Part 18

The coincidence which this comparison shows to exist between English and German games is very close. Taking three German collections--belonging respectively to Switzerland (Rochholz), to Suabia (Meier), and to Schleswig-Holstein (Handelmann)--and leaving out of account songs and ballads, we have about eighty games played with rhymes or formulas. Of this number, considering only cases of obvious identity, we estimate that forty-five have equivalents in the present series, and thirty-three are not so paralleled. But of the latter class, six are known to have been played in Great Britain, while thirteen others appear to be variations of types represented in this collection. Of the small number remaining, few seem to be ancient, it being impossible to point out more than three or four really curious games which are not played also in an English form. This agreement cannot be explained by inheritance from a common stock, a theory which research has also discredited in other branches of folk-lore. The relationship is only a degree less near in other countries; thus, in a collection of Spanish games belonging to Catalonia (Maspons y Labrós), we find that, out of thirty-eight games, twenty-five have English equivalents.

NOTES TO INTRODUCTION.

CAROL, p. 9. Middle Latin _Choraula_, from _choreola_. The word _coraula_ is still used to denote the ring-dance in Switzerland; also _coreihi_, to leap (choreare), Rochholz, p. 371. Russian _chorom_, a round of children, Bezsonoff, p. 190.

MAY-GAMES, pp. 16-19. Tarbé, "Romancero de Champagne," ii. 61. Puymaigre, p. 201, "Trimazos." A. Rivinus, "De Majumis," etc., in Graevius, Syntagma (Utrecht, 1702).

GAMES CITED BY FROISSART (pp. 34, 35).--The passage here rendered (with the omission of two or three obscure names of amusements) is from "L'Espinette Amoureuse," l. 143-338, 35-47. Many of the games mentioned cannot now be recognized from the titles given. Others, however, can be identified; thus, _Queue loo loo_ (keuve leu leu) is No. 106 of the present collection; _Oats_ (avainne), No. 21; _Scorn or Derision_ (risées), perhaps No. 61; _King who does not lie_, perhaps No. 55; _Grasses_ (erbelette), No. 42; _Cligne-musette_ (Cluignette), No. 105; _Pince-merine_, according to Menagier de Paris, lxxvii., the same as _Pince-sans-rire_, No. 77, C. _Playing with nuts_, No. 144; _Throwing pence_, etc., No. 144, B. _Pebbles_ (pierettes), No. 137, or No. 148. _Hook_ (havot), perhaps _Hockey_, No. 136. _Mule_, a kind of leapfrog, still played in Italy, _Salta-muletta_, Gianandrea, No. 30. A species of this game in Philadelphia is now called _Saults_. Replies (réponniaux), a sort of _Hide and seek_, No. 105, in which the concealed person indicates his whereabouts in answer to a call; see same poem, l. 2653. _Astonishment_ (esbahi), a game which consisted in imitating that emotion; thus, when the horses of a party have given out unexpectedly--"I should think we were playing at Astonishment," says one of the cavaliers, looking at the faces of the rest (Dict. of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, art. "Esbahi"). On the whole, the impression which the catalogue gives us, is that the sports of a child in the Middle Ages were very similar to those of to-day, or, perhaps we should rather say, of yesterday.

LOVE-GAMES (p. 39).--This is an old name for games representing or offering opportunity for courtship, as "love-songs" is for ballads. We have heard both expressions in New England, from the lips of aged persons, in whose youth they were current. See the Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1738.

NOTES TO GAMES.

No. 1. English versions are numerous. Halliwell, Nurs. Rh. (6th ed.), Nos. 332, 333. Pop. Rh., pp. 123, 124. Chambers, p. 143; p. 141, "Janet jo." Notes and Queries, 1st ser. VI. 241; 5th ser. IV. 51, 157.--_German_, Meier, p. 107 (cited), 109: Handelmann, p. 62. Vernaleken, p. 55, etc.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 175 f.--_Icelandic_, Arwiddson, iii. 182. Lyngbye, Faeröiske Quaeder, p. 37, introd. note.--_Faroese_, Antiq. Tids., 1849-51, p. 310, "Princes riding," compare No. 3.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 43, "L'Imbasciatore." Gianandrea, No. 23, "Il bel Castello."--_Spanish_ (Catalan), Maspons y Labrós, p. 47, "La Conversa del rey Moro."--_French_, Ch. du Cambresis, i. 80.

2. A variety of No. 1. Corresponding is the _Faroese_ version referred to, in which the suitors, after rejection as thralls, smiths, etc., are finally accepted as princes, with the expression "tak vid" (literally "take with"), be welcome, which may explain the peculiar use of the word "take" in our rhyme.

3. Also a variety of No. 1. Folk-lore Record, iii. 170. Chambers, p. 139 (cited). "I am a lusty wooer" (the version referred to, p. 49, note) is said to have been played by Charles II. See the Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1738; Nurs. Rh., No. 491.

4. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties (Lond. 1879), p. 27. Compare French round in Celnart, p. 24.

5. Nurs. Rh., No. 479. Compare No. 31.

6. Nurs. Rh., No. 466, "The Keys of Canterbury." Chambers, p. 61, "The Tempted Lady."

7. _French_, Celnart, p. 15, sixth round, presents verbal correspondence.

