Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines

CHAPTER XV

Chapter 2710,498 wordsPublic domain

THE SELECTION OF AN ENGINE

The conditions which must be fulfilled both by engines and gas-producers in order that they may industrially operate with regularity and economy have been dwelt upon at some length. Unfortunately it often happens that engines are not installed as they should be, with the result that they run badly and that the reputation of gas-engines suffers unjustly. The use of suction gas-producers in particular caused considerable trouble at first owing to inexperience, so that even now many hesitate to adopt them despite their great economical advantages. The reason assigned for this hesitation is the supposed danger attending their operation.

The factory proprietor who intends to install a gas-engine in his plant is not usually able to appreciate the intrinsic value of one engine when compared with another, or to determine whether the plans for an installation conform with the best practice. The innumerable types of engines offered to him by manufacturers and their agents, each of whom claims to have a better engine than his rivals, plunges the purchaser into hesitation and doubt. Not knowing which engine to select, he usually buys the cheapest. Very often he learns, as time goes by, that his installation is far from being perfect. Finally he begins to believe that he ought to consult an expert. The author's personal experience has convinced him that eight times out of ten the factory owner who has picked out an engine for himself has not obtained an installation which meets the requirements which the manufacturers of gas-engines should fulfil. Many of these requirements could be complied with were it not for the fact that the manufacturer has dropped certain details which appeared superfluous, but which were in reality very important in obtaining perfect operation. The author therefore suggests that the services of a competent expert be retained by those who intend to install a gas-engine in their plants.

=The Duty of a Consulting Engineer.=--An expert fills the same office as an architect, and impartially selects the engine best suited to his client's peculiar needs. His examination of the engines offered to him will proceed somewhat according to the following programme:

1. He will first study the installation from the mechanical point of view, and also the local conditions under which that installation is to operate, in order that he may not order an engine too large or too small, or a type incompatible with the foundations at his disposal, or unable to fulfil all the requirements of his client.

2. He will examine the precautions which have been taken to avoid or reduce to a minimum certain inconveniences which attend the operation of explosion-engines.

3. He will draw up specifications, with the terms of which gas-engine makers must comply, so that he can compare on the basis of these specifications the merits of the engines submitted to him.

4. He will prepare an estimate of cost and also a contract which is not couched in terms altogether in the gas-engine maker's favor, and which gives the purchaser important warranties.

5. He will supervise the technical installation of the engine or plant.

6. He will make tests after the engine is installed and see to it that the maker has fulfilled his warranties.

=Specifications.=--Since engines and gas-producers are constructed for commercial ends, it naturally follows that their manufacturers seek to make the utmost possible profit in selling their installations. Prices charged will necessarily vary with the quality of material employed, the care taken in constructing the engine and generator, the number of apparatus of the same type which are manufactured, the arrangement of the parts and that of the installations. Since there is considerable rivalry among gas-engine builders, selling prices are often cut down so far that little or no profit is left. It is very difficult--indeed impossible--to convince a purchaser that it is to his interest to pay a fair price in order to obtain a good installation, especially when other manufacturers are offering the same installation at a less price with the same warranties. As a result of this state of affairs, engine builders, in order that they may not lose an order, are willing, to reduce their prices, hoping to make up in the quality of the workmanship and the material what they would otherwise lose. Often they will deliver an engine too small in size but operating at a higher speed than that ordered; or they will select an old type, or carry out certain details with no great care.

This, to be sure, is not always the case; for there are a few builders of engines who place their reputation above everything else and who would rather lose an order than execute it badly. Others, unfortunately, prefer to have the order at all costs.

By retaining a consulting engineer, all these difficulties are overcome. In the first place, the engineer draws up a scale of prices and specifications which must be complied with in their entirety as well as in all details. Rival engine builders are thus compelled to make their estimates according to the same standard, so that one engine can readily be compared with another with the utmost fairness. In these specifications, penalties will be provided for by the engineer which will be levied if the warranties of the maker are not fulfilled. Otherwise the warranties are worth nothing.

The first consequence of engaging a consulting engineer is to render the matter of cost a secondary one. A factory owner who employs a consulting engineer and pays him for his services, is impelled chiefly by the desire to obtain a good installation which will perform what he expects of it. For that reason necessary sacrifices will be made to comply with the client's wishes.

If the purchaser considers the question of cost most important to him, he need not engage an expert to supervise the installation of his engines. He has simply to pick out the cheapest engine. Unfortunately, however, the money which he will save by such a procedure will be more than compensated for by the trouble which he will later experience when his motor stops or when it breaks down, because it has been cheaply built in the first place.

The advice of a consulting engineer is therefore of importance to the purchaser, because an engine will be installed which will in every way meet his requirements. The gas-engine builder will also prefer to deal with an engineer, because the engineer can appreciate at their true worth good material and good workmanship and place a fair valuation upon them. The specifications of a gas-engine and gas-producer expert are accepted by most engine builders, because an expert will not introduce conditions which cannot be fulfilled. Some manufacturers refuse to consider the conditions imposed by specifications seriously, or else they fix different prices and make tenders on the basis of these with or without specifications. In either case the purchaser may be sure that he is not receiving what he has a right to exact.

=Testing the Plant.=--When the engine has been selected the consulting engineer supervises its installation, and, after this is completed, carries out tests in order to determine whether or not the guaranteed power and consumption are attained. The methods employed in testing a gas-engine are both complex and delicate. The quality of the gas, the proportions of the elements forming the mixture, the time and the method of ignition, the temperature of the cylinder-walls, the temperature and the pressure of the gas drawn into the cylinder, all these are factors which have a decided bearing upon the results of a test. If these factors be not carefully considered the conclusions to be drawn from the test may be absolutely wrong.

Indicators of any type should not be indiscriminately employed; only those specially designed for gas-engine purposes should be used. Indicator cards are in themselves inadequate, and should be supplemented by the records of explosion-recorders.

The calorific value of the gas should be measured either by the Witz apparatus or by means of any other calorimeter.

In interpreting the diagrams and records some difficulty will be encountered. Sometimes it happens that a particular form of curve is attributed to a cause entirely different from the real one. It happens not infrequently that engineers, whose experience is confined to engines of one make and who have not had the opportunity to make sufficient comparisons, draw such erroneous conclusions from cards.

To recapitulate what has already been said, the testing of gas-engines requires considerable experience and cannot be lightly undertaken. Special instruments of precision are necessary. The author has very often been called upon to contradict the results obtained by experts whose tests have consisted simply in ascertaining the engine power either by means of a Prony brake, or by means of a brake-strap on the fly-wheel. The brake gives but crude results at best; it is a means of control, and not an instrument of scientific investigation.

Something more than the mere power produced by an engine should be ascertained. The tests made should throw some light upon the reasons why that power cannot be exceeded, and show that the necessary changes can be made to cause the engine to operate more economically and to yield energy of an amount which its owner has a right to expect. The indicator and the recorder are testing instruments which clearly indicate discrepancies in operation and the means by which they may be corrected. The tests made should determine whether the power developed is not obtained largely by means of controlling devices which cause premature wearing away of the engine parts.

