Chapter 9

slow growth of idea of non-intervention, 132, 133; difficulties owing to French Revolution, 134; to English retention of frontier posts, 135; attitude of Spain, 135; relations with Barbary States, 136; mission of Gouverneur Morris to sound English feeling, 137; assertion by Washington of non-intervention policy toward Europe, 145, 146; issue of neutrality proclamation, 147, 148; its importance, 148; mission of Genet, 148-162; guarded attitude of Washington toward émigrés, 151; excesses of Genet, 151; neutrality enforced, 153, 154; the Little Sarah episode, 154-157; recall of Genet demanded, 158; futile missions of Carmichael and Short to Spain, 165, 166; successful treaty of Thomas Pinckney, 166-168; question as to binding nature of French treaty of commerce, 169-171; irritating relations with England, 173-176; Jay's mission, 177-184; the questions at issue, 180, 181; terms of the treaty agreed upon, 182; good and bad points, 183; ratified by Senate, 184; signing delayed by renewal of provision order, 185; war with England prevented by signing, 205; difficulties with France over Morris and Monroe, 211-214; doings of Monroe, 212, 213; United States compromised by him, 213, 214; Monroe replaced by Pinckney, 214; review of Washington's foreign policy, 216-219; mission of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to France, 284; the X.Y.Z. affair, 285.

Donop, Count, drives Griffin out of New Jersey, i. 180; killed at Fort Mercer, 217.

Dorchester, Lord. See Carleton.

Duane, James, letters of Washington to, i. 294, 329.

Dumas, Comte, describes enthusiasm of people for Washington, i. 288.

Dunbar, Colonel, connection with Braddock's expedition, i. 84, 87.

Dunmore, Lord, arrives in Virginia as governor, i. 122; on friendly terms with Washington, 122, 123; dissolves assembly, 123.

Duplaine, French consul, exequatur of revoked, ii. 159.

EDEN, WILLIAM, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Edwards, Jonathan, a typical New England American, ii. 309.

Emerson, Rev. Dr., describes Washington's reforms in army before Boston, i. 140.

Emigrés, Washington's treatment of, ii. 151, 253.

England, honors Washington, i. 20; arrogant behavior toward colonists, 80, 81, 82, 148; its policy towards Boston condemned by Virginia, 119, 121, 123, 126; by Washington, 124, 125,126; sends incompetent officers to America, 155, 201, 202, 233; stupidity of its operations, 203, 205, 206, 265; sincerity of its desire for peace doubted by Washington, 324, 325; arrogant conduct of toward the United States after peace, ii. 24, 25; stirs up the Six Nations and Northwestern Indians, 92, 94, 101; folly of her policy, 102; sends Hammond as minister, 169; its opportunity to win United States as ally against France, 171, 172; adopts contrary policy of opposition, 172, 173; adopts "provision order," 174; incites Indians against United States, 175; indignation of America against, 176; receives Jay well, but refuses to yield points at issue, 180; insists on monopoly of West India trade, 180; and on impressment, 181; later history of, 181; renews provision order, 185; danger of war with, 193; avoided by Jay treaty, 205; Washington said to sympathize with England, 252; his real hostility toward, 254; Washington's opinion of liberty in, 344.

Ewing, General James, fails to help Washington at Trenton, i. 180.

FAIRFAX, BRYAN, hunts with Washington, i. 115; remonstrates with Washington against violence of patriots, 124; Washington's replies to, 124, 126, 127; letter of Washington to in Revolution, ii. 366.

Fairfax, George, married to Miss Cary, i. 55; accompanies Washington on surveying expedition, 58; letter of Washington to, 133.

Fairfax, Mrs.----, letter of Washington to, ii. 367.

Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, his career in England, i. 55; comes to his Virginia estates, 55; his character, 55; his friendship for Washington, 56; sends him to survey estates, 56; plans a manor across the Blue Ridge, 59; secures for Washington position as public surveyor, 60; probably influential in securing his appointment as envoy to French, 66; hunts with Washington, 115; his death remembered by Washington, ii. 366.

Fairlie, Major, amuses Washington, ii. 374.

Farewell Address, ii. 248, 249.

Fauchet, M.,----, letter of, incriminating Randolph, ii. 195,196, 202.

Fauntleroy, Betsy, love affair of Washington with, i. 97.

Fauquier, Francis, Governor, at Washington's wedding, i. 101.

Federal courts, suggested by Washington, i. 150.

"Federalist," circulated by Washington, ii. 40.

Federalist party, begun by Hamilton's controversy with Jefferson, ii. 230; supports Washington for reëlection, 235; organized in support of financial measures, 236; Washington looked upon by Democrats as its head, 244, 247; only its members trusted by Washington, 246, 247, 259, 260, 261; becomes a British party, 255; Washington considers himself a member of, 269-274; the only American party until 1800, 273; strengthened by X, Y, Z affair, 285; dissensions in, over army appointments, 286-290; its horror at French Revolution, 294, 295; attempts of Washington to heal divisions in, 298.

Fenno's newspaper, used by Hamilton against the "National Gazette," ii. 230.

Finances of the Revolution, effect of paper money on war, i. 258, 262; difficulties in paying troops, 258; labors of Robert Morris, 259, 264, 312; connection of Washington with, 263; continued collapse, 280, 290, 312.

Financial History, bad condition in 1789, ii. 105; decay of credit, paper, and revenue, 106; futile propositions, 106; Hamilton's report on credit, 107; debate over assumption of state debt, 107; bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; establishment of bank, 109; other measures adopted, 112; protection in the first Congress, 112-115; the excise tax imposed, 123; opposition to, 123-127; "Whiskey Rebellion," 127-128.

Fishbourn, Benjamin, nomination rejected by Senate, ii. 63.

