Goya, an account of his life and works
Part 1
THE SPANISH SERIES
GOYA
THE SPANISH SERIES
_EDITED BY ALBERT F. CALVERT_
GOYA TOLEDO MADRID SEVILLE MURILLO CORDOVA EL GRECO VELAZQUEZ THE PRADO THE ESCORIAL ROYAL PALACES OF SPAIN SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR GRANADA AND THE ALHAMBRA LEON, BURGOS, AND SALAMANCA CATALONIA, VALENCIA AND MURCIA VALLADOLID, OVIEDO, SEGOVIA, ZAMORA, AVILA, AND ZARAGOZA
GOYA
AN ACCOUNT OF HIS LIFE AND WORKS BY ALBERT F. CALVERT, WITH 612 REPRODUCTIONS FROM HIS PICTURES, ETCHINGS, AND LITHOGRAPHS
LONDON: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMVIII
_To_
_THE MARQUIS OF COMILLAS_
_My dear Marquis,_
_I beg you to accept the dedication of this volume as a mark of the high value I place upon your friendship, and as a sincere expression of my esteem for yourself as a patron of the arts, a true philanthropist, and a lifelong worker in the interests of Spanish greatness._
_I am, my dear Marquis,_
_Your sincere and obliged,_
_ALBERT F. CALVERT._
Edinburgh: T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty
PREFACE
It has been said that in England everybody knows of Cervantes, but very few persons have more than a nodding acquaintance with _Don Quixote_, and Goya’s reputation in this country is even less securely founded. The great Aragonese is indeed little more than a name to the general public, and his work is literally unknown. Two little books--Mr. W. Rothenstein’s _Goya_, now out of print, and a monograph by Mr. Richard Muther in the Langham Series--are the only volumes in English dealing exclusively with a painter who for more than half a century might have been described, with more aptness than that with which the words were applied to Zurbarán, as ‘All Spain.’ As sincere a lover and as brilliant a transcriber of the beautiful as Watteau and Van Loo, a greater realist than Hogarth, and in portraiture second only to Velazquez, Goya stands out as the greatest artist Spain has produced since the death of the great Court painter of Philip IV.
The fact that Spanish art reflects the aspirations and is largely concerned with the representation of scenes selected by its chief patron, the Spanish Catholic Church, accounts, in some measure, for the lack of sympathy and appreciation with which it is regarded in this country, but this prejudice does not explain the neglect from which Goya has suffered. Goya, it is true, accepted commissions from the Church, but his religious subjects do not comprise a tenth of his canvases, and in his etchings and engravings he is seen only as a secular moralist. As the painter of the Spanish Rococo period, he dipped his brush in beauty, gaiety, and humour; as a portraitist he was vivid, surprising, audacious, a maker of masterpieces; while his etchings constitute an unrivalled commentary upon the spirit of the age, recorded by its ‘most fearless and advanced thinker.’
Goya’s art would appear to be the reflection of his life. His youth was disordered and tempestuous; in the height of his success he accepted favours, but he was too conscientious an artist to repay the adulation of the world by flattering it in his canvases; and he published his disillusions in the biting satire of his Caprices and Proverbs.
The authorities I have consulted would make a formidable list, but among those to whom I am under special obligation I must mention the ‘Lives’ of Goya by the Conde de la Viñaza, Paul Lefort, Paul Lafond, W. Rothenstein, Richard Muther and Julius Hofmann; Valerian von Loga’s works on Goya’s etchings and engravings; Don Juan de la Rada’s chapter on ‘Goya’s Frescoes in the Church of San Antonio de la Florida;’ Muther’s appreciation of Goya in his _History of Modern Painting_; Stirling-Maxwell’s _Annals of the Artists of Spain_; Carl Justi’s ‘Sketch of Spanish Art’ in Baedeker’s _Spain and Portugal_; C. Gasquoine Hartley’s _Spanish Painting_; the _Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Excursiones_; and Théophile Gautier’s brilliant study of Goya in his _Travels in Spain_.
In making the collection of Goya’s works that is presented at the end of this volume, I have taken the line of least resistance and included reproductions of every picture, etching, or lithograph that I could acquire. However inadequate photography and ‘process’ may be to convey an impression of the original works, I have endeavoured to give English students an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the subjects and general nature of much of the output of Goya’s sixty years of artistic effort.
In the compilation of the appended exhaustive catalogue of Goya’s works, which I am not without hope may be found of practical value, I have derived no little assistance from Spanish and German publications and from the list prepared by M. Paul Lafond. To Señor Don Mariano Moreno, who has made a special study of Goya and his work, I am indebted for descriptions of many pictures which are published here for the first time, and my thanks are also due to him for permission to reproduce from his collection a number of photographs which were new to me. I have also to acknowledge the kindness of the authorities of the Academy of San Fernando in allowing me to publish copies of the different prints of Goya’s works issued by the Academy; and to express my thanks to Señor Don J. Lacoste, Messrs. Braun, Clement and Co., Messrs. Mansell and Co., and Herr Franz Hanfstaengl, for their courtesy in supplying me with various pictures included in this collection and permitting me to reproduce them.