It is not the intention of the author to describe indicators of the well-known Watt type. It is simply his purpose to call attention to the explosion-recorder which he has devised to supplement the data obtained by means of the indicator.

=Explosion-Recorder for Industrial Engines.=--The explosion-recorder illustrated in Fig. 145 can be adapted to any ordinary indicator. It is composed of a supporting bracket _B_ upon which a drum _T_ is mounted. This drum is rotated by a clock-train, the speed of which is controlled by means of a special compensating governor. The entire system is pivotally mounted upon the supporting screw _O_, so that the drum _T_, about which a band of paper is wound, may be swung against a stylus _C_, which records upon the paper the number and power of the explosions. These explosions are measured according to scale by a spring connected with an indicator. The records obtained disclose for any given cycle the amount of compression as well as the force of the explosion, and render it possible to study the phenomena of expansion, exhaust, and suction. They are, however, inadequate in showing exactly how an engine runs in general. Indeed, in most gas-engines, as well as oil and volatile hydrocarbon engines, each explosion differs from that which follows in character and in power; and it is absolutely essential to provide some means of avoiding these variations. The explosion-recorder gives a graphic record from which the number of explosions can be read, and also the initial pressure of each explosion, the number of corresponding revolutions, the order in which the explosions succeed one another, and consequently the regularity of certain phenomena caused by secondary influences, such as the section of the distributing members, the sensitiveness of the governor, and the like.

The explosion-records can be taken simultaneously with ordinary diagrams. In order to attain this end, the recorder is allowed to swing around the pivot _O_, so that the drum carrying the paper band is brought into engagement, or swung out of engagement with the stylus, as it is influenced by each explosion, thereby leaving its record on the paper. The ordinary diagram may be traced on the drum of the indicator, as it continues to operate in its usual way. Thus the explosion-recorder renders it possible to control the operation of engines, to obtain some idea of the cause of defects and to attribute them to the proper force. Improvements can then be made which will ensure a greater efficiency. A number of records herewith reproduced illustrate the defects in the controlling apparatus and in the construction of certain engines, and also the result of improvements which have been made on the basis of the records obtained. The smaller lines indicate the compression, which is usually constant in engines in which the "hit-and-miss" system of governing is employed, while the larger lines indicate the explosions. These records are only part of the complete data normally drawn on the paper in the period of 120 seconds corresponding with an entire revolution of the recorder-drum.

The first record was taken while starting up an engine provided with an automatic starting device and supplied with explosive mixture without previous compression (Fig. 146). The gradual lessening of the distances of the ordinates or lines representing the explosions shows that the speed of the motor was slowly increasing, and also indicates the time which elapsed before the engine was running smoothly. The records that follow (Figs. 147, 148 and 149) show the results which can be obtained with the recorder by correcting the errors due to faults in installing the engine and its accessories. The fifth record is particularly interesting because it shows the influence of the ignition-tube on the power of the deflagration of the explosive mixture (Fig. 150). This record was obtained with an engine provided with two contiguous tubes. The communication of each of these tubes with the explosion-chamber could be cut off at will at any moment. The last record (Fig. 151) was obtained at a time when the effective load of the engine was changed at two different intervals. This record shows how regularly the engine was running and how constant were the initial pressures. These pressures, however, which is the case in most engines, manifestly diminish when the explosions succeed one another without idle strokes of the piston. This shows, also, the influence of "scavenging" the products of combustion and the effect it has on the efficiency of explosion-engines.

=Analysis of the Gases.=--It has already been stated that one of the tests which should be made consists in measuring the calorific value of the gas. Just what the calorific value of the gas may be it is necessary to know in order to obtain some idea of the thermal efficiency of the installation. If a suction gas-producer be employed (an apparatus in which the nature of the gas generated changes at each instant), calorimetrical analyses are indispensable in appreciating the conditions under which a generator operates.

These analyses are made by means of calorimeters which give the calorific value either at a constant pressure or at a constant volume.

Constant-volume instruments give a somewhat weaker record than constant-pressure instruments; but according to Professor Aimé Witz, the inventor of an excellent calorimeter, the constant-volume type is almost indispensable in gaging the efficiency of explosion-engines.

=The Witz Calorimeter.=--The accompanying diagram (Fig. 152) illustrates Professor Witz's instrument. Its elements are a steel cylinder having an interior diameter of 2.36 inches, about a thickness of 0.078 inch and a height of about 3.54 inches, so that its capacity is about 15.1 cubic inches, and two covers screwed on the cylinder to seal it hermetically, oiled paper being used as a washer. The upper cover carries a spark-exciter; the lower cover is provided with a valve which discharges into a cylindrical member 1.06 inches in diameter. This second cover is downwardly inclined at its circumference toward the center to insure complete drainage of the mercury used for charging the calorimeter. All surfaces are nickel plated. The proportions of nickel and of steel are fixed by the manufacturer so as to render it possible to calculate the displacement of the apparatus in water. The calorimeter having been completely filled with mercury is inverted in this liquid in the manner of a test tube. The explosive mixture is then introduced, being fed from a bell in which it has previously been prepared. A rubber tube connects the bell with the instrument. The gas is forced from the bell to the calorimeter by the pressure in the bell. The conical form of the bottom causes the calorimeter to be emptied rapidly and to be refilled completely with explosive gas at a pressure slightly above that of the atmosphere. Equilibrium is re-established by manipulating the valve, during a very short interval, so as to permit the excess gas to escape. During this operation the calorimeter must be maintained in the vertical position shown in the diagram. The atmospheric pressure is read off to one-tenth of a millimeter (0.003936 inches) on a barometer. The temperature of the gas may be taken to be that of the mercury-vessel.

The explosive mixture is prepared in the water reservoir, the glass bulb shown in the accompanying illustration being employed. This bulb is closed at its upper end by means of a cock and is tapered at its lower end. The gas or air enters at the top by means of a rubber tube and gradually displaces the water through the lower end. The bulbs have a volume varying from 200 to 500 cubic centimeters (12 to 30 cubic inches), and the error resulting from each filling of a bulb is certainly less than 15 cubic millimeters (0.0009 cubic inches). The contents are emptied into a bell by lowering the bulb into the water and opening the cock. If seven bulbfuls of air be mixed with one bulbful of gas, an explosive mixture of 1 to 7 is produced, this being the proportion commonly employed for street-gas. For producer-gases the preferred proportion is 1 to 1, oxygen being often added to the air in order to insure complete combustion.

The calorimeter, after having been filled, is placed in a vessel containing a liter (1.7598 pints) of water so that it is completely immersed. A spark is then allowed to pass. The explosion is not accompanied by any noise; the temperature rises a fixed number of degrees, so that the quantity of heat liberated can easily be computed. Each division of the thermometer is equal to 0.01502 C. The scale reading is minute, each interval being divided by ten, so that readings to the 1,500th part of a degree can be taken.

It should be observed that the mixture generated in the reservoir is saturated with water vapor at the temperature of the reservoir. Consequently, the vapor generated by the explosion must condense in the calorimeter if the final temperature of the calorimeter is the same as that of the water reservoir. If, on the other hand, the temperature be slightly different, a correction must be made; but the error is negligible for differences in temperature of from 2 to 3 degrees C. (3.6 to 5.4 degrees F.). This, however, is never likely to occur if the operation is conducted under favorable conditions.

