Chapter 8

[8] +der ... Weg+: the path; see 1 Note 10

[9] +infolge (in Folge)+: in consequence.

[10] +einer beliebig+: of any desired, of any whatever.

[11] +kommt ... zu stande+: comes about, is brought about.

[12] +bei+: in the case of (not _by_.) +Bei+ is of very common occurence with this meaning, which will generally suggest the proper preposition (at, with, in etc.) to use in English.

14.

[1] +die Gewichtseinheit+: unit of weight.

[2] +heisst+: means.

[3] +die Breite+: latitude.

[4] +am Meeresspiegel+: at the level of the sea.

[5] +am bequemsten+: most conveniently.

[6] +darstellen+: to represent.

[7] +t+ stands for +Tonne+ = 1000 kg.

[8] see 1 Note 2.

[9] Observe that the comma is used as a decimal point and the period as a sign of multiplication.

[10] +also+; see 2 Note 2.

[11] +nimmt ... zu (zunehmen)+: increases.

[12] see 1 Note 2.

[13] +um+: to the distance of.

[14] +die Gesammtarbeit+: total work.

[15] +einzel (einzeln)+: separate.

15.

[1] See 1 Note 2.

[2] +aufgespeichert+: stored up.

[3] +bei Verminderung+: on diminishing; see 13 Note 12.

[4] +um+: to the distance of.

[5] +musste+: had to. Do not translate by _must_; it is in the past tense.

[6] +geleistet: (leisten)+: performed. +Die Leistung+: performance.

[7] +streng genommen+: taken strictly = strictly speaking.

[8] +eine Feder spannen+: compress a spring.

[9] +die Spannkraft+: tension, potential.

[10] +bei Beurtheilung+: in judging; see 13 Note 12.

[11] +ist massgebend+: is decisive, is a criterion.

[12] +hinsichtlich+: as regards.

[13] +u. s. f. (und so fort)+: and so forth.

16.

[1] +Nebenformen+: secondary forms.

[2] +noch so komplizierten+: never so complicated, no matter how complicated.

[3] +rollen+: the hyphen indicates that +hinab+ belongs also to +rollen+: to roll down.

[4] +stellt ... dar (darstellen)+: represents.

[5] +einen ... Druck+; see 1 Note 10.

[6] +aufheben+: to neutralize, balance.

[7] +der Fall+: case.

[8] +aufzufassen+: to conceive.

[9] +entstanden (entstehen)+: originated, formed.

[10] +flachgängig+: square-threaded.

[11] +bez. (beziehungsweise)+: or as the case may be.

[12] +scharfgängig+: v-threaded.

[13] +der Schraubengang+: turn of the screw.

[14] +das Gewinde+: thread.

[15] +die Bolzenstärke+: thickness of the cylinder. +Stärke+, usually strength, also means thickness.

[16] +die Kernstärke+: thickness, of the core.

[17] See 1 Note 2., +arbeitet ... aus+: works out, hollows out.

[18] +der Betrag, um den+: the amount to the extent of which....

[19] +die Steigung oder Ganghöhe+: pitch.

[20] See 2 Note 2.

[21] +Stellschrauben+: set screws; stellen, to adjust.

17.

[1] +verhalten sich umgekehrt+: they are to each other inversely.

[2] +Bekannt+: well known.

[3] +hierbei+: in this case (not _hereby_), Compare 13 Note 12.

[4] +findet ... statt (stattfinden)+: takes place.

[5] +bei Klingelzügen+: in bell-pulls.

[6] +wobei+: in which; compare 13 Note 12.

[7] +in der Regel+: as a rule.

[8] +der Flaschenzug+: block and tackle.

[9] +das Rad an der Welle+: wheel and axle.

[10] +einem ... Seile+; see 1 Note 10.

[11] +Riemen- und Seilscheiben+: pulleys for belts and ropes.

18.

[1] +die Fortpflanzung+: propagation, transmission.

[2] +einer ... Flüssigkeit+: of a liquid; see 1 Note 10.

[3] +infolgedessen (in Folge dessen)+: in consequence of which.

[4] +pflanzt sich ... fort (sich fortpflanzen)+: propagates itself.

[5] +Ein ... Körper+: a body; see 1 Note 10.

