CHAPTER XIII.

THE NORTHERN DISUNION MOVEMENT AMONG THE FEDERALISTS.

It is a painful thing to have to record that the closing act in a great statesman's career not only compares ill with what went before, but is actually to the last degree a discreditable and unworthy performance.

Morris's bitterness and anger against the government grew apace; and finally his hatred for the administration became such, that, to hurt it, he was willing also to do irreparable harm to the nation itself. He violently opposed the various embargo acts, and all the other governmental measures of the decade before the war; and worked himself up to such a pitch, when hostilities began, that, though one of the founders of the Constitution, though formerly one of the chief exponents of the national idea, and though once a main upholder of the Union, he abandoned every patriotic principle and became an ardent advocate of Northern secession.

To any reasoning student of American history it goes without saying that there was very good cause for his anger with the administration. From the time the House of Virginia came into power, until the beginning of Monroe's administration, there was a distinctly anti-New England feeling at Washington, and much of the legislation bore especially heavily on the Northeast. Excepting Jefferson, we have never produced an executive more helpless than Madison, when it came to grappling with real dangers and difficulties. Like his predecessor, he was only fit to be President in a time of profound peace; he was utterly out of place the instant matters grew turbulent, or difficult problems arose to be solved, and he was a ridiculously incompetent leader for a war with Great Britain. He was entirely too timid to have embarked on such a venture of his own accord, and was simply forced into it by the threat of losing his second term. The fiery young Democrats of the South and West, and their brothers of the Middle States, were the authors of the war; they themselves, for all their bluster, were but one shade less incompetent than their nominal chief, when it came to actual work, and were shamefully unable to make their words good by deeds.

The administration thus drifted into a war which it had neither the wisdom to avoid, nor the forethought to prepare for. In view of the fact that the war was their own, it is impossible to condemn sufficiently strongly the incredible folly of the Democrats in having all along refused to build a navy or provide any other adequate means of defense. In accordance with their curiously foolish theories, they persisted in relying on that weakest of all weak reeds, the militia, who promptly ran away every time they faced a foe in the open. This applied to all, whether eastern, western, or southern; the men of the northern states in 1812 and 1813 did as badly as, and no worse than, the Virginians in 1814. Indeed, one of the good results of the war was that it did away forever with all reliance on the old-time militia, the most expensive and inefficient species of soldiery that could be invented. During the first year the monotonous record of humiliations and defeats was only relieved by the splendid victories of the navy which the Federalists had created twelve years previously, and which had been hurt rather than benefited in the intervening time. Gradually, however, the people themselves began to bring out leaders: two, Jackson and Scott, were really good generals, under whom our soldiers became able to face even the English regulars, then the most formidable fighting troops in the world; and it must be remembered that Jackson won his fights absolutely unhelped by the administration. In fact, the government at Washington does not deserve one shred of credit for any of the victories we won, although to it we directly owe the greater number of our defeats.

Granting, however, all that can be said as to the hopeless inefficiency of the administration, both in making ready for and in waging the war, it yet remains true that the war itself was eminently justifiable, and was of the greatest service to the nation. We had been bullied by England and France until we had to fight to preserve our national self-respect; and we very properly singled out our chief aggressor, though it would perhaps have been better still to have acted on the proposition advanced in Congress, and to have declared war on both. Although nominally the peace left things as they had been, practically we gained our point; and we certainly came out of the contest with a greatly increased reputation abroad. In spite of the ludicrous series of failures which began with our first attempt to invade Canada, and culminated at Bladensburg, yet in a succession of contests on the ocean and the lakes, we shattered the charmed shield of British naval invincibility; while on the northern frontier we developed under Scott and Brown an infantry which, unlike any of the armies of continental Europe, was able to meet on equal terms the British infantry in pitched battle in the open; and at New Orleans we did what the best of Napoleon's marshals, backed by the flower of the French soldiers, had been unable to accomplish during five years of warfare in Spain, and inflicted a defeat such as no English army had suffered during a quarter of a century of unbroken warfare. Above all, the contest gave an immense impetus to our national feeling, and freed our politics forever from any dependence on those of a foreign power.

The war was distinctly worth fighting, and resulted in good to the country. The blame that attaches to Madison and the elder democratic-republican leaders, as well as to their younger associates, Clay, Calhoun, and the rest, who fairly flogged them into action, relates to their utter failure to make any preparations for the contest, to their helpless inability to carry it on, and to the extraordinary weakness and indecision of their policy throughout; and on all these points it is hardly possible to visit them with too unsparing censure.

Yet, grave though these faults were, they were mild compared to those committed by Morris and the other ultra-Federalists of New York and New England. Morris's opposition to the war led him to the most extravagant lengths. In his hatred of the opposite party he lost all loyalty to the nation. He championed the British view of their right to impress seamen from our ships; he approved of peace on the terms they offered, which included a curtailment of our western frontier, and the erection along it of independent Indian sovereignties under British protection. He found space in his letters to exult over the defeats of Bonaparte, but could spare no word of praise for our own victories.

He actually advocated repudiating our war debt,[3] on the ground that it was void, being founded on a moral wrong; and he wished the Federalists to make public profession of their purpose, so that when they should come back to power, the holders might have no reason to complain that there had been no warning of their intention. To Josiah Quincy, on May 15th, he wrote: "Should it be objected, as it probably will to favor lenders and their associates, that public faith is pledged, it may be replied that a pledge wickedly given is not to be redeemed." He thus advanced the theory that in a government ruled by parties, which come into power alternately, any debt could be repudiated, at any time, if the party in power happened to disapprove of its originally being incurred. No greenback demagogue of the lowest type ever advocated a proposition more dishonest or more contemptible.