This apparatus is exceedingly simple and practical. It does not require the manipulation of a pump. The pressure of the mixture is read off on the barometer; the calorimeter is entirely immersed in the water of the outer vessel, so that all corrections of doubtful accuracy are obviated. The method requires but a very slight correction for temperature. Air, alone or mingled with oxygen, or a mixture of air and oxygen, can be easily tested with.

=Maintenance of Plants.=--If it should be necessary to retain a consulting engineer to install an engine capable of filling all requirements, it is also necessary to select a careful attendant in order that the engine may be kept in good condition. It is a rather widespread belief that a gas-engine can be operated without any care or inspection. This belief is all the more prevalent because of the employment of street-gas engines, which, by reason of their simplicity of construction and regularity of fuel supply, often run for several hours, and even for an entire day, without any attention whatever. But this negligence, particularly in the case of engines driven from producers, is likely to produce disastrous results. Although engines of this type do not require constant inspection during operation, still they require some attention in order that the speed may be kept at a fixed number of revolutions. Moreover, the care of the engine, the cleaning of the valves and of the various parts which are likely to become dirty, and the examination and cleaning of pipes, should be accomplished with great care and at regular intervals. This task should be entrusted only to a man of intelligence. A common workman who knows nothing of the care with which the parts of an engine should be handled is likely to do more harm than good.

The factory owner who follows the instructions which have been given in this book will avoid most of the stoppages and the trouble incurred in engine and generator installations, and may count upon a steadiness of operation comparable with that of a steam-engine.

TEST OF A "STOCKPORT" GAS-ENGINE WITH DOWSON PRESSURE GAS PLANT

Made by R. Mathot at the Works of the "Union Electrique" C^{ie}, Brussels, June 27, 1901

Piston Diameter: 15-1/2". Piston stroke, 22". Normal number of revolutions, 210.

1. Calorific value of the coal 12750 B.T.U. 2. Nature and origin of fuel: Anthracite coal of Charleroi (Belgium). 3. Cost of fuel per ton at the mine $5.50 4. Cost of fuel per ton at the plant $6.39 5. Fuel consumption per hour in the generator 46.3 lbs. 6. Fuel consumption per hour in the boiler 7 lbs. 7. Proportion of ash in the coal 6 per cent. 8. Weight of steam at 66 lbs. generated per hour 42.7 lbs. 9. Average brake horse-power 53 B.H.P. 10. Fuel consumption for gas per B.H.P. per hour 0.875 lbs. 11. Fuel consumption for steam per B.H.P. per hour 0.133 lbs. 12. Total fuel consumption 1.008 lbs. 13. Steam consumption at 66 lbs. pressure 0.81 lbs. 14. Gas pressure at the engine 1-3/8 inches 15. Weight of water per B.H.P. per hour for cooling the cylinder entering at 68° F. and leaving at 105° F. 51.5 lbs. 16. Corresponding heat absorbed in cooling 1970 B.T.U. 17. Average initial explosive pressure on piston 324 lbs. 18. Average pressure on piston per square inch 72 lbs. 19. Average indicated horse-power with 85 per cent. misses 92.5 I.H.P. 20. Corresponding mechanical efficiency 84 per cent. 21. Corresponding electric load 31.950 K.W. 22. Cost of B.H.P. per hour in anthracite $0.0029 23. Cost of kilowatt per hour in anthracite $0.0048 24. Electric power generated per B.H.P. 602.8 W. 25. Thermal efficiency at 53 B.H.P. with 85 per cent. explosions 18.5 per cent.

TEST OF A 20 H.P. WINTERTHUR ENGINE

With Winterthur Suction-Producer made by R. Mathot at Winterthur, June 4 and 5, 1902

DATA OF TESTS WITH ILLUMINATING GAS AND WITH FUEL GAS

Dimensions of Winterthur Engine--Piston diameter: 10-3/8". Stroke: 16-7/8". Compression: 177 pounds per square inch. Regulation: hit and miss. Ignition: electro-magnetic. Fly-wheel: normal, with external bearing. Lubrication of piston: with oil-pump. Of main bearings, with rings (as in dynamos).

FULL LOAD WITH STREET-GAS

1. Number of revolutions per minute 200 2. Corresponding number of explosions 96 per cent. 3. Net load on brake 120 lbs. 4. Corresponding effective power 22 B.H.P.

5. Mean initial explosive pressure on piston per square inch 455 lbs. 6. Average pressure on piston per square inch 78 lbs. 7. Gas consumption per B.H.P. at 24° C. and 721 mm. mean pressure 15.5 cubic feet 8. Gas consumption per B.H.P. reduced to 0° C. and 760 mm. mean pressure 13.5 cubic feet

HALF LOAD WITH STREET-GAS

9. Number of revolutions per minute 204 10. Corresponding number of explosions 60 per cent. 11. Net load on brake 60 lbs. 12. Corresponding effective power 11.6 B.H.P. 13. Gas consumption per B.H.P. per hour at 24° C. and 721 mm. mean pressure. 21 cubic feet 14. Gas consumption per B.H.P. per hour at 0° C. and 760 mm. mean pressure. 18.3 cubic feet

RUNNING WITH NO LOAD WITH STREET-GAS

15. Number of revolutions per minute 206 16. Corresponding number of explosions 22 per cent. 17. Total gas consumption per hour at 24° C. and 721 mm. mean pressure. 106 cubic feet 18. Maximum calorific power of gas per cubic foot 598 B.T.U. 19. Thermal efficiency with 96 per cent. explosions 31 per cent. 20. Mechanical efficiency with 96 per cent. explosions 82 per cent. 21. Temperature of water at the jacket-inlet 75 degs. F. 22. Temperature of water at the jacket-outlet 130 degs. F. 23. Compression per square inch on piston surface 178 lbs. 24. Pressure after expansion 37 lbs.

TEST OF WINTERTHUR PLANT WITH PRODUCER-GAS

1. Nature of fuel. Belgian anthracite, "Bonne Esperance et Batterie"; size, 3/4 inch.

2. Chemical composition: Carbon, 86.5 per cent.; hydrogen, 3.5 per cent.; oxygen and nitrogen, 4.65 per cent.; ash, 5.35 per cent.

3. Calorific value per pound of coal 14200 B.T.U. 4. Net calorific value per pound of fuel 15050 B.T.U. 5. Price of anthracite delivered at the plant $3.50 per ton 6. Number of revolutions of engine per minute 200 7. Corresponding number of explosions 91 per cent. 8. Load on brake 106 lbs. 9. Corresponding effective horse-power 20.2 B.H.P. 10. Fuel consumption at the generator per hour 16.4 lbs. 11. Fuel consumed per B.H.P. per hour 0.81 lbs. 12. Proportion of ash resulting from the tests 6 per cent. 13. Mean initial explosive pressure per square inch 419.5 lbs. 14. Average pressure on piston per square inch 72.5 lbs. 15. Indicated horse-power with 91 per cent. explosions 25.4 I.H.P. 16. Mechanical efficiency 79 per cent. 17. Thermal efficiency at the producer 22 per cent. 18. Water consumption per hour in the scrubber 66 gals. 19. Cost per B.H.P. per hour in anthracite 62 gals.

