CHAPTER XXI.
APPLICATION OF THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS TO THE MOSAIC HISTORY OF CREATION--CONCLUSION.
Summary of the Argument--Striking Coincidence between the Order of Creation as set forth in the Narrative of Moses and in the Records of Geology--Comparison illustrated and developed--Scheme of Adjustment between the Periods of Geology and the Days of Genesis--Tabular View of this Scheme--Objections considered--It is not to be regarded as an established Theory, but as an admissible Hypothesis--Either the first Hypothesis or the second is sufficient to meet the demands of Geology as regards the Antiquity of the Earth--Not necessary to suppose that the Sacred Writer was made acquainted with the long Ages of Geological Time--He simply records faithfully that which was committed to his charge--The Mosaic History of Creation stands alone, without Rivals or Competitors, 343
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
1. Granitic Rocks off the Shetland Islands, 63
2. Iceberg seen in mid ocean, 1400 miles from land, 75
3. Block of Limestone Rock with Glacial-markings, 78
4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Examples of living Zoophytes: Campanularia Gelatinosa; Gorgonia Patula, 131 Frustra Pilosa; Madrepora Plantaginea, 132 Corallium Rubrum, 133
9, 10. Fossil Ferns from the Coal Measures, 143
11. Trunk and roots of a forest tree; found erect in a Coal Mine, near Liverpool, 152
12. Fossil Irish Deer, 163
13. Fossil Wood, showing the rings of annual growth, 171
14, 15. Fossil Fish from Monte Bolea in Italy, 173, 174
16. Group of several Fossil Fish in one block of Limestone, 176
17. Fossil Fish from the Chalk Rock of Sussex, 177
18, 19. Two Skeletons of the Ichthyosaurus, from the Lias of Dorsetshire, preserved in the Museum of Trinity College, Dublin, 179
20. Plesiosaurus Cramptonii, from the Lias of Yorkshire, preserved in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society, 182
21. The Megatherium, or Great Wild Beast, 185
22. The Mylodon Robustus, 186
23. Section of a Quarry in the Island of Portland, showing the stumps of an ancient forest standing erect in the solid rock, 189
24. Calamite from the Coal Measures of Newcastle, 191
25. Lepidodendron Sternbergii; a forest tree erect in a Coal Mine, 192
26. Lepidodendron Elegans; Stem and branches, from a Coal Mine, near Newcastle, 193
27. Section of a Coal Mine near Lyons, showing an ancient forest enveloped in Sandstone, 194
28. Bird’s-eye View of Santorin during the volcanic eruption of 1866, 255
LIST OF TABLES.
Table of Stratified Rocks Chronologically arranged, 211
Table of Geological Formations, showing the first appearance on the Earth of the various forms of Animal Life, 226
Table exhibiting the Genealogies of Genesis according to the various Readings of the three most ancient Versions, the Hebrew, the Samaritan, and the Septuagint, 291
Table representing a possible Adjustment of the Mosaic Days with the Periods of Geology, 251
GEOLOGY AND REVELATION.
_INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER._
_Scope of the work explained--Geology looked on with suspicion by Christians--Hailed with triumph by Unbelievers--No contradiction possible between the works of Nature and the Word of God--Author not jealous of progress in Geological Discoveries--Points of contact between Geology and Revelation--The question stated--The answer--Division of the work._
Among the various pursuits that engage the human mind, there are few so attractive as Geology, none so important as Revelation. Each of these two studies has an interest peculiar to itself. The one is chiefly concerned about the world in which we are living: the other about the world to which we are hastening. Geology leads us down into the depths of the Earth, and there, unfolding to our view a long series of strange unwritten records impressed on lasting monuments by the hand of Nature, it proceeds to trace back the history of our Globe through myriads of ages into the distant past. Revelation, on the other hand, comes to us from above; and setting forth the far more wonderful records of God’s dealings with man, holds out the hope of another world “everlasting in the heavens”[10] which shall still remain when this earth and all the works that are therein shall have melted away with fervent heat.[11]
But, it may be asked, why should two such incongruous topics be set down for discussion side by side? To answer this question is to explain the scope and design of the present work. We are not going to write a Manual of Geology; nor yet a Treatise on Revelation. Taken separately, these two subjects have been handled with eminent skill and ability; the one by the votaries of Science, the other by the friends of Theology. It is our purpose to consider them not so much in themselves as in their mutual relations: to compare the conclusions of Geology with the truths of Revelation; and to inquire if it be possible to accept the one and yet not to abandon the other.
