CHAPTER V.

MANUFACTURE OF BONE GLUE.

Comminution of the bones; Various methods of extracting the fat; Boiling bones 74

Steaming bones and apparatus for this purpose 75

Extraction of bones with benzine or carbon disulphide; Apparatus for the use of benzine invented by Messrs. Wm. Adamson and Charles F. A. Simonis of Philadelphia, Pa., described and illustrated 76

Adamson’s method for treating substances with hydrocarbon vapor for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 79

Adamson’s method for treating substances with liquid hydrocarbon for the purpose of extracting oils, fats, etc., described and illustrated 82

Adamson’s process for removing hydrocarbons from substances which have been treated therewith, described and illustrated 84

F. Seltsam’s apparatus, described and illustrated 86

F. Seltsam’s apparatus as improved by Th. Richter, described and illustrated 88

Alfred Leuner’s apparatus, described and illustrated 90

Extraction with hydrochloric acid 91

Sulphurous acid process 92

Generation of sulphurous acid 93

Apparatus for the generation of sulphurous acid constructed by Dr. Bruno Terne, described and illustrated; Conversion of cartilage into glue; Wm. Friedberg’s apparatus for this purpose, described and illustrated 94

Mode of operation with this apparatus 95

Construction of the filter used in connection with the apparatus 96

Settling tank, described and illustrated; Arrangement of an open evaporating pan, described and illustrated 98

Cooling the glue liquor; Use of refrigerating machines for that purpose; Spiral evaporators 100

Vacuum pan for evaporating glue and gelatine liquors, described and illustrated 101

Instrument which indicates the amount of dry glue in the solution, described and illustrated 103

Process for the simultaneous utilization of bones for fat, bone-meal and glue 104

Crushing the bones; Apparatus for subjecting the crushed bones to the action of high-pressure steam, described and illustrated 105

Mode of operation with this apparatus 106

Duration of steaming the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal 107

Sorting the bones for the manufacture of animal charcoal; Former method of carbonization 108

Arrangement of a Belgian retort-furnace, described and illustrated 109

Products evolved in the destructive distillation of bones; Mode of operation with Belgian retort-furnaces 112

Products obtained in making animal charcoal on a large scale; Process for the simultaneous utilization of the bones for fat, glue and calcium phosphate; Degreasing the bones 113

Treatment of the bones with hydrochloric acid; Preservation of the resulting cartilage; Boiling the cartilage in open vessels 114

Mode of extracting the phosphates from bones; Yield of glue obtained from cartilage after extraction of the mineral constituents; Constituents of the liquor obtained by treating the bones 115

Utilization of the liquor in the manufacture of fertilizers 116