CHAPTER XXXVII

THE AFTERMATH

'We are all Borrovians now.'--AUGUSTINE BIRRELL.

It is a curious fact that of only two men of distinction in English letters in these later years can it be said that they lived to a good old age and yet failed of recognition for work that is imperishable. Many poets have died young--Shelley and Keats for example--to whom this public recognition was refused in their lifetime. But given the happiness of reaching middle age, this recognition has never failed. It came, for example, to Wordsworth and Coleridge long after their best work was done. It came with more promptness to all the great Victorian novelists. This recognition did not come in their lifetime to two Suffolk friends, Edward FitzGerald with _Omar Khayyám_ and George Borrow with _Lavengro_. In the case of FitzGerald there was probably no consciousness that he had produced a great poem. In any case his sunny Irish temperament could easily have surmounted disappointment if he had expected anything from the world in the way of literary fame. Borrow was quite differently made. He was as intense an egoist as Rousseau, whose work he had probably never read, and would not have appreciated if he had read. He longed for the recognition of the multitude through his books, and thoroughly enjoyed it when it was given to him for a moment--for his _Bible in Spain_. Such appreciation as he received in his lifetime was given to him for that book and for no other. There were here and there enthusiasts for his _Lavengro_ and _Romany Rye_. Dr. Jessopp has told us that he was one. But it was not until long after his death that the word 'Borrovian'[261] came into the language. Not a single great author among his contemporaries praised him for his _Lavengro_, the book for which we most esteem him to-day. His name is not mentioned by Carlyle or Tennyson or Ruskin in all their voluminous works. Among the novelists also he is of no account. Dickens and Thackeray and George Eliot knew him not. Charlotte Brontë does indeed write of him with enthusiasm,[262] but she is alone among the great Victorian authors in this particular. Borrow's _Lavengro_ received no commendation from contemporary writers of the first rank. He died in his seventy-eighth year an obscure recluse whose works were all but forgotten. Since that year, 1881, his fame has been continually growing. His greatest work, _Lavengro_, has been reprinted with introductions by many able critics;[263] notable essayists have proclaimed his worth. Of these Mr. Watts-Dunton and Mr. Augustine Birrell have been the most assiduous. The efforts of the former have already been noted. Mr. Birrell has expressed his devotion in more than one essay.[264] Referring to a casual reference by Robert Louis Stevenson to _The Bible in Spain_,[265] in which R. L. S. speaks well of that book, Mr. Birrell, not without irony, says:

It is interesting to know this, interesting, that is, to the great Clan Stevenson, who owe suit and service to their liege lord; but so far as Borrow is concerned, it does not matter, to speak frankly, two straws. The author of _Lavengro_, _The Romany Rye_, _The Bible in Spain_, and _Wild Wales_ is one of those kings of literature who never need to number their tribe. His personality will always secure him an attendant company, who, when he pipes, must dance.

This is to sum up the situation to perfection. You cannot force people to become readers of Borrow by argument, by criticism, or by the force of authority. You reach the stage of admiration and even love by effects which rise remote from all questions of style or taste. To say, as does a recent critic, that 'there is something in Borrow after all; not so much as most people suppose, but still a great deal,'[266] is to miss the compelling power of his best books as they strike those with whom they are among the finest things in literature.[267] In attempting to interest new readers in the man--and this book is not for the sect called Borrovians, to whom I recommend the earlier biographies, but for a wider public which knows not Borrow--I hope I shall succeed in sending many to those incomparable works, which have given me so many pleasant hours.

FOOTNOTES:

[261] A word that is very misleading, as no writer was ever so little the founder of a school.

[262] Although this fact was not known until 1908 when I published _The Brontës: Life and Letters_. See vol. ii. p. 24, where Charlotte Brontë writes: 'In George Borrow's works I found a wild fascination, a vivid graphic power of description, a fresh originality, an athletic simplicity, which give them a stamp of their own.'

[263] Theodore Watts-Dunton, Augustine Birrell, Francis Hindes Groome, and Thomas Seccombe. Lionel Johnson's essay on Borrow is the more valuable in its enthusiasm in that it was written by a Roman Catholic. Writing in the _Outlook_ (April 1, 1899) he said:

'What the four books mean and are to their lovers is upon this sort. Written by a man of intense personality, irresistible in his hold upon your attention, they take you far afield from weary cares and business into the enamouring airs of the open world, and into days when the countryside was uncontaminated by the vulgar conventions which form the worst side of "civilised" life in cities. They give you the sense of emancipation, of manumission into the liberty of the winding road and fragrant forest, into the freshness of an ancient country-life, into a _milieu_ where men are not copies of each other. And you fall in with strange scenes of adventure, great or small, of which a strange man is the centre as he is the scribe; and from a description of a lonely glen you are plunged into a dissertation upon difficult old tongues, and from dejection into laughter, and from gypsydom into journalism, and everything is equally delightful, and nothing that the strange man shows you can come amiss. And you will hardly make up your mind whether he is most Don Quixote, or Rousseau, or Luther, or Defoe; but you will always love these books by a brave man who travelled in far lands, travelled far in his own land, travelled the way of life for close upon eighty years, and died in perfect solitude. And this will be the least you can say, though he would not have you say it--_Requiescat in pace Viator_.'

[264] In _Res Judicatæ_ 1892 (a paper reprinted from _The Reflector_, Jan. 8, 1888), in his Introduction to _Lavengro_ (Macmillan, 1900), in an essay entitled 'The Office of literature,' in the second series of _Obiter Dicta_, and in an address at Norwich; on July 5, 1913, reprinted in full in the _Eastern Daily Press_ of July 7, 1913.

[265] There are but three references to Borrow in Stevenson's writings, all of them perfunctory. These are in _Memories and Portraits_ ('A Gossip on a novel of Dumas''), in _Familiar Studies of Men and Books_ ('Some aspects of Robert Burns'), and in _The Ideal House_.

