Part 37

_Absorbents._—Proofs of serous absorption.—Experiments.—Mode of origin of the absorbents. 150

_Blood vessels._—The serous membranes have but very few of them.—Those which are subjacent do not belong to them.—Proofs. 151

III. _Varieties of Organization of the Serous System._

Different examples of these varieties.—Consequences in regard to diseases.—Remarks upon the pericardium.—Common characters. 153

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

_Extensibility._—It is less than it at first seems to be.—Why.—Use of the folds of the serous membranes.—Of their displacement.—Pain from these displacements in inflammation. 155

_Contractility._—Less than it appears to be.—It is however real. 156

II. _Vital Properties._

They enjoy but little animal sensibility.—Why.—Experiments.—The organic properties are very sensible.—Consequences. 157

_Sympathies._—Various examples.—Remarks upon sympathetic exhalations.—Remark upon the serum of dead bodies. 158

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the First Age._

Extreme tenuity of the surfaces.—Quantity of the fluids.—Quality.—Changes at birth.—Experiments. 161

II. _State of the Serous System in the After Ages._

The serous surfaces obey the laws of their respective organs.—Increased density in old age.—Ossification rare. 162

III. _Preternatural Development of the Serous System._

Various observations. 164

SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.

Points of resemblance between this system and the preceding.—Its division. 165

ARTICLE FIRST.

ARTICULAR SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.

I. _How the Synovia is separated from the mass of blood._

There are three ways in which fluids may be separated from the blood.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by secretion to the articular surfaces?_—Negative proofs.—Of the pretended synovial glands.—Experiments.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by transudation to the articular surfaces_?—Negative proofs.—Another opinion.

_Is the Synovia transmitted by exhalation to the articular surfaces?_—Positive proofs.—Analogy between the exhaled fluids and the synovia.—Consequences. 167

II. _Remarks upon the Synovia._

Its quantity.—It varies a little.—Rare alterations of this fluid.—Its difference from the serous fluids. 173

III. _Of the Synovial Membranes._

_Forms._—They represent sacs without an opening.—Difference from the fibrous capsules.—These capsules are wanting in the greatest number of articulations.—Experiments.—Proofs of the synovial membrane where it adheres. 175

_Organization._—Analogy with the serous surfaces.—Structure of the pretended synovial glands. 180

_Properties._—Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Experiments.—The synovial system is foreign to most diseases. 182

_Functions._—They are foreign to the solidity of the articulation.—They have relation only to the synovia. 183

_Natural Development._—State of the synovial membrane in infancy, adult and old age. 184

_Preternatural Development._—Remarks upon this development. 185

ARTICLE SECOND.

SYNOVIAL SYSTEM OF THE TENDONS.

It is often confounded with the preceding. 186

_Forms; relations; synovial fluid._—Forms of sacs without an opening.—Varieties of these forms.—Smooth and adhering surface.—Relation with the tendon.—Preternatural increase of the fluid. 186

_Organization, properties, development._—Their phenomena are analogous to those of the preceding system.—Remarks upon the affections of this kind of synovial membranes. 189

GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

General observations.—What a gland is. 193

ARTICLE FIRST.

SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION, &C. OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

Sub-cutaneous and deep position.—Relation of the position of the glands with their excretion.—Varieties of the glandular forms.—Distinction of these varieties.—External surface of the glands. 194

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization of this System._

The fibrous arrangement is foreign to the glands.—There is but little resistance in the glandular texture.—Triple arrangement of this texture.—Uncertainty of the researches upon its nature.—Different experiments upon this texture.—Desiccation.—Peculiar effect of stewing.—Roasting.—Maceration.—Action of the acids, gastric juice, &c. 198

_Of the excretories, their origin, divisions, &c. of the glandular reservoirs._—Origin.—Course.—Division of the glands into three classes, in regard to the termination of their excretories.—Of the reservoirs.—What supplies their place when they are wanting.—Motion of the fluids in the excretories. 204

_Size, direction and termination of the excretories._—All the excretories open upon the mucous or cutaneous systems.—Observations upon the intestinal canal. 206