Fontanes, M. de, delivers funeral oration on Washington, i. 1.

Forbes, General, renews attack on French in Ohio, i. 93.

Forman, Major, describes impressiveness of Washington, ii. 389.

Fox, Charles James, understands significance of Washington's leadership, i. 202.

France, pays honors to Washington, i. I, 6; war with England, see French and Indian war; takes possession of Ohio, 65; considers Jumonville assassinated by Washington, 74; importance of alliance with foreseen by Washington, 191; impressed by battle of Germantown, 200; makes treaty of alliance with United States, 241; sends D'Estaing, 243; declines to attack Canada, 256; sends army and fleet, 274, 277; relations of French to Washington, 318, 319; absolute necessity of their naval aid, 318, 319; Revolution in, applauded by America, ii. 138, 139, 142; real character understood by Washington and others, 139-142, 295; debate over in America, 142; question of relations with United States, 143, 144; warned by Washington, 144, 145; neutrality toward declared, 147; tries to drive United States into alliance, 149; terms of the treaty with, 169; latter held to be no longer binding, 169-171; abrogates it, 171; demands recall of Morris, 211; mission of Monroe to, 211-214; makes vague promises, 212, 213; Washington's fairness toward, 253; tries to bully or corrupt American ministers, 284; the X, Y, Z affair, 285; war with not expected by Washington, 291; danger of concession to, 292, 293; progress of Revolution in, 294.

Franklin, Benjamin, gets wagons for Braddock's expedition, i. 84; remark on Howe in Philadelphia, 219; national, like Washington, 252, ii. 8; despairs of success of Constitutional Convention, 35; his unquestioned Americanism, 309; respect of Washington for, 344, 346, 364.

Frederick II., the Great, his opinion of Trenton campaign, i. 183; of Monmouth campaign, 239.

French and Indian war, i. 64-94; inevitable conflict, 65; efforts to negotiate, 66, 67; hostilities begun, 72; the Jumonville affair, 74; defeat of Washington, 76; Braddock's campaign, 82-88; ravages in Virginia, 90; carried to a favorable conclusion by Pitt, 93, 94.

Freneau, Philip, brought to Philadelphia and given clerkship by Jefferson, ii. 227; attacks Adams, Hamilton, and Washington in "National Gazette," 227; makes conflicting statements as to Jefferson's share in the paper, 227, 228; the first to attack Washington, 238.

Fry, Colonel, commands a Virginia regiment against French and Indians, i. 71; dies, leaving Washington in command, 75.

GAGE, GENERAL THOMAS, conduct at Boston condemned by Washington, i. 126; his treatment of prisoners protested against by Washington, 145; sends an arrogant reply, 147; second letter of Washington to, 147, 156.

Gallatin, Albert, connection with Whiskey Rebellion, ii. 129.

Gates, Horatio, visits Mt. Vernon, his character, i. 132; refuses to cooperate with Washington at Trenton, 180; his appointment as commander against Burgoyne urged, 208; chosen by Congress, 209; his part in defeating Burgoyne, 210; neglects to inform Washington, 211; loses his head and wishes to supplant Washington, 215; forced to send troops South, 216, 217; his attitude discovered by Washington, 221; makes feeble efforts at opposition, 221, 223; correspondence with Washington, 221, 223, 226; becomes head of board of war, 221; quarrels with Wilkinson, 223; sent to his command, 226; fears attack of British on Boston, 265; sent by Congress to command in South, 268; defeated at Camden, 281, 294; loses support of Congress, 294.

Genet, Edmond Charles, arrives as French minister, ii. 148; his character, 149; violates neutrality, 151; his journey to Philadelphia, 151; reception by Washington, 152; complains of it, 153; makes demands upon State Department, 153; protests at seizure of privateers, 153; insists on sailing of Little Sarah, 155; succeeds in getting vessel away, 157; his recall demanded, 158; reproaches Jefferson, 158; remains in America, 158; threatens to appeal from Washington to Massachusetts, 159; demands denial from Washington of Jay's statements, 159; loses popular support, 160; tries to raise a force to invade Southwest, 161; prevented by state and federal authorities, 162; his arrival the signal for divisions of parties, 237; hurts Democratic party by his excesses, 241; suggests clubs, 241.

George IV., Washington's opinion of, ii. 346.

Georgia, quarrels with Creeks, asks aid of United States, ii. 90; becomes dissatisfied with treaty, 91; disregards treaties of the United States, 103.

Gerard, M., notifies Washington of return of D'Estaing, i. 246.

Germantown, battle of, i. 199.

Gerry, Elbridge, on special mission to France, ii. 284; disliked by Washington, 292.

Giles, W.B., attacks Washington in Congress, ii. 251, 252.

Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington on his mission to French, i. 66; wishes to shoot French Indians, 68.

Gordon,----, letter of Washington to, i. 227.

Graves, Admiral, sent to relieve Cornwallis, i. 312; defeated by De Grasse, 312.

Grayson, William, hunts with Washington, i. 115; letter to, ii. 22.

Green Springs, battle of, i. 307.

Greene, General Nathanael, commands at Long Island, ill with fever, i. 164; wishes forts on Hudson held, 174; late in attacking at Germantown, 199; conducts retreat, 200; succeeds Mifflin as quartermaster-general, 232; selected by Washington to command in South, 268; commands army at New York in absence of Washington, 282; appointed to command Southern army, 295; retreats from Cornwallis, 302; fights battle of Guilford Court House, 302; clears Southern States of enemy, 302; strong position, 304; reinforced by Washington, 322; letter to, 325; his military capacity early recognized by Washington, ii. 334; amuses Washington, 374.

Greene, Mrs.----, dances three hours with Washington, ii. 380.

Grenville, Lord, denies that ministry has incited Indians against United States,