Part 7
[18] Supply here the conj. +daß+. Read carefully § 36 of the App., and construe accordingly. Use the Pluperfect Subj. in both clauses, and observe that the verb +gehen+ always requires the auxiliary +sein+. See S. 29, N. 3.
[19] +noch einmal+.
[20] away towards home = home.
_Section 64._
TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.
IV.
“There,” I said, when I had seen that, “I know what David never did _do_: he (S. 5, N. 2) never struck a boy that[1] was no match for him; he never was a coward like that big boy; for he[2] is a coward to[3] strike a small boy so; and those[4] others are not the boys (S. 16, N. 10) they ought[5] to be, to[6] stand by and see it done.” I saw such[7] a thing in a picture once, which was called the Wolf and the Lamb. A great, cruel boy[8] meets a small, delicate lad[9] who has lost his father, and stands over him with[10] his fist doubled, just as I saw that boy _stand_ under my study window. I think[11] if[12] any[13] boy in this church were[14] to see that picture, he would instantly say[15]: “What a shame to use[16] a boy so who is not your match!”
[1] that — him, +der ihm nicht gewachsen war+.
[2] the pron. ‘he’ is used demonstratively in this clause.
[3] Say ‘because he can strike a small boy so’.
[4] those = the.
[5] To render ‘=ought=’, use the Imperf. of ‘+=sollen=+’.
[6] Say ‘because they stand by (+dabei´stehen+) and look at it (+es mit an´sehen+)’.
[7] such a thing, +etwas Aehnliches+. The adv. ‘once’ must stand immediately after the verb.
[8] +Bube+, m.
[9] lad, +Bursche+, m. The clause ‘who — father’ may be briefly rendered by the adj. ‘fatherless’, which place before ‘lad’.
[10] +mit geballter Faust.+
[11] When the verb ‘=to think=’ is used in the meaning of ‘=to be of opinion=’, it must be rendered by ‘+=glauben=+’, and when it is used in the meaning of ‘=to be engaged in thinking=’, by ‘+=denken=+’.
[12] The conj. ‘=if=’ must always be rendered by ‘+=wenn=+’.
[13] any boy = any (+irgend+) one of you.
[14] Render the words ‘were to see’ by the Imperf. Subj. of +sehen+.
[15] +aus´rufen.+
[16] to use = to abuse, +miß´handeln+.
_Section 65._
TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.
V.
Once I read in the Life[1] of Dr. Channing, who was one of the best men that ever (+je+) lived[2] (a[3] great deal better than David, because he lived[4] in a better time), what he once did, when he was a[5] boy and saw a[6] thing like that. Little Channing was one of the kindest[7] and most tender-hearted boys I[8] ever heard of. I will tell you a story to show you how[9] kind he was, and tender, and true. One day he found in a bush a nest full[10] of young birds just out of the shell. Children, did[11] you ever see a[12] nest full of birds just out of the shell?—little tiny[13], downy things[14], with[15] hardly more feathers than an oyster? The birds which William Channing found, were just of that kind; and when he touched them with his fingers, and felt how soft and warm they were, they all began to gape[16], very[17] much as you do when I preach[18] a very long sermon.
[1] +Lebensbeschreibung+, f. The Genitive relation must be expressed by the Gen. of the def. art. See S. 10, N. 2. =Proper names are not inflected when they are preceded by an article and a common name.=—Dr. +~William Ellery Channing~, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Schriftsteller, wurde im Jahre 1780 zu Newport auf Rhode-Island geboren und starb im Jahre 1842 zu Bennington in Vermont. Seine zahlreichen ausgezeichneten Schriften haben seinen Namen auch in europäischen Kreisen berühmt gemacht. Coleridge, dessen Bekanntschaft er machte, als er im Jahre 1822 England besuchte, war so sehr von ihm eingenommen, daß er ausrief+: ‘He has the love of wisdom, and the wisdom of love!’
[2] Use the Perfect. See S. 48, N. 2.
[3] a great deal = much.
[4] lived in = belonged to, +an´gehören+, which governs the dat.
[5] Substitute the adverb +noch+ for the indef. art.
[6] See S. 64, N. 7.
[7] best and most tender-feeling.
[8] Say ‘of whom I have ever heard’.
[9] Say ‘how good, tender and true he was’.