TEST OF A 60 B.H.P. GAS-ENGINE, TYPE G 9, WITH A SUCTION-GAS PLANT OF THE GASMOTOREN FABRIK DEUTZ

(Made at Cologne, March 15, 1904, by R. Mathot.)

DATA OF THE TESTS

Diameter of Piston = 16.5". Piston Stroke = 18.9"

FULL LOAD

1. Average number of revolutions per minute 188.66 2. Corresponding effective work 65.11 B.H.P. 3. Average compression per square inch 176 lbs. 4. Average initial explosive pressure per square inch 397 lbs. 5. Average final expansion pressure 25 lbs. 6. Vacuum at suction 4.4 lbs. 7. Average pressure on piston 81 lbs. 8. Corresponding indicated horse-power 77 I.H.P.

FUEL

9. Nature of fuel: Anthracite coal 0.4" to 0.8" 10. Origin: Coalpit of Zeihe, Morsbach at Aix-la-Chapelle. 11. Chemical composition of coal: Carbon 83.22% Hydrogen 3.31% Nitrogen and Oxygen 3.01% Sulphur 0.44% Ash 7.33% Water 2.69% 12. Calorific value. 13650 B.T.U.

GAS

13. Chemical composition of gas: Carbonic acid 6.60% Oxygen 0.30% Hydrogen 18.90% Methane 0.57% Carbon monoxide 24.30% Nitrogen 49.33% 14. Calorific value of gas, combination water, at 59° F. constant volume reduced to 32° F. and atmospheric pressure 140 B.T.U.

TEMPERATURES

_Engine_

15. Cooling water at the inlet of the cylinder-head 55.4 deg. F. Temperature at the outlet 109.5 deg. F. 16. Temperature at outlet of cylinder 127.5 deg. F.

_Gas-Generator_

17. Temperature of water in the vaporizer 158.3 deg. F.

EFFICIENCIES AND CONSUMPTION

18. Mechanical efficiency 84.6% 19. Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour 0.86 lbs 20. Thermal efficiency in proportion to the effective work and the gross consumption of coal in the gas-generator 24.3%

HALF LOAD

WORK

1. Average number of revolutions per minute 195.5 2. Corresponding effective work 33.85 B.H.P. 3. Corresponding average compression 125 lbs. 4. Average initial explosive pressure 258 lbs. 5. Average final expansion 18 lbs. 6. Vacuum at suction 6.8 lbs. 7. Average mean pressure on piston 46.2 lbs. 8. Corresponding indicated power 45. I.H.P. 9. Speed variation between full and half load 3.5%

CONSUMPTION

10. Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour 1.155 lbs.

RUNNING WITH NO LOAD

1. Average number of revolutions per minute 199 2. Minimum corresponding compression 95.55 lbs. 3. Average initial explosive pressure 220 lbs. 4. Average final expansion 0 lbs. 5. Vacuum at suction 8.8 lbs. 6. Average pressure on piston 11.2 lbs. 7. Corresponding indicated horse-power. 11 I.H.P. 8. Speed variation between full load and no load 5.2%

TEST OF A GAS PLANT OF A FOUR-CYCLE DOUBLE-ACTING ENGINE OF 200 H.P. AND A SUCTION-PRODUCER IN THE WORKS OF THE GASMOTOREN FABRIK DEUTZ, COLOGNE

March 14 and 15, 1904, by Messrs. A. Witz, R. Mathot, and de Herbais

DATA OF THE TESTS

Piston Diameter: 21-1/4". Stroke: 27-9/16". Diameter of Piston-Rods: front, 4-3/4"; rear, 4-5/16"

ENGINE

_Full Load Tests_

1. Average number of revolutions per minute 151.29 and 150.20 2. Corresponding effective load 214.22 B.H.P. and 222.83 B.H.P. 3. Duration of the tests 3 hours and 10 hours 4. Average temperature of water after cooling the piston 117.5 deg. F. 5. Average temperature of water after cooling the cylinder and valve-seats 135 deg. F. 6. Water consumption per hour for cooling the piston 39 gal.

PRODUCER

7. Nature and Origin of Fuel: Anthracite coal "Bonne-Esperance et Batterie" Herstal, Belgium. 8. Calorific value of fuel 14650 B.T.U. 9. Consumption of fuel per hour (plus 53 lbs. on the night of the 14th for keeping the generator fired during 14 hours, the engine being stopped) 199 lbs.-160 lbs. 10. Water consumption per hour in the vaporiser 14.2 gals. 11. Water consumption per hour in the scrubbers 318 gals. 12. Average temperature of gas at the outlet of the generator 558 deg. F. 13. Average temperature of gas at the outlet of the scrubbers 62.5 deg. F.

EFFICIENCIES

14. Gross consumption of coal per B.H.P. per hour 0.927 lbs.-0.720 lbs. 15. Consumption of coal per B.H.P. after deduction of the water 0.907 lbs.-0.705 lbs. 16. Thermal efficiency relating to the effective H.P. and to the dry coal consumed in the generator 19%-24.4% 17. Water consumption per B.H.P. hour: For the cylinder, stuffing-boxes and valve-seat jackets 4.65 gals. For the piston and piston-rods 1.75 gals. For the vaporizer 0.0655 gals. For washing the gas in the scrubbers 1.42 gals. 18. Water converted in steam per lb. consumed in the generator 0.193 gals.

INDEX

Adjustment of gas-engine, 126

Adjustment of moving parts, imperfect, 146

Admission-valve, binding of, 152

Admission, variable, 55, 56

Air-blast, 180

Air-chest, 82

Air, displacement of, 92

Air, exclusion of, in producers, 207

Air, filtration of, 82

Air-heater, Winterthur, 236

Air-heaters, 238

Air-pipe, 82

Air-pipe, location of, 83

Air-pump, 266

Air, regulation of supply, 82

Air suction, 81

Air suction, resistance to, 82

Air supply of producer, 225

Air-valve, control by engine, 25

Air vibration, 92

Alcohol as engine fuel, 264

Anthracite, consumption of, in producers, 200

Anthracite in producers, 190, 201

Anti-pulsators, 77

Anti-pulsators, disconnection of, in stopping engine, 132

Anti-pulsators, precautions to be taken with, 79

Anti-vibratory substances, 89

Ash-pit, 214, 217

Ash-pit, Bollinckx, 220

Ash-pit, cleaning of, 261

Ash-pit, Deutz, 220

Ash-pit, door of, 220

Ash-pit, Wiedenfeld, 220

Asphyxiation, 169

Atomizer of oil-engines, 265

Back firing, 82, 131

Back pressure to exhaust, 151

Bags, arrangement of, 80

Bags, capacity of, 79

Bags, precautions to be taken with, 79

Bags, rubber, 77

Bark as producer fuel, 193

Batteries for ignition, 31

Bearings, adjustability of, 5

Bearings, adjustment of, 44

Bearings, care of, 123

Bearings, lubrication of, 117

Bearings, material of, 51

Bearings of fly-wheels, 92

Bearings, overheated, 146

Bearings, over-lubricated, 150

Bearings, position of, 44

Bell, gas-holder, 187

Bell, Pintsch, 248

Bell, volume of, 187

Belts, prevention of adhesion by oil, 120

Bénier, E., 199

Benzin as engine fuel, 264

Binding, 147

Blast in producers, 180, 193, 225

Blower, Koerting, 181

Blower, Root, 182, 188

Blowers for producers, 181

Blowing-generators, 169

Bolts of foundation, 91

Bomb, Witz, 284, 292

Boughs for coolers, 108

Box, charging, 221

Box, double closure for charging, 222

Box, removable charging, 225

Brake tests, 284

Branch pipes, minimum diameter of, 81

Bricks for foundation, 91

Brushes, lifting of, when dynamo-engine is stopped, 132

Brush, purifying, 250

Burner of hot tube, how ignited, 128

Burner, regulation of fixed, 144

Bushings, care of, 123

Bushings, fusion of, 147

Bushings (see also Bearings)