[6] +sogen. (sogenannte)+: so-called.

[7] +Ist ... taucht+; see 1 Note 2

[8] +dabei+: in that case; compare 13 Note 12.

[9] +gilt (gelten)+: holds true.

[10] +eines ... Gefässes+: of a vessel; see 1 Note 10.

[11] +die Druckhöhe+: head, column.

19.

[1] +der Heber+: siphon.

[2] +selbsttätig+: automatically.

[3] +das Niveau+: level.

[4] +zweischenkelig+: two-legged, two-armed; +der Schenkel+, thigh.

[5] +dabei+: at the same time (not _thereby_).

[6] +die Festigkeit+: strength (of materials).

[7] +das Mass+: measure (do not confound with +die Masse+, mass).

[8] +die Zugfestigkeit+: tensile strength.

[9] +der Querschnitt+: cross-section.

[10] +die Grösse+: magnitude, quantity.

[11] +die rückwirkende Festigkeit+: compressive strength.

[12] +die relative Festigkeit+: transverse strength.

[13] +Grössen- und Formänderungen+: changes of size and form. The hyphen indicates that +änderungen+ belongs to +Grössen+ also.

[14] +spröde+: brittle.

[15] +zähe+: tough.

[16] +dehnbar+: ductile.

[17] +geschmeidig+: plastic, pliable.

20.

[1] +die Gehörempfindung+: sensation of hearing.

[2] +die Wellenbewegung+: wave motion.

[3] +die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit+: velocity of propagation.

[4] +das Fadentelephon+: string telephone (toy).

[5] +Zwei ... Stücke+; see 1 Note 10.

[6] +das Mittel+: medium.

[7] +der Nachhall+: reverberation.

[8] +vorwiegend+: preponderating; translate: mostly.

[9] +Sind+; see 1 Note 2.

[10] +Sinusschwingungen+: sine oscillations.

[11] +hängt ... ab (abhängen)+: depends.

[12] +stehend+: vertical.

[13] +bei+; see 13 Note 12.

[14] +der Grundton+: fundamental note.

[15] +das Gepräge+: coinage = character.

[16] +die Klangfarbe+: tone color = timbre.

21.

[1] +selbstleuchtend+: self-luminous.

[2] +lassen sich ungezwungen erklären+: may be explained in a natural (_lit._ unforced) way.

[3] +das Mittel+: medium.

[4] +der Lichtäther+: luminiferous ether.

[5] +daran ... dass+: by the fact that; _lit._ by this, namely that ..., +Daran+ represents the following clause and anticipates it.

[6] +Besitzen+; see 1 Note 2.

[7] +der Kernschatten+: umbra; +der Kern+, kernel.

[8] +der Halbschatten+: penumbra.

[9] +unmittelbar+: directly.

[10] +auf ... angewiesen+: confined to.

[11] +der Einfallswinkel+: angle of incidence.

[12] +der Schirm+: screen.

22.

[1] +der ebene Spiegel+: plane mirror.

[2] +das Spiegelbild+: reflected image.

[3] +der Senkrechte+: the vertical, perpendicular; see 1 Note 10.

[4] +einem ... Kreis+: a circle.

[5] +der Durchschnitt+: section.

[6] +Perlen+: beads.

[7] +beim Hineinblicken+: on looking in.

[8] +ein ... Mittel+: a medium.

[9] +zwei ... Ebenen+: two planes. This sentence is an example of one compound adjective construction within another.

[10] +brechend+: refracting.

[11] +einen ... Spalt+: a slit.

[12] +bandförmig auseinandergezogen+: drawn out in the form of a ribbon.

[13] +brechbar+: refrangible.

[14] +einzelne+: single, separate, individual.

[15] +derartig+: that kind, such.

[16] +indem man+; see 1 Note 9.

[17] +das Knallgebläse+: oxy-hydrogen blowpipe.

[18] +die betreffenden Metalle+: the metals in question.

[19] +geschlossen werden kann+: conclusions may be drawn.

23.

[1] +vermittelt+: transmitted.

[2] +schrieb ... zu (zuschreiben)+: ascribed, attributed.

[3] +und zwar+: and moreover.

[4] +nimmt ... zu ... ab (zunehmen, abnehmen)+; increases, decreases.