[266] _The Spectator_, July 12, 1913.

[267] On July 6, 1913, Dr. H. C. Beeching, Dean of Norwich, preached a sermon on Borrow in Norwich Cathedral, which in its graceful literary enthusiasm may be counted the culminating point of recognition of Borrow so far, when the place is considered. The sermon has been published by Jarrold and Sons of Norwich.

INDEX

A

Aikin, Dr., quarrels with Phillips, 90.

---- Lucy, 90; on Mrs. John Taylor, 64; on William Taylor, 66.

Ainsworth, Harrison, _Lavengro_ criticised by, 278.

_Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain_, by Bowring, 140.

André, Major, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

_Annals of the Harford Family_, reference to Borrow in, 245.

_Apologia pro Vita Sua_, by J. H. Newman, 345.

Arden, F., 111.

_Athenæum, The_, founding of, 90; Hasfeld's letter on Russian literature and Borrow in, 165-166; friendly review of _The Zincali_ in, 227; publishes letters from Borrow, 240; severely criticises _Lavengro_, 278, 347 and _Romany Rye,_ 347; reminiscences of Borrow contributed to, 315-316; contemptuous notice of _Romano Lavo-Lil_ in, 361; obituary of Borrow in, 391.

Austin, John, 64.

---- Sarah, 55.

_Autobiographical Recollections of Sir John Bowring_, 139.

_Autobiography of Harriet Martineau_, quoted, 65.

B

Baldrey, S. H., reminiscences of the Borrows published by, 416-420.

Barbauld, Mrs., 67, 90.

Barclay, Mrs. Florence, addresses Bible Society meeting, 183-184.

_Bards of the Gael and Gaul_, by Dr. Sigerson; editions published of, 408.

Baretti, Joseph, witnesses at trial of, 114.

Barron, James, on Borrow's itinerary in Scotland, 330, 331.

Bathurst, Bishop, 57, 110.

Beeching, Dr., 184; graceful recognition of Borrow in sermon of, 437.

Belcher, pugilist, 130, 131.

Bell, Catherine, 55.

_Benjamin Robert Haydon; Correspondence and Table Talk_, by F. W. Haydon, 25.

Benson, A. C., verses on 'My Poet,' 312.

Best, Mr. Justice, his 'Great Mind,' 123.

_Bible in Spain, The_, 180, 201, 202, 289; much sheer invention in, 136, 313; quoted, 182-183, 210, 238-239; episode of the blind girl, 192; brings fame to Borrow, 227, 243-244; the title of, 237-238; criticisms of Mr. Murray's reader on copy of--number of copies sold--referred to in House of Commons, 243; reviews of, 243, 250, 278; how written, 279; Gladstone's admiration of, 313, 397; Cowell's opinion of, 356.

Birrell, Augustine, 237, 238; story told by, 128; introduction to _Lavengro_ by, 435, 436.

_Blackwood's Magazine_, condemns _Lavengro_, 278.

Borrow, Ann, mother of Borrow 2, 6, 10, 139, 219; life in Norwich of, 12-17, 71; correspondence of, 17, 33-35, 188, 193-196, 220; death--inscription on tomb of, 314.

Borrow, Elizabeth, 293.

---- George Henry, biographical drafts and family history of, 1-7; wandering childhood of, 36-53; schooldays and schoolfellows at Norwich of, 71-78; struggles and failure in London, 96-102; Celtic ancestry of, 364; characteristics of, 14, 15, 161, 285, 312-313, 316-317, 350, 361, 393, 405-412, 434; agent for Bible Society, 159, 191; facsimile of an account of the Society with, 190; work for the Society in --Portugal, 184-185 --Russia, 162-178 --Spain, 179-214; imprisonments of, 134, 191, 198, 222; correspondence of, with --Bowring, 142-151 --Brackenbury, 198-200 --Ford, 250-259 --Haydon, 25 --Jerningham, 198 --Henrietta MacOubrey, 421-428 --publishers of _Faustus_, 108 --Secretary at War, 28-32 --his wife, 223-225, 261-268, 272-273, 319, 325-335, 340; Darwin asks information from, 317-318; handwriting of, 275; fails to become a magistrate, 214, 313-314; feeling of, as regards people and language of Ireland, 50, 296-297; friends of later years, 389-400; life of, in London, 379-388 --in Oulton Broad and Yarmouth, 304-320; attainments of, as a linguist, 3, 4, 51, 68, 138-139, 412; advertisement of, as a Professor of Languages, 409; his ignorance of philology, 357; literary tastes of, 2, 11, 38, 135, 344-346, 390; literary methods of, 240-243, 285; attitude towards literary men of, 317, 347, 393; marriage of, 3, 198-199, 220-223, 225; personal appearance of, 226, 260-261, 293, 309-311, 316-317, 339, 385, 397-398; physical vigour of, 383, 419-420; political sympathies of, 181; existing portraits of, 382; pugilistic tastes of, 126-132; on a phase of folklore, 235-236; on theory of Jewish origin of the Gypsies, 308-309; on Spiritualism, 386; translations by, 82, 133-137, 187, 247, 404-405; travels in --Austria-Hungary, 261-268 --Greece and Italy, 272-273 --Ireland, 339-340 --Portugal, 184-185 --Russia, 162-178 --Scotland, 321-330 --Spain, 179-214 --Wales, 364-366, 374-378; unfounded reports as to neglect of, when dying, 414-415; unrecognised genius and growing fame of, 312-313, 435-436; Yarmouth rescue episode, 290-293.

Borrow, Henry, 293.

---- John, grandfather of George Henry, 3-5.

---- John Thomas, 4, 6, 49, 50; Captain Borrow's love of, 8, 19; described in _Lavengro_, 18-19; pictures by, 21; career and death of, 19-35.

