Part 17

It is (S. 2, N. 1) recorded in history that a beautiful maiden named Blanche, the serf of[2] an ancient nobleman, was wooed[3] by her master’s son. Not[4] admiring his character, she scorned[5] his suit. Upon this his _course of_ love turned[6] to bitter hatred. Just[7] then a precious string of pearls confided (S. 7, N. 3, _B_) to the maiden’s care was[8] lost. Her pseudo-lover[9] charged her with the theft, and, in[10] accordance with the customs of that rude age, she was doomed to die. On the day of the execution, as the innocent girl knelt to offer[11] her dying prayer, a[12] flash of lightning struck a statue of Justice, which adorned the market-place, to the dust. From[13] a destroyed bird’s nest, built (S. 7, N. 3, _A_, and S. 48, N. 6) in a crevice of the image[14], dropped the lost[15] pearls, thus[16] declaring the maiden’s innocence. In a moment the exultant crowd rushed to the scaffold, demanding her release. There she knelt beside the block, pale and beautiful, and with a smile of peace upon her lips. They (S. 134, N. 4) spoke[17]—she answered not. They touched her—she was dead! To preserve her memory they raised a statue there[18]; and to[19] this day, when[20] men gaze upon her image, they condemn her oppressor; they praise her for the purity of her character; they recognise the justice of Him whose[21] lightning testified her innocence.—W. SMITH.

[1] Say, ‘Providence (S. 3, N. 2) protects innocence.’

[2] of — nobleman = of a nobleman of _an_ old family (+Geschlecht+, n.).

[3] +umwer´ben+, insep. comp. str. v.

[4] = As his character displeased (+mißfallen+, insep. comp. str. v., governing the dat.) her.

[5] +verschmähen+, insep. comp. w. v. tr.

[6] +sich verwan´deln in.+

[7] Just then = Just at this time.

[8] was lost = one missed; care, +Obhut+, f.

[9] = false lover.

[10] in — customs = according to the law.

[11] = to speak.

[12] a — Justice ... to the dust = +fuhr ein Blitzstrahl in die Statue der Gerechtigkeit ... und zerschmetterte sie.+

[13] +Aus.+

[14] +Bildsäule+, f.

[15] = missed.

[16] Say ‘and testified (+bezeugen+, w. v. tr.) thus the maiden’s innocence’.

[17] Supply ‘to her’.

[18] +daselbst+.

[19] +bis auf den heutigen Tag.+

[20] Construe thus: ‘those who look at her image (+Bildnis+, n.) condemn her oppressor’, and consider App. § 14.

[21] In order to avoid a repetition of the same form of pronoun, turn the last clause into: ‘who with his lightning testified her innocence’.

_Section 156._

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE[1].

I.

Napoleon understood his business[2]. He was a man who in each moment and[3] emergency knew what[4] to do next. This[5] is an immense comfort and refreshment to the spirits, not only of (S. 3, N. 2) kings, but[6] of citizens. Few[7] men have any next; they live from hand to mouth, without plan, are[8] ever at the end of their line, and, (S. 102, N. 30) after each action, wait for[9] an impulse from abroad. Napoleon would have been the first man of the world, if[10] his ends had been purely public. As[11] he is, he inspires confidence and vigour by the extraordinary unity of his action.

He is firm[12], sure, and self-denying; he sacrifices everything to his aim[13]—money, troops, generals, his own safety even, and is not misled[14], like common adventurers, by[15] the splendour of his own means. “Incidents ought not to govern policy,” he said, “but[16] policy incidents.” “To[17] be hurried away by every event, is[18] to have no political system at all.” His victories were only so many doors[19], and[20] he never for a moment lost sight of his way onward in the dazzle and uproar of the present circumstances. He knew what to do, and he flew to his mark.

He[21] would shorten a straight line to come at his object. Horrible anecdotes may no doubt be collected (S. 4, N. 4) from his history, of[22] the price at which he bought his successes; but he must not, therefore, be set[23] down as cruel, but only as one[24] who knew no impediment to his will: not[25] bloodthirsty, not cruel; but woe to[26] what person stood in his way! “Sire, General Clarke cannot combine with General Junot for the dreadful fire of the Austrian battery.” “Let[27] him carry the battery.” “Sire, every regiment that approaches the heavy artillery is sacrificed[28]. Sire[29], what orders?” “Forward! Forward!”