[3] As, for instance, in a letter to David R. Ogden, April 5, 1813.

He wrote that he agreed with Pickering that it was impious to raise taxes for so unjust a war. He endeavored, fortunately in vain, to induce Rufus King in the Senate to advocate the refusal of supplies of every sort, whether of men or money, for carrying on the war; but King was far too honorable to turn traitor. Singularly forgetful of his speeches in the Senate ten years before, he declared that he wished that a foreign power might occupy and people the West, so as, by outside pressure, to stifle our feuds. He sneered at the words union and constitution, as being meaningless. He railed bitterly at the honest and loyal majority of his fellow-Federalists in New York, who had professed their devotion to the Union; and in a letter of April 29th, to Harrison Gray Otis,--who was almost as bad as himself,--he strongly advocated secession, writing among other things that he wished the New York Federalists to declare publicly that "the Union, being the means of freedom, should be prized as such, but that the end should not be sacrificed to the means." By comparing this with Calhoun's famous toast at the Jefferson birthday dinner in 1880, "The Union; next to our liberty the most dear; may we all remember that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the states and distributing equally the benefit and the burden of the Union," it can be seen how completely Morris's utterances went on all fours with those of the great nullifier.

To Pickering he wrote, on October 17th, 1814: "I hear every day professions of attachment to the Union, and declarations as to its importance. I should be glad to meet with some one who could tell me what has become of the Union, in what it consists, and to what useful purpose it endures." He regarded the dissolution of the Union to be so nearly an accomplished fact that the only question was whether the boundary should be "the Delaware, the Susquehanna, or the Potomac"; for he thought that New York would have to go with New England. He nourished great hopes of the Hartford convention, which he expected would formally come out for secession; he wrote Otis that the convention should declare that the Union was already broken, and that all that remained to do was to take action for the preservation of the interests of the Northeast. He was much chagrined when the convention fell under the control of Cabot and the moderates. As late as January 10, 1815, he wrote that the only proceeding from which the people of his section would gain practical benefit would be a "severance of the Union."

In fact, throughout the war of 1812 he appeared as the open champion of treason to the nation, of dishonesty to the nation's creditors, and of cringing subserviency to a foreign power. It is as impossible to reconcile his course with his previous career and teachings as it is to try to make it square with the rules of statesmanship and morality. His own conduct affords a conclusive condemnation of his theories as to the great inferiority of a government conducted by the multitude, to a government conducted by the few who should have riches and education. Undoubtedly he was one of these few; he was an exceptionally able man, and a wealthy one; but he went farther wrong at this period than the majority of our people--the "mob" as he would have contemptuously called them--have ever gone at any time; for though every state in turn, and almost every statesman, has been wrong upon some issue or another, yet in the long run the bulk of the people have always hitherto shown themselves true to the cause of right. Morris strenuously insisted upon the need of property being defended from the masses; yet he advocated repudiation of the national debt, which he should have known to be quite as dishonest as the repudiation of his individual liabilities, and he was certainly aware that the step is a short one between refusing to pay a man what _ought_ to be his and taking away from him what actually _is_ his.

There were many other Federalist leaders in the same position as himself, especially in the three southern New England states, where the whole Federalist party laid itself open to the gravest charges of disloyalty. Morris was not alone in his creed at this time. On the contrary, his position is interesting because it is typical of that assumed by a large section of his party throughout the Northeast. In fact, the Federalists in this portion of the Union had split in three, although the lines of cleavage were not always well marked. Many of them remained heartily loyal to the national idea; the bulk hesitated as to whether they should go all lengths or not; while a large and influential minority, headed by Morris, Pickering, Quincy, Lowell and others, were avowed disunionists. Had peace not come when it did, it is probable that the moderates would finally have fallen under the control of these ultras. The party developed an element of bitter unreason in defeat; it was a really sad sight to see a body of able, educated men, interested and skilled in the conduct of public affairs, all going angrily and stupidly wrong on the one question that was of vital concern to the nation.

It is idle to try to justify the proceedings of the Hartford convention, or of the Massachusetts and Connecticut legislatures. The decision to keep the New England troops as an independent command was of itself sufficient ground for condemnation; moreover, it was not warranted by any show of superior prowess on the part of the New Englanders, for a portion of Maine continued in possession of the British till the close of the war. The Hartford resolutions were so framed as to justify seceding or not seceding as events turned out; a man like Morris could extract comfort from them, while it was hoped they would not frighten those who were more loyal. The majority of the people in New England were beyond question loyal, exactly as in 1860 a majority of Southerners were opposed to secession; but the disloyal element was active and resolute, and hoped to force the remainder into its own way of thinking. It failed signally, and was buried beneath a load of disgrace; and New England was taught thus early and by heart the lesson that wrongs must be righted within, and not without the Union. It would have been well for her sister section of the South, so loyal in 1815, if forty-five years afterwards she had spared herself the necessity of learning the same lesson at an infinitely greater cost.