[10] +voll von erst soeben aus der Schale gekrochenen Vögeln.+
[11] Use the Perfect.
[12] To avoid repetition, turn the words ‘a — shell’ by ‘such (+so+) young little birds’, and render ‘little birds’ by forming a diminutive of +Vogel+.
[13] +zart.+
[14] +Dingerchen.+
[15] Say ‘almost as naked as an oyster’.
[16] ‘to gape’, here +den Schnabel auf´sperren+.
[17] very — do, +fast wie ihr den Mund aufsperrt+.
[18] to preach a sermon, +eine Predigt halten+.
_Section 66._
TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.
VI.
Well, little (S. 10, N. 2) Channing knew[1] the birds did not gape because he preached a long sermon, but (S. 6, N. 10) because they were hungry. So[2] what did he do? He ran straight[3] home (S. 63, N. 8), got[4] some nice soft crumbs of bread, and fed the little birds with them (S. 4, N. 5, _B_); and[5] after that he fed them regularly every day after[6] having come home from school. But[7] one day (S. 19, N. 2), when he went to[8] the nest, there it lay on the ground, torn and bloody, and the little birds all dead; and the father-bird[9] was crying[10] on a wall, and the mother-bird[11] was crying on a tree. Then little Channing tried[12] to tell them that he did not kill[13] their poor young brood; that[14] he never could do such a mean, cruel thing as that, and that[15], on the contrary[16], he had tried to feed them. But it was no use; the little birds could not understand him, and[17] kept on crying; and at last he sat down, and wept bitterly.
[1] Supply here the conj. +daß+.
[2] Say ‘What did he therefore (+also+) _do_?’
[3] +stracks.+
[4] +holte sich.+
[5] and — that, +und von da an+.
[6] +so bald er von der Schule nach Hause gekommen war.+
[7] This passage will read more elegantly by beginning with the conj. ‘when’, which must be followed by the subject ‘he’. ‘But’ should then be rendered by +jedoch+, which takes the third place.
[8] +nach.+
[9] +das Männchen.+
[10] +jammern+; on = upon.
[11] +das Weibchen.+
[12] +sich bemühen.+
[13] Use the Perf. Subj. according to App. §§ 28 and 30.
[14] +daß er eine so gemeine Grausamkeit nie begehen könne.+
[15] =In subordinate clauses, the subject stands in most cases immediately after the conjunction or relative pronoun.=
[16] +im Gegenteil+. See S. 15, N. 3.
[17] +und jammerten weiter.+
_Section 67._
TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.
VII.
Now[1] this was the sort of boy Channing was; and I was going[2] to tell you that (S. 66, N. 15) one day he heard of a big boy beating (S. 16, N. 4) a little one[3], like that bad boy[4] under my window. Channing was a little boy; he was a little man when he was full grown[5]; but _then_ he had a big soul. I was going[2] to say he had a soul as big as a church; but indeed[6] his soul was bigger than all _the_ churches in[7] the world;—and when he heard of that[8] cruel boy, who was ever[9] so much larger than himself, he went right up to him, and said: “Did[10] you strike that little boy?” “Yes, I did[11]; and what then?”—“Then,” said Channing, “you are a coward, because he was no match for you; and now I am going[2] to whip[12] you for _doing_ it.” Because he had a big soul, and though he was a small boy, he[13] went in, and fought for the right. That was the only time he[14] ever fought in his life. But[15] I, standing in[16] this pulpit, honour him more for it than if he had (App. § 36) never[17] fought at all.
[1] Say ‘This was (supply here the adv. +also+ = now) little Channing’s character’. Comp. S. 12, N. 2.
[2] The auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=wollen=+’ corresponds to the English ‘=to be going=’ or ‘=to be on the point=’, followed by the infinitive of another verb. Comp. S. 6, N. 4.
[3] ‘=One=’ following an adjective or a pronoun, and representing a noun understood, is not to be translated; as—Which pen shall I give you,—this _one_ or that _one_? +Welche Feder soll ich Ihnen geben,—diese oder jene?+
[4] +der böse Bube.+
[5] full grown, +ausgewachsen+.
[6] +in der That+, which place after the verb.
[7] Render ‘in the’ by the gen. of the def. art.
[8] Use the dat. of the demonstr. pron. +der+; ‘boy’, here +Bube+.