---- Mary, 218, 219, 222, 277, 278; correspondence with --Ann Borrow, 365-366 --G. H. Borrow, 157-158, 246, 261-274, 294, 374-376, 379-382 --Clarke, 216-217 --Hake, 394-396; epitaph written for, by Borrow, 215; family history of, 214-217; housekeeping genius of, 415; marriage of, 157-158, 225; unpublished works of, 295; death of, 383, 387.

---- Captain Thomas, 19, 20, 36, 49, 87, 293; descent of, 2-5; military career of, 5-7; references to, in _Lavengro_, 8-11; prejudiced against the Irish, 50, 52; pensioned off, 70; his fight with Big Ben Brain, 126, 129.

---- William, 293.

Bowring, Sir John, collaboration with Borrow, 136; correspondence of, with Borrow, 142-152, 184-186, 235, 401-402; described by Borrow, 141-142; Borrow's misunderstanding with, 290; Borrow's relations with, 138-152.

Boyd, Robert, 249.

Brace, Charles L., 264.

Brackenbury, Mr., letter from, to Borrow, 198-200.

Brain, Big Ben, supposed fight between Captain Borrow and, 8, 9, 10; career of, 129, 130.

Brandram, Rev. Mr., 159; correspondence of, with Borrow, 171-173, 180-182, 189-192, 221-222; letter from, to Mrs. Borrow, 188; reproduction of portion of Borrow's letter to, 187.

Brightwell, Cecilia, letter from, to Mary Borrow, 16.

British and Foreign Bible Society, aided by the Gurneys, 62; Borrow's connection with, 3, 133, 153-196; growth and procedure of, 155-157; sanctioned in Russia by the Czar, 156-157; number of bibles issued in Spain for three years up to 1913, 184; work of, in Spain, 182-200; facsimile of an account with Borrow of the, 190; breezy controversy between Borrow and the, 191.

Brodripp, A. A., 90.

Brontë, Charlotte, writes of Borrow with enthusiasm, 435.

_Brontës, The_, by Clement Shorter, quoted, 435.

Brooke, Rajah, 17, 71, 72.

Brown, Rev. Arthur, 40, 41.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 54.

Browning, Robert, 114.

Buchini, Antonio, Borrow's attendant in Spain, 189.

Bunsens, the invitation given to Borrow by, 245.

Bunyan, what Borrow owed to, 346.

Burcham, Thomas, 81; letter from, to _The Britannia_ on _Lavengro_, 17.

Burke, Edmund, 114.

_Bury Post, The_, account in, of lifesaving by Borrow at Yarmouth, 290.

Buxton, Sir T. F., 56.

---- Lady, 56, 58.

C

Cagliostro, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Caius, John, 71.

Campbell, Thomas, 82, 111.

Cannon, Sergeant, 5.

Canton, William, 156.

Carlyle, Thomas, 154, 163; point of similitude between Borrow and, 377; on Edward FitzGerald, 351; prejudiced against Scott, 67, 108.

_Celebrated Trials_, Borrow's first piece of hack-work, 97; payment made to Borrow for, 113; distinguishing feature of, 114; dramatic episodes in, 114-116.

_Celtic Bards_, unpublished work of Borrow, 294, 404; merits of, 408.

_Chiefs and Kings_, unpublished work of Borrow, 404; merits of, 408.

_Christ's Entry into Jerusalem_, picture by Haydon, 24.

Clarendon, Earl of, 289; befriends Borrow in Spain, 140, 186; career of, and services to Borrow, 210-214; facsimile of letter to Borrow from, 211.

Clarke, Lieutenant Henry, 216, 219.

---- Dr. Samuel, 71.

Cobbe, Frances Power, 344; her opinion of Borrow, 154; her story of Borrow and James Martineau, 77; unkindly glimpses of Borrow given by--her character and works, 383-385; Borrow's rudeness to, 388.

Cobham, Lord, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Cockburn, Lord, on David Haggart, 46.

Coke, Lord Chief Justice, 71.

Collins, Mortimer, his appreciation of _Wild Wales_, 372-373; works of, 373.

Collinson, Robert, 383.

Combe, George, phrenological observations of, regarding David Haggart, 46.

Cooke, Robert, 361.

_Cornhill Magazine, The_, reviews _Wild Wales_ unfavourably, 367.

'Corporation Feast, The,' plate of, borrowed for _Life and Death of Faustus_, 103.

Cowell, Professor E. C., friendship of, with FitzGerald, 354-355; describes interview with Borrow, 355-357.

Cowper, poet, Borrow's devotion to, 2, 38.

Cozens-Hardy, A., 309.

Crabbe, Mrs., 419.

---- George, FitzGerald's letter to, 360.

Cribb, pugilist, 130, 131.

Croft, Sir Herbert, 115.

Crome, John, 21, 22, 56, 70.

Cunningham, Mrs., 56.

---- Allan, writes introduction in verse to _Romantic Ballads_; correspondence with Borrow, 107; encourages Borrow, 108-109.

Cunningham, Rev. Francis, befriends Borrow with the Bible Society, 56, 62, 156, 158; his praise of Borrow, 179, 218.

---- Rev. John W., 156, 217.

D

_Dairyman's Daughter, The_, extraordinary vogue of, 97; Borrow's failure to appreciate, 155.

Dalrymple, Arthur, on schooldays of Borrow, 73-74; on Borrow and his wife, 225; ridicules story of lifesaving by Borrow at Yarmouth, 291.

---- John, joins Borrow in a schoolboy escapade, 73, 75.

Darwin, Charles, facsimile of letter from, asking for information, regarding the dogs of Spain, from Borrow, 317-318.

_Death of Balder, The_, translation by Borrow, 142, 295; issued by Jarrold, 404.

_Deceived Merman, The_, versions by Borrow and Matthew Arnold compared, 109-110.

Defoe, Daniel, Borrow's master in literature, 40, 135, 346.

Denniss, Rev. E. P., acrid correspondence between Borrow and, 313.