The truth is that it is nonsense to reproach any one section with being especially disloyal to the Union. At one time or another almost every state has shown strong particularistic leanings; Connecticut and Pennsylvania, for example, quite as much as Virginia or Kentucky. Fortunately the outbursts were never simultaneous in a majority. It is as impossible to question the fact that at one period or another of the past, many of the states in each section have been very shaky in their allegiance as it is to doubt that they are now all heartily loyal. The secession movement of 1860 was pushed to extremities, instead of being merely planned and threatened, and the revolt was peculiarly abhorrent, because of the intention to make slavery the "corner-stone" of the new nation, and to reintroduce the slave-trade, to the certain ultimate ruin of the Southern whites; but at least it was entirely free from the meanness of being made in the midst of a doubtful struggle with a foreign foe. Indeed, in this respect the ultra-Federalists of New York and New England in 1814 should be compared with the infamous Northern copperheads of the Vallandigham stripe rather than with the gallant confederates who risked and lost all in fighting for the cause of their choice. Half a century before the "stars and bars" waved over Lee's last intrenchments, perfervid New England patriots were fond of flaunting "the flag with five stripes," and drinking to the health of the--fortunately stillborn--new nation. Later on, the disunion movement among the Northern abolitionists, headed by Garrison, was perhaps the most absolutely senseless of all, for its success meant the immediate abandonment of every hope of abolition.

In each one of these movements men of the highest character and capacity took part. Morris had by previous services rendered the whole nation his debtor; Garrison was one of the little band who, in the midst of general apathy, selfishness, and cowardice, dared to demand the cutting out of the hideous plague spot of our civilization; while Lee and Jackson were as remarkable for stainless purity and high-mindedness as they were for their consummate military skill. But the disunion movements in which they severally took part were wholly wrong. An Englishman of to-day may be equally proud of the valor of Cavalier and Roundhead; but, if competent to judge, he must admit that the Roundhead was right. So it is with us. The man who fought for secession warred for a cause as evil and as capable of working lasting harm as the doctrine of the divine right of kings itself. But we may feel an intense pride in his gallantry; and we may believe in his honesty as heartily as we believe in that of the only less foolish being who wishes to see our government strongly centralized, heedless of the self-evident fact that over such a vast land as ours the nation can exist only as a Federal Union; and that, exactly as the liberty of the individual and the rights of the states can only be preserved by upholding the strength of the nation, so this same localizing of power in all matters not essentially national is vital to the wellbeing and durability of the government.

Besides the honorable men drawn into such movements there have always been plenty who took part in or directed them for their own selfish ends, or whose minds were so warped and their sense of political morality so crooked as to make them originate schemes that would have reduced us to the impotent level of the Spanish-American republics. These men were peculiar to neither section. In 1803, Aaron Burr of New York was undoubtedly anxious to bring about in the Northeast[4] what sixty years later Jefferson Davis of Mississippi so nearly succeeded in doing in the South; and the attempt in the South to make a hero of the one is as foolish as it would be to make a hero of the other in the North. If there are such virtues as loyalty and patriotism, then there must exist the corresponding crime of treason; if there is any merit in practicing the first, then there must be equal demerit in committing the last. Emasculated sentimentalists may try to strike from the national dictionary the word treason; but until that is done, Jefferson Davis must be deemed guilty thereof.

[4] People sometimes forget that Burr was as willing to try sedition in the East as in the West.

There are, however, very few of our statesmen whose characters can be painted in simple, uniform colors, like Washington and Lincoln on the one hand, or Burr and Davis on the other. Nor is Morris one of these few. His place is alongside of men like Madison, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry, who did the nation great service at times, but each of whom, at some one or two critical junctures, ranged himself with the forces of disorder.

After the peace Morris accommodated himself to the altered condition with his usual buoyant cheerfulness; he was too light-hearted, and, to say the truth, had too good an opinion of himself, to be cast down even by the signal failure of his expectations and the memory of the by no means creditable part he had played. Besides, he had the great virtue of always good-humoredly yielding to the inevitable. He heartily wished the country well, and kept up a constant correspondence with men high in influence at Washington. He disliked the tariff bill of 1816; he did not believe in duties or imposts, favoring internal, although not direct, taxation. He was sharp-sighted enough to see that the Federal party had shot its bolt and outlived its usefulness, and that it was time for it to dissolve. To a number of Federalists at Philadelphia, who wished to continue the organization, he wrote strongly advising them to give up the idea, and adding some very sound and patriotic counsel. "Let us forget party and think of our country. That country embraces both parties. We must endeavor, therefore, to save and benefit both. This cannot be effected while political delusions array good men against each other. If you abandon the contest, the voice of reason, now drowned in factious vociferation, will be listened to and heard. The pressure of distress will accelerate the moment of reflection; and when it arrives the people will look out for men of sense, experience, and integrity. Such men may, I trust, be found in both parties; and if our country be delivered, what does it signify whether those who operate her salvation wear a federal or democratic cloak?" These words formed almost his last public utterance, for they were penned but a couple of months before his death; and he might well be content to let them stand as a fit closing to his public career.

He died November 6, 1816, when sixty-four years old, after a short illness. He had suffered at intervals for a long time from gout; but he had enjoyed general good health, as his erect, commanding, well-built figure showed; for he was a tall and handsome man. He was buried on his own estate at Morrisania.