[9] ever so much, +ich weiß nicht wie viel+.
[10] Use the Perfect according to S. 48, N. 2.
[11] I did, +das habe ich gethan+.
[12] +züchtigen.+
[13] ‘to go in’, here +in den Kampf treten+.
[14] he — life, +in seinem Leben, daß er sich schlug+.
[15] Place the conj. ‘but’ after the subject, and, for the sake of emphasis, repeat the pron. ‘I’ after the rel. pron. ‘+der+’, which must introduce the next clause.
[16] ‘in’, here +auf+.
[17] never ... at all, +nie+.
_Section 68._
TENDER, TRUSTY, AND TRUE.
VIII.
Boys, I like peace; I like (S. 51, N. 13) to see you play like good, true-hearted little men[1]. Never[2] fight if you can help[3] it; but[4] never strike a boy who is no match for you, and never stand[5] by quietly whilst another boy is doing (S. 32, N. 11) it. Tender, trusty, and true, boys; tender and true. King David, King Alfred, George Washington, William Channing, Theodore Parker[6], more great men than I can name, were all of that sort; and[7] they came out right, because they went in right. Brave as lions[8], true as steel, with kind[9] hearts for doves, ravens, and sparrows, they (App. § 14) would never tear[10] birds’ nests, or sling stones to[11] kill birds, because they felt as Jesus _did_ when he said: “Blessed are the merciful.”—REV. ROBERT COLLYER, THE LIFE THAT NOW IS.
[1] ‘man’, here +Bursche+.
[2] The adverb cannot precede the Imperative in German. ‘To fight’, here +sich schlagen+.
[3] to help = to avoid.
[4] Render ‘but’ by +jedoch+, which place immediately after the verb.
[5] to stand by quietly, +müßig dabei stehen+.
[6] +~Theodore Parker~, berühmter amerikanischer Geistlicher und Gelehrter, wurde im Jahre 1810 zu Lexington in Massachusetts geboren und starb im Jahre 1860 zu Florenz, wo er sich seiner Gesundheit wegen aufhielt. Durch seine ausgezeichnete Gelehrsamkeit, große Willenskraft und seltene Menschenliebe übte er auf seine Zeitgenossen einen bedeutenden Einfluß aus, namentlich aber in Bezug auf die Befreiung der Sklaven, deren Sache er oft mit Gefahr seines Lebens und seiner Freiheit verteidigte.+
[7] and — right, +und sie traten als Sieger aus dem Kampfe hervor, weil sie für das Recht in den Kampf traten+.
[8] Use the noun ‘lions’ with the def. art., but not the noun ‘steel’.
[9] ‘kind’ here = feeling.
[10] +zerstören.+
[11] See S. 19, N. 7, and supply the prepositional adverb +damit+ before the object.
_Section 69._
DESPATCH OF BUSINESS[1].
You[2] must beware[3] of stumbling over a propensity, which easily besets[4] you from[5] the habit of not having your time fully employed[6]. I mean[7] what the women very expressively[8] call dawdling[9]. Your motto must be “Hoc age.” Do instantly whatever[10] is[11] to be done, and take[12] the hours of recreation after business[13], and not before it[14]. When a regiment is[15] under march, (S. 27, N. 8) the rear is[16] often thrown into confusion, because the front do[17] not move[18] steadily[19] and without interruption. It[20] is the same thing with business. If[21] that which is first in hand is not instantly, steadily[22], and regularly despatched[23], other[24] things accumulate, till affairs[25] begin to press all at once, and no human being can[26] stand the confusion.—SIR WALTER SCOTT, LETTERS TO HIS SON.
[1] +Schnelle Geschäftserledigung.+
[2] Use the 2nd pers. sing. =Personal and Possessive Pronouns used in letters, and referring to the person addressed, require a capital initial in German.=
[3] to beware of stumbling over a propensity, +sich hüten, einem Hange zu verfallen+. See S. 1, N. 3, and S. 34, N. 10.
[4] +beschleichen.+
[5] from the habit, +wenn Du Dich daran gewöhnst+.
[6] ‘to employ’, here +aus´füllen+.
[7] Supply here the pronominal adverb +damit+.
[8] +bezeichnend.+
[9] +Zeitvergeudung.+
[10] +was.+
[11] is to be done = must be done. See S. 62, N. 4, and S. 2, N. 1.