[5] see 1 Note 9.

[6] +die Lagenänderung+: change of position.

[7] +bei+; see 13 Note 12.

[8] +der Abstand+: distance apart.

24.

[1] +um+: to the extent of, by.

[2] +bezw. (beziehungsweise)+; see 2 Note 10.

[3] +der Träger+: beam, girder.

[4] +das Mauerwerk+: masonry.

[5] +der Radreifen+: tire of a wheel.

[6] +gilt (gelten)+: holds true.

[7] +der Schrumpfring+: hoop shrunk on a gun.

[8] +bei+; see 13 Note 12.

[9] +übt ... aus (ausüben)+: exerts.

[10] +die Dampfspannung, die Spannkraft+: tension.

[11] +es bilden sich+: there are formed.

[12] +Verdampfen+: vaporization.

[13] +Verdunsten+: evaporation (without artifical heat.)

25.

[1] +bei+; see 13 Note 12.

[2] +die Vakuumpfanne+: vacuum pan.

[3] +die Zuckersiederei+: sugar refinery; +sieden+, to boil.

[4] +umgekehrt+: conversely.

[5] +der Papinsche Topf+: Papin's digestor.

[6] +das Sicherheitsventil+: safety-valve.

[7] +die Spannkraft+: the tension.

[8] See 1 Note 9.

[9] +absperren+: to bar off = to confine.

[10] +noch so gross+: never so great, no matter how great.

[11] +tropfbar+: capable of forming drops.

[12] See 18 Note 6.

[13] +der Grenzwert+: limit of value; limit.

26.

[1] +einen beliebig grossen Zwischenraum+: a distance as great as may be desired = any distance.

[2] +die Strahlung+: radiation.

[3] +die Leitung+: conduction.

[4] +gleicht sich ... aus (sich ausgleichen)+: equalizes itself.

[5] +wir haben uns ... vorzustellen+: we must conceive.

[6] +hierbei+: in this case.

[7] +übermittelt+: transferred, communicated.

[8] See 13 Note 12.

[9] +die Wärmeeinheit+: heat unit.

[10] +um+; see 24 Note 1.

[11] +die Heizungstechnik+: heating industry.

27.

[1] +um+; see 24 Note 1.

[2] +die Menge+: quantity.

[3] +wobei+: in which case; see 13 Note 12.

[4] See 13 Note 12.

[5] +Aggregatzustandsveränderungen+: changes in the state of aggregation (_i. e._ from liquid to solid etc.).

[6] +also+; see 2 Note 2.

[7] +umgekehrt+: conversely.

[8] +ermitteln+: to ascertain.

[9] +vermag = kann.+

[10] +niederschlagen+: to precipitate.

28.

[1] +entsteht+: arises, is formed, comes into existence.

[2] +die Arbeitsgrösse+: amount (_lit._ magnitude) of work.

[3] +im Mittel+: on an average.

[4] +wobei+: in which case.

[5] +eine angesaugte und ... verdichtete Luftmenge+: a sucked up and ... condensed quantity of air.

[6] +die Pleuelstange+: connecting rod.

[7] +die Kurbel+: crank.

[8] +die Welle+: axle.

[9] +das Schwungrad+: flywheel.

[10] +dabei+: in that case.

[11] See 13 Note 12.

[12] +der Uebergang+: transition.

[13] +dabei+: at the same time.

[14] +der Kolbenhub+: stroke of the piston.

[15] +setzen ... um (umsetzen)+: convert.

29.

[1] +der Zylinder+: cylinder. Some writers change c's of Latin Swords to +z+ or +k+ according to the sound.

[2] +sperren+: to bar, to cut off.

[3] +die Steuervorrichtung+: _lit._ appliance for steering = slide-valve.

[4] +wobei, hierbei, dabei+; see 28 Notes, 4, 10, 13 and 26 Note 6.

[5] +niedrigerer+: lower, note the comparative expressed by the first +er+.

[6] +geht verloren+: is lost.

[7] +ausfallen kann+: may turn out.

[8] +indem man ... verwendete und ... antrieb+; see 1 Note 9.

[9] +der Wirkungsgrad+: degree of effect = efficiency.

[10] +Dampfstrahlen+: jets of steam.