There has never been an American statesman of keener intellect or more brilliant genius. Had he possessed but a little more steadiness and self-control he would have stood among the two or three very foremost. He was gallant and fearless. He was absolutely upright and truthful; the least suggestion of falsehood was abhorrent to him. His extreme, aggressive frankness, joined to a certain imperiousness of disposition, made it difficult for him to get along well with many of the men with whom he was thrown in contact. In politics he was too much of a free lance ever to stand very high as a leader. He was very generous and hospitable; he was witty and humorous, a charming companion, and extremely fond of good living. He had a proud, almost hasty temper, and was quick to resent an insult. He was strictly just; and he made open war on all traits that displeased him, especially meanness and hypocrisy. He was essentially a strong man, and he was an American through and through.

Perhaps his greatest interest for us lies in the fact that he was a shrewder, more far-seeing observer and recorder of contemporary men and events, both at home and abroad, than any other American or foreign statesman of his time. But aside from this he did much lasting work. He took a most prominent part in bringing about the independence of the colonies, and afterwards in welding them into a single powerful nation, whose greatness he both foresaw and foretold. He made the final draft of the United States Constitution; he first outlined our present system of national coinage; he originated and got under way the plan for the Erie Canal; as minister to France he successfully performed the most difficult task ever allotted to an American representative at a foreign capital. With all his faults, there are few men of his generation to whom the country owes more than to Gouverneur Morris.

INDEX.

Adams, John, 52; appointed commissioner, 119; repudiates command of Congress, 120; share in most important treaty, 124; absent from National Convention, 133; nominated for the Presidency, 328; signs judiciary bill, 331; appoints new judges, 332.

Adams, Samuel, 77, 79, 128.

Allen, Ethan, 46.

America, successful, 117, 118, 131, 132, 144.

American army, suffering of, 76, 77; commissioners, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124; Constitutional Convention, delegates in, 133; contrasted with States General of France, 134, 135, 136; independence, 122, 123; leaders compared with European, 82, 83; navy, 196, 291; triumph, 123, 124.

Americans, in Revolutionary War, 5; of 1776, compared with those of Civil War, 49, 50.

Ames, Fisher, 327.

Assembly, 33, 36, 37, 44.

Bank of North America, 103.

Bastile, the, 211, 225, 226.

Battle of Bennington, 69; Brandywine, 75; Princeton, 48; Trenton, 48, 49; Guilford Court House, 113.

Battles on soil of New York, 3, 4.

British allies, 49, 50, 68, 119; war-ships, 43, 47.

Brunswick, Duke of, 284, 285.

Burgoyne, 49, 68, 72, 74, 78; breach of faith with, 125.

Burke, Edmund, 39.

Burr, Aaron, 329, 330, 360; and Jefferson Davis, 361.

Butler, 147, 157.

Calhoun, famous toast of, 354.

Canada, 45, 89, 90.

Carolinas, the, 8, 11, 30, 45, 50.

Carroll, 40.

Church of Rome, 65.

Churches, 9, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19.

Civil War, people in the, 49, 50.

Clermont-Tonnerre, Count de, 179, 203.

Clinton, George, 10; chosen governor, 68, 327; as a politician, 97, 128.

Clintons, the, 10, 20, 68.

Colonial contests, 3; legislature, 20, 21, 33.

Colonies, 11.

Confederation, condition of, after the war, 126.

Congress. _See_ Continental; _see_ Provincial.

Connecticut, 45, 46.

Constitution, its character, 136, 141, 142; opposition to its adoption, 165, 167.

Continental Congress, the, 36; dishonorable acts, 73, 78, 79, 80; its condition at end of 1779, 99; establishes four departments, 103; instructions to commissioners, 119, 120.

Convention, New York, 59, 65; national, 133-139.

Cornwallis, 114, 116.

Council of appointment, 64, 155; of revisions, 64, 155; of safety, 67, 68, 71.

Cruger, 14, 45.

Currency, condition of, 105; table proposed, 107.

Dalrymple, General, 125.

Danton, 270, 287, 296.

Davis, Jefferson, 361.

D'Artois, Count (Charles X.), 217, 306.

Deane, Silas, 93.

Decimal system, 104, 107.

Declaration, of Independence, 47, 53; of Rights, 178.

De Lanceys, 16, 21, 45.

D'Estaing, Count, 264.

De Flahaut, Madame, 204-207.

Democracy, 145.

Democrats, 137, 138.

Departments, 103.

De Staël, 203; Madame, 179, 199; vanity of, 200, 201; want of delicacy, 202, 203; her estimate of the Abbé Sieyès, 247; grief for Lafayette, 317.

Disunion movements, 358, 359, 360.

Dollar, the Spanish, 106, 107.

Dumouriez, 269-272.

Dutch, descendants of, 9; language, 13; republicans, 17; battle with English, 115; in war with Spain, 132.

Ellsworth, Oliver, 160.

England, treatment of her American subjects, 4, 5; grounds of complaint, 5; courage, 116; insolence, 323.

English, stock, people of, 5, 126; language, 12, 13; historians, 117; hostile feeling, 228, 229; society, 230, 231; climate, 342.

Episcopalians, 13, 16, 18, 21, 60.

Esterhazy, 311, 312.

Extremists, 20.

Federalism, 138, 322, 323.

Federalist party, leaders of, 92, 137, 138.

Federalists, 141, 156, 321, 323, 331, 334, 335.

Foreign or non-English elements, 11, 12, 13, 34.

Foreigners, movement against, 157.

Fox, 123, 233, 236.