[12] choose your hours of recreation (+Erholungsstunde+, f.).
[13] business = work, which use with the def. art.
[14] it = the same.
[15] to be under march, +auf dem Marsch begriffen sein+.
[16] to be thrown in confusion, +in Unordnung geraten+.
[17] =The verb must be in the singular after a collective noun in the singular.=
[18] ‘to move’, here +fort´marschieren+.
[19] +gleichmäßig.+
[20] Say ‘And so it is likewise (+auch+) with business (+Arbeit+)’.
[21] If — hand, +Wenn die gerade vorliegende Arbeit+.
[22] +stetig.+
[23] +erledigen.+
[24] other — accumulate, +so häufen sich inzwischen andere Sachen an+.
[25] +die Arbeiten+, after which place the words ‘all at once’, +alle auf einmal+. For the place of the verbs see App. § 19.
[26] can — confusion, +der Verwirrung gewachsen ist+.
_Section 70._
ON PERFUMERY[1].
I.
The[2] exquisite pleasure we enjoy from the smell of sweet flowers is[3] alone sufficient to account for the love of perfumery. Flowers pass away[4] so quickly that we naturally desire to preserve their sweetness[5] as[6] long as we can, and in this our perfumers succeed[7] admirably. The perfume[8] of most flowers depends upon an oil, which[9] is peculiar to the plant, almost every sweet-scented[10] plant having its own peculiar oil; and, what is of[11] more importance: these oils belong to a class called[12] essential or volatile, because they become[13] volatile when[14] heated.
[1] +Ueber Parfümerien.+
[2] Say ‘the great enjoyment which the smell (+Duft+, m.) of sweet (+wohlriechend+) flowers affords (+gewähren+) us’. Place the pron. ‘us’ immediately after the rel. pron.
[3] is — perfumery = explains sufficiently (+zur Genüge+) our love for perfumery.
[4] to pass away, +verwelken+.
[5] +Wohlgeruch+, m.
[6] as — can, +so lange wie möglich+. For the position of the verbs see App. § 19.
[7] to succeed, +gelingen+, v. intr. (used with +sein+), governs the dative of the person; as—
He succeeds admirably in this.
+Dies gelingt ihm vortrefflich.+
Construe the above clause accord. to the preceding example; perfumer, +Parfümeur+.
[8] ‘perfume’, here = scent, +Duft+, m.
[9] The relat. clause ‘which — plant’ is best rendered by the attributive construction, as explained in S. 48, N. 6; peculiar, +eigentümlich+.
[10] odorous, +wohlriechend+; its own particular oil, +ihr besonderes Öl+. The clause ‘almost — oil’ must be construed accord. to S. 30, N. 4.
[11] of — importance = still more important.
[12] Say ‘which one calls essential (+ätherisch+) or volatile (+flüchtig+) oils’.
[13] to become volatile, +sich verflüchtigen+.
[14] when heated = when they are heated (+erwärmen+). Comp. S. 27, N. 7.
_Section 71._
ON PERFUMERY.
II.
The common or fixed[1] oils, on the contrary, _such_ as olive[2] or linseed-oil, do not evaporate. This[3] may be easily illustrated, thus: If a piece of writing-paper be touched[4] with a fixed oil or grease, (S. 27, N. 8) it leaves[5] a stain, which[6], upon being held before the fire, will not disappear.
Now[7], if any[8] plant has a peculiar smell or taste, it is[4] generally found that its essential oil is the cause of this (S. 4, N. 5, _B_). Consequently[9], if we extract this, we really obtain[10] the essence.—PROF. ASCHER.
[1] +fest+; on the contrary, +hingegen+. See S. 15, N. 3.
[2] as olive or linseed-oil, +wie das Oliven- oder Leinsamenöl+. When two =compound nouns= which have the last component in common follow each other, the last component is generally omitted in the first noun, which is connected with the next one by means of hyphens.—To evaporate, +sich verflüchtigen+.
[3] +Dies läßt sich auf folgende Weise leicht beweisen.+
[4] Turn the Passive Voice here into the Active Voice by means of the pron. +man+, as explained in S. 4, N. 4.
[5] ‘to leave’, here = to leave behind; it = this.