D'Eterville, Thomas, Borrow's teacher, 72-73.

Diaz, Maria, Borrow's tribute to, 201.

Dickens, Charles, 345.

_Dictionary of National Biography_, article on Borrow in, 392.

Donne, W. B., letters to Borrow, 347, 361-362; awards high praise to _Romany Rye_ and _Lavengro_, 347-348.

Drake, William, description of Borrow by, 80.

Duff-Gordon, Lady A., 64.

Dumpling Green, birthplace of Borrow, 1, 2, 37.

Dutt, W. A., on Borrow and James Martineau, 75-76; on state of Oulton house after Borrow's death, 414.

E

East Dereham, described in _Lavengro_, 1, 38.

_Eastern Daily Press, The_, 'George Borrow Reminiscences' published in, 416-420; Miss Harvey's letter on Borrow in, 309-311.

Eastlake, Lady, her description of Borrow, 260-261.

Edinburgh, childhood of Borrow in, 45-49.

_Edinburgh Review_, reviews Borrow's works, 227.

Egan, Pierce, 121.

Elwin, Rev. Whitwell, his estimate of _Lavengro_, 281, 283; his interview with, and impressions of, Borrow, 284-285; letters to Borrow from, 286-287; reviews _Romany Rye_ in _Quarterly Review_, 347; writes obituary of Borrow in _Athenæum_, 391.

Enghien, Duc d', trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

_English Gypsies, The_, by Charles G. Leland, 233.

_Essays Critical and Historical_, by J. H. Newman, quoted, 345.

_Examiner, The_, at one time only paper read by Borrow, 402.

_Excursions along the Shores of the Mediterranean_, attractive glimpse of Borrow in, 202-207.

F

Fauntleroy, Henry, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 114-115.

_Faustus_, translated by Borrow, 101-106, 112, 139, 140; burned by libraries of Norwich, 105; criticisms on, 106.

Fell, Ralph, compiles memoirs of Phillips, 88.

Fenn, Lady, commemorated by Cowper, and in _Lavengro_--books for children by, 38.

---- Sir John, author of Paston Letters, 38.

Fielding, what Borrow owed to, 346.

Fig, James, 128.

Findlater, Jane H., on the title of _The Bible in Spain_, 238.

FitzGerald, Edward, parallel between Borrow and,--works of, 350-351; character and gifts of, 351; marriage of, 352; letters to Borrow, 351-355, 359-362; criticises Borrow's expressions, 360.

_Footprints of George Borrow_, by A. G. Jayne, 202.

Ford, Richard, 227, 289; family history and fortune of, 248-249; anti-democratic outlook of, 249; his tribute to Borrow--reviews _The Bible in Spain_, 250; correspondence with the Borrows, 133, 250-259; odd sentence referring to Borrow, in a letter of, 254; advice given to Borrow by, 148, 276; his ideas about _Lavengro_, 277; on _The Zincali_, 228, 229; his work, 133, 255, 257, 258.

---- Sir Richard, creator of mounted police force of London, 248.

Fox, Caroline, 159.

Francis, John Collins, 400.

_Frazer's Magazine_, _Lavengro_ condemned by, 278.

_French Prisoners of Norman Cross, The_, by Rev. Arthur Brown, 40.

Fry, Elizabeth, 65-66; connection of, with Bible Society, 155; the courtship of, 56-57.

G

Garrick, David, 114.

'George Borrow Reminiscences,' by S. H. Baldrey, quoted, 416-420.

_George Borrow's Letters to the Bible Society_, 162-163.

_George Borrow; The Man and his Work_, account of Borrow's Cornish journey in, 294.

Gibson, Robin, 47.

Gifford, William, 99; letter from, to Borrow, criticising a friend's play, 410-412.

Gill, Rev. W., letter to Borrow from, 301.

Gypsies, language of, studied by Borrow, 3, 4; Borrow's description of Hungarian, 265.

Gladstone, W. E., his admiration of _The Bible in Spain_, 313.

Glen, William, Borrow's friendship with, 162-163.

Gould, J. C., 85.

Graydon, Lieutenant, a rival of Borrow in Spain, 189; Borrow's attack upon, 191.

Groome, Archdeacon, his memories of Borrow's schooldays, 80.

---- F. H., gipsy scholar, 43; writes introduction to _Lavengro_, 435; reviews _Romano Lavo-Lil_, 232, 233-234; works of, 234.

Grundtvig, Mr., Borrow's translations for, 147, 149.

Gully, John, career of, 131.

Gunn, Rev. J., 414.

Gurdons, the, subscribe to Borrow's 'Romantic Ballads,' 110.

Gurney, Miss Anna, letter from, to Mrs. Borrow, 240-241; Borrow cross-examined in Arabic by, 316.

---- Daniel, 58.

---- John, 55-56.

---- Joseph John, connection of with great bank, 56-58; and with Bible Society, 155; his praise of Borrow, 179.

Gurneys, the, at Norwich, 55-62; subscribe to Borrow's 'Romantic Ballads,' 110.

_Gurneys of Earlham, The_, by A. J. C. Hare, quoted, 56.

_Gypsies of Spain, The._ See _Zincali, The_.

H

Hackman, Parson, trial of, in Borrow's volumes, 115.

Haggart, David, 20; story of, 45-48; trial and execution of--verses written by, 49.

Hake, Egmont, article of, in _Dictionary of National Biography_, on Borrow, 392; his reminiscence of Borrow, 397.

---- Dr. T. G., 74, 291; on _Lavengro_, 278, 389, 390-391; his intimacy with Borrow, 389-397; relations of, with the Rossetti family, 389; asperities of, when speaking of Borrow, 391, 392, 393; memoir of, in the _Athenæum_, 391.

Hamilton, Duke of, 129.

_Handbook for Travellers in Spain_, by Richard Ford, 133; Borrow's blundering review of, 255, 257; Maxwell's praise of, 258.