[11] +das Schaufelrad+: paddle wheel, blade wheel.

30.

[1] +Energiearten+: kinds of energy.

[2] +beliebig+: any ... whatever.

[3] +zutragen+: take place.

[4] +der Kreisprozess+: cycle.

[5] +am allgemeinsten+: in the most general way.

[6] +das Niveau+: level.

[7] +so fasst man ... auf+: we conceive.

[8] +begriffen+: engaged (in).

[9] +Wärme+ is the object of +enthalten+.

[10] +zieht ... an (anziehen)+: attracts.

[11] +dagegen+: on the other hand.

[12] +stossen ... ab (abstossen)+: repel.

31.

[1] +dadurch, dass man+; see 1 Note 9.

[2] +Es stellte sich dabei heraus+: it turned out in this case.

[3] +in gleicher Hinsicht+: with the same purpose.

[4] +darstellen+: represent, constitute.

[5] +lagern+: arrange.

[6] +sich aufheben+: neutralize each other.

[7] +herzustellen+: to produce, make.

[8] +das Beharrungsvermögen+: capacity for persistence = inertia.

[9] +sich einstellen+: take its place.

[10] +vorzustellen+: to place before (the mind) = to imagine.

32.

[1] +der Richtung nach+: as regards direction.

[2] +der Leiter+: conductor.

[3] +und zwar+: and moreover.

[4] +woraus zu schliessen ist+: from which it is to be concluded.

[5] +also+; see 2 Note 2.

[6] +Berührungsstellen+: points of contact.

[7] +dem 300. Teil+: to the 300th part. The period after 300 indicates the ending +sten+.

[8] +der Schliessungsbogen+: closing arc = conductor which closes the circuit.

33.

[1] +die Zeiteinheit+: unit of time.

[2] +der Querschnitt+: cross section.

[3] +die ... Elektrizitätsmenge+: the quantity of electricity.

[4] +die Stromabgabe+: current delivery = amount of current delivered.

[5] +mit Bezug auf+: with regard to.

[6] +wirksam+: active.

[7] +die Schaltung+: connection.

[8] +soll ... herbeigeführt werden+: is to be brought about.

[9] +indem sie ... bedingt wird+: as it is governed by.

[10] +der Akkumulator+: storage battery.

[11] +etwa+: possibly; transl. any.

[12] +Bleisuperoxyd+: peroxide of lead, PbO_{2}.

[13] +sowohl ... wie+: as well ... as = both ... and.

[14] +das schwefelsaure Blei+: sulphate of lead.

[15] +die E. M. K. (elektromotorische Kraft)+: electromotive force.

[16] +bezw. (beziehungsweise)+; see 2 Note 10.

[17] +Mennigeschichten+: layers of red oxide of lead (minium).

[18] +das Gitter+: lattice work, bars.

34.

[1] +unterscheiden sich+: are distinguished.

[2] +der Gleichstrom+: direct current.

[3] +der Wechselstrom+: alternating current.

[4] +die Erregung, Influenz, Induktion+: induction (three synonyms).

[5] +der Dauermagnet+: permanent magnet.

[6] +der Anker+: armature.

[7] +der Schenkel+: limb, branch.

[8] +der Polwechsel+: change of pole.

[9] +die Anbringung+: attachment, addition.

[10] +der Stromwender+: commutator.

[11] +die Vorrichtung+: appliance, contrivance.

[12] +u. dergl. (und dergleichen)+: and the like.

[13] +der Kupferblechstreifen+: strip of sheet copper.

[14] +die Klemme+: clamp, binding post.

[15] +der Eisenkern+: iron core.

[16] +die Nut+: groove, rabbet.

[17] +eingefrässt+: cut out.

[18] +indem die ... Ströme+: (in that =) as the currents.

35.

[1] +der Anker+: armature.

[2] +einem Eisenring+: an iron ring. This sentence contains one compound adjective clause within another.

[3] +die Welle+: shaft, axle.

[4] +wobei+: while at the same time.

[5] +der+: to the.

[6] +in der Tat (That)+: indeed.

[7] +wohl+: probably.

[8] +nämlich+: translate by beginning the sentence with For.

[9] +indem ... entsteht+: as there is formed.

[10] +allerdings+: to the sure.