Calorimeter, Witz, 292

Calorimeters, 284, 290

Cam, half-compression, 130, 132

Cam, relief, 130

Cams, 51

Caps of valve-chests, 124

Carbureter, 266

Care during operation of engine, 131

Casing, independence of frame, 42

Charging a producer, 221

Charging the generator, 259

Chest for exhaust, 83

Circulation of water, 98, 125

Circulation of water, how effected, 102

Circulation of water in tanks, 105

Circulation of water, regulation of, 107

Cleaning of producer, 261

Cleanliness, necessity of, 121

Cleanliness of producers, 179

Closures for charging-boxes, 223

Coal in producers, 201

Coal in producers, bituminous, 195

Coal, Pennsylvania, 203

Coal (see also Anthracite)

Coal, Welsh, 203

Cock, Deutz, 224

Cock, Pierson, 224

Cock for charging-box, 223, 224

Coke in producers, 201

Coke in washers, 242

Combustion-generators, 193

Combustion, inverted, 195

Compression, determination of, 273

Compression, faulty, 134

Compression, high, 154

Compression in Banki engine, 264

Compression in Diesel engine, 264

Compression, losses in, 143

Compression period, 21

Compression, relation to power developed, 122

Compressors for producers, 182

Connecting-rod bearings, 45

Connecting-rod bearings, rational design of, 45

Connecting-rod, lubrication of, 113, 115

Consulting engineer, advisability of retaining, 282

Consumption at half load and full load, 62

Consumption at various loads, 62

Consumption in double or triple acting engines, 62

Consumption of gas, 173

Consumption of gas in burner, 30

Consumption of suction-producers, 200

Consumption per effective horse-power, 62

Cooler for gas, 199

Cooler, for producer, 240

Coolers, 107

Coolers, size of, 109

Cooling of cylinder, 98, 100, 156

Cooling of producer-gas engines, 203

Cooling, thermo-siphon, 100

Cost of oil and volatile hydrocarbon engines, 268

Crank-pin, tensile strength of, 51

Crank-shaft, 50, 51

Crank-shaft bearings, 44

Crank-shaft bearings, design of, 46

Crank-shaft, effect of premature explosion on, 30

Crank-shaft lubrication, 117

Crank-shaft, material of, 50

Crosshead, care of, 123

Cycle, analysis of, 276

Cylinder, arrangement of, 41

Cylinder, cleaning of, 122

Cylinder, cooling of, 156

Cylinder, evacuation of, 83, 131

Cylinder, gravel in, 137

Cylinder, grinding of, 42

Cylinder, incandescent particles in, 142

Cylinder, independence of casing, Compression in, 42

Cylinder-jacket (see Water-jacket)

Cylinder lubrication, 112

Cylinder-oil, 112, 149

Cylinder, overhang in horizontal engines, 42

Cylinder, overheating of, 148

Cylinder, presence of water in, 136

Cylinder-shell, 41

Cylinder, smoke from, 149

Cylinder, temperature during operation of engine, 132

Cylinder, thrust of, 43

Cylinder, tightness of, 122

Damper, Pintsch, 224

Dampers, 223

Detonations, untimely, 141

Distributing mechanism, derangement of, 152

Drain-cock in gas-pipes, 70, 75

Drain-cocks, testing of, 256

Drier for producer-gas, 248

Dust-collector, 239

Dust-collector, Benz, 239

Dust-collector, Bollinckx, 239

Dust-collector, Pintsch, 239

Dust-collector, Wiedenfeld, 239

Dynamo, lifting brushes from, in stopping engine, 132

Ebelmen principle, 195

Engine, Banki, 264

Engine, Diesel, 264

Engine, producer-gas and steam, compared, 203

Engine, selection of, 279

Engine, starting a producer-gas, 258

Engineer, duty of a consulting, 281

Engines, governing oil, 265

Engines, oil, 264, 265

Engines, producer-gas, 153

Engines, producer-gas, temperature of, 157

Engines, specifications of, 281

Engines, speed of oil, 264

Engines, tests of, 268

Engines, volatile hydrocarbon, 264, 267

Engines, writers on oil, 266

Escape-pipes, 228

Essences, 264

Exhaust, 83

Exhaust, back pressure to, 151

Exhaust, determination of resistance to, 274

Exhaust into sewer or chimney, 85

Exhaust, noises of, 94, 141

Exhaust period, 22

Exhaust, water in, 136

Exhausters, 183

Exhaust-chest, 83

Exhaust-muffler, 86, 94

Exhaust-pipe, 83, 85

Exhaust-pipe, design of, 96, 97

Exhaust-pipe, joints for, 85

Exhaust-pipe, oil in, 151

Exhaust-valve, binding of, 152

Exhaust-valve, cooling of, 25

Expansion-boxes, 95

Expansion period, 22

Expert, necessity of an, 282, 283

Explosion, spontaneous, 140

Explosion-engines (see Gas-engines)

Explosion period, 22

Explosion-recorder, analysis of inertia of, 277

Explosion-recorder for industrial engines, 285

Explosion-recorder, the continuous, 269

Explosions, comparison of average force of, 275

Explosion-records, 288

Explosions, retarded, 143

Fans for producers, 181

Feeder, Winterthur, 236

Feed-hopper, 224

Fire-box, door of, 221

Flues, escape, 228

Fly-wheel, oil on, 120

Fly-wheel, starting the, 131

Fly-wheels, 46

Fly-wheels as pulleys, 46

Fly-wheels, balancing of, 46

Fly-wheels, curved spoke, how mounted, 49

Fly-wheels, fastening of, 46

Fly-wheels, proper mounting of, 46

Fly-wheels, rim of, 46

Fly-wheels, single, 48, 92

Fly-wheels, single, for dynamo-engines, 46

Fly-wheels, straight and curved spoke, 49

Fly-wheels with hit-and-miss system, 50

Foundation, 44, 87

Foundation, design of, 88, 89

Foundation, excavation for, 88

Foundation, insulation of, 89, 90

Foundation of dynamo-engine, 91

Frame, 43

Frame, method of securing, to foundation, 44

Fuel of producers, 178, 187, 254

Fuel, qualities of, 201

Fuel (see also Lignite, Peat, Sawdust, Wood, Coal, etc.)