France, treaty with, 88; would have Americans dependent allies, 121, 122, 123; contrasted with America, 184; destitute of statesmen, 241.

Franklin appointed commissioner, 119, 120, 124; delegate to National Convention, 133; advocate of weak central government, 137.

French, motives, 89, 90; struggles with England, 115; navy, 116; admirals, 117; government, 121; character, 186-189; noblesse and common people, 212; Revolution, 170-175, 244, 258-263.

Gates, 71, 72, 73, 74.

Generals, of Revolution, 52, 116; in Civil War, 52.

Genet, 292.

George III., 8, 228, 231.

Georgia, 8, 11, 50, 160.

Gerard, 89, 90, 122.

German auxiliaries, 119.

Germany, 144, 145, 165.

Gibraltar, 115, 116, 122.

Government, 130, 131, 144, 145.

Governor, name obnoxious, 62, 63.

Gower, Lord, 276.

Great Britain and American subjects, 4, 6; odds against, 115; hostility to American trade, 128.

Greene, 45, 52, 86, 113, 115, 116, 117.

Hamilton, Alexander, 10, 52, 92, 102, 104, 111; delegate to National Convention, 133; advocate of strong government, 137, 138; in favor of domestic manufactures, 156; proposes basis of representation, 158; assisted in writing the "Federalist," 166; procures ratification of the Constitution, 167; passing coolness with Morris, 320; his haughtiness, 326; defeat by Democrats, 329.

Hancock, John, 79.

Hartford Convention, 357.

Henry, Patrick, 128, 324.

Herkomer, 10.

Holland, 116.

Huguenots, 9, 10, 65.

Impressment of American sailors, 233, 234.

Independence, 55, 56, 88.

India, 115, 116.

Indian warfare, 3, 4, 8, 74.

Infidels, 289.

Irish, in New England, 12; of 1776, 21; in Revolutionary armies, 34; in Civil War, 35.

Jackson, General, 349, 350.

Jay, John, admitted to the bar, 23; in Continental Congress, 41, 42; resolution indorsing Declaration of Independence, 58; plan for state constitution, 62, 63; article on toleration, 65; would abolish slavery, 66, 67; on committee to organize state government, 67; defends Schuyler's cause, 72; reinforcements for Gates, 73; chief justice, 75; wishes well to Old England, 92; of Puritanic morality, 110; friendship with Morris, 111; minister to Spain, 111; views on education of children, 111; affection for America, 112; commissioner, 119; repudiates command of Congress, 120; true policy summed up, 123; his the chief part in treaty, 124; secretary for foreign affairs, 133; helps Hamilton on the "Federalist," 166; a strong Federalist, 301, 326; appointed to negotiate treaty in England, 301, 302, 327; governor, 327, 328, 329; visits to and from Morris, 340, 341.

Jefferson, 52, 104, 107, 108, 129, 131, 133; important truth taught by him, 138; American minister to France, 176, 177; treatment of Morris, 292; incompetence when President, 334, 335, 348.

Johnsons, the, 17, 38, 45.

Judiciary bill, 331-334.

King, Rufus, 252, 353.

King's College, 3, 18.

Lafayette, 85, 86, 117, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184, 187; his character, 221, 222, 273; ideas impracticable, 240, 241; proclaimed and imprisoned, 273, 274; released, 317.

Lafayette, Madame de, 181, 274, 275.

Lake Champlain, 4, 68.

Lake George, 3.

Leaders, 52; loyalist, 16, 45; revolutionary, 16, 49.

Lecky, 117, 118.

Leeds, Duke of, 231, 233, 237.

Lincoln, 52, 133, 138.

Lineage, 10, 34.

Livingston, Robert, 10, 59; on committee to organize state government, 67; chancellor, 75; secretary of foreign affairs, 103.

Livingstons, the, 21, 326.

Louis XVI., 216, 250, 254, 255, 256, 286.

Louis XVII., 307.

Louis Philippe, 317, 318.

Louisiana, 336, 337, 339.

Loyalists, 16, 29, 45, 119, 167.

Luzerne, 236.

Madison, 129; delegate to National Convention, 133; during formation of Constitution, 139, 140, 145, 150, 153, 162; compliment to Morris, 165; assists Hamilton in writing the "Federalist," 166; as President, 348.

Manorial families, 14, 15, 19.

Marie Antoinette, 225, 288.

Marmontel, 247.

Marshall, 325.

Mason, George, 160.

Merchants, 15, 19, 21.

Militia, 69, 70, 72, 113, 114.

Mirabeau, 136, 174, 200, 222, 223.

Mississippi, 90, 91, 95, 112, 113, 148.

Money, 24, 37, 128.

Monroe, 293; recalled and rebuked, 300; a foolish minister, 301, 302.

Montmorin, Count de, 218, 249.

Moreau, General, 341, 342.