[1] +=Napoleon I.=, ~Kaiser der Franzosen~, geboren den 15. Aug. 1769 zu Ajaccio auf Korsika war der zweite Sohn des Patriziers Carlo Bonaparte und der Maria Lätitia Ramolini. Nachdem er seit 1779 die Kriegsschulen zu Brienne und Paris besucht hatte, trat er am 1. Sept. 1785 als Lieutenant der Artillerie in die Armee ein. Im Jahre 1793 wurde er als Artilleriehauptmann seitens der Republik gegen die Aufständischen in Korsika verwandt, welche ihn ächteten, da er als Landsmann gegen sie kämpfte. Seit dem 12. Sept. 1793 Oberbefehlshaber des Belagerungsgeschützes von Toulon, welches sich in den Händen der Engländer befand, zwang er den Platz am 19. Dez. zur Kapitulation, worauf er zum Brigadegeneral der Artillerie befördert ward und in der Armee von Italien im Kriege gegen Östreich diente. Nachdem er sich vielfach ausgezeichnet hatte, wurde er im Februar 1796 zum Oberbefehlshaber der Armee von Italien ernannt, reorganisierte dieselbe, eroberte in kurzem die Lombardei, schlug die Östreicher in mehreren großen Schlachten, zwang Mantua zur Kapitulation, drang in Istrien, Kärnthen und Steiermark ein und schloß am 18. April 1797 zu ~Campo Formio~ den für Frankreich höchst günstigen Frieden mit Östreich ab. Seit dem 9. März 1796 mit der verwitweten Generalin Josephine Beauharnais vermählt, ward er am 7. Febr. 1800 neben Cambacérès und Lebrun, welche ihm beratend zur Seite standen, auf zehn Jahre zum ersten Konsul ernannt. Nach mehreren siegreichen Kriegen mit Östreich, Preußen, Rußland, England u. a., ward er im Mai 1802 durch Senatsbeschluß auf weitere zehn Jahre und am 2. Aug. desselben Jahres auf Lebenszeit zum Konsul ernannt. Am 8. Mai 1804 wurde er jedoch schon als Napoleon I. zum erblichen Kaiser der Franzosen erklärt. Nun folgte eine fast ununterbrochene Reihe von Kriegen mit fast allen europäischen Mächten, und als er im Jahre 1809 den Höhepunkt seiner Macht erreicht hatte, ließ er sich, seiner kinderlosen Ehe wegen, von seiner ebenso klugen wie liebenswürdigen Gemahlin scheiden und vermählte sich am 2. April 1810 mit Marie Luise, der Tochter Franz I. von Östreich. Als er jedoch 1812 Rußland den Krieg erklärte, mit der großen Armee in Rußland einzog, alles hinter sich her verbrannte und zerstörte, dann aber durch die weltbekannte, stets denkwürdige Einäscherung der großen Hauptstadt Moskau seitens der heldenmütigen, verzweifelnden Einwohner gezwungen wurde, den Rückzug anzutreten, auf dem fast die ganze große Armee von der fürchterlichen Kälte und die durch die Verödung des Landes verursachte Hungersnot vernichtet wurde—schien das Glück ihn verlassen zu haben. Von dieser Zeit an folgte ~eine~ Niederlage nach der andern, von denen die große Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig (18. Okt. 1813), in welcher der unglückliche Kaiser den vereinigten Heeren der Preußen, Östreicher und Russen gegenüber stand, die entscheidende war. Napoleon wurde in derselben gänzlich geschlagen und die fliehende Armee von den Verbündeten unter Blüchers Führung verfolgt. Nach der Einnahme von Paris seitens der Alliirten am 31. März 1814 erfolgte dann die durch den Senat erzwungene Abdankung des Kaisers und dessen Verbannung nach der Insel Elba, von wo er jedoch schon anfangs März des Jahres 1815 zurückkehrte. Sein bloßes Erscheinen war genügend, das französische Volk aufs neue für ihn zu begeistern. Überall wurde er mit Jubel begrüßt, sein Vordringen war unwiderstehlich, die Armee ging freudig zu ihm über, und schon am 14. März war der König Ludwig+ XVIII. +gezwungen, den jüngst bestiegenen Thron zu verlassen und sich durch die Flucht ins Ausland zu retten.—Napoleons zweite Regierung war indessen nur von kurzer Dauer (100 Tage). Der langersehnte Friede konnte nur durch seinen Untergang herbeigeführt werden, weshalb die Großmächte Östreich, Rußland, Preußen und England am 25. März einen Allianzvertrag abschlossen, durch den sie sich verbanden, Napoleon gemeinschaftlich zu bekämpfen und der Herrschaft desselben auf immer ein Ende zu machen. Dies gelang ihnen auch bald, denn am 18. Juni 1815 wurden die noch übrigen, schnell von Napoleon zusammengerafften Streitkräfte Frankreichs in der großen Schlacht bei Waterloo unter Wellingtons und Blüchers Führung gänzlich vernichtet. Napoleon wollte am 21. Juni zu Blois zu gunsten seines noch unmündigen Sohnes abdanken, seine Abdankung wurde aber nicht angenommen, und als er sich am 3. Juli in Rochefort nach Amerika einschiffen wollte, fand er den dortigen Hafen durch englische Kriegsschiffe gesperrt, worauf er sich unter den Schutz Englands stellte und sich auf das Linienschiff ~Bellerophon~ begab. Auf Beschluß der verbündeten Mächte wurde er nun als ‘~General Bonaparte~’ nach der entlegenen Insel St. Helena transportiert, wo er am 16. Okt. 1815 anlangte und, in Longwood wohnend, am 5. Mai 1821 in den Armen einiger ihm noch treu verbliebenen Freunde eines natürlichen Todes starb.+