A. F. C.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE SUBJECT GALLERY
1. The Family of Charles IV., Prado, Madrid.
2. The Infante Don Carlos, Prado, Madrid.
3. The Infante Francisco de Paula Antonio, Prado, Madrid.
4. The Infanta Maria Josefa, Prado, Madrid.
5. The Infante Don Antonio, Prado, Madrid.
6. The Infante Don Carlos Maria Isidro, Prado, Madrid.
7. King Charles IV., Ministerio de Hacienda, Madrid.
8. King Charles IV., Ministerio de Hacienda, Madrid.
9. King Charles IV.,
10. King Charles IV., Royal Palace, Madrid.
11. King Charles IV., Prado, Madrid.
12. King Charles IV., Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
13. Queen Maria Luisa, Don A. de Beruete, Madrid.
14. Queen Maria Luisa, Don José Lázan.
15. Queen Maria Luisa, Ministerio de Hacienda, Madrid.
16. Queen Maria Luisa, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
17. Queen Maria Luisa, Prado, Madrid.
18. Queen Maria Luisa, Prado, Madrid.
19. Ferdinand VII., Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
20. Ferdinand VII., Prado, Madrid.
21. Ferdinand VII., Prado, Madrid.
22. Ferdinand VII., Ancient Collection of Eustaquio Veate.
23. Don Luis, Prince of Parma, Prado, Madrid.
24. Duchess of Abrantes, Duquesa de Abrantes, Madrid.
25. Duchess of Alba, Don Rafael Barrio.
26. Duchess of Alba, Palacio de Liria, Madrid.
27. Duchess of Alba, Duque de Alba, Madrid.
28. Duchess of Alba,
29. Condesa de Altamira and Daughter, Marques de Cervera.
30. Count of Altamira, Bank of Spain, Madrid.
31. The Infante Don Luis de Borbon, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
32. Altamirano, Auditor of Seville, Marques de la Vega Inclan.
33. Don Manuel Lapeña, Marques de Bondad Real, Don Joaquin Argamanilla.
34. Marquesa de Caballero, Marques de Cervera.
35. Conde de Cabarrus, Bank of Spain, Madrid.
36. The Wife of Cean Bermudez, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
37. J. Cean Bermudez, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
38. Doña Lorenzo Correa, M. Bischoffsheim, Paris.
39. The Toreador Costillares, Don José Lazaro.
40. Don Joaquin Maria Ferrer, Count of Candilla.
41. Condesa-Duquesa de Benavente y Osuna, Madrid.
42. Doña Manuela de Alvarez Coiñas, Marquis of Baroja.
43. Florida Blanca, Marquesa de Martorell.
44. Don Antonio Foraster, Don J. Millan.
45. The Engineer Ignacio Garcini, The Garcini Family, Madrid.
46. Doña Josefa Castilla-Portugal, Don Vicente Garcini.
47. Don Juan Antonio Cuervo, Don F. Duran.
48. Doña Maria Ildefonso Dabalos, Count of Villagonzalo.
49. General Don Juan Marlin, Don Luis Navas.
50. Godoy, Prince of the Peace, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
51. F. Guillemardet, Louvre, Paris.
52. Jaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Marquesa de Villamajor, Madrid.
53. Asensio Julia, Comtesse de Paris.
54. The Milkmaid of Bordeaux, Condesa Vinda de Muguiro.
55. Asensio Julia, Louvre, Paris.
56. Marquesa de Lazan, Comtesse de Montijo.
57. Don Francisco Larrumbe, Bank of Spain, Madrid.
58. The Bookseller of the Calle de Carretas, Don Benito Garriga.
59. Don J. Antonio Llorente, Don Francisco Llorente y Garcia de Vinuesa.
60. Duke of San Carlos, Marques de la Torrecilla.
61. Duke of San Carlos, Conde de Villagonzalo.
62. The Actor Isidoro Maiquez, Prado, Madrid.
63. The Actor Isidoro Maiquez, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
64. Countess of Miranda del Castañar, Formerly in the Montijo Collection.
65. Conde de Miranda,
66. Leandro Fernandez de Moratin, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
67. The Family of the Countess of Montijo, Palacio de Liria, Madrid.
68. Señor J. B. de Muguiro, Condesa Vinda de Muguiro.
69. Marques de Castro Terreño,
70. Marquesa de Castro Terreño,
71. Camarón, Doña E. Camarón.
72. Muñarriz, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