An uneasy apprehension has long prevailed among devout Christians, and a declared conviction among a large class of unbelievers, that the discoveries of Geology are at variance with the facts recorded in the Book of Genesis. Now, the historical narrative of Genesis lies at the very foundation of all Revealed Religion. Hence the science of Geology, has come to be looked on with suspicion by the simple-minded faithful, and to be hailed with joy, as a new and powerful auxiliary, by that infidel party which, in these latter days, has assumed a position so bold and defiant. It is now confidently asserted that we cannot uphold the teaching of Revelation, unless we shut our eyes to the evidence of Geology; and that we cannot pursue the study of Geology, if we are not prepared to renounce our belief in the doctrines of Revelation.
Vet surely this cannot be. Truth cannot be at variance with truth. If God has recorded the history of our Globe, as Geologists maintain, on imperishable monuments within the Crust of the Earth, we may be quite sure He has not contradicted that Record in His Written Word. There may be for a time, indeed, a conflict between the student of Nature and the student of Revelation. Each is liable to error when he undertakes to interpret the record that is placed in his hands. Many a brilliant Geological theory, received at first with unbounded applause, has been dissipated by the progress of discovery even within the lifetime of its author. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that Theologians have sometimes imputed to the Bible that which the Bible does not teach. Learned and pious men--Protestants and Catholics alike--once believed that the Book of Joshua represents the succession of day and night as produced by the revolution of the Sun around the Earth: whereas it is now considered quite plain that the Book of Joshua, properly understood, teaches nothing of the kind; but that the Inspired Writer, in describing a wonderful phenomenon of Nature, simply employs the language of men according to the established usage of his time. We need not wonder, therefore, that a conflict of opinion should sometimes arise between the Geologist and the Theologian; but a conflict there cannot be between the story which God has described on His works and the story He has recorded in His Written Word.
Though we come forward, therefore, among those whose duty and whose glory it is to uphold Revelation, we are by no means jealous of the wonderful ardor, and we may add, the wonderful success, with which the study of Geology has been lately pursued. We have too much confidence in the truth of our cause to apprehend that it can suffer in any way from the progress of Natural Science. It is our conviction, rather, that the more thoroughly the works of Nature are understood, the more perfectly they will be found to harmonize with the truths of Revelation. We are not afraid, therefore, to venture into the realms of Geology and to come face to face with its discoveries. Too long, perhaps, has this interesting and popular science been neglected by those who are ranged under the banner of Religion. Let it be ours to show that the study of God’s works is not incompatible with the belief in God’s Word; and that it is quite possible to investigate the ancient history of the world we inhabit without forfeiting our right to a better.
The points of contact between Geology and Revelation are chiefly these two:--First, the Antiquity of the Earth; Secondly, the Antiquity of the Human Race. In the present Volume we shall confine our attention to the Antiquity of the Earth. The subject that offers itself for discussion may be stated in a few words. Geologists maintain that the Crust of the Earth has been slowly built up by means of a long series of operations which would require hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions of years for their accomplishment: whereas the Bible narrative, it is alleged, allows but the short lapse of six or eight thousand years from the creation of the world to the present time. The Geological record, then, seems to contradict the Mosaic; and the question is, how this apparent contradiction is to be explained.
Some have ventured to solve the problem by rejecting the historical narrative of the Bible: others by ignoring the plain facts of Geology. But there is a third class of writers, including many names of the highest eminence and authority, who contend that we may admit the extreme Antiquity of our Globe, which Geology so imperatively demands, without compromising in the smallest degree the truthfulness of the Mosaic story. They say that the Chronology of the Bible stops short with Adam, and does not go back to the beginning of the world. By means of the data which the Bible supplies we may calculate, at least roughly, the lapse of time from the Creation of Adam to the Birth of Christ. But from the first beginning of all created things, when God made the Heavens and the Earth, to the close of the Sixth Day when Adam was introduced upon the scene, that is an interval which, in the Bible narrative, is left altogether undefined and uncertain. This is the view which we hope to develop and to illustrate in the course of the following pages.
Our task naturally divides itself into two parts. First, it will be our duty to consider the received theory of Geology, and to examine in detail some of the interesting and wonderful phenomena on which it is founded. This course of investigation, while it is plainly indispensable for the intelligent appreciation of our subject, cannot fail at the same time to unfold many new and striking views of the Power, and the Goodness, and the Providence of God. “For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made; even His eternal Power and Godhead.”[12]
In the Second Part we shall consider the Antiquity of the Earth in reference to the History of Genesis. It will be our purpose to show that, as far as the Bible narrative is concerned, an interval of countless ages may have elapsed between the first creation of the Heavens and the Earth and the beginning of the Six Mosaic Days. Furthermore, we shall contend that, without any prejudice to the Sacred History, we may suppose these Days themselves to have been, not days in the ordinary sense of the word, but long and indefinite Periods of Time. If we succeed in establishing these views, it will be obvious to infer that, while the Bible enables us to determine, at least by approximation, the Age of the Human Race, it allows time without limit for the past history of the Earth.