Morris, Gouverneur, birth, 1; descent, 2; boyhood, 3; college career, 20, 22; takes part in public affairs, 23, 24; desire for foreign travel, 25; narrow means, 26; in society, 27; little faith in extreme democracy, 30, 31; dislike for mobs, 31, 32; plans for reunion with Great Britain, 32, 33; delegate to Provincial Congress, 35, 36; report and speech, 37, 38; objects to eighth article of report, 41; at head of patriotic party, 46, 47, 53; able speech in favor of new governments, 53-58; member of committees, 59; position in regard to the Tories, 60, 61; formation of State Constitution, 62-67; at Schuyler's headquarters, 68-71; efforts in behalf of Schuyler, 72; secures reinforcements for Gates, 73; letters to Schuyler, 74, 75; elected to Continental Congress, 76; visits Valley Forge, 77; a good financier, 78, 80, 86; endeavors to secure approval of Washington's plans, 78, 79, 83, 85; letter to Washington, 84; friendship with Greene, 86; report on Lord North's conciliatory bills, 88; prepares "Observations on the American Revolution," 88; drafts instructions to Franklin, 89; reply to French minister, 91; "Observations on the Finances of America," 91; his loyalist relatives, 92, 93; controversy with Thomas Paine, 93, 94; drafts instructions to our foreign ministers, 94, 95; dispute of New York with Vermont, 96, 97; fails of reëlection, 98; life in Philadelphia, 99; publishes essays on the finances, 100, 101, 102; assistant financier, 103; founder of national coinage, 104, 105, 106, 107; enjoyment in society, 108, 110; serious injury, 109; want of insight into the future, 112, 113; foresees final success of Greene, 113; letters to Jay, 118, 120, 127; advocates a firmer Union, 129, 130; in Constitutional Convention, 133, 139, 140; has no regard for States-rights, 142-145; jealousy of the West, 146, 147; views on the suffrage, 149-153; on the power of the President, 153, 154; on the judiciary, 155; on Congress, 156; speeches on the slavery question, 158, 159; a warm advocate of the Constitution, 166; return to New York, 167; acts in behalf of loyalists, 167; residence in France, 169; letters and diary, 170, 175, 176, 183; hostile to spirit of French Revolution, 170-175; at home in Parisian society, 176; opinion of Jefferson, 177; of Lafayette, 178, 181; views on French politics, 183-186; distrust of French character, 185, 186, 188, 189; National Assembly, 190, 191; a true republican and American, 193, 194; minor services to Washington, 195; correspondence with Paul Jones, 196; life in Paris, 197, 198, 199; opinion of Madame de Staël, 199-204; intimacy with Madame de Flahaut, 204-207; acquaintance with the Duchess of Orleans, 207-211, 245, 246; literary life of the salon, 213-215; judgment of his contemporaries, 216, 219-223; of French people, 224; advice to a certain painter, 226; mission to British government, 227, 228; English not congenial, 229, 230; impatience at delay, 233; interview with Pitt, 234; is blamed for failure of negotiations, 236; trip through Netherlands and up the Rhine, 237; speculations of various kinds, 238, 239; advice to Lafayette, 240-243, 260; letter to Washington, 243-245; fondness for the theatre, 247; dislike to priesthood, 248, 249; interest in home affairs, 250; made minister to France, 252; is advised by Washington, 252, 253; plans for escape of the king and queen, 254, 255, 256; his, a brilliant chapter in American diplomacy, 257, 258; horror of the mob, 260, 261; his house a place of refuge, 263, 264; picture of the French, 265-268; generosity to Lafayette family, 274, 275; remains in Paris, 276, 277; spirited conduct when harassed, 278, 279; payment of American debt, 280, 281; irritates the executive council, 281, 282; French privateers, 283; commentary on passing events, 283-291; is recalled, 292, 293; as foreign minister to be honored, 264, 294; accurate forecast of events, 295; clear views of French Revolution, 298; journeys in Europe, 302; no longer an impartial judge, 303; estimate of Napoleon, 303, 304; in Switzerland, 304; in Great Britain, 305; opinion of royalist refugees, 306, 307; in Berlin, 308, 315; in Vienna, 310-315; dealings with Louis Philippe, 317, 318; return to New York, 320; elected to Senate, 328; disapproves of Burr, 330; opinion of Jefferson, 331; speech in favor of occupying Louisiana, 337, 338; fails of reëlection, 339; leader in project of Erie canal, 339, 340; life at Morrisania, 340; marriage, 340; formality, 341; compares America and England, 342; loses his satisfaction with the people and the government, and becomes soured, 345; advocates northern secession, 347; loses his loyalty to the nation, 352-359; closing acts of his career unworthy of him, 352-355; after the peace, 361; gives sound and patriotic counsel, 362, 363; death, 363; character and services, 363, 364.

Morris, Robert, 102, 103, 133.

Morris, Staats Long, 15, 61, 167.

Morrisania, 1, 167, 340.

Morrises, the, 2.

Narbonne, Chevalier de, 202, 203.

National Union, 126, 140.

Nationalists, 141.

Necker, 199, 200, 218, 219, 220.

New England, 11, 161, 324; Puritans, 5; militia, 69; members of Continental Congress, 71, 79, 80.

New Rochelle, 3.

New York city, 1; society in, 26; exposed positions, 43; entered by Continental forces, 46; left by peaceable citizens, 48; held by British, 116.

New York colony, 1, 3; battles in, 3, 4; claim of liberty as a right, 6; loyalty, 7, 8; many nationalities, 9, 10; churches, 9; ethnic type, 11; rivalries, 14; government, 14; three parties, 19; in debt, 23; not in full sympathy with the patriots, 35, 36; soldiers in royal armies, 44; famous Tory leaders, 45; second Provincial Congress, 46; third Provincial Congress, 47; Declaration of Independence ratified, and State Constitution organized,47; adoption of the national Constitution, 165, 167.

New York State, 48; party contests, 326.