[2] = task.

[3] and emergency, +und in jedem Notfalle+.

[4] what — next = what he must (Impf.) do next (+zunächst+).

[5] This — spirits = This strengthens and refreshes the courage.

[6] Read S. 6, N. 10, and insert the adv. ‘+auch+’ here.

[7] Say ‘Only few men know what they must do next’.

[8] to be at the end of one’s line (_or_ to be at one’s wit’s end), +sich nie zu raten wissen+.

[9] +auf eine göttliche Eingebung.+

[10] Say ‘had his ends (= aims) been solely directed to (+auf+) the public welfare’. Carefully study App. §§ 36 and 37.

[11] This passage requires an altogether different setting; let us say: ‘But notwithstanding (+Trotzdem aber+) he inspires (+erfüllen+) us through the extraordinary unity (+Einheit+, f.) of (+in+) his actions with confidence in (+auf+) his strength’.

[12] firm = unshakable; sure, +unfehlbar+ = never failing.

[13] = purpose.

[14] +ir´releiten+, sep. comp. w. v.

[15] by — means, +durch die Größe seiner ihm zu Gebote stehenden Hülfsmittel+.

[16] ‘but’, here +wohl aber+.

[17] to be hurried away, +sich ... hin und her treiben lassen+.

[18] is = signifies (+heißen+); ‘to have’, here = to follow, +befolgen+.

[19] doors = gates (+Pforten+), through which he tried (+suchen+) to attain his aims (App. § 19). This addition seems to be necessary to complete the underlying idea.

[20] and — circumstances = and in (+bei+) the dazzle (+Verblendung+) and the confusion, which ruled (+beherrschen+) his time, he never lost sight of these aims. To lose sight of a thing, +etwas aus dem Auge verlieren+.

[21] Say ‘He would have liked (Impf. Subj. of +gern haben+ in connection with the Past Participle of the verb) to shorten (+abkürzen+) a straight line, in order to attain his purpose’.

[22] of — successes, +welche alle Zeugnis davon ablegen, wie teuer er seine Erfolge erkaufte+.

[23] to set a person down as cruel, +einen für grausam halten+.

[24] ‘one’, here = a man (S. 134, N. 9).

[25] Say ‘he was not’, etc.

[26] Say ‘to the man who’, etc.

[27] Say ‘He must carry (+erobern+) the battery’.

[28] ‘to be sacrificed’, here +dahin´gerafft werden+.

[29] +Was befehlen Ew.+ (abbreviation of +Eure+) +Majestät+?

_Section 157._

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.

II.