Hare, Augustus J. C., 56.

Hares, the, 110.

Harper, Lieutenant, 32.

Harvey, Miss Elizabeth, her impressions of Borrow, 309-312; letters to Mrs. MacOubrey from, 429-431.

Harveys, the, 110.

Hasfeld, John P., 244, 289; Borrow's correspondence with, 163-168; high praise of _Targum_ by, 408.

Hawkes, Robert, 25, 111; painting of, 23-24.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, suggestion of, as to gypsy descent of Borrow, 6, 12, 13.

Haydon, Benjamin, 111; career of, 24-27; correspondence of, with Borrow, 25, 135-136.

Hayim Ben Attar, Moorish servant of Borrow, 197, 222; Borrow's precautions in repatriating, 306-309.

Hazlitt, William, on prize-fighting, 126-127.

Heenan, pugilist, 128.

Herne, Sanspirella, second wife of Ambrose Smith, 42-43.

Hester, George P., writes to Borrow on possible connection between Sclaves and Saxons, 348-349.

Highland Society, the, Borrow's proposal to, 136-137.

Hill, Mary, 48.

_Historic Survey of German Poetry_, by William Taylor, 68.

_History of the British and Foreign Bible Society_, by William Canton, 156.

Hooper, James, letter from Professor Cowell to, 355-357.

Howell, _State Trials_ of, 112, 113.

Howitt, Mary, her appreciation of _Wild Wales_, 369.

Hudson, pugilist, 130.

_Hungary in 1851_, glimpse of Borrow in, 264.

Hunt, Joseph, trial and execution of, 121-123.

Hyde, Dr. Douglas, Irish scholar, 51; success of _Love Songs of Connaught_ by, 408.

I

_Ida of Athens_, judgment of Phillips on, 93.

_Illustrated London News, The_, 94; Borrow's contribution to, on Runic stone, 301-303.

Image, W. E., last survivor of Borrow's schoolfellows, 77.

_In Gipsy Tents_, by F. H. Groome, 43.

Ireland, Borrow's early years in, 49-53; his feelings as regards people and language of, 296-297.

_Iris, The_, editing of, 67.

J

Jackson, John, pugilist, 127.

_Jane Eyre_, cruelly reviewed by Lady Eastlake, 260.

Jay, Elizabeth, on happy married life of the Borrows, 225.

---- George, Borrow on yacht of, 419-420.

Jenkins, Mr. Herbert, 136, 148, 378, 387, 415.

Jerningham, Sir George, letter from, to Borrow, 198; Borrow's complaints to, 212.

Jessopp, Dr., on Borrow as a pupil at the Grammar School, 72; his admiration of Borrow, 314-315.

Joan of Arc, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Johnson, publisher, his offers for _The Wild Irish Girl_, 92.

---- Catharine B., 361.

---- Dr. Samuel, 114; on Ireland and Irish Literature, 51; his kindness for pugilists, 127.

---- Tom, his fight with Brain, 129.

---- Lionel, his essay on Borrow, 435.

Jones, Ellen, on Borrow's pronunciation of Welsh, 378.

_Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society_, 41, 44.

Jowett, Rev. Joseph, Secretary of the Bible Society, 62; correspondence of, with Borrow, 162, 170-171, 175.

_Judgment of Solomon_, painting by John Borrow, 21.

K

_Kæmpe Viser_, translation by Borrow, 143-144.

Keate, Dr., 174.

Kerrison, Alladay, 84; invites John Borrow to join him in Mexico, 27.

---- Roger, 84, 101; Borrow's correspondence with, 85, 153.

---- Thomas, 84.

Kett, Robert, 54.

_Kings and Earls_, unpublished work of Borrow, 404; merits of, 408.

Kingsley, Charles, 345.

King, Thomas, owner of the Borrow house in Willow Lane--descent of, from Archbishop Parker, 16-17.

---- ---- junior, career of--marries sister of J. S. Mill,--Burcham's allusion to, 16-17.

---- Tom, conqueror of Heenan, 128.

Klinger, F. M. von, responsible for Borrow's first book--works of, 104.

Knapp, Dr., _Life of Borrow_ by, 5 and _passim_; purchases half the Borrow papers, 241.

L

Lambert, Daniel, gaoler of Phillips, 89.

Lamplighter, racehorse, Borrow's desire to see, 316.

Lang, Andrew, his onslaught on Borrow, 391.

Laurie, Sir Robert, 17.

_Lavengro_, appreciations of, 228-230, 278, 389, 391; autobiographical nature of, 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 52, 58-62, 81, 83-84, 96-97, 279, 285-286, 379; copies of, sold, 279, 287-288; criticisms and reviews of, 278-279, 281, 347; Donne on some reviewers of, 361-362; facsimile of first manuscript page of, 282; greatness of, unrecognised in Borrow's lifetime, 312-313; original manuscript title-page of, 280; preparation of manuscript of, 276-277, 397; Thurtell referred to in, 116-117.

_Leicester Herald_ started by Phillips, 88-89.

Leland, Charles Godfrey, correspondence of, with Borrow, 230-232; his books--tribute to Borrow, 233.

_Letters from Egypt_, by Lady A. Duff-Gordon, 64.

_Letters from George Borrow to the Bible Society_, 159, 162, 163, 169; valuable information in, 180-181; interesting facts revealed in, 241-242; quoted, 174, 175.

_Letters of Richard Ford_, 248, 249; Borrow's mistake in reviewing, 255.

_Life and Adventures of Joseph Sell_, Borrow's story of the writing of, 102.

_Life of Borrow_, by Dr. Knapp, 5, 6, 8, and _passim_; glimpse of Ann Perfrement's girlhood in, 13; gruesome picture of circumstances of Borrow's death--strongly denounced by Henrietta MacOubrey, 414.

_Life of B. R. Haydon_, by Tom Taylor, 24, 25.

_Life of David Haggart_, by himself, 46.