New Yorkers, 13, 33, 96.

North Carolina, 165.

North, Lord, conciliatory bills of, 87.

Officers, in trade, 81; foreign, 85; French, in American Revolution, 264.

Oriskany, fight at, 10, 12, 72.

Orleans, Duchess of, 207, 208, 209, 245, 246.

Orleans, Duke of (Egalité), 207, 216, 275, 288.

Otis, Harrison Gray, 353.

Paine, Thomas, 93, 208, 289.

Paris, 266, 267; factions in, 269; changed, 270.

Paul Jones, 196.

Pennsylvania, 28, 157, 166, 324.

Philadelphia, 110.

Pinckney, 145, 326, 328, 329.

Pitt, 233, 234, 237.

Presbyterians, 14, 18, 21.

Prisoners, exchange of, 125.

Provincial Congress, 34, 35, 38, 39, 43, 46, 47, 53, 58.

Proviso regarding toleration, 66.

Prussia, 308, 309.

Quebec, 10; bill, 41.

Queen's County, 44, 46.

Randolph, 292.

Representation of slave states, 157, 158, 164.

Republican party, 141.

Republicanism, extreme, 20.

Revolution, enemies in, 49, 68; two sides of, 30; officers of, 79; men of, 81, 82; influence of, compared with that of French, 298, 299.

Revolutionary armies compared with those in Civil War, 50, 51, 81.

Rhode Island, 126, 165, 189.

Riedesel, "America," 308; General, 316.

Rodney, 116, 117.

Rohan, Cardinal de, 249.

Roman Catholics, 9, 39, 64, 65.

Royalist party, 19, 20.

Rumford, Count, 316.

Russia, 168.

Schuyler, Philip, 10, 68, 69, 71; replaced by Gates, 71, 72, 73; his noble behavior, 74.

Scott, General, 349.

Sherman, Roger, 71.

Sieyès, the Abbé, 136, 246.

Six Nations, 3.

Slavery, question of, 66, 67, 157-165.

Sons of Liberty, 31, 43.

South Carolina, 80, 145, 160, 325.

Southern States, 115, 147, 148, 158, 161, 162, 163.

Spain, 90, 91, 112, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, 148.

Spanish-Americans, 131, 132.

St. Clair, General, 69.

St. Patrick's Day, 21.

Stamp Act, 4.

Stark, 69.

States General, 134, 184, 224.

Statesmen, 51, 52, 134.

Suffrage not an inborn or natural right, 149, 150, 157.

Taine, 183.

Talleyrand, 204, 221, 247, 277.

Tarleton, Colonel, 247.

Tessé, Comtesse de, 181, 182.

Toleration, 39, 64, 65, 66.

Tories, 35, 44, 50, 60, 61, 68, 92, 167.

Tory leaders, 45.

Treaty, 124; obligations of, unfulfilled, 227, 228; Jay's, 327.

Trio, great American, 133.

Tryon, royal governor, 44.

Valley Forge, 49, 76.

Vergennes, 121, 237.

Vermont, 70, 96, 98.

Virginia, 114, 160, 161, 165; her statesmen and warriors, 325.

War of 1812, 148, 349, 350.

Warriors, 51, 52, 325.

Washington, 33, 44, 47, 48; statesman, soldier, patriot, 52; difficulties, 78, 79; confidence in Morris, 83; dislike to foreign officers, 85; letter to Jay, 118; delegate in National Convention, 133; letter to Morris, 189, 190; views with regard to French Revolution, 191, 192, 252, 292, 293; a watch for, 195; statue by Hudon, 196; kind advice, 252, 253; recalls Monroe, 300; reply to letter of Morris, 306; distrust of Jefferson, and Madison, 321.

West, the, 146, 147, 148.

Whig families, 20, 21.

White Plains, 53.

Wisdom of many worth more than wisdom of one, 136, 137.

Yorktown, 76, 116.

American Statesmen.

A Series of Biographies of Men famous in the Political History of the United States. Edited by JOHN T. MORSE, Jr. Each volume, 16mo, gilt top, $1.25; half morocco, $2.50.

_JOHN QUINCY ADAMS_. _By John T. Morse, Jr_. _ALEXANDER HAMILTON_. _By Henry Cabot Lodge_. _JOHN C. CALHOUN_. _By Dr. H. Von Holst_. _ANDREW JACKSON_. _By W. G. Sumner_. _JOHN RANDOLPH_. _By Henry Adams_. _JAMES MONROE_. _By D. C. Gilman_. _THOMAS JEFFERSON_. _By John T. Morse, Jr_. _DANIEL WEBSTER_. _By Henry Cabot Lodge_. _ALBERT GALLATIN_. _By John Austin Stevens_. _JAMES MADISON_. _By Sydney Howard Gay_. _JOHN ADAMS_. _By John T. Morse, Jr_. _JOHN MARSHALL_. _By Allan B. Magruder_. _SAMUEL ADAMS_. _By James K. Hosmer_. _THOMAS H. BENTON_. _By Theodore Roosevelt_. _HENRY CLAY_. _By Carl Schurz_. 2 vols. _PATRICK HENRY_. _By Moses Coit Tyler_. _GOUVERNEUR MORRIS_. _By Theodore Roosevelt_. _MARTIN VAN BUREN_. _By Edward M. Shepard_. _GEORGE WASHINGTON_. _By Henry Cabot Lodge_. 2 vols. _BENJAMIN FRANKLIN_. _By John T. Morse, Jr_. _JOHN JAY_. _By George Pellew_. _LEWIS CASS_. _By Andrew C. McLaughlin_.