[6] The passage ‘which — disappear’ may be briefly rendered, thus: ‘which does not disappear before the fire’. See S. 32, N. 11.
[7] Reverse the order of the first two words in this clause.
[8] any = a.
[9] Consequently = therefore, +also+, which place after the subject ‘we’.
[10] to obtain, +gewinnen+; the essence (as a Nom.), +der der Pflanze eigentümliche Wohlgeruch+.
_Section 72._
ON INSTINCT[1].
The[2] following most curious instance of a change of instinct is mentioned by Darwin. The bees carried[3] over to[4] Barbadoes and the Western Isles ceased[5] to lay up any honey after the first year, as[6] they found it not useful _to them_. They found the weather so fine, and the materials[7] for making honey so plentiful, that they quitted[8] their grave, prudent[9], _and_ mercantile[10] character, became exceedingly profligate and debauched[11], ate[12] up their capital, resolved to work no more, and[13] amused themselves by flying about the sugar-houses and stinging the blacks. The[14] fact is, that[15], by[16] putting animals in different situations[17], you may[18] change, and even reverse, _any of_ their original propensities. Spallanzani[19] brought[20] up an eagle upon[21] bread and milk, and fed a dove on[22] raw beef.—REV. S. SMITH.
[1] +Über den tierischen Instinkt.+
[2] This clause requires a different rendering; let us say ‘Darwin gives the following most (+höchst+) curious example of a change of the animal instinct’. The last noun requires the def. art., as explained in S. 3, N. 2.
[3] to carry over, +hinü´berbringen+. The Perfect Participle qualifies the noun ‘bees’. According to S. 7, N. 3, the words ‘carried — Isles’ may be rendered either by the attributive construction or by forming of them a relative clause. I venture to propose the use of the attributive construction as the more elegant of the two modes of rendering, and more especially in order to avoid a repetition of subordinate clauses.
[4] When the preposition ‘=to=’, in connection with a verb denoting motion, stands before the names of countries, towns, islands, etc., it must be rendered by ‘+=nach=+’.
[5] Here follow the words ‘after — year’, to lay up honey, +einen Vorrat von Honig an´sammeln+.
[6] See S. 41, N. 6; it = this; not useful, +nicht mehr von Nutzen+.
[7] materials — plentiful, +Materialien zur Honigbereitung in solchem Überflusse vorhanden+.
[8] +auf´geben.+
[9] prudent = cautious.
[10] +merkantilisch.+
[11] +unmäßig.+
[12] to eat up, +auf´zehren+.
[13] +und sich daran ergötzten.+ For rendering the passage ‘by — blacks’ see S. 1, N. 3. To fly about, +umschwär´men+, v. tr.
[14] The — is, +Es ist eine ausgemachte Thatsache.+
[15] Here follows the subject ‘you’ (comp. S. 66, N. 15), which translate by the impers. pron. +man+.
[16] by — animals, +durch Versetzung der Tiere+, i.e. by _a_ removal of the animals. In = into; different = other.
[17] Here follows the object and its attributes, ‘their original (+angeboren+) propensities (+Trieb+, m.)’.
[18] may = can; reverse, +in entgegengesetzte Richtungen leiten+.
[19] +~Lazaro Spallanzani~, berühmter italienischer Anatom und Naturforscher, geb. 1729, † 1799.+
[20] to bring up, +groß ziehen+.
[21] +bei.+
[22] +mit.+
_Section 73._
PETER THE GREAT AND THE MONK.
Peter the Great ordered[1] many foreign books to be translated into the Russian language, and among others[2] “Puffendorf’s[3] Introduction to the Knowledge of the States of Europe.” A monk, to whom the translation of this book was committed[4], presented[5] it some time after[6] to the Emperor. The monarch examined[7] the translation; at[8] a certain chapter, however, he suddenly changed[9] countenance, turned indignantly to the monk, and said: “Fool, what did I order[10] thee to do? Is this a translation?” He[11] then referred to the original and showed the poor monk a paragraph in which the author had spoken with great asperity[12] of the Russians, but which had not been translated. “Go,” resumed the monarch, “and instantly carry out[13] what I have bidden thee _to do_. _It is_ not to (S. 19, N. 7) flatter my subjects _that_ I[14] have ordered this book to be translated, but (S. 6, N. 10) to instruct[15] and reform[16] them!”—ANONYMOUS.