_Life of Frances Power Cobbe as told by Herself_, glimpses of Borrow in, 383-384.

_Life of George Borrow_, by Herbert Jenkins, 387, and _passim_; valuable information in, 180-181; quoted, 261, 378.

_Life of Howard_, 90.

_Life of Sir James Mackintosh_, quoted, 64-65.

_Lights on Borrow_, by Rev. A. Jessopp, D.D., quoted, 72.

Lipóftsof, worker for Bible Society, 169, 173.

_Literary Gazette, The_, reviews of Borrow's works in, 106, 227.

Lloyd, Miss M. C., 383.

Lofft, Capell, 90.

Lopez, Eduardo, 202.

---- Juan, Borrow's tribute to, 201-202.

_Love Songs of Connaught_, by Dr. Hyde, success of, 408.

M

Macaulay, Zachary, connection of, with Bible Society, 155.

MacColl, Mr., 392.

Mace, Jem, 128.

Mackay, William, his impressions of Borrow related by, 316-317.

MacOubrey, Dr., 335, 414, 415; status and accomplishments of, 420; pamphlets issued by, 421; illness and death of, 431-432.

MacOubrey, Henrietta, 155, 195, 216, 363, and _passim_; on Borrow, 81; Borrow's tribute to, in _Wild Wales_--her devotion to Borrow, 413; unfounded stories of her neglect of Borrow, 414-416; correspondence of, 421-431; death of--inscription on tomb of, 432; charitable bequests of, 431-432.

Man, Isle of, Borrow's expedition to, 296-303; his investigations into the Manx language, 298-299; the Runic stone, 300-303.

Marie Antoinette, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Martelli, C. F., his memories of Borrow, 86.

Martineau, David, 63.

---- Dr. James, on supposed gypsy descent of Borrow, 12-13; impressions of, as schoolfellow of Borrow, 62, 71, 74-77.

---- Gaston, 63.

---- Harriet, 63; on Borrow's connection with the Bible Society, 153-154.

Matthew, Father, 66.

Mavor, Dr., school-books issued by, 94.

Maxwell, Sir W. S., praises Ford's book, 258; criticises _Lavengro_, 278.

Meadows, Margaret, 63.

---- Sarah, 63.

_Memoir of the Life and Writings of William Taylor of Norwich, A_, by J. W. Robbards, 66.

_Memoirs of Fifty Years_, by T. G. Hake, 166, 390.

_Memoirs of John Venning_, 160.

_Memoirs of Lady Morgan_, quoted, 62.

_Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of Sir Richard Phillips_, 88.

_Memoirs of Vidocq_, translated by Borrow, 136.

Mendizábal, Borrow's interview with, 186, 214.

_Men of the Time_, biographical drafts drawn up by Borrow for, 3-5.

Meyer, Dr. Kuno, Irish scholar, 51; work of, in Irish literature, 408.

Mezzofanti, 209.

Miles, H. D., his defence of prize-fighting, 127.

Mill, John Stuart, Thomas King marries sister of, 16-17.

Mitford, Miss, 25.

Moira, Lord, 89.

Mol, Benedict, 202, 239.

Montague, Basil, his reference to Mrs. John Taylor, 64-65.

_Monthly Magazine, The_, 67, 69, 90, 113; Borrow's work on, 97.

Moore, Thomas, 91.

_More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Highlands_, visit to gypsy encampment described in, 43.

Morgan, Lady, works of, published by Phillips, 91-93.

Morrin, killed by David Haggart, 48.

Morris, Lewis, Welsh bard, 371.

---- Sir Lewis, letter to Borrow, 371-372.

Mousehold Heath, historical and artistic associations of, 42, 54.

Mousha, introduces Borrow to Taylor, 83; figures in _Lavengro_, 83-84.

Murray, John, publishes _The Zincali_, 226-227; Borrow's relations with, 342-343; correspondence of Borrow with, 313, 342-343.

---- Hon. R. D., 200.

Murtagh, Irish friend of Borrow--figures in _Lavengro_, 49-52.

_Museum, The_, 89.

N

Nantes, Edict of, Borrow's ancestors driven from France by Revocation of, 4, 12, 63.

Napier, Admiral Sir C., 202.

---- Col. E., 138; interesting account of Borrow by, 202-207.

Nelson, Lord, a pupil of Norwich Grammar School, 71.

_Newgate Calendar_, edited by Borrow, 5, 112, 113.

_Newgate Lives and Trials_, Borrow's work on, 100.

Newman, Cardinal, influenced towards Roman Catholicism by Scott, 345.

_New Monthly Magazine, The_, 126.

New Testament, edited by Borrow in Manchu and Spanish, 3.

Ney, Marshal, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Nicholas, Thomas, 293.

Norfolk, Duke of, 89.

Norman Cross, French prisoners at, 7, 45; Borrow's memories of, 40-45.

_Northern Skalds_, unpublished work of Borrow, 404; merits of, 408.

Norwich, 54, 86; Borrow's description of, 82-83; satirised by Borrow, 103.

_Novice, The_, favourite book of William Pitt, 91-92.

O

O'Connell, Daniel, Borrow's desire to see, 316.

Oliver, Tom, pugilist, 131.

_Once a Week_, Borrow contributes to, 387.

Opie, Mrs., 56.

_Oracle, The_, quoted, 129.

Orford, Col. Lord, 27, 31; Ann Borrow's letter to, 33-34.

_Outlook, The_, Lionel Johnson on Borrow in, quoted, 435-436.

Overend and Gurney, banking firm, 57-58.

Owen, Goronwy, Borrow's favourite Welsh bard, 377-378, 407.

Owenson, Sydney. _See_ Morgan, Lady.

P

Pahlin, 209.

Painter, Edward, pugilist, 131.

Palgrave, Sir Francis, letter to Borrow from, 108.

---- R. H. I., letters to Mrs. MacOubrey from, 431.