_Others to be announced hereafter_.

CRITICAL NOTICES.

_JOHN QUINCY ADAMS_. That Mr. Morse's conclusions will in the main be those of posterity we have very little doubt, and he has set an admirable example to his coadjutors in respect of interesting narrative, just proportion, and judicial candor.--_New York Evening Post_.

_HAMILTON_. The biography of Mr. Lodge is calm and dignified throughout. He has the virtue--rare indeed among biographers--of impartiality. He has done his work with conscientious care, and the biography of Hamilton is a book which cannot have too many readers. It is more than a biography; it is a study in the science of government.--_St. Paul Pioneer-Press_.

_CALHOUN_. Nothing can exceed the skill with which the political career of the great South Carolinian is portrayed in these pages. The work is superior to any other number of the series thus far, and we do not think it can be surpassed by any of those that are to come. The whole discussion in relation to Calhoun's position is eminently philosophical and just.--_The Dial_ (Chicago).

_JACKSON_. Professor Sumner has ... all in all, made the justest long estimate of Jackson that has had itself put between the covers of a book.--_New York Times_.

_RANDOLPH_. The book has been to me intensely interesting.... It is rich in new facts and side lights, and is worthy of its place in the already brilliant series of monographs on American Statesmen.--Prof. MOSES COIT TYLER.

_MONROE_. In clearness of style, and in all points of literary workmanship, from cover to cover, the volume is well-nigh perfect. There are also a calmness of judgment, a correctness of taste, and an absence of partisanship which are too frequently wanting in biographies, and especially in political biographies.--_American Literary Churchman_ (Baltimore).

_JEFFERSON_. The book is exceedingly interesting and readable. The attention of the reader is strongly seized at once, and he is carried along in spite of himself, sometimes protesting, sometimes doubting, yet unable to lay the book down.--_Chicago Standard_.

_WEBSTER_. It will be read by students of history; it will be invaluable as a work of reference; it will be an authority as regards matters of fact and criticism; it hits the keynote of Webster's durable and ever-growing fame; it is adequate, calm, impartial; it is admirable.--_Philadelphia Press_.

_GALLATIN_. It is one of the most carefully prepared of these very valuable volumes, ... abounding in information not so readily accessible as is that pertaining to men more often treated by the biographer.... The whole work covers a ground which the political student cannot afford to neglect.--_Boston Correspondent Hartford Courant_.

_MADISON_. The execution of the work deserves the highest praise. It is very readable, in a bright and vigorous style, and is marked by unity and consecutiveness of plan.--_The Nation_ (New York).

_JOHN ADAMS_. A good piece of literary work.... It covers the ground thoroughly, and gives just the sort of simple and succinct account that is wanted.--_Evening Post_ (New York).

_MARSHALL_. Well done, with simplicity, clearness, precision, and judgment, and in a spirit of moderation and equity. A valuable addition to the series.--_New York Tribune_.

_SAMUEL ADAMS_. Thoroughly appreciative and sympathetic, yet fair and critical.... This biography is a piece of good work--a clear and simple presentation of a noble man and pure patriot; it is written in a spirit of candor and humanity.--_Worcester Spy_.

_BENTON_. An interesting addition to our political literature, and will be of great service if it spread an admiration for that austere public morality which was one of the marked characteristics of its chief figure.--_The Epoch_ (New York).

_CLAY_. We have in this life of Henry Clay a biography of one of the most distinguished of American statesmen, and a political history of the United States for the first half of the nineteenth century. In each of these important and difficult undertakings, Mr. Schurz has been eminently successful. Indeed, it is not too much to say that, for the period covered, we have no other book which equals or begins to equal this life of Henry Clay as an introduction to the study of American politics.--_Political Science Quarterly_ (New York).

_HENRY_. Professor Tyler has not only made one of the best and most readable of American biographies; he may fairly be said to have reconstructed the life of Patrick Henry, and to have vindicated the memory of that great man from the unappreciative and injurious estimate which has been placed upon it.--_New York Evening Post_.

_MORRIS_. Mr. Roosevelt has produced an animated and intensely interesting biographical volume.... Mr. Roosevelt never loses sight of the picturesque background of politics, war-governments, and diplomacy.--_Magazine of American History_ (New York).

_VAN BUREN_. No more generous, appreciative, or just biography, and no more interesting or philosophical piece of political history has appeared in this valuable series ... than this absorbing book.... To give any adequate idea of the personal interest of the book, or its intimate bearing on nearly the whole course of our political history would be equivalent to quoting the larger part of it.--_Brooklyn Eagle_.

_WASHINGTON_. Mr. Lodge has written an admirable biography, and one which cannot but confirm the American people in the prevailing estimate concerning the Father of his Country; but its deepest and most important significance appears to us to consist in its testimony to the exaltation and the uniqueness of a character whose like comes seldom to the world, and only in periods of great stress and crisis.--_New York Tribune_.

_FRANKLIN_. He has managed to condense the whole mass of matter gleaned from all sources into his volume without losing in a single sentence the freedom or lightness of his style or giving his book in any part the crowded look of an epitome. He has plenty of time and plenty of room for all he wishes to say, and says it in the very best and most interesting manner.--_The Independent_ (New York).

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