Fuel, size of, 201

Fuel, smoke-producing, 254

Gas, ascertaining purity of, 128

Gas, blast-furnace, 153

Gas, calorific value of, 284

Gas, calorific value of producer, 200

Gas, coke-oven, 153

Gas consumption, 173

Gas consumption of burner, 30

Gas, effect of quality, 152

Gas-engine, balancing of, 46

Gas-engine, care during operation, 131

Gas-engine, cost of installation, 19

Gas-engine, cost of operation, 19

Gas-engine, difficulties in starting, 134

Gas-engine, how to start a, 128

Gas-engine, how to stop a, 132

Gas-engine, installation of a, 68

Gas-engine, location of a, 68

Gas-engine, selection of a, 21

Gas-engine, simplicity of installation, 17

Gas-engine, the four-cycle, 21

Gas-engines, adjustment of, 126

Gas-engines, care of, 121

Gas-engines, "Steam-Hammer," 57

Gas-engines, temperature of, 158

Gas-engines, tests of, 283

Gas-engines, vertical, 56

Gas-engines, writers on, 68

Gas, fuel, 153

Gas-holder, 186, 189

Gas-holders, 247

Gas-holder, combined with washer or scrubber, 186

Gas, illuminating (see Street-gas)

Gas, impurities of, 172

Gas, Mond, 153, 167

Gasometer (see Gas-holder)

Gas, producer (see Producer-gas)

Gas production, 173

Gas, purification of wood, 195

Gas supply, necessity of coolness, 69

Gas-valve, necessity of independent operation of, 27

Gas, water, 153, 169

Gas, wood, 153, 168

Gases, analysis of, 290

Generator (see also Producer)

Generator, Benz, 207

Generator, Bollinckx, 207

Generator, care of, 259

Generator, charging the, 259

Generator, construction of, 177, 207

Generator, dimensions of, 252

Generator, Dowson, 177

Generator, firing the, 205, 256

Generator, hot operation of, 252

Generator of suction producer, 205

Generator, operation of, 251

Generator, Pierson, 215

Generator, Pintsch, 207

Generator, Taylor, 207

Generator, Wiedenfeld, 207

Generator, Winterthur, 207

Generator with internal vaporizer, 206

Generators, blowing, 169

Generators, pressure, 169, 177

Governor, ball, 52, 53

Governor, care during operation, 131

Governor, hit-and-miss, 52, 54

Governor, inertia, 53

Governor, sensitiveness of, 52

Governors, 53

Governors, adjustment of, 124

Governors, care of, 123

Governors, centrifugal, 56

Governors, centrifugal, with hit-and-miss regulation, 55

Governors for oil-engines, 265

Governors for producer-gas engines, 161

Governors, hit-and-miss, 54

Governors, variable admission, 56

Grate, Bénier's, 216

Grate of generator-lining, 214

Grate, Kiderlen, 216

Grate, Pintsch, 216

Grate, Wiedenfeld, 216

Heater, air, 238

Hit-and-miss regulation (see Governors)

Holders, gas, 247

Hopper, Bollinckx, 225

Hopper, Deutz, 225

Hopper for generator, 224

Hopper, removable feed, 225

Hopper, Taylor, 225

Hopper, Wiedenfeld, 225

Hopper, Winterthur, 225

Horse-power, definition of, 60

Horse-power, determination of, 61

Horse-power (see also Power)

Hot tubes (see Tubes)

Hydrocarbons, volatile, for engine fuel, 264

Ignition, 27, 122

Ignition, adjustment of, 144

Ignition by battery and coil, 31

Ignition by magneto, 33

Ignition, curing defects of electric, 145

Ignition, defective, 152

Ignition, disadvantages of belated, 28

Ignition, disadvantages of premature, 28

Ignition, effect of lost motion, 146

Ignition, effect of mixture composition on, 28

Ignition, effect of temperature of flame on, 28

Ignition, effect of water on, 136

Ignition, electric, 30, 139

Ignition, electric, regulation of, 145

Ignition, faulty, 143

Ignition for high-pressure engines, 35

Ignition, hot-tube, 159

Ignition, imperfect, 137

Ignition, objections to electric, 31

Ignition of producer-gas, 160

Ignition, premature, 139, 142

Ignition, premature, in high-pressure engines, 158

Ignition, prevention of, by faulty compression, 134

Ignition, proper timing of, 27

Ignition, spontaneous, 140, 159

Ignition, tests prior to starting engine, 129

Ignition-tubes (see Tubes)

Incrustation of water-jacket, 98, 148

Incrustation, prevention of, 107

Incrustations, 255

Indicators, 285

Indicator-records, 127

Induction-coil, 32

Installation, laws governing gas-engine, 86

Joints, 125

Joints, care of, 124

Laming mass, 246

Laws governing gas-engines, 86

Leakage of pipes, 69

Lift-valve for charging-box, 223

Lignite in producers, 188

Lining, refractory, 211

Lining, support for generator, 214

Loads, consumption at half and full, 62

Location of engine, 68

Lubricate (see Oils)

Lubricating-pumps, 115

Lubrication, 111, 121

Lubrication, difficulties entailed by, 119

Lubrication, faulty, 149

Lubrication of crank-shaft, 117

Lubrication of high-power engine, 116

Lubrication of valve-stem, 119

Lubricator, cotton-waste, 117

Lubricators, automatic, 113

Lubricators, disconnection of, when stopping engine, 132

Lubricators, examination of, before starting, 129

Lubricators, feed of, 121

Lubricators, revolving-ring, 118

Lubricators, sight-feed, 118

Lubricators, types of, 113

Magneto, adaptability for producer-gas, 35

Magneto, control of, 38

Magneto, efficiency of, 34

Magneto-igniter, construction of, 35

Magneto ignition, 33

Magneto ignition, precautions to be taken, 34

Magneto, inspection of, before starting engine, 129

Magneto, mechanical control of, 33

Magneto, operation of, 33

Magneto, regulation of, 37

Maintenance of plants, 295

Manograph, 269

Mass, Laming, 246

Meters, capacity of, 70

Meters, dry, 72

Meters, evaporation in wet, 70

Meters, falsification of records, 70

Meters, inclination of, 71

Meters, size of, 71

Misfire, 137

Mixture, effect of high compression in, 155

Mixture, effect of high pressure on, 156

Mixture, governing by varying the, 161-164

Mixture, poorness of, 143

Mixture, pressure of, 26

Mixture-valve, necessity of independence of operation of, 27

Mortar for foundation, 87

Motion, lost, 146

Muffler for exhaust, 86, 94

Naphthalene in gas-pipes, 70

Noises, cause of, 92

Noises of exhaust, 94

Oilers (see Lubricators)

Oiling (see Lubrication)

