Clause_ is one used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun+.

+DEFINITION.--An _Independent Clause_ is one not dependent on another clause+.

+DEFINITION.--A _Simple Sentence_ is one that contains but one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound+.

+DEFINITION.--A _Complex Sentence_ is one composed of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses+.

Analysis and Parsing.

+Model+.--

man | will be honored =========|================== \A ` | ` ` who ` | is \ wise -------|------------ |

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--You will notice that the lines standing for the subject and predicate of the _independent clause_ are heavier than those of the _dependent clause_. This pictures to you the relative importance of the two clauses. You will see that the pronoun _who_ is written on the subject line of the dependent clause. But this word performs the office of a conjunction also, and this office is expressed in the diagram by a dotted line. As all modifiers are joined by _slanting_ lines, to the words they modify, you learn from this diagram that _who is wise_ is a modifier of _man_.

+Oral Analysis+.--This is a _complex sentence_, because it consists of an _independent clause_ and a _dependent clause_. _A man will be honored_ is _the independent clause_; _who is wise_ is the _dependent clause_. _Man_ is the subject of the independent clause; _will be honored_ is the predicate. The word _A_ and the clause, _who is wise_, are modifiers of the subject. _A_ points out _man_, and _who is wise_ tells the _kind_ of man. _A man who is wise_ is the modified subject; the predicate is unmodified. _Who_ is the subject of the dependent clause, _is_ is the predicate, and _wise_ is the attribute complement. _Who_ connects the two clauses.

1. He that runs may read. 2. Man is the only animal that laughs and weeps. 3. Henry Hudson discovered the river which bears his name. 4. He necessarily remains weak who never tries exertion. 5. The meridians are those lines that extend from pole to pole. 6. He who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock. 7. Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates. 8. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 9. The thick mists which prevail in the neighborhood of Newfoundland are caused by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. 10. The power which brings a pin to the ground holds the earth in its orbit. 11. Death is the black camel which kneels at every man's gate. 12. Our best friends are they who tell us of our faults, and help us to mend them.

The pupil will notice that, in some of these sentences, the dependent clause modifies the subject, and that, in others, it modifies the noun complement.

+COMMA--RULE.--The _adjective_ or the _adverb clause_, when it does not closely follow and restrict the word modified, is generally set off by the comma+.

LESSON 58.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

Expand each of the following adjectives into

1. A phrase; 2. A clause;

and then use these three modifiers in three separate sentences of your own construction.

| _who has energy_, +Model+.--_Energetic; of energy_; + or | _who is energetic_.

An _energetic_ man will succeed. A man _of energy_ will succeed. A man who has _energy_ (or _who is energetic_) will succeed.

Honest, long-eared, beautiful, wealthy.

Expand each of the following _possessive nouns_ into

1. A phrase; 2. A clause;

and then use these three modifiers in three separate sentences.