Part 34

_Influence of the cerebral nerves upon the organic properties of the other parts._—They are foreign to these properties.—They have not there any known influence, 1st, upon the capillary circulation; 2d, upon exhalation; 3d, upon secretion; 4th, upon absorption; 5th, upon nutrition.—Different proofs of these assertions.—Remarks on the diseases which affect animal life and those which affect organic.—Uncertainty of the term _nervous influence_. 216

_Sympathies.—Sympathies peculiar to the nerves._—Different phenomena of these sympathies.—Sympathies, 1st, between two nerves of the same pair; 2d, between two nerves of the same side; 3d, between the branches of the same pair; 4th, between the nerves and different organs.—Different examples of these sympathies. 224

_Influence of the nerves upon the sympathies of the other organs._—Different opinions upon sympathies.—Uncertainty of these opinions.—Division of sympathies founded upon that of the vital properties.—Different influence of the nerves upon each species of sympathy.—Cases in which it is real and those in which it is nothing. 226

III. _Properties of Reproduction._

Phenomena of nervous cicatrizations.—Their analogy with other cicatrizations. 233

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

It is much developed.—General remarks.—Inactivity of the brain, notwithstanding its development.—Its softness.—Action of the alkalies upon this organ.—The cerebral nerves are developed in proportion.—Peculiar phenomenon of their development.—This phenomenon is opposite to that of the arteries.—Consequence which results from it. 235

II. _State of the Nervous System during Growth._

Phenomena at birth.—Influence of the red blood.—Predominance of the nervous system during childhood.—Consequences relative to the sensations, motions and various affections. 240

III. _State of the Nervous System after Growth._

Phenomenon of puberty.—Phenomena of the following ages. 244

IV. _State of the Nervous System in Old Age._

Its action is slight.—State of the brain at this period.—Influence of this state upon sensibility.—Phenomena of sensation and motion in old age. 244

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.

GENERAL REMARKS.

How this system should be understood.—The great sympathetic does not exist.—Each ganglion forms an insulated system.—This system belongs to organic life.—It exhibits many irregularities.—The mode of describing it. 249

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE GANGLIONS.

I. _Situation, Forms, Relations, &c._

Ganglions that are constant.—Those that are accidental. 253

II. _Organization._

Colour.—Difference of the texture of the ganglions from that of the brain.—Comparative experiments.—This texture is not fibrous.—It differs essentially from that of the nerves.—Its organic lesions are rare.—Common parts of this texture. 255

III. _Properties._

The ganglions have the organic ones.—The animal appear to be slightly marked in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies.—Nervous affections of the ganglions.—The kind of pain of this system.—General remarks. 260

IV. _Development._

It does not follow that of the brain.—Influence of this fact upon the diseases of childhood.—Another difference between the ganglions and the brain. 263

V. _Remarks upon the Vertebral Ganglions._

Their arrangement.—Obscurity which they throw upon the functions of this system. 264

ARTICLE SECOND.

OF THE NERVES OF ORGANIC LIFE.

I. _Origin._

Manner of this origin.—Method of seeing it. 265

II. _Course, Termination, Plexuses._

Of the branches which go to the cerebral nerves.—Of those which go to the neighbouring ganglions.—Of those which go the muscles.—Of those which form the plexuses.—Arrangement of these last.—Of the filaments which go from them.—Their double arrangement upon the arteries. 267

III. _Structure, Properties, &c._

Analogy with the preceding nerves as to texture.—Animal sensibility appears to be less in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies of these nerves.—General remarks. 271

VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.

ARTICLE FIRST.

GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE CIRCULATION.

I. _Division of the Circulation._

_Circulation of red blood._—General organs.—Direction.

_Circulation of black blood._—General organs.—Direction.

_Difference of the two circulations._—Their separation is complete.—Opposition of the lungs to all the parts.

_General mechanical phenomena of the two circulations._—Conical form of the circulatory apparatus.—There are two cones for each circulation.—The heart is placed at their union as a double agent of impulse.—Its inequality in this respect. 275

II. _Reflections upon the General Uses of the Circulation._

_General uses of the circulation of the red blood._—It furnishes the materials of secretion, exhalation, absorption, &c.—All the great phenomena of the economy are derived from it.

_General uses of the circulation of black blood._—It repairs the losses made by the preceding, by the substances which it receives.—General and opposite attributes of the two—sanguineous systems. 282

ARTICLE SECOND.

SITUATION, FORMS, AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.

