Glass Manufacture

Definition of the term “Glass”--Amorphous structure the common feature of all vitreous bodies--Glass a congealed fluid--Glasses not definite chemical compounds but complex solut...

General considerations--Chemical purity, moisture, and physical condition, constancy of quality--Sources of silica, sand and sandstone--Felspar--Sources of alkali: Soda ash (car...

Fire-clay and silica-brick--Manufacture of glass-melting pots--Drying and first heating of pots--Blocks for tank and other furnaces--Uses of silica brick--Furnaces-- Coal-fired...

Raw materials--Furnaces--Predominance of tank furnaces-- Process of blowing bottles by hand--Gathering, marvering, blowing--Use of fire-clay and metal moulds-- Formation of neck...

Raw materials--Bohemian glass and flint glass--Gathering and blowing--Chair work--Hand work--Production of tumblers by hand--Application of coloured glass to blown articles--Use...

Rolled plate glass--Furnaces--Raw materials--Process of ladling--The rolling table--Annealing--Cutting and sorting--Patterns on rolled plate--“Figured” rolled plate--Machine use...

Comparison of sheet with polished plate--Raw materials for sheet--Furnaces: various forms of tank furnaces-- Blowing process--Gathering, forming the gathering on blocks, forming...

Definition of coloured glass--Physical causes of colour-- Colouring substances: copper, silver, gold, carbon, tin, arsenic, sulphur, chromium, uranium, fluorine, manganese, iron...

Nature and properties of optical glass--Homogeneity-- Formation and removal of striæ in solutions and in glass--Transparency and colour--Absorption of light in “decolourised” gl...

The manufacture of optical glass--Raw materials-- Mixing--Furnaces and crucibles--Kilns for heating pots--Transfer of pots from kiln to melting furnace-- Introduction of cullet...

Glass tubing--Gathering and drawing of ordinary tubes-- Special varieties of tube--Combustion tubes--Tubes of vitreous silica--Varieties of vitreous silica-- Transparent, glass-...

Although the term “glass” denotes a group of bodies which possess in common a number of well-defined and characteristic properties, it is difficult to frame a satisfactory defin...

_The Mechanical Properties of Glass_ are of considerable importance in many directions. Although glass is rarely used in such a manner that it is directly called upon to sustain...

The choice of raw materials for all branches of glass manufacture is a matter of vital importance. As a rule all “fixed” bodies that are once introduced into the glass-melting p...

For the successful production of substances which are formed by a process of fusion, the use of refractory materials of a proper kind is of great importance. In the production o...

It has already been indicated that, for glass-making purposes, the raw materials are required in a state of reasonably fine division. The exact degree of fineness required depen...

In the previous chapter we have followed in outline the process of fusion and fining of glass, leaving the molten material ready for working up into the final shape. Up to that...

Although bottles are in some respects the cheapest and crudest products that are manufactured of glass, their uses are so innumerable and their numbers so enormous that their pr...

In many ways very similar to the processes employed in the production of bottles are those used in the manufacture of all hollow glass vessels that are produced by blowing, eith...

In the present chapter we propose to deal with all those processes of glass manufacture in which the first stage consists in converting the glass into a slab or plate by some pr...

In the preceding chapter we have dealt with the processes of manufacture employed in the production of both the crudest and the most perfect forms of flat glass as used for such...

In various chapters throughout the foregoing portions of this book we have had occasion to refer to the colour of glass and the causes affecting it, but these references have ch...

Optical glass differs so widely from all other varieties of glass that its manufacture may almost be regarded as a separate industry, to which, indeed, a separate volume could w...

high degree of hardness and a low refractive index are found together. This statement is certainly true where any considerable difference of hardness is considered, as, for exam...

The process of manufacturing the best qualities of optical glass may be briefly described as consisting in obtaining a crucible full of the purest and most homogeneous glass, an...

The field of glass-manufacture is so wide and the number and variety of its products so great, that in the limited compass of this volume it is impossible to fully enumerate the...

A white-hot tube or rod of this material can be plunged into cold water with impunity, and no special care need be exercised in heating or cooling articles made of this substanc...