[11] +die Reihenbewickelung+: series winding.

[12] +die Nebenschlussbewickelung+: shunt winding.

[13] +die Leistung+: performance, efficiency.

[14] +das Eisengestell+: iron frame.

36.

[1] +eigentlich+: properly so called, real.

[2] +der Stromkreis+: circuit.

[3] +abgeben+: deliver.

[4] +bedürfen+: require (followed by the genitive).

[5] +der Abnutzung unterliegt+: is subject to wear and tear.

[6] +Betriebsstörungen+: disturbances = irregularities in running.

[7] +die Klemme+: clamp, binding post.

[8] +indem man ... verwandelt+; see 1 Note 9.

[9] +die Drehstrommaschine+: three phase motor.

[10] +Nebenapparate+: secondary apparatus.

[11] +Ergänzungsmittel+: means of completion = supplements.

[12] +der Wirbelstrom+: eddy current.

[13] +Kern- und Manteltransformationen+: core and shell transformers.

[14] +untergebracht+: placed.

37.

[1] +die Anlage+: plant.

[2] +Starkstromleitungen+: conductors for powerful currents.

[3] +Licht- und Kraftbetrieb+: production of light and power.

[4] +in der Regel+: as a rule.

[5] +verseilt+: covered with rope.

[6] +stark+: heavy, thick (the usual meaning is _strong_).

[7] +in ihrer Gesamtheit+: in their totality = all taken together.

[8] +das Isolirband+: insulating tape.

[9] +Strassenumwühlungen+: digging up the streets.

[10] +die Armierung+: strengthening.

[11] +Muffen+: sleeves.

[12] +Anschlussstellen+: places for the connections.

[13] +Anschlussgruben+: man holes (+Grube+: pit).

[14] +die Schmelzsicherung+: safety-fuse.

[15] +Karton+: pasteboard.

[16] +der Wandverputz+: plastering.

[17] +Aus- und Einschalten+: connecting and disconnecting.

[18] +der Schalter+: switch.

[19] +der Umschalter+: four point switch.

38.

[1] +der Gleichstrommotor+: direct current motor.

[2] +der Wirkungsgrad+: degree of efficiency.

[3] +der Stromwender+: commutator.

[4] +der+ is the subject of the three verbs +ist+, +geben kann+ and +verbietet+.

[5] +das Funkensprühen+: sparking.

[6] +Anlass geben+: to give rise.

[7] +die Steinkohlengrube+: coal mine.

[8] +schlagende Wetter+: fire-damp.

[9] +die Spannung+: tension.

[10] +starke Querschnitte+: large cross sections.

[11] +unbequem+: inconvenient.

[12] +angehen+: to start.

[13] +eine ... Geschwindigkeit+: a velocity.

[14] +überhaupt+: at all events.

[15] +den ... Stromwechseln+: the alternations of the current.

[16] +übereinstimmen+: correspond, synchronize.

[17] +des ... Magnetfeldes+: of the magnetic field.

[18] +unterliegt+: is subject.

[19] +derartig+: such.

[20] +asynchron+: asynchronous (not synchronous).

39.

[1] +die Eigenschaft+: property.

[2] +die Umwandlung+: conversion.

[3] +der Stoff+: substance.

[4] +der Grundstoff+: fundamental substance, element.

[5] +ohne dass ... gesagt werden kann+: without (our) being able to say.

[6] +das Merkmal+: characteristic.

[7] +das Verhalten+: behavior.

[8] +Druck- und Temperaturverhältnisse+: conditions of pressure and temperature.

[9] +nimmt ... ein (einnehmen)+: occupies.

[10] See 1 Note 2.

[11] +Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffgas+: oxygen and nitrogen gas.

[12] See 13 Note 12.

[13] See 24 Note 1.

40.

[1] +lassen sich ... überführen+: may be converted.

[2] +leichter ... schwieriger+: more easily, more difficulty.

[3] +bestimmt+: certain, definite.

[4] +dabei+; see 28 Note 13.

[5] +hängt davon ab+: depends upon the condition.

[6] +entwickelnd+: developing, disengaging.

[7] +die Spannung+: tension.

[8] +also+: that is to say.

[9] +dementsprechend+: corresponding to that = accordingly.