Of the two portions of this system.—Of their union.—Position of the agent of impulse compared to the whole body. 285

I. _Origin of the Arteries._

_Origin of the aorta._—Peculiar anatomical arrangement of this origin. 287

_Origin of the trunks, branches, smaller branches, &c._—Number of the arterial divisions.—Angles of origin.—Proportion of the divisions. 288

II. _Course of the Arteries._

_Course of the trunks and branches._—Their position, relation and direction.—Motions which they communicate. 291

_Course of the smaller branches, ramifications, &c._—Position.—Relations.—Curvatures.—These curvatures have no influence upon the motion of the blood.—Proofs.—Uses of these curvatures. 293

_Anastomoses of the arteries in their course._—Of the two modes of anastomoses.—Triple mode of those in which two equal trunks terminate.—Anastomoses with unequal trunks.—General remarks upon anastomoses. 296

_Forms of the arteries in their course._—In what direction they are conical.—Relation of capacities. 299

III. _Termination of the Arteries._

It takes place in the capillary system.—Its varieties according to the organs. 300

ARTICLE THIRD.

ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.

I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._

Two principal membranes form it. 301

_Peculiar membrane of the arteries._—Thickness.—Colour.—Experiments.—Varieties in the cerebral arteries.—Arterial fibres.—Arrangement of these fibres at the origin of the branches.—Their nature is not muscular.— Their brittleness.—Their resistance.—General consequences. 302

_Action of different agents upon the arterial texture._—Desiccation.—Putrefaction.—Maceration.—Stewing.—Action of the acids, the alkalies, &c. 308

_Membrane common to the system with red blood._—Its differences in the different regions.—Of the fluid which moistens it.—Its relations.—Its nature.—Its singular disposition to ossification.—Peculiar phenomena and laws of this ossification.—Pathological consequences. 311

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with Red Blood._

_Blood vessels._—Their arrangement.—They do not appear to go to the internal membrane. 317

_Cellular texture._—There are two species of it.—Of that which unites the artery to the neighbouring organs.—Of that which is peculiar to it, and which has a peculiar nature.—The arterial fibres are remarkable for having none of this texture between them.—Consequences. 318

_Exhalants and absorbents._—There does not appear to be absorption in the arteries.—Experiments. 321

_Nerves._—Of the cerebral ones.—Of the organic ones.—Their proportion.—Their course, &c. 324

ARTICLE FOURTH.

PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.

I. _Physical Properties._

Remarkable elasticity.—Its use.—Its differences from contractility of texture. 322

II. _Properties of Texture._

_Extensibility._—1st, of that in the axis; 2d, of that in the diameter. 324

_Contractility._—Of that in the axis.—Of that in the diameter.—Its differences from irritability.—Remarks upon this contractility.—Practical consequences. 326

III. _Vital Properties. Properties of Animal Life._

_Sensibility._—Experiments upon this property. 329

_Contractility._—It is nothing. _ib._

_Properties of organic life.—Sensible organic Contractility._—It is nothing.—Different experiments to prove it.—Mistakes concerning this property. 330

_Insensible organic contractility._—How its influence must be understood.—Vital activity is but slightly marked in the arteries.—General consequences. 332

_Remarks upon the causes of the motion of the red blood._—These causes appear to be foreign to the arteries. 335

_Influence of the heart in the motion of red blood._—Different proofs of this influence.—Morbid phenomena.—Different experiments.—Observations.—General Consequences. 336

_Of the limits of the action of the heart._—They appear to be at the place of the change of the red blood into black.—Increasing influence of the arteries upon the red blood in the neighbourhood of the capillaries. 342

_Phenomena of the impulse of the heart._—The motion of the red blood is sudden and instantaneous.—Proofs.—The contraction of the arteries does not push the blood.—From what it arises.—The causes of delay are nothing.—General remarks. 334

_Remarks upon the pulse._—The arterial locomotion has a great part in it.—Of the accessory causes.—Of the varieties of the pulse.—General reflections. 348

_Sympathies._—They are in general rare in the arteries.—Why. 352

ARTICLE FIFTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

The two systems are then confounded.—There is but one species of blood.—How the fœtus can live with black blood alone.—Peculiar mode of circulation in the fœtus.—Consequences which result from it.—Insensible change of this mode of circulation.—How it takes place.—Great development of the arteries in the fœtus. 354

II. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during Growth._

Sudden formation of the red blood at birth.—Changes in the course of this fluid.—Phenomena and causes of these changes.—Predominance of the arteries during youth. 364

III. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood after Growth._

Influence of the genital organs.—Varieties of the influence of the red blood according to the ages. 371

IV. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during old Age._

Diminution of the arterial ramifications.—The red blood is less abundant.—The arteries are condensed.—Phenomena of the pulse.—Of the pulse in the last moments of life.—Experiments upon this subject. 373

V. _Accidental Development of the System with Red Blood._

There are two kinds of it; 1st, Dilatation from an obstacle. 2d, Dilatation from any tumour. 377

VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE FIRST.

SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

I. _Origin of the Veins._

Manner of this origin.—Two orders of veins. 380

II. _Course of the Veins._

Examination of this course on the exterior and the interior. 381

III. _Proportion of the capacity of the two systems with Black and Red Blood._

Remarks upon the varieties of venous capacity.—Parallel between the two vascular apparatus with red and black blood in this respect.—General consequences.—The velocity is in an inverse ratio of the capacity, &c. 382

_Ramifications, small branches, branches, angles of union, &c.—Forms of the Veins._—In what direction these vessels are conical.—Relations between the branches and their divisions. 388

_Anastomoses._—They are very frequent.—Why.—Communication between the external and the internal order.—Consequences.—Different modes of anastomoses.—Their necessity from the numerous obstacles to the course of the blood.—Of these obstacles. 392

IV. _Termination of the Veins._

Mode of termination in the heart.—Of the two venous cones, the superior and the inferior.—Of their communication by the azygos. 396

ARTICLE SECOND.

ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._

_Membrane peculiar to the veins._—Manner of seeing it.—Its longitudinal fibres.—Varieties of these fibres.—Their nature.—Peculiar arrangement of the cerebral sinuses. 399

_Common membrane of the black blood._—Its differences from that of the red blood.—More extensibility.—Less thickness.—No disposition to ossify.—Consequences. 403

_Of the valves of the veins._—Their form.—Their situation.—Veins which they occupy.—Their size.—Remarks upon their relations with the caliber of the veins.—Their variety.—Their number. 404

_Action of reagents upon the venous texture._—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids, &c. 407

II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with Black Blood._

_Blood vessels. Cellular texture._—Of that which unites the veins to the neighbouring parts.—Of that which is peculiar to them. 408

_Exhalants and Absorbents._—Experiments upon venous absorption.

_Nerves._—There are but very few of them. 409

ARTICLE THIRD.

PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

I. _Properties of Texture._

_Extensibility._—It is very evident.—Venous ruptures however take place.—Various examples.—Their causes are but obscurely known. 411

_Contractility_—Of this property in the longitudinal and the transverse direction. 413

II. _Vital Properties._

_Properties of Animal Life._—Result of the experiments upon sensibility.—There is no contractility. 414

_Properties of organic life. Sensible Contractility._—It appears to be but slight.—General remarks. 415

_Of the venous pulse._—Of its cause.—It is a reflux.—Double cause which produces it. 416

_Insensible Contractility._—It appears to exist.—The vital activity is greater in the veins than in the arteries.—Consequences. 419

_Observations on the motion of the black blood in the veins._—There is no pulse analogous to that of the arteries.—Agent of impulse of the venous blood.—Causes of delay—Accessory causes of motion.—Resemblance between the motion of the veins and that of the arteries. 420

_Sympathies_ of the veins.—They are very obscure. 424

ARTICLE FOURTH.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._

The veins are less developed in proportion than the arteries.—Why.—Remarks. 425

II. _State of this System during Growth and afterwards._

Various phenomena of childhood, adult age, &c. 427

III. _State of this System in Old Age._

The veins are much developed in old age.—This development is only a dilatation.—Its varieties according to different circumstances. 428

IV. _Accidental Development of the Veins._

It must be considered, 1st, in tumours; 2d, in the distensions of the different parts. 430

ARTICLE FIFTH.

REMARKS UPON THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEINS.

Though the two kinds of blood are separate, yet the mechanical phenomena of their courses are analogous in the aorta and the pulmonary artery, and in the general and the pulmonary veins. _ib._

ARTICLE SIXTH.

ABDOMINAL VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.