In the plenitude of his resources every obstacle seemed to vanish. “There[1] shall be no Alps,” he said; and he built his perfect roads[2], climbing[3] by graded galleries their steepest precipices, until Italy was[4] as open to Paris as any town[5] in France. Having (S. 55, N. 1) decided what was to be done, he did that with[6] might and main. He[7] put out all his strength. He risked everything, and spared[8] nothing; neither ammunition, nor money, nor[9] troops, nor generals, nor[10] himself. If fighting[11] be the best mode of adjusting national differences (as[12] large majorities of men seem to agree), certainly Bonaparte was right in making it thorough[13].

He fought[14] sixty battles. He had never enough. Each victory was a new weapon. “My power would fall[15], were I not to support it by new achievements. Conquest has[16] made me what I am, and conquest must maintain me.”

Before[17] he fought a battle, Bonaparte thought[18] little about what he should do in[18] case of success, but a great deal about what he should do in case of a reverse of fortune. The same prudence and good sense marked[19] all his behaviour[20]. His instructions[21] to his secretary at the palace are worth[22] remembering. He said: “During the night enter my chamber as seldom as possible. Do not awake me when you have any good news to communicate[23]; with[24] that there is no hurry; but when you have bad news, rouse me instantly, for then there is not a moment to be lost.” His[25] achievement of business was immense, and[26] enlarges the known power of man. There have been (S. 82, N. 7) many working kings, from Ulysses to[27] William of Orange[28], but[29] none who accomplished a tithe of this man’s performance.—EMERSON.

[1] +Es soll keine Alpen mehr geben.+

[2] perfect roads, +Kunststraßen+.

[3] Say ‘through which he by means of winding, (+sich schlängeln+) _and_ gradually rising passes climbed the steepest precipices (+Abhang+, m.) of the Alps’.

[4] was = stood; to Paris = to the Parisians. =The suffix +er+ is used to form names of male persons and of the inhabitants of countries and places; as=—+der Italiener+, the Italian, from +Italien+; +der Hamburger+, the inhabitants of Hamburgh.

[5] town in France = French (S. 101, N. 1) town.

[6] with — main, +aus Leibeskräften+.

[7] +Er setzte seine ganze Stärke daran.+

[8] +schonen.+

[9] nor = neither.

[10] +und auch sich selbst nicht.+

[11] = war; be = is; mode, +Art und Weise+.

[12] Say ‘as the majority of men seem (S. 107, N. 13) to think (S. 64, N. 11)’.

[13] to make (do) a thing thorough(ly), +etwas gründlich betreiben+.

[14] to fight battles, +Schlachten liefern+.

[15] = sink.

[16] = Conquests have; he has made me what I am, +er hat mich zu dem gemacht, was ich bin+.

[17] +Ehe+, adv.

[18] to think about a thing, +über etwas nach´denken+, read S. 87, N. 6; in — success, +im Glücksfalle+; in — fortune, +im Unglücksfalle+.

[19] +aus´zeichnen.+

[20] +Handlungsweise.+ _All his_ happiness, +sein ganzes Glück+; _all our_ family, +~unsere ganze~ Familie+.

[21] +Verhaltungsbefehl+, m., directions for conduct; to, +an+.

[22] This is not worth remembering, +dies ist nicht der Beachtung wert+.

[23] +melden+.

[24] Say literally ‘these have no haste’.

[25] His — business, +Seine Arbeitskraft+.

[26] +und erweitert unsere bisherigen Vorstellungen von den im Menschen wohnenden Kräften.+

[27] +bis auf.+

[28] +Oranien.+ Commence this period with: ‘From Ulysses’.

[29] +doch keinen, der auch nur ein zehntel von den Thaten dieses Mannes vollbracht hätte+ (App. § 33).

_Section 158._

THE WARLIKE CHARACTER OF THE GERMANS.

The Germans fight as _a_ nation. Whatever[1] their birth[2] or (S. 10, N. 9) profession, all are trained[3] soldiers. The nation is the army; the army is the nation. Hence[4] they cannot be moved save at the bidding of some grand principle, and the stirring[5] of some soul-penetrating[6] _and_ elevating sentiment; and yet they are as sensible[7] as any nation that they abandon comfort[8], domestic ease, monetary independence, everything[9] which (S. 3, N. 7) men (= man) love and live for, in[10] order to identify the nation and the army. But they are willing to pay the price. They count[11] hardihood of body and trained[12] courage of heart the noblest riches of a nation. They reckon[11] _that_ national independence and national greatness _are a_ thousand times more precious than gold and silver, and[13] that to die on the field of battle is better and happier than to rot[14] and crumble away in sybaritic ease. They[15] hold, too, that[16] the cause of liberty, and the free noble spirit engendered by the brotherhood of a nationality which affirms its oneness by noble acts[17], is blessed by God, and that He will give[18] victory to the armies who go forth to battle in (S. 3, N. 2) trust in[19] His name. No wonder[20] they fight and triumph[21].—ADMIRAL GARBETT.