[10] +beziehen+: to refer.

[11] +das Merkmal+: characteristic.

[12] +die Erkennung+: recognition, identification.

[13] +die Reindarstellung+: preparing in the pure state.

[14] +die Kohlensäure+: carbonic acid.

[15] +der Schwefelwasserstoff+: sulphuretted hydrogen.

[16] +der Chlorwasserstoff+: hydrochloric acid.

[17] +nimmt ab (abnehmen)+: diminishes.

41.

[1] +sich verflüchtigen+: to be volatilized.

[2] +die Verdampfung+: vaporization (with the aid of heat).

[3] +die Verdunstung+: evaporation (at ordinary temperatures).

[4] +ungenügend+; recognize the adverb by the absence of adjective endings and translate: insufficiently.

[5] +vor sich geht+: goes on, takes place.

[6] +gebracht+: when brought.

[7] +das Jod+: iodine.

[8] +luftverdünnt+: rarefied.

[9] +lösen, löslich, die Lösung+: to dissolve, soluble, the solution.

[10] +der Weinstein+: tartar.

[11] +das Chlorcalcium+: calcium chloride.

[12] +infolgedessen (in Folge dessen)+: in consequence of that.

[13] +zerfliesslich+: deliquescent.

[14] +nimmt ... zu (zunehmen)+: increases.

[15] +scheidet sich ... aus+: separates.

[16] +und zwar+: and moreover.

[17] +Platinmohr+: platinum block, platinum sponge.

42.

[1] +die Einheit+: unit.

[2] +wobei+; see 28 Note 4.

[3] +stimmen ... überein (übereinstimmen)+: agree.

[4] +bezüglich+: relating.

[5] +mittler+: average, mean.

[6] +die Zusammensetzung+: composition.

43.

[1] +die Entstehung+: origin, formation.

[2] +die Umwandlung+: conversion.

[3] +die Zersetzung+: decomposition.

[4] +die Verbindung+: composition, compound.

[5] +noch so verschiedenartig+: no matter how differently.

[6] +entstanden (entstehen)+: formed.

[7] +gelangen+: to get.

[8] +dabei+: in the process.

[9] +gleichgültig (gleichgiltig)+: indifferent, all the same, no matter.

[10] +der Chlorwasserstoff+: hydrochloric acid.

[11] +der Wasserstoff+: hydrogen.

[12] +das Chlor+: chlorine.

[13] +beliebig+: any desired, any whatever.

[14] +das Verhältnis+: ratio.

[15] +der Gewichtsteil+: part by weight.

[16] +derart (in der Art)+: in such a way.

[17] +der Stickstoff+: nitrogen.

[18] +also+: that is to say.

44.

[1] +Infolge (in Folge)+: in consequence.

[2] +die Beschaffenheit+: nature.

[3] +für sich+: in themselves.

[4] +was+: which.

[5] +die Auffassung+: conception.

[6] +diesen+: these, the latter (_i. e._ trees).

[7] +erfolgen+: to ensue, follow, take place.

[8] +Verhältnissen+, proportions, belongs also to +Gewichts-+ as indicated by the hyphen.

[9] +der Schluss+: conclusion.

[10] +nimmt man ... an (annehmen)+: if we assume.

[11] +beispielsweise+: by way of example.

[12] +dementsprechend+: corresponding to that = accordingly.

[13] +Es+ is merely introductory; the real subject is +1000 Moleküle+.

[14] +dass diese 500 Moleküle je 1000 Atomen entsprechen+: that each 500 of these molecules correspond to 1000 atoms.

45.

[1] +die Annahme+: assumption.

[2] +zunächst+: first.

[3] +eingeleitet+: introduced.

[4] +pflanzt sich ... fort (sich fortpflanzen)+: propagates itself.

[5] +veranlassen+: to occasion, induce.

[6] +die Beständigkeit+: stability.

[7] +auf Umwegen+: in round about ways.

[8] +die Verwandtschaft+: affinity.

[9] +die Fähigkeit+: capacity.

[10] see 18 Note 6.

[11] +dementsprechend+: see 44 Note 12.

[12] +einwertig+ etc.: univalent etc.

[13] +bewahren+: preserve, maintain.