_Remarks upon the secreted fluids._—They can re-enter the circulation.—Various experiments on this subject.—Consequences. 208

_Structure of the excretories._—Internal membrane.—External texture. 213

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Glandular System._

_Cellular Texture._—Division of the glands into two classes, in regard to this texture.—Serum and fat of this texture.—Fatty livers. 214

_Blood vessels._—Different ways in which they enter the glands, according as they are or are not surrounded with membranes.—Course of the arteries in the glands.—Veins.—They pour their blood into the general black blood.—Reflux from the heart to the glands. 216

_Of the blood of the glands._—Division of the glands into three classes, as it regards the fluid which penetrates them.—Great quantity of blood contained in the liver and the kidney.—Variety as it respects secretion. 219

_Nerves._—Of those of the ganglions and of the cerebral ones.—Their proportion.—How they enter the glands.—Secretion is independent of nervous influence. 221

_Exhalants and absorbents._ 223

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

They are inconsiderable.—Proofs.—New remarks upon the reflux of the black blood in the glands. 224

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of animal life._—Experiments upon animal sensibility.—Varieties of the results. 226

_Properties of organic life._—The insensible contractility and the corresponding sensibility are the predominant ones.—Their influence upon secretion.—Varieties of the secreted fluids.—Organic affections of the glands.—Remarks. 227

_Sympathies._ 230

_Passive sympathies._—Various examples.—Sympathies the causes of which act at the extremity of the excretories.—Influence of the passive sympathies of the glands in diseases.—Remark upon that of each gland.

_Active Sympathies._—Various remarks.

_Characters of the vital properties._ 235

_First character.—Life peculiar to each gland._—Proofs of this peculiar life.—Of its influence in a state of health and disease.

_Second character.—Remission of the glandular life._—The glands have a species of sleep.—Various examples. 238

_Third character.—The glandular life is never simultaneously raised in the whole system._—Application of this remark to the digestive order.—Advantage of the artificial excitement of the glands in diseases. 239

_Fourth character.—Influence of climate and season upon the glandular life._—The sweat and many secreted fluids are opposite to each other in this respect. 241

_Fifth character.—Influence of sex upon the glandular life._ 242

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

The glands are very conspicuous at this age.—Yet the secretions are not great. 243

II. _State of this System during Growth._

Suddenly increased activity at birth.—Yet it is not the glandular system which predominates in the first age.—Remarks upon its diseases.—The mucous and lachrymal glands are the most frequently in action in infancy. 244

III. _State of this System after Growth._

Period of puberty.—Its influence upon the glands.—Influence of the glands of digestion at the adult age. 247

IV. _State of this System in old Age._

Of the change in the texture of the glands from the effect of age.—Many glands still secrete much fluid in old age.—Relation of this phenomenon with nutrition. 249

DERMOID SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

FORMS OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _External Surface of the Dermoid System._

Various folds of this surface.—Their different nature. 254

II. _Internal Surface of the Dermoid System._

Its relations.—Absence of the fleshy pannicle in man.—Consequences. 256

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization._

_Chorion._—Its thickness in the different regions.—Its structure.—Method of seeing it.—Variety of this structure according to the regions.—Small spaces of the chorion.—Fibres.—Their nature.—It approximates that of the fibrous texture.—Yet it differs from it.—The chorion is foreign to the functions of the skin relative to animal and organic life. 258

_Of the reticular body._—Idea that has been formed of it.—What it is.—Vascular net-work.—Colouring substance.—Analogy among the diversity of races.—How this diversity should be considered.—Of the cases in which the blood enters the reticular body.—Singular property of the vessels of the face of receiving more than the others.—Cause of this phenomenon.—Triple means of expression of the passions.—Relation between the tendency of the facial capillary system to receive blood and diseases.—Double state of the reticular body.—Phenomena at the instant of death.—Experiments. 266

_Papillæ._—Situations.—The cutaneous prominences must not be taken for them.—Experiments to prove the nature of these prominences.—Their varieties.—Forms and nervous structure of the papillæ. 273