Oil, addition of sulphur to, 147

Oil, cylinder, 149

Oil-engines, 264, 265

Oil-engines, governing, 265

Oil-engines, speed of, 264

Oil-engines, writers on, 266

Oil for engine fuel, 264

Oil, freezing of, 150

Oil-guard for fly-wheel, 120

Oil-lamp, 266

Oil, prevention of spreading on fly-wheel, 120

Oil-pumps, 115, 226

Oil, quality of, 150

Oil, splashing of, 119

Oil-tank, 266

Oils, how tested, 112

Oils, mineral for lubrication, 112

Oils, purification of, 113

Oils, quality of, 112

Oils, requisites of, 112

Operation, steadiness of, 52

Otto cycle, 21

Overheating, 152

Overheating, prevention of, 147

Pacini treatment, 171

Peat in producers, 188

Perturbations, 134

Petrol (see Oil)

Pipe-hangers, 86

Pipes, 69

Pipes, cross-section of, 70

Pipes, disposition of, 77

Pipes, escape, 228

Pipes, exposure to cold, 69

Pipes for exhaust, 83

Pipes for producer-gas, 249

Pipes for water-tanks, 102, 103, 105

Pipes, hanging of, 86

Pipes, insulation from foundations and walls, 94

Pipes, leakage of, 69

Pipes, minimum diameter of branch, 81

Pipes, proper size of, 70

Piston, 39, 122

Piston, avoidance of insertions or projections, 39

Piston, cleaning of, 141

Piston, curved faces inadvisable, 39

Piston, direct connection with crank-shaft, 43

Piston, finish of, 41

Piston, importance of, 111

Piston, leakage of, 136

Piston, overheating of, 148

Piston, position of, in starting, 130

Piston, rear face of, 39

Piston-pin, construction of bearing at, 40

Piston-pin, location of, 41

Piston-pin, locking of, 40

Piston-pin, lubrication of, 113

Piston-pin, material of, 40, 51

Piston-pin, strength of, 40

Piston-rings, fouling of, 149

Piston-rings, material of, 41

Piston-rings, number of, 41

Piston-rod, effect of premature explosion on, 30

Piston-wear, 40

Poisoning, carbon monoxide, 170

Porcelain of spark-plug, 32

Power, definition of, 60

Power, measuring engine, 285

Power, "Nominal," 61

Precautions to be taken in starting, 128

Pressure, back, to exhaust, 151

Pressure-generators, 169, 177

Pressure in producer-gas engines, 160

Pressure-lubricators, 114

Pressure-producers, 174

Pressure-regulator, bell as, 187

Pressure-regulators, 77

Pressure-regulators, their construction, 78

Pressures, high, in producer-gas engines, 154

Preheaters, 229

Producer, assembling, 253

Producer, Bénier, 216

Producer, Benz, 228, 239, 240

Producer, Bollinckx, 206, 220, 225, 228, 234, 239

Producer, Chavanon, 229

Producer, cleaning of, 261

Producer, Dawson, 174

Producer, Deschamps, 198

Producer, Deutz, 206, 220, 224, 225, 228, 229, 240

Producer, Deutz, 231, 232

Producer, Deutz lignite, 188

Producer, Duff, 195

Producer, Fangé-Chavanon, 198

Producer, Fichet-Heurty, 240, 245

Producer, Gardie, 183

Producer-gas, 153

Producer-gas, 165

Producer-gas as a furnace fuel, 177

Producer-gas, calorific value of, 200

Producer-gas, composition of, 166

Producer-gas plants, tests of, 297

Producer-gas, writers on, 154

Producer, general arrangement of suction, 204

Producer, Goebels, 206

Producer, Hille, 206, 239

Producer, Kiderlen, 206

Producer, Kiderlen, 216

Producer, Koerting, 232

Producer, Lencauchez, 212, 214

Producer, Phoenix, 217

Producer, Pierson, 224, 229

Producer, Pintsch, 206, 216, 224, 231, 232, 239, 245, 248

Producer, Riché, 168, 190, 193, 195, 216

Producer (see also Generator)

Producer, stoppage of, 261

Producer, Taylor, 206, 214, 225, 231, 232

Producer, test by smoke, 254

Producer, test of Deutz, 298

Producer, test of Dowson, 296

Producer, tests of Winterthur, 297

Producer, Thwaite, 195

Producer, Wiedenfeld, 206, 216, 220, 225, 234, 239

Producer, Winterthur, 225, 228, 236

Producers, advantages of suction, 199

Producers, combustion, 193

Producers, conditions of perfect operation, 251

Producers, consumption of suction, 200

Producers, distilling, 190

Producers, efficiency of, 201

Producers, efficiency of lignite, 190

Producers, efficiency of wood, 194

Producers, lignite, 188

Producers, maintenance of, 254

Producers, peat, 188

Producers, pressure, 174

Producers, self-reducing, 193

Producers, specifications of, 281

Producers, suction, 199

Producers, suction (see also Suction-producers)

Producers, tests of, 297

Producers with external vaporizers, 206

Production of gas, 173

Pulley, disconnection of, in stopping engine, 132

Pump, circulating with by-pass, 106

Purifier, fiber, 185

Purifier, Fichet-Heurtey, 245

Purifier, material for, 245

Purifier, moss, 185

Purifier, Pintsch, 245

Purifier, sawdust, 185

Purifiers for gas, 184

Purifiers for producer-gas, 244

Recorder, analysis of inertia of explosion, 277

Recorder, explosion, for industrial engines, 285

Recorder, the continuous explosion, 269

Records of engines, 284

Records of explosions, 288

Records, indicator, 127

Regrinding of valves, 122

Regularity, cyclic, 48, 53

Remagnetization of magnetos, 33

Resuscitation after asphyxiation, 171

Retort, cleaning of, 225

Retort of producer, 190

Retort, support, 214

Revolutions, variations in number of, 52

Rollers, 51

Running, steadiness of, 52

Sand for foundation, 87

Sawdust in producers, 193

Scavenging, 142, 155

Scrubber, 189, 199

Scrubber, combined with gas-holder, 186

Scrubber for producer-gas, 240

Scrubber, size of, 253

Selection of gas-engine, 21

Shavings in producers, 193

Slide-valve for charging-box, 223

Slide-valve, its disadvantages, 23

Sluice-valves, 101

Smoke from cylinder, 149

Spark-plug, 32

Specifications of engines, 281

Specifications of producers, 281

Speed, how to increase, 124

Speed of oil-engines, 264

Speed of volatile hydrocarbon engines, 264

Speed, variation of, with load, 52

Spokes of fly-wheels, 49

Spring for valves (see Valves)

Springs, selection of, for explosion-recorder, 277

Starter, Tangye, 65

Starting an engine, 128

Starting, automatic, 63, 130

Starting by compressed air, 64

Starting by hand, 63

Starting by hand-pumps, 64

Starting, difficulties in, 134

Starting, how accomplished, 66

Starting of producer-gas engine, 258

Steadiness, 52

Steam-engine, cost of installation, 19

Steam-engine, cost of operation, 19

Stoppage of producer, 261

Stopping the engine, 132

Stops, sudden, 151

Straw in producers, 193, 254

Street-gas, 165

Suction, determination of resistance to, 274

Suction, noises caused by, 141

Suction of air, 81

Suction period, 21

Suction-producer, general arrangement of, 204

Suction-producers, 199

Suction-producers, advantages of, 199

Suction-producers, efficiency of, 201

Suction-valve, leakage of, 142

Super-heater, Winterthur, 236

Sylvester treatment, 171

Tanks, connection of, 105

Tanks, design of, 103

Tanks, location of, 102

Tanks for water-jacket, how mounted, 101

Tar in producer-plants, 200

Tar, removal of, 250

Tar (see also Scrubber, Purifier, etc.)