[14] +der Kohlenstoff+: carbon.

46.

[1] +bei Gegenwart+: in the presence of.

[2] +sich zu Salzen umsetzen+: are converted into salts.

[3] +das Lackmuspapier+: litmus paper.

[4] +die Wertigkeit+: valency.

[5] +die Sättigungskapazität+: capacity for saturation.

[6] +der Aetzkali+: caustic potassa.

[7] +ersetzbar+: replaceable.

[8] see 18 Note 6.

[9] +namentlich+: especially.

[10] +laugenartig+: having the nature of lye (+Lauge+); alcaline.

[11] +indem+: while.

[12] +wieder herstellen+: restore.

[13] +vertretbar+: replaceable.

[14] +die Wechselwirkung+: mutual action, reaction.

47.

[1] +das Verfahren+: process, method.

[2] +die Darstellung+: preparation, making.

[3] +das ... Einflussrohr+: the supply tube.

[4] +das Aufbrausen+: effervescence.

[5] +das Gasentwicklungsrohr+: gas tube, discharge tube.

[6] +mit übergerissene Säureanteile+: portions of acid carried over (with the gas).

[7] +beruht darauf, dass+: is based (_lit.:_ rests) upon the fact that.

[8] +gebunden+: combined.

[9] +wobei sich Zinksulfat bildet+: zinc sulphate being formed at the same time.

[10] +setzen sich um (umsetzen)+: are converted.

[11] +zu diesem Behufe+: for this purpose.

[12] +ausmünden+: terminate.

[13] +stülpen+: to turn upside down and put over something.

48.

[1] +verbreitetste+: most widely distributed.

[2] +in kleinerem Massstabe+: on a smaller scale.

[3] +das Stativ+: retort stand.

[4] +die Gasentwickelungsröhre+: discharge pipe.

[5] +die Wanne+: trough, tub.

[6] +für sich+: by itself.

[7] +je nach+: according to.

[8] +Oxydul+: suboxide.

[9] +Superoxyd+: peroxide.

[10] +der Stickstoff+: nitrogen.

49.

[1] +salpetersauer+: nitrate.

[2] +indem man+; see 1 Note 9.

[3] +übergeht+: passes over (in vapor).

[4] to translate +nämlich+, begin the clause with _for_.

[5] +die Untersalpetersäure+: hyponitric acid.

[6] see 18 Note 6.

[7] +der Säuregehalt+: percentage of acid.

[8] +ätzend+: caustic.

[9] +unbeständig+: unstable.

[10] +die gebildeten Oxide+: the oxides formed.

[11] +überschüssige Säure+: excess of acid.

[12] No similar term is used in English chemistry. +Scheiden+: to separate. Say: aqua fortis.

[13] +das Königswasser+: aqua regia.

50.

[1] +der Zusammentritt+: stepping together = combination.

[2] +die Entstehungsart+: mode of formation.

[3] +der Herd+: hearth, furnace.

[4] +schweflige Säure+: sulphurous acid.

[5] +es+ is introductory; +Metallsulfide+ is the subject.

[6] +wobei man dafür sorgt+: during which care is taken.

[7] +bei Vorhandensein (= bei Gegenwart)+: in the presence.

[8] +Untersalpetersäure+; see 49 Note 5.

[9] +zerfällt+: falls to pieces = splits up into.

[10] +übergeht+: passes over into = is converted.

[11] +überzuführen+: to convert.

[12] +innerlich genossen+: when taken internally.

51.

[1] +die Einwirkung+: action, reaction.

[2] +der Kalk+: lime.

[3] +das Bittersalz+: Epsom salts.

[4] +massenhaft+: in masses = on a large scale.

[5] +in der chemischen Technik+: in the chemical industry (arts).

[6] +das Aetznatron+: caustic soda.

[7] +im kleinen+: on a small scale.

[8] +indem man ... hinzufügt und ... kocht+: by adding ... and boiling.

[9] +der Kalkbrei+: paste of lime.

[10] +beim Versetzen+: on mixing.

[11] +dampft ... ein (eindampfen)+: evaporates down.

[12] +die Schale+: capsule.

[13] +im grossen+: on a large scale.

[14] +mit Begierde+: with avidity.

[15] +die Einleitung+: initiation, starting.