_Situation, forms, general arrangement, anastomoses, &c._—Origin and termination in the capillaries.—Abdominal portion.—Hepatic portion.—Differences between them. 433

_Organization, properties, &c._—Analogy with the veins in this respect.—Peculiar arrangement in the hepatic portion.—Absence of valves.—Why. 436

_Remarks upon the motion of the black abdominal blood._—Comparison between the liver and the lungs.—Their difference as it regards the blood that goes to them.—Mechanism of the circulation of this system.—Influence of the accessory causes. 438

_Remarks upon the liver._—It performs another function besides the secretion of bile.—Proofs.—We are ignorant of this function.—It must be extremely important.—Various proofs.—The liver exhibits phenomena that no other gland does.—It is not certain that the black abdominal blood serves for the secretion of bile.—Proofs.—General observations.—Experiments. 440

_Remarks upon the course of the bile._—Course of this fluid during abstinence and during digestion.—Cystic bile.—Hepatic bile.—Reflux towards the stomach during vacuity and fulness.—Experiments. 446

_Development._—There is only one vascular system in the fœtus.—It is divided into three at birth.—State of the umbilical vein and the vena porta in the fœtus.—Relative size of the liver at this period.—Phenomena at birth.—Different influences of this system in the following ages. 450

END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. I.

VOLUME SECOND.

CAPILLARY SYSTEMS.

PAGE.

There are two of them.—Their general arrangement.—Their opposition. 3

ARTICLE FIRST.

OF THE GENERAL CAPILLARY SYSTEM.

General arrangement of this system. 4

I. _General division of the Capillaries._

_Of the organs in which the capillaries contain only blood._ 6

_Of the organs in which the capillaries contain blood and fluids differing from it._—Serous system taken for an example.—Experiments by injections.—Various other systems present analogous facts.—Proportion of the blood and the fluids differing from it. _ib._

_Of the organs in which the capillaries do not contain blood._ 8

II. _Difference of Organs in respect to the number of their Capillaries._

There are many classes of organs in this respect.—Why the capillaries are very much developed in some.—Consequences as it regards diseases. 9

_Remarks upon injections._—Their insufficiency in making us acquainted with the small vessels. 10

III. _Of the proportions which exist in the Capillaries between the Blood and the Fluids that differ from it._

Continual varieties in the proportion.—Cause of these varieties.—They are very numerous. 12

_Different proportions of blood in the capillaries, according as the secretions and exhalations are active or passive._—Of active and passive exhalations.—Of secretions of the same nature.—Examination of each.—Proofs that wherever there is activity, blood enters the capillaries.—Opposite arrangement in the passive phenomena. 13

_Consequences of the preceding Remarks._ 17

IV. _Of the Anastomoses of the General Capillary System._

Mode of these anastomoses.—The capillaries considered in relation to the vessels with which they communicate.—Influence of these communications.—Important observation in regard to the examination of dead bodies.—How acute inflammations disappear at death. 17

V. _How, notwithstanding the general communication of the Capillary System, the Blood and the Fluids differing from it, remain separate._

This depends on the different modifications of the organic sensibility.—Proofs.—General remarks. 21

VI. _Consequences of the preceding principles, in relation to Inflammation._

Every thing arises, in this affection, from the alteration of the organic sensibility.—Proofs.—Varieties of intensity and nature in inflammations.—Terminations of inflammations.—Of putrefaction.—Of death.—Of induration.—Of the blood which stops in inflamed parts. 24

_Differences of inflammation according to the different systems._—Each has a peculiar one.—Of those which are the most disposed to it.—It has peculiar modifications in each.—Same observation in regard to its terminations. 30

VII. _Structure and Properties of the Capillaries._

We cannot ascertain completely the structure.—It has however varieties. 33

VIII. _Of the Circulation of the Capillaries._

_Motions of the fluids in the Capillary System._—The blood is independent of the action of the heart in the capillaries.—Various proofs of this assertion.—The blood circulates by the influence of the forces of the part.—Varieties of the motions.—Causes of these varieties.—Influence of the atmosphere upon the capillary circulation.—Of the two kinds of bleeding in relation to the capillaries and to the trunks.—Circulation of other fluids than the blood in the capillaries. 34

_Phenomena of the alteration of the fluids in the Capillary System._—Change of the red blood to black.—Phenomena of this change. 41

IX. _Of the Capillaries considered as the seat of the production of Heat._

Different hypotheses.—Phenomena of animal heat.—How it is produced.—Analogy of the production of heat with exhalation, secretion, &c.—Influence of the different vital forces.—Explanation of the phenomena of animal heat in the state of health and disease.—Sympathetic heat.—Sympathies of heat.—Difference between the two. 43

ARTICLE SECOND.

PULMONARY CAPILLARY SYSTEM.