_Action of different bodies upon the dermoid texture._ 276

_Action of light._—Men whiten like plants.—Examples. _ib._

_Action of caloric._—Effects which it produces on the skin during life according to its different degrees.—Effect of cold.—General remarks upon gangrene and antiseptics.—False opinions of authors. 277

_Action of the air._—Remarks upon the influence of this fluid upon the evaporation of the transpiration.—It is foreign to this function itself.—Desiccation of the skin by the air.—Its putrefaction. 282

_Action of water._—General uses of baths.—Their use is natural.—Maceration of the skin.—Pulpy state.—Stewing of the skin.—Mode of horny hardening.—Vesicles that arise the instant it takes place.—Other phenomena of stewing. 285

_Action of the acids, alkalies, and other substances._—Various experiments with reagents.—Remarks. 290

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Dermoid System._

_Cellular texture._—Manner in which it is distributed.—Remarks upon biles.—Sometimes it is wholly destroyed.—Appearance which the skin then has.—Remarks upon leucophlegmasia. 291

_Blood vessels._—Manner in which they are distributed.—Dilatation of the veins in some cases. 293

_Nerves._—Mode of their distribution. 294

_Absorbents._—Proofs of cutaneous absorption.—Absorption of virus.—Table of this absorption.—Varieties it experiences.—Absorption of medicines.—Experiments.—Character of irregularity of the cutaneous absorptions.—To what this character is owing.—Influence of weakness on this absorption. 294

_Exhalants._—Mode of distribution.—Cutaneous exhalations.—Uncertainty of calculations upon this point.—Relation of this exhalation with the secretions.—Relation with the pulmonary exhalation.—Experiment upon this last exhalation.—Remarks upon the causes of many coughs.—Defect of evaporation of the fluid deposited upon the bronchia.—The cutaneous exhalants vary.—Are they under the nervous influence?—This does not appear probable. 299

_Sebaceous Glands._—Oily fluid of the skin.—Its quantity.—Its varieties.—Its sources.—We have but few data as it regards the sebaceous glands. 305

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _Properties of Texture._

They are very evident.—They are often less than they seem to be.—Phenomena of extensibility and contractility. 308

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of animal life._—Sensibility.—Of the feeling.—Of the touch.—Its characters.—Its differences from the other senses.—Seat of cutaneous sensibility.—The mode.—Pain peculiar to the skin.—Influence of habit upon this sensibility.—Various reflections.—Diminution of the cutaneous sensibility. 311

_Properties of organic life._—They are especially organic sensibility and insensible contractility.—Phenomena over which they preside.—Division of cutaneous diseases.—Excitants of the cutaneous organic sensibility.—Sensible organic contractility is but slightly apparent. 318

_Sympathies.—Passive Sympathies._—Different examples and remarks upon the sympathies of heat.—General remarks upon the sensations of heat and cold.—Influence of sympathies upon the sweat. 322

_Active Sympathies._—These sympathies are relative to each of the classes of diseases pointed out above.—Various examples.—General remarks. 326

_Characters of the vital properties.—First character.—The cutaneous life varies in each region._—Varieties of animal sensibility.—Varieties in the organic properties. 331

_Second character.—Intermission in one relation, continuity in another._—The peculiar life of the skin is intermittent as it respects the functions of relation.—Its continuity as it respects its organic functions. 332

_Third character.—Influence of sex._ 333

_Fourth character.—Influence of temperament._ 334

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

A gluey covering in the first periods.—Absence of certain wrinkles in the fœtus.—Laxity of adhesion.—State of the vital properties of the skin of the fœtus.—Its functions at this age. 335

II. _State of this System during Growth._

Sudden revolution at birth.—Entrance of the red blood into the skin.—Consequences.—State of the cutaneous vital forces in infancy.—State of the cutaneous texture. 337

III. _State of the Dermoid System after Growth._

Increasing proportion of the fibrous substance, and decreasing proportion of the gelatinous.—Remark upon the diseases and affections of the skin. 341

IV. _State of the Dermoid System in Old Age._

State of the cutaneous texture.—Phenomena which arise from it.—State of the vital forces.—State of the functions. 344

EPIDERMOID SYSTEM.