8. These versions belong to a game, widely diffused through Europe, in which a "rich" mother begs away, one by one, the daughters of a "poor" mother, until she has secured them all.--_German_, Frischbier, No. 657.--_French_, Chabreul, p. 175, "Riche et Pauvre." Celnart, p. 382, "Olivé Beauvé et la voisine." Ch. du Camb., i. 77, "La Boiteuse." The celebrated song "Giroflé Giroflà" is of the same origin. In the Canadian round (Gagnon, p. 149), and in the English rhyme, for the sake of the dance, the mother whose daughters are begged away or stolen is turned into a mother whose object is to marry her many daughters; so the _Swedish_ (Arwiddson, iii. 203), which presents verbal correspondence to the English song of our collection. Arwiddson, iii. 167, game of "Rich and Poor Birds." The first comes in limping, leaning on a cane, and with piteous gestures begs the train of the other. By comparing No. 154, and note, it will be seen that all the above games make up a single branch of the numerous outgrowths of a primitive root, which is responsible for no small part of the amusements of youth in Europe. Compare Nurs. Rh., No. 343.

10. Connected is a European game representing courtship--meeting, saluting, parting, etc.--_German_, Frischbier, No. 674.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 257.--_Flemish_, Looten and Feys, No. 113. A different but related game is _French_, Celnart, p. 14 (cited). Chabreul, p. 157. Gagnon, p. 151.--_Italian_, Corazzini, p. 84.--The words "Rowe the boat" begin a waterman's roundel, A.D. 1453; see Chappell's Pop. Music of the Olden Time, p. 482.--(4.) _French_, Ch. du Camb., i. 221 (cited).

11. Chambers, p. 140, "Janet jo." Folk-lore Record, iii. 171, "Jenny Jones." See Coussemaker, p. 100, Flemish "Maiden's Dance."--Bernoni, Cant. Pop. Venez. xi. 2, "Rosetina."--Roxburghe Coll. i. 186-189, Ballad of "The Bride's Buriall."

12. Compare N. and Q., 3d ser. VII. 353.

13. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 133. Henderson, Folk-lore, p. 26.

15. N. and Q., 5th ser. III. 482.--French round cited, Ch. du Camb., ii. 58. Gagnon, p. 303 (cited, p. 8). Bugeaud, i. 202.

16. Chambers, p. 118.--_French_, Ch. du Camb., ii. 42.

17. _Danish_ and _Swedish_ ballads, Sv. Grundtvig, Danmarks Gamle Folkeviser, Nos. 180, 181.

18. Child, Eng. and Scot. Ballads, 1857, iii. 136.

19. Child, ii. 154.

20. _Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 196.

21. _French_, Celnart, p. 21, etc.--_Provençal_, see Fauriel, Hist. de la Poésie Prov., ii. 87.--_Spanish_ (Catalan), Mila y Fontanals, Romanc. Cat., p. 173.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 37. (Sicily) Pitrè, ii. 33.--_German_, Meier, pp. 136, 137.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 326.--Rounds of a similar type, Chabreul, p. 146, "Salade." Bugeaud, i. 48, "Plantons la Vigne."

22. _German_, Dunger, pp. 184-186. Mullenhoff, p. 484, No. 2. "Aus dem Kinderleben," p. 33.--_Finnish_, Neus, p. 387.

23. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 127. Chambers, p. 134.

25. A variation of 23, 24. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 130. Chambers, p. 135.--_French_, Gagnon, p. 99. Chabreul, p. 141, etc.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 96, "Thus do the Shoemakers."

26. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 170. Compare French game, Ch. du Camb., i. 223.

28. Nurs. Rh., No. 287.

29. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 169. For French game referred to, see Laisnel de la Salle, ii. 151.--_French_, Celnart, p. 53, "L'Anguille Enfilée."

30. Compare Provençal nurse-songs, in Chants Pop. du Languedoc, "Chants énumeratifs," especially p. 432.

31. Compare No. 5.

32. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 119, "Mary Brown." N. and Q., 6th ser. II. 248.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 233.--_Finnish_, Neus, p. 388.--_Italian_, Comparetti, iv. 263.--_French_, Mélusine, p. 542.

33. Chambers, p. 25. N. and Q., 4th ser. II. 274.--_Flemish_, _Dutch_, _German_, Hor. Belg., ii., Nos. 143, 145.--_French_ (Canada), Gagnon, p. 129.

34. Nurs. Rh., No. 290. To this class of jests belongs the German tale, Grimm, No. 119, "Die sieben Schwaben."

35. Chambers, p. 344. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 218, quotes the first lines of this rhyme from Aubrey's Miscellanies, ed. 1696.

36. Compare Chambers, p. 137, "A Courtship Dance."--_French_, Celnart, p. 19.--Canadian song of Perrette, Gagnon, p. 286.

38. For way of playing, compare No. 22.

40. Chappell, Pop. Music of the Olden Time, p. 589.--_French_ (Canada), Gagnon, p. 223.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 369.