[1] Use the auxiliary verb of mood ‘+=lassen=+’ as a translation of ‘=to order=’, ‘=to command=’, and ‘=to cause=’, when these verbs are connected with the auxiliary ‘=to be=’ and the Past Participle of another verb; as—
The emperor _ordered_ the ringleaders _to be shot_.
+Der Kaiser ~ließ~ die Anführer ~erschießen~.+
The admiral _commanded_ the ships _to be drawn up_ in order of battle.
+Der Admiral ~ließ~ die Schiffe in Schlachtordnung ~aufstellen~.+
He _caused_ the money _to be paid_ to me.
+Er ~ließ~ mir das Geld ~auszahlen~.+
[2] Supply here the adverb +auch+.
[3] +Puffendorfs Beiträge zur europäischen Staatenkunde.+
[4] +an´vertrauen.+
[5] +überrei´chen+; it = the same, which must agree with its antecedent ‘translation’.
[6] after, +darauf+.
[7] +prüfen.+
[8] +bei.+
[9] to change countenance, +die Farbe wechseln+.
[10] ‘to order’, here +befehlen+. See S. 48, N. 2.
[11] Say ‘Hereupon he opened (+auf´schlagen+) the original’.
[12] +Schärfe+, f.; had spoken ... of = had expressed himself (+sich aus´sprechen+) ... about.
[13] +verrichten.+
[14] Inverted construction.
[15] +belehren+.
[16] +reformieren+; the prep. +zu+ must be repeated before this verb.
_Section 74._
THE BEAUTY OF THE EYE.
I.
Look[1] how beautiful the human eye is, excelling[2] in beauty the eye of every creature! The eyes of many _of the_ lower animals are doubtless very beautiful. All[3] of us must have admired the bold, fierce, bright eye of the eagle; the large, gentle, brown eye of the ox; the treacherous green eye of the cat, waxing[4] and waning[5] like the moon, as[6] the sun shines upon it (S. 4, N. 5) or[7] deserts it; the pert eye of the sparrow; the sly eye of the fox; the peering[8] little bead[9] of black enamel in[10] the mouse’s head; the[11] gem-like eye which[12] redeems the toad from ugliness; and the intelligent, affectionate expression, which[13] looks out from the human-like eye of the horse and dog. There[14] are these and the eyes of many other animals full of beauty; but[15] there is a glory which excelleth in the eye of man.
[1] Use the 2nd pers. sing.
[2] Say ‘and how it excelleth in (+an+) beauty the eye of every other creature!’ The words ‘in beauty’ should be placed before the verb.
[3] All of us, +wir alle+; all of them, +sie alle;+ all of you, +ihr+ (or +Sie+) +alle+. Render the words ‘must have’ by ‘have certainly’. The p. p. should be placed after ‘eagle’.
[4] +sich vergrößern.+
[5] +sich verkleinern.+
[6] as = according as, +je nachdem+.
[7] or deserts it = or not.
[8] +forschend.+
[9] +Perlenauge.+
[10] +im Mauseköpfchen.+
[11] +das einem Edelsteine gleichende Auge.+
[12] Say ‘which lets us forget the ugliness of the toad’.
[13] which — the = in the.
[14] There are these ... full = These ... are full. Full of, +voller+.
[15] +im Auge des Menschen jedoch liegt eine alles übertreffende Pracht.+
_Section 75._
THE BEAUTY OF THE EYE.
II.
We realise[1] this fully only when[2] we gaze into the faces of those we love. It[3] is their eyes (S. 16, N. 10) we look at[4] when we are near them, and[5] recall when we are[6] far away. The face is a[7] blank without the eye, and the eye seems to concentrate every[8] feature in itself. _It is_ the eye _that_ smiles, not the lips; _it is_ the eye _that_ listens[9], not the ear; it[10] that frowns, not the brow; it[11] that mourns, not the voice. Every sense and every faculty[12] seems to[13] flow toward it, and find expression through it[14], nay[15], to be lost in it; for all must have felt at times as[16] if a man’s eye was not a part of him, but (S. 6, N. 10) the man himself; as[17] if it had not merely life, but also a[18] personality of its own;—as[19] if it was not only a living, but also a thinking being.—PROF. G. WILSON.