73. Duke of Osuna and Family, Prado, Madrid.
74. Admiral Mazaredo, Don M. Hernando.
75. Meléndez Valdés, Señor Suárez Inclán.
76. Duke of Osuna, Formerly in the Collection of the Duke of Osuna.
77. Duke of Osuna, Marquesa de Villamajor, Madrid.
78. Duke of Osuna, M. Duniat, Paris.
79. Duke of Osuna, Formerly in the Palace of the Duque de Osuna, Madrid.
80. Duquesa del Parque, Marques de la Vega, Madrid.
81. Doctor Peral, National Gallery, London.
82. General Palafox, Prado, Madrid.
83. Doña Isabel Corbo de Porcel, National Gallery, London.
84. Don Tiburcio Perez, D. F. Duran and Cuervo.
85. Don Mariano Luis de Urquijo, Academy of History, Madrid.
86. Don Tomás Pérez Estala, Countess of Cedillo.
87. Don Pantaleón Perez de Nenin, Don P. Labat.
88. Marquesa de Pontejos, Marquesa de Martorell.
89. Don Ramón Pignatelli, Duquesa de Villahermosa.
90. General Ricardos, Madrid.
91. The Toreador José Romero, Madrid.
92. Marques de San Adrián, Collection of the Family.
93. The Espada Pedro Romero, Duque de Veragua.
94. Ramon Satue, Dr. Benito Garriga.
95. Don Manuel Silvela, Don F. Silvela.
96. Doña Maria Teresa Apodaca de Sesma, Don Andres Arteta.
97. Marquesa de la Solana, Marques del Socorro.
98. General Urrutia, Prado, Madrid.
99. Maria del Rosario Fernandez, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
100. Maria del Rosario Fernandez, Conde de Villagonzalo.
101. Marques de Tolosa, Bank of Spain, Madrid.
102. Conde de Teba, Don J. Lázaro.
103. José de Vargas Ponce, Academy of History, Madrid.
104. Don José de Toro Zambrano, Bank of Spain, Madrid.
105. Doña Antonia Zarate, Señora Vinda de Albacete.
106. Doña Antonia Zarate, Señora Vinda de Albacete.
107. Doña Lola Zimenez, M. Chiramy, Paris.
108. Don Evaristo Perez de Castro, Louvre, Paris.
109. Don Juan José Mateo Arias Dairla, Marquesa de Almaguer.
110. Father Lascanal, Don J. Lázaro.
111. Don Ramon de Posada y Soto, Don José Maria Perez Caballero.
112. Marques de Caballero, Marques de Cervera, Madrid.
113. Conde de Gazinza, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
114. Moratin, Don F. Silvela.
115. The Artist, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
116. The Artist, Don A. Pidal.
117. The Artist,
118. The Artist, M. Leon Bonnet.
119. The Artist, by Vicente Lopez, Prado, Madrid.
120. Don J. B. de Goicoechea, Don Felipe Modet.
121. Goya’s Grandson, Marques de Alcañices.
122. Doña Feliciana Bayeu, Don C. Ferriz.
123. Don Juan Martin de Goicoechea, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
124. Doña Narcisa Barañona de Goicoechea, Don Felipe Modet.
125. Doña Juana Galarza de Goicoechea, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
126. Francisco Bayeu, Prado, Madrid.
127. Josefa Bayeu, Prado, Madrid.
128. Group of Heads, Comtesse de Paris.
129. Portrait Study of a Woman,
130. Portrait of a Young Girl, Private Property.
131. Portrait of a Lady,
132. Portrait of a Lady, Conde de Peñalvez.
133. Portrait of a Lady, Don José Lázaro.
134. Portrait of a Lady, Don A. de Beruete.
135. Portrait of a Lady, Don A. de Beruete.
136. Portrait of a Lady, Don A. de Beruete.
137. Portrait of a Lady, Don R. Garcia.
138. Portrait of a Woman, Louvre, Paris.
139. A Little Girl, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
140. Portrait of a Lady, Don J. Gutierrez Martin.
141. Young Spanish Woman, Louvre, Paris.
142. Portrait of a Man, Private Collection.
143. The Old Man, Conde de Da. Marina.
144. Portrait of an Architect,
145. Portrait of a Doctor,
146. Portrait of a Lady,
147. Portrait of a Lady,
148. Portrait of a Lady,
149. Portrait of a Lady,
150. Portrait of a Man,
151. Portrait of a Lady, Señor Orossen.
152. Portrait of a Lady,
153. Portrait of a Gentleman,
154. Charles IV., Comtesse de Paris.
155. Queen Maria Luisa, Comtesse de Paris.
156. The Infanta Isabel, Comtesse de Paris.
157. Portrait of a Man,