Palmer, Professor E. H., gypsy scholar, 232.

Park, Mr. Justice, 123.

Parker, Archbishop., pupil at Norwich Grammar School, 71.

---- Archbishop (temp. Queen Elizabeth) descent of Thomas King from, 16.

Paterson, John, work of, for Bible Society in Russia, 156.

Pennell, Mrs. Elizabeth Robins, her biography of Leland, quoted, 230-231.

Perfrement, Mary, grandmother of Borrow, 2, 13.

---- Samuel, grandfather of Borrow, 2, 12-13.

_Personal and Family Glimpses of Remarkable People_, by E. W. Whately, quoted, 385.

_Peter Schlemihl_, translated by Bowring, 141.

Petrie, George, correspondence of Borrow with, 336-338.

Phillips, Lady, 90.

---- H. W., portrait of Borrow by, 382.

---- Sir Richard, 27, 69, 100; early days of, 87-88; imprisonment of, 88-89; knighted, 94; books published by, 90-95; relations of, with Borrow, 96-100.

_Phrenological Observations, etc._, by George Combe, 46.

Picts, the, Borrow on, 336-337.

Pilgrim, John, Borrow's visits to, 417-420.

Pinkerton, literary hack, 88.

Pischel, Professor Richard, criticises Borrow's etymologies, 344.

Playfair, Dr., 387.

Pope, influence of, on Borrow, 407.

Pott, Dr. A. F., gypsy scholar, 232, 233.

_Prayer Book and Homily Society_, Borrow's correspondence with, 176-177.

Prize-fighting, Borrow's taste for, 11, 82, 126-132.

Probert, witness against Thurtell, 121.

Prothero, Rowland E., 248, 249.

Purcell, pugilist, 130-131.

Purland, Francis, companion of Borrow in schoolboy escapade, 73-75.

---- Theodosius, 73-75.

Pushkin, Alexander, Russian poet, translated by Borrow, 178.

Q

_Quarterly Review, The_, review of _Lavengro_ in, 281; of _Romany Rye_ in, 347.

R

Rackham, Tom, 79.

Rackhams, the, 110.

_Raising of Lazarus_, picture by Haydon, 24.

Randall, pugilist, 130.

Reay, Martha, murdered by Hackman, 115.

'Recollections of George Borrow,' by A. Egmont Hake in _Athenæum_, quoted, 397.

Reeve, Mr., on scene in Oulton house after Borrow's death, 414.

---- Henry, 64.

_Res Judicatæ_, by Augustine Birrell, 436.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 114.

Richmond, pugilist, 130.

---- Legh, connection of, with Bible Society, 155.

_Rights of Man_, Phillips charged with selling, 89.

Robbards, J. W., writes memoir of William Taylor, 65-66.

Robertson, George, 47.

_Romance of Bookselling_, by Mumby, 87.

_Romano Lavo-Lil,_ manuscript of, 295; published by Murray, 404; reviews of, 232, 233, 234, 361.

_Romantic Ballads_, translation from the Danish by Borrow, 106-111, 112, 139, 140.

_Romany Rye, The_, 4, 125, 141-142, 305; appreciations of, 228-230, 234-235, 349, 354, 391; autobiographical nature of, 279-280, 285-286; Borrow embittered by failure of, 347; characters in, 343; defects of Appendix, 344-345; facsimile of page of manuscript of, 346; identification of localities of, 343-344; philological criticism of, 344; preparation of manuscript of, 341; quoted, 189; reviews of, 347, 349.

Ross, Janet, 64.

Rowe, Quartermaster, 17.

_Rubáiyát,_ Fitzgerald's paraphrase, 350; quoted in original and translated, 353-354; Tennyson's eulogy of, 358.

Rye, Walter, 119.

S

St. Petersburg, Borrow in, 162-178.

Sampson, John, eminent gypsy expert--extraordinary suggestion, of, regarding Borrow, 343; criticises Borrow's etymologies, 344.

Sam the Jew, pugilist, 130.

Samuel, A. M., Lord Mayor of Norwich--presents Borrow house to Norwich, 16.

Sayers, Dr., 64.

---- Tom, pugilist, 130.

Scott, Sir Walter, 68; Borrow's prejudice against, 19, 108, 344; influence of, on J. H. Newman, 345; Taylor's influence on, 66; interest of, in Thurtell's trial, 121; writings of, admired by Borrow, 344.

Scroggins, pugilist, 130.

Seccombe, Thomas, introduction to _Lavengro_ by, 125, 435.

_Servian Popular Poetry_, by Bowring, 140.

Sharp, Granville, connection with Bible Society of, 155.

Shaw, G. B., his kindness for the pugilist, 127.

Shelton, pugilist, 130.

Sidney, Algernon, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Sigerson, Dr., Irish scholar, 51; success of _Bards of the Gael and Gaul_, by, 408.

Simeon, Charles, connection with Bible Society of, 155.

Simpson, William, Borrow articled to, 79-81; described by Borrow, 80-81.

Skepper, Anne, 157, 215, 216, 219.

---- Breame, 156, 157, 219.

---- Edmund, 215, 219.

---- Edward, 157.

_Sleeping Bard, The_, translation by Borrow, 137; his mistakes in, 357; refused by publishers, 322, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410; printed at his own expense, 322.

Smiles, Samuel, on publication of _The Zincali_, 226-227.

Smith, Ambrose, the Jasper Petulengro of _Lavengro_, 41-45.

---- F[=a]den, 42.

---- Thomas, 44.

_Songs from Scandinavia_, translation by Borrow, 136; prospectus of, 145; future publication of, 406-407; page of manuscript of, 411.

_Songs of Europe_, metrical translation by Borrow, 294, 404.

_Songs of Scotland_, by Allan Cunningham, Borrow's appreciation of, 109.

Southey, Robert, affection of, for William Taylor, 66; on death of Taylor, 69.