[1] supply the verb ‘be’.

[2] = station, +Stand+, m.

[3] = practised.

[4] Say ‘Hence they can be moved (+erregen+) only at (+durch+) the bidding (+Gebot+, n.)’.

[5] +Erweckung+, f.

[6] +die Seele ergreifend.+

[7] ‘to be sensible’, here +sich bewußt sein+.

[8] here +die Annehmlichkeiten des Lebens+.

[9] Say ‘in short give up everything’, for the verb ‘abandon’ must be placed at the end of this clause.

[10] Say ‘in order to prove the identity of the nation and the army’.

[11] +halten (für).+

[12] here +gestählt+.

[13] Say ‘and feel that it is better and nobler to die’, etc.

[14] +vermodern+; to crumble away, +verfallen+; ‘ease’, here +Gemächlichkeit+.

[15] +Auch halten sie dafür.+

[16] Construe thus: ‘that God will bless the cause (+Sache+, f.) of liberty’, and use the attributive constr. for the transl. of ‘and the — nationality’. Any other constr. would be much too clumsy.

[17] = deeds.

[18] to give victory, +den Sieg verleihen+; to go forth to battle, +in die Schlacht ziehen+.

[19] +auf.+

[20] Supply ‘then, that’.

[21] = conquer.

_Section 159._

THE[1] WAY TO MASTER THE TEMPER.

A London (S. 157, N. 4) merchant, having[2] a dispute with a Quaker concerning a business account, determined[3] to institute a law-suit against him. Desirous of amicably settling[4] the matter, the Quaker called at the house of the merchant, when[5] the latter became so enraged that he vehemently[6] declared to his servant _that_ he would (App. §§ 28 and 30) not see his opponent. “Well, friend,” said the Quaker quietly, “may[7] God put thee in a better mind.” The merchant was[8] subdued by the kindness of the reply, and, after careful consideration, became convinced that[9] he was wrong. He sent[10] for the Quaker, and[11] after making a humble apology, he asked: “How were you able to bear my abuse[11] with so much patience?” “Friend,” replied the Quaker, “I was naturally[12] as hot[13] and violent as thou _art_, but I knew that[14] to indulge my temper was sinful, and also very foolish. I observed that men in a passion always spoke very loud, and I thought that[15], if I could control my voice, I should keep down my passion. I therefore made[16] it a rule never to let it rise above a certain key; and by _a_ careful observance of this rule I have, with the blessing of God[17], entirely mastered my[18] natural temper.”—ALCOTT.

[1] +Wie man seinen Zorn beherrschen kann.+

[2] Change ‘having’ into ‘had’; the object is best placed after ‘account’.

[3] Supply ‘and’ before ‘determined’; to institute a law-suit against a person, +einen gerichtlich belangen+.

[4] to settle a matter amicably, +eine Sache auf gütliche Weise ordnen+. Comp. S. 30, N. 4, and note that the Present Participle ‘being’ is understood at the commencement of this period.

[5] = whereupon.

[6] = emphatically, +nachdrücklich+.

[7] Say ‘may God alter thy mind (+Gesinnung+, f.)’.

[8] to be subdued, +sich besiegt fühlen+; by, +durch+.

[9] ‘that — wrong’ may be briefly turned by ‘of his wrong’.

[10] to send for a person, +einen zu sich rufen lassen+.

[11] ‘and — asked’. This passage, literally translated, would be inelegant in German, say: ‘humbly begged his pardon, and asked then’. Abuse, +Beleidigung+, f.

[12] +von Natur.+

[13] = passionate.

[14] = that it was sinful, etc.; to indulge one’s temper, +seinem Zorn freien Lauf lassen+.

