CHAPTER XI.--SHADE.
General remarks on the importance of shade.
The governing principle as regards shade for coffee.
The most desirable kinds of shade trees. Those of less desirable kinds.
The Jack. Its merits and defects.
The AttÃ. Good when young, less desirable when old.
The Noga. The objections to relying on this tree.
Other kinds of less desirable shade trees.
_Albizzia Moluccana._ Said to be a valuable tree for shade.
Methods adopted when forming a shaded plantation.
Great advantages of clearing without burning the forest.
The order in which shade trees should be planted.
The young shade trees require shade. The charcoal tree a good nurse.
The management of young shade trees.
The evils arising from excessive trimming of side branches of shade trees. Planting under the shade of the original forest trees.
The value of leaving marginal belts of forest. The danger of a running fire.
The quantity of shade required for varying aspects and gradients.
The great differences between northern and southern aspects as regards heat.
Western and eastern aspects.
Importance of attending to the gradients, the quality of the soil, and its exposure to drying winds.
Elevation and rainfall govern quantity of shade that should be kept. The thinning, and lopping lower boughs of shade trees.
Much knowledge and experience required in judicious thinning.
More shade will be required as trees become lofty.
Importance of at once planting up spots where shade is deficient, in order to keep out the Borer insect.
Planting out young shade trees. The removal of parasites from shade trees.
Preparation of shade tree cuttings before planting out. How to grow young charcoal-tree plants. Valuable as nurses.