General Observations.—Division. 349

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE EXTERNAL EPIDERMIS.

I. _Forms, Relations with the Dermis, &c._

Wrinkles.—Pores.—Adhesion to the skin.—Means of destroying this adhesion.—Arrangement. 350

II. _Organization, Composition, &c._

Uniform thickness in most parts.—Remarkable thickness on the foot and the hand.—Consequences of this thickness.—Experiments upon the colour of negroes.—Epidermoid texture.—Its peculiar nature.—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids, the alkalies, &c. upon the epidermoid texture. 353

III. _Properties._

Extensibility.—The animal properties are foreign to the epidermis.—It appears to be destitute also of organic properties.—Continual destruction of the epidermis.—Its reproduction when it is removed. 360

IV. _Development._

State of the epidermis in the fœtus, the adult and the old person. 364

ARTICLE SECOND.

INTERNAL EPIDERMIS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THIS EPIDERMIS.

I. _Epidermis of the origin of the Mucous Surfaces._

It is very distinct.—Proofs of its existence.—Its reproduction.—Its nature. 366

II. _Epidermis of the deep Surfaces._

Uncertainty of its existence.—Experiments.—Membranes that are sometimes thrown off.—It appears that it is not the epidermis. 367

ARTICLE THIRD.

OF THE NAILS.

I. _Form, Extent, Relations, &c._

Of the habit of cutting the nails.—Anterior, middle and posterior portions of the nail.—Superior and inferior surfaces.—Of the texture which supports the nail. 369

II. _Organization, Properties, &c._

Of the laminæ which form the nails.—Of their arrangement.—Their analogy with the epidermis.—Obscurity of the vital properties.—Facility with which the nails, epidermis, &c. are coloured. 373

_Development._—State of the nails in the fœtus, the adult, and the old person. 376

PILOUS SYSTEM.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

EXAMINATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS.

I. _Pilous System of the Head._

General observations. 379

_Of the Hair._—Its length, situation, limits, influence on physiognomy, variety according to sex, uses, thickness, fundamental colours, shades, and influence on temperament. 381

_Eyebrows._—Their general arrangement.—Their motions. 386

_Eyelashes._—Their form, arrangement, &c. 387

_Beard._—It is the attribute of the male.—Its relations with strength.—Of our habits in relation to the beard. 388

II. _Of the Pilous System of the Trunk._

Its varieties according to the regions. 390

III. _Pilous System of the Extremities._

Its varieties.—It is wanting on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. _ib._

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

I. _Origin of the Hairs._

Of the membranous canal which encloses this origin.—Relation of the hair with this canal.—Organization of this.—Swelling of the hair and its origin.—Its course to the exterior. 391

II. _External Covering of the Hairs._

Analogy of this covering with the epidermis.—Its differences.—Action of the different agents upon this covering.—Its external arrangement. 394

III. _Internal Substance of the Hairs._

We are ignorant of its nature.—Capillaries of the hairs of the head.—Their colouring substance.—The internal substance of the hairs of the head is essentially subjected to the influence of the vital phenomena.—Proof of this assertion.—This distinguishes it from the external covering. 396

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

It undergoes but little horny hardening.—Of curling.—The properties of texture slightly marked.—The animal ones are nothing.—The organic are a little more evident. 401

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.

I. _State of this System in the First Age._

Of the down of the fœtus.—The growth of the hairs is then the reverse of that of the other parts.—Their growth after birth.—Their colours are a little deeper in infancy. 403

II. _State of the Pilous System in the following Ages._

Revolution at puberty.—Of the hairs which then appear.—There are but few changes in the following ages. 404

III. _State of the Pilous System in Old Age._

Of the hairs which die first.—Of the whiteness which they then assume.—They grow in this state.—Why.—Do they grow after death.—General differences of animate and inanimate bodies in their decay. 405

IV. _Preternatural Development._

Development upon the mucous surfaces, upon the skin and in cysts. 408

END OF THE THIRD AND LAST VOLUME.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations in spelling hyphenation and punctuation remain unchanged, but the use of ligatures has been standardised.

Italics are represented thus _italic_.