[15] = that I could (App. § 33) conquer my anger through mastering my voice (+durch Beherrschung meiner Stimme+).

[16] We make it a rule never to let our voices rise beyond a certain key, +wir machen es uns zur Regel, unsere Stimmen nie über eine gewisse Tonstärke hinaus zu erheben+.

[17] = with God’s help.

[18] = my natural inclination to (+zu+) anger (S. 3, N. 2).

_Section 160._

OPINIONS[1] AS TO ENGLISH EDUCATION.

I.

This[2] energy of individual life and example acting throughout society constitute[3] the best practical education of Englishmen. Schools, academies, and colleges[4] give but the[5] merest beginning of culture in comparison with it (S. 4, N. 5). Far higher[6] and more practical is[7] the life-education daily given in our homes, in[8] the streets, behind (S. 3, N. 2) counters[9], in workshops, at the loom and behind the plough, in counting-houses and manufactories, and[10] in all the busy haunts of men. This is the education that[11] fits Englishmen for doing the work and acting the part of free men. This[12] is that final instruction as members of society, which Schiller designated “the education of the human race,” consisting[13] in action, conduct[14], self-culture, self-control—all[15] that tends to discipline a man truly, and fit him for the proper performance of the duties of life—a _kind of_ education not to be learnt (S. 7, N. 3 _B_) from (+aus+) books. Lord Bacon observes that[16] “Studies teach not their own use, but that there is (S. 82, N. 7) a wisdom without them and above them, won (S. 7, N. 3 _B_, and S. 2, N. 1) by (+durch+) observation, a remark that holds[17] true of[18] actual life, as well as of[19] the cultivation of the intellect itself. For _all_ observation serves[20] to illustrate and enforce the lesson, that _a_ man perfects himself by work much more than by reading[21],—_that_[22] it is life[23] rather than literature[21], action[24] rather than study, _and_ character[25] rather than biography[26], which[27] tend perpetually to renovate mankind.”

[1] +Ansichten über.+

[2] This — society. A good German rendering of the thought underlying this line is so difficult, that the author thinks it best to give at once his own translation, which he hopes will find acceptance: +Diese im mehr selbständigen Leben sich entwickelnde Energie und das dadurch gegebene, auf die ganze Gesellschaft wirkende Beispiel.+

[3] +aus´machen.+

[4] = universities; ‘to give’, here +gewähren+.

[5] = a mere.

[6] = more important.

[7] is — homes, +ist die im täglichen Leben gewonnene Erziehung zu Hause+.

[8] +auf.+

[9] Use this noun in the Sing.

[10] +und in den vielen andern Geschäftsstätten der Menschen.+

[11] Say ‘that enables Englishmen as free men to do their work and their duty.

[12] This — designated = This education gives also to human society that instruction (+Unterweisung+, f.), which Schiller calls, etc. +~Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller~, geboren am 10. Nov. 1759 zu Marbach, gestorben am 9. Mai 1805 zu Weimar, ist nächst Göthe+ (+Siehe+ S. 110, N. 1) +unstreitig die bedeutendste Erscheinung in der deutschen Litteratur. Als ~Dichter~ zeichnete er sich sowohl durch seine ideale, subjektive Richtung, wie auch durch hinreißenden Schwung echt poetischer Begeisterung aus, welche im Drama ihren Höhepunkt erreichte. Aber auch als Geschichtschreiber und als philosophischer Schriftsteller hat er sich bei seiner Nation einen unsterblichen Namen erworben.+

[13] = and which consists in (S. 3, N. 2) action, etc.

[14] +in der sittlichen Aufführung.+

[15] = and in all that (here follows the verb ‘consists’, since this is the end of the relative clause introduced in Note 13), which (S. 3, N. 7) educates (+bilden+) man truly (+wahrhaft+) and fits (+befähigen+) him for (+zu+) the proper performance (= fulfilment) of his duties in life.

[16] = that ‘Studies do not teach us the application of the same, but’, etc.

[17] ‘to hold true’, here = to prove true.

[18] = in practical life.

[19] of — itself, +in Bezug auf die Geistesbildung selbst+.

[20] = interprets (+erklären+) and proves the doctrine.

[21] here +Lektüre+, f., with the art.

[22] This conj. ‘that’ is best omitted, since a repetition of subordinate clauses must, as far as possible, be avoided.