158. Don Felix Colon, Don Ricardo Traumann, Madrid.
159. Don Felix Colon, Don Ricardo Traumann, Madrid.
160. Portrait of a Man,
161. Portrait of a Boy,
162. Portrait of a Boy,
163. Portrait of a Boy,
164. Portrait of a Lady,
165. Portrait of a Lady,
166. Portrait of a Lady,
167. Portrait of a Young Lady, Mons. C. G., Paris.
168. Episode of the French Invasion of 1808, Prado, Madrid.
169. Episode of the French Invasion of 1808, Duquesa de Villahermosa.
170. Casting Bullets by Moonlight in the Hills of Tardienta, Royal Palace, Madrid.
171. Scenes of the 2nd May 1808, Prado, Madrid.
172. Battle-Scene, Marques de Casa Torres, Madrid.
173. Manufacturing Powder in the Sierra de Tardienta, Royal Palace, Madrid.
174. The Tribunal of the Inquisition, Prado, Madrid.
175. The Procession of Flagellants, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
176. A Meeting of the Company of the Philippines,
177. The City of Madrid: an Allegory, Corporation of Madrid.
178. Music: an Allegory, Don Luis Navas.
179. Spain making History, Don Luis Navas.
180. The Madhouse, Prado, Madrid.
181. The Majas of the Balcony, Duque de Marchesa.
182. The Majas of the Balcony,
183. The Majas of the Balcony,
184. La Maja (Nude), Prado, Madrid.
185. La Maja (Clothed), Prado, Madrid.
186. The Knife-Grinder, Budapest.
187. The Water-Carrier, Budapest.
188. Old Age, Lille Museum.
189. Robbery of a Coach, Marques de Castro Serna.
190. Brigands, Marques de la Romana.
191. Brigand murdering a Woman, Marques de la Romana.
192. Brigands stripping their Captives, Marques de la Romana.
193. Murder by Brigands, Marques de la Romana.
194. Brigands’ Cave, Marques de la Romana.
195. Goya and the Duchess of Alba, Marques de la Romana.
196. The Plague Terror, Marques de la Romana.
197. The Monk’s Visit, Marques de la Romana.
198. A Masquerade, Duquesa de Villahermosa.
199. The Dance, Marques de la Torrecilla.
200. The Funeral of the Sardine, Academy of St. Ferdinand, Madrid.
201. The Booth at the Fair, Marques de Castro Serna.
202. The Greasy Pole, Marques de Castro Torres.
203. The Bonfire, Conde de Villagonzalo.
204. Nocturnal Scene, Marques de la Romana.
205. The Picnic, Marques de la Torrecilla.
206. The Inundation, Marques de Castro Serna.
207. The Village on Fire, Marques de Castro Serna.
208. Caprice, Doña C. Berganza de Martin.
209. Caprice, Doña C. Berganza de Martin.
210. Caprice, Don A. Pidal.
211. Dogs and Guns: Design for Tapestry, Prado, Madrid.
212. A Dead Bird, Prado, Madrid.
213. Dead Birds, Prado, Madrid.
214. A Picador on Horseback, Prado, Madrid.
215. Picador and Bull, Marques de Baroja.
216. Death of the Picador, Paris.
217. A Bull-Fight, Bequeathed to the Royal Academy, Madrid.
218. A Bull escaped from the Arena, Duque de Veragua.
219. Meeting of Witches, Prado, Madrid.
220. Galician Shepherds fighting, Prado, Madrid.
221. The Procession, Conde de Candilla.
222. Caprice, Prado, Madrid.
223. The Fates, Prado, Madrid.
224. Saturn devouring one of his Children, Prado, Madrid.
225. Judith and Holofernes, Prado, Madrid.
226. Two Monks,
227. The Maja, From Goya’s Country House near Madrid.
228. A Caprice,
229. Listening to the News, Prado, Madrid.
230. A Group of Witches, Prado, Madrid.
231. A Group of Witches, Prado, Madrid.
232. The Bull-Fight,
233. Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro, Prado, Madrid.
234. Meeting of Witches, Prado, Madrid.
235. Two Old People eating Porridge, Prado, Madrid.
236. The Mass of Parida, Marques de la Torrecilla.
237. The Topers,
238. Women of Madrid, and Friars, Marques de Casa Torres.
239. The Majas and the Majo,
240. The Witch,
241. Laughing Women, Prado, Madrid.
242. The Swing, Duke de Montellano.
243. The Greasy Pole, Duke de Montellano.
244. The Accident, Duke de Montellano.
245. Coach attacked by Bandits, Duke de Montellano.
246. Building the Church, From the Collection of the Duque de Osuna.