Taylor, A., 199

Terminals of magneto apparatus, 34

Tests of gas-engine plants, 283

Tests of high-speed engines, 268

Tests of producer-gas engines, 297

Thrust-bearings, 51

Tongue, traction of, in asphyxiation cases, 172

Tower, washer, 244

Town-gas (see Street-gas)

Tree branches for coolers, 107

Trepidations, 92

Tube, gas-supply pipe of incandescent, 77

Tube, incandescent, 27

Tube, incandescent, adjustment of, 144

Tube, incandescent, breakage of, 137

Tube, incandescent, danger of breaking, 131

Tube, incandescent, how started, 128

Tube, incandescent, leakage of, 138

Tubes as vaporizers, 231

Tubes, incandescent, 28, 159

Tubes, incandescent, valved, 29

Tubes, use of special valves with incandescent, 29

Tubes, valveless ignition, 28

Valve-chests, 124

Valve mechanism, slide, 23

Valve-regrinding, 122, 135

Valve-stem lubrication, 119

Valves, 122

Valves, accessibility of, 25

Valves, cooling of, 25

Valves, cooling of, in high-pressure engines, 156

Valves, defective operation of, 135

Valves, free, 27

Valves, mechanical control of, 27

Valves, modern, 24

Valves, necessity of cleanliness, 25

Valves, regulation of, before starting, 129

Valves, requisites of, 25

Valves, retardation in action of, 146

Vaporizer, Bollinckx, 234

Vaporizer, Chavanon, 229, 234

Vaporizer, Deutz, 231, 232, 229, 225

Vaporizer, Field, 233

Vaporizer, internal, 206

Vaporizer, Koerting, 232

Vaporizer, maintenance of, 255

Vaporizer, operation of, 234

Vaporizer, Pierson, 229

Vaporizer, Pintsch, 231, 232

Vaporizer-preheaters, 229

Vaporizer, size of, 253

Vaporizer, Taylor, 231, 232

Vaporizer, Wiedenfeld, 225, 234

Vaporizers, external, 206, 230

Vaporizers, internal, 229

Vaporizers, partition, 234

Vaporizers, regulation of, 236

Vaporizers, tubular, 231

Ventilation in engine-room, 69

Vibration, 89

Vibration of air, 92

Vibration, prevention of, 89, 90

Water circulation, 98, 107, 125

Water circulation by pump, 107

Water circulation, care during operation, 132

Water circulation, how effected, 102

Water circulation, prevention of freezing, 133

Water-coolers, 106

Water-coolers, size of, 109

Water for circulation, 99

Water for producer-gas engines, 203

Water-gas, 153, 167

Water in cylinder, 136

Water in exhaust, 136

Water-jacket, 41, 98, 125, 157

Water-jacket, incrustation of, 148

Water-jacket, outlet of, 98

Water-jacket, prevention of incrustation, 107

Water-pipe, 102

Water, purification of, for circulation, 98

Water, running, for jacket, 98

Water-tanks, 101

Water-tanks, connection of, 103, 105

Water-tanks, design of, 103

Water-tanks, location of, 102

Washer, Benz, 240

Washer, combined with gas-holder, 186

Washer, Deutz, 240

Washer, Fichet-Heurtey, 240

Washer for gas, 199

Washer for producer-gas, 240

Washer, maintenance of, 256

Washer, material employed in, 242

Washer, Winterthur, 240

Washers, 184

Wear, premature, 146

Witz apparatus, 284

Wood as fuel, 254

Wood, calorific value, 194

Wood-gas, 153, 168

Wood-gas, purification of, 195

Wood in producers, 190, 192, 193

Work, definition of effective, 60

ADVERTISEMENTS

THE MIETZ & WEISS

OIL ENGINE

STATIONARY MARINE 1 to 75 H.P. 1 to 60 H.P.

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A. MIETZ

87-89 Elizabeth St. 128-138 Mott St., New York

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___________________________________________________________________ | | | PATENTS | | | | The Wealth of Nations | |___________________________________________________________________| | | | A patent gives you an exclusive right to your | | invention for a term of seventeen years. You | | can sell, lease, mortgage it, assign portions of it, | | and grant licenses to manufacture under it. Our Patent | | system is responsible for much of our industrial progress | | and our success in competing in the markets of the world. | | The value of a successful Patent is in no degree commensurate | | with the almost nominal cost of obtaining it. In | | order to obtain a Patent it is necessary to employ a | | Patent Attorney to prepare the specifications and draw | | the claims. This is a special branch of the legal profession | | which can only be conducted successfully by experts. | | For nearly sixty years we have acted as solicitors | | for thousands of clients in all parts of the world. Our | | vast experience enables us to prepare and prosecute | | Patent cases and Trade Marks at a minimum of expense. | | Our work is of one quality, and the rates are the same to | | rich and poor. Our unbiased opinion freely given. | | We are happy to consult with you in person or by | | letter as to the probable patentability of your invention. | | ___________________________________________________________ | | | | =Hand Book on Patents, Trade | | Marks, etc., Sent Free on Application= | |___________________________________________________________________| | | | MUNN & COMPANY | | SOLICITORS OF PATENTS | | Main Office 361 Broadway, New York | | Branch Office, 625 F Street, Washington, D.C. | |___________________________________________________________________|

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Transcriber's Notes

Blank pages have been deleted. Illustrations may have been moved. The following publishers' errors and inconsistencies were corrected as noted:

Fig. 59: "Thermo-siphon" was "Thermo-syphon". Page viii: "If ignition occurs too" was "If ignition occur too" Page 18: "smoke-stack" was "smokestack". Page 19: Split illustrations and titled one "Fig. 1a". Page 70: Rearranged table. Page 83: "sawdust" was "saw-dust". Page 83: "9 feet by 15 feet" was "9 feet by 75 feet" (math error). Page 92: "crank-shaft" was "crankshaft". Page 92: "fly-wheel" was "flywheel". Page 105: "thermo-siphons" was "thermo-syphons". Page 128: "gas-pipe" was "gaspipe". Page 174, 200, 203(2 places): "horse-power" was "horsepower". Page 205: "super-heater" was "superheater". Page 220: "air-tight" was "airtight". Page 239: "superheated" was "super-heated". Page 255: "potash" was "postash". Page 264: "59 degrees F." was "490 degrees F." (conversion error). Page 269: "drum p''" was "drum p'". Page 291: Fig. 150 has been split into two figures. Page 297: "Stroke" was "Stoke". Page 300: "Ziehe was "Zi he". Page 301: "Messrs." was "Me rs.". Page 323: "FOR" was "FOF". Index: "Fire-box" was "Firebox". Index: "Governors, ... hit-and-miss" was "hit-and miss". Index: "Piston ... crank-shaft" was "crankshaft". Advertisements: Chapter header "ADVERTISEMENTS" added.

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