Spalding, Frederick, 351.

_Spectator, The_, point of view of criticism of Borrow of, 437; reviews _Wild Wales_, 367.

_Sphere, The_, article on Borrow and Martineau in, 75-76.

_State Trials_, 112-113.

Stephen, Sir J. Fitzjames, 217.

---- Sir Leslie, 99.

Stevenson, R. L., perfunctory references to Borrow in writings of, 436.

Stoddard, Mr., Burcham's reference to, 17.

Story, A. T., reminiscences of Borrow by, 385-387.

Struensee, Count, trial of, included in Borrow's volumes, 113.

Stuart, Mrs. James, 73.

Suffolk, Duke of, 64.

Summers, William, 184.

Swan, Rev. William, 169.

T

_Talisman, The_, translation by Borrow, 178.

_Targum_, translation by Borrow, 3, 297; high praise of, 165-166, 177, 178, 408; facsimile of a poem from, 403.

Taylor, Anne, describes Borrow's appearance, 293.

---- Baron, Borrow's meeting with, 210.

---- Dr. John, 63.

---- John, 63.

---- Mrs. John, 55; Basil Montague on, 64-65.

---- Richard, 63.

---- Robert, 293.

---- Tom, author of _Life of B. R. Haydon_, 24, 25.

---- William, 55, 70; dialogue in _Lavengro_ between Borrow and, 8-9, 83-84; gives Borrow lessons in German, 81-82; gives Borrow introductions to Phillips and Campbell, 84; his love of paradox, 75; influence of, on Borrow, 65; Harriet Martineau on, 65-66; his friends and literary work, 66-69; correspondence with Southey, 67-68; his testimony to Borrow's knowledge of German, 101.

Taylors, the, at Norwich, 55, 63-69.

Tennyson on enthusiasm for Lycidas, 278; his eulogy of FitzGerald's translation of the _Rubáiyát_, 358.

Thackeray, W. M., Borrow's attitude towards, 347, 393; on Edward FitzGerald, 351; Hake's severe reference to, 393.

_Theodore Watts-Dunton: Poet, Novelist, Critic,_ by James Douglas, quoted, 394.

Thompson, T. W., article of, on Jasper Petulengro, 44.

---- W. H., 357.

_Three Generations of Englishwomen_, by Janet Ross, 64.

Thurtell, Alderman, 120, 125.

---- John, 82, 111; trial of--glimpses of, in Borrow's books, 116-125; great authors who have commented on crime of, 118.

Timbs, John, 111; stories told by, 94, 95.

Tom of Bedford, pugilist, 131.

Treve, Captain, 17.

_Turkish Jester, The_, by Borrow, 295; issued by Webber, 404.

Turner, Dawson, 243, 279.

---- Ned, pugilist, 130.

_Twelve Essays on the Phenomena of Nature_, Phillips anxious to produce in a German dress, 96.

_Twelve Essays on the Proximate Causes_, Borrow unable to translate into German--published in German, 99.

U

_Universal Review, The_, 99; Borrow's work on, 97.

Upcher, A. W., contributes reminiscences of Borrow to the _Athenæum_, 316.

Usóz y Rio, Don Luis de, letters from, to Borrow, 207-209.

V

Valpy, Rev. E., Borrow's schoolmaster--story of Borrow being flogged by, 73-78.

Venning, John, work of, in Russia--befriends Borrow, 160-161.

Victoria, Queen, visits gypsy encampment, 43.

Vidocq, 261; memoirs of, translated by Borrow, 136.

W

_Wahrheit und Dichtung_, opening lines of, compared with those of _Lavengro_, 1.

_Walks and Talks about London_, 94; story told of Phillips in, 95.

Walling, R. A. J., biography of Borrow by, 294-295.

Walpole, Horace, on Mr. Fenn, 39.

Wanton, S. W., letter to Borrow from, 299-300.

Waterfield, Mrs., 64.

Watts-Dunton, Theodore, criticism of Borrow's work, 347, 392; description of personal appearance of Borrow, 397-398; friendship with Borrow, 317; on intimacy between Borrow and Hake, 389-391; introduction to _Lavengro_ by, 435, 436; on Borrow's loyalty in friendship, 312; on poetic gifts of Borrow, 406; reminiscences of Borrow, 398-400; sonnet written by, 400.

Weare pamphlets, 120-121.

---- William, murder of, 121, 122.

Webber, Borrow's books bought by, 414.

_Westminster Review_, 140.

Whately, Archdeacon, description of Borrow by, 385.

Whewell, Dr., 285.

Wilberforce, William, connection of, with Bible Society, 155.

Wilcock, Rev. J., his impressions of Borrow, 338-339.

_Wild Irish Girl, The_, the publication of, 91, 92.

_Wild Wales_, 4, 6, 221, 383, 413; appreciations of, 356, 360, 369, 372-373; comparative failure of, 367, 373; comparison of, with Borrow's three other great works, 376-377; facsimiles of two pages from Borrow's pocket-books, and of title-page of manuscript, 365, 368; high spirits of, 378; Lope de Vega's ghost-story referred to in, 369; reviews of, 367; time taken to write, 366.

_Wilhelm Meister_, quoted, 154.

_William Bodham Donne and his Friends,_ Borrow described in, 361.

Williams, Lieutenant, 32.

---- J. Evan, letter from Borrow to, on similarity of some Sclavonian and Welsh words, 369-371.

Wolcot, Dr., 90.

Woodhouses, the, 111.

Wordsworth, Borrow's estimate of, 346-347.

Wormius, Olaus, 82.

Wright, Dr. Aldis, 357, 363.

Y

_Young Cottager, The_, by Legh Richmond, extraordinary vogue of, 97.

Z

_Zincali, The_, work by Borrow, 3, 4, 42, 118; reference to Borrow's travels in, 135; criticisms of, 227-229; number of copies of, sold, 244; editions of, issued, 226-227.