42. _German_ usages, Rochholz, pp. 172-174. Meier, p. 93.--In Middle Ages, Zingerle, pp. 32, 33.--_Italian_, Corazzini, pp. 93, 94.--Drawing lots by spires of grass is probably the "Erbelette" of Froissart; see Celnart, p. 105, "L'Herbette Joliette."--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 123.

43. _German_ usages, Rochholz, pp. 174-183.

45. Compare French of Gagnon, p. 147.

46. _French_, Ch. du Camb., i. 119, etc.--_German_, Peter, p. 49, etc.--_Flemish_, Willems, p. 522.--_Breton_, Mélusine, p. 462.

47. _French_, Rabelais, Gargantua, ch. xxii. Laisnel de la Salle, ii. 156.

48. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., pp. 263-265. Chambers, p. 31.--_German_, Rochholz, pp. 156-170; he refers to the Rigsmál of the poetic Edda. Schuster, p. 364, etc.--_Provençal_, Ch. Pop. du Languedoc, p. 517, "Las Bestios."

50. Nurs. Rh., No. 278. Compare Finnish game, Neus, p. 417.

52. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 94. Meier, p. 135.--_French_, Chabreul, p. 183.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 400.

53. Strutt, p. 294. Brand, ii. 287.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 86, "Ritterschlagen." Rochholz, p. 435.--_French_, "Les Ambassadeurs," Celnart, p. 131. Old English game of "Questions and Commands," Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738; Rochholz, p. 413.

55. Perhaps the "Roi qui ne ment" of Froissart, which he mentions as a game of his childhood (see p. 34), and also as played by great personages.

56. _French_, Celnart, p. 125.

57. Similarly, in a French game, "Le Roi Dépouillé" (Celnart, p. 139), the player must say "Oserais-je?" at every movement.

58. See the round in Chappell, Pop. Mus., p. 77.

60. Perhaps connected with No. 154. Compare German, Vernaleken, p. 52, No. 8.

61. Very likely the "Derision" (Risées) of Froissart.

62. _German_, Rochholz, p. 183. Vernaleken, p. 47, etc.--_Provençal_, "Lou brandet de Roso," Ch. Pop. du Languedoc, p. 577.

64. _German_, Dunger, p. 176, played also in New York. The rhyme in the text seems a recent translation.

68. Nurs. Rh., No. 352. Chambers, p. 137.--_French_, Celnart, p. 19.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 100, "Jan petit."

71. Nurs. Rh., No. 218.

74. Chambers, p. 139, "Curcuddie."--_French_, Celnart, p. 353, "Les Jarcotons."--Among games of motion might have been mentioned the familiar "Puss in the Corner," Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738.--_French_, Celnart, p. 57, "Les Quatre Coins," etc.

75. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 128.--_Danish_, Grundtvig, Dansk. Folk., 2d ser. p. 142.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 19, No. 18.--_Spanish_, Marin, I. 52, No. 84.

76. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 112.--_French_, Chabreul, p. 8, "Petit bonhomme vist encore, car il n'est pas mort."--_German_, Handelmann, p. 31, "Little man still lives."--The _High-German_ formula is, "Stirbt der Fuchs, so gilt der Balg." Like the English phrase is a Danish game, "Do not let my master's bird die", Syv, "Adagia Danica," p. xlvii.--_Russian_ (Kazan), Mozarowski, p. 88, "Kurilka lives, she is not dead."

77. (a) _German_, Vernaleken, p. 89.--_French_, Celnart, p. 307--(b) Nurs. Rh., No. 282.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 88, "Vater Eberhard."--(c) _German_, Rochholz, p. 430, No. 50.--_French_, Rabelais, Gargantua, ch. xxii. Celnart, p. 124, "Pince-sans-rire."

79. Compare finger-game in Chambers, p. 116. Italian finger-game referred to, Bernoni, p. 22, No. 25.

81. Strutt, p. 290, "Hammer and Block."

83. _French_.--Celnart, p. 162, "Le Chevalier Gentil."

86. Nurs. Rh., Nos. 297, 307.--_German_, Meier, p. 138; Handelmann, p. 40.--_French_, Mélusine, p. 198.

87. _Italian_ (the game, not the rhyme), Ferraro, G. Monfer., No. 10.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 48, No. 71. Compare Nurs. Rh., No. 293; Chambers, p. 159.

88. Celnart (2d ed., A.D. 1830) gives sixty kinds of "pénitences," consisting in kissing, as then usual in French society (see p. 6).--_French_, Celnart, p. 302, "Les Aunes d'Amour," the same as "Measuring yards of tape."--_German_, Frischbier, p. 201, "Aus dem Brunnen erretten," equivalent to "I'm in the well." "Redeeming forfeits in Germany," Frischbier, p. 199.

89. With the dialogue at the end of the second version, compare No. 154, B. An Italian game, Corazzini, p. 104, has a similar theme.

90. Spectator, No. 268.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 440.

91. Strutt, p. 386. "Even or Odd." A universal game.--_Ancient Egyptian_, Wilkinson, ii. 416.--_Ancient Greek_, Aristotle, Rhet. iii. 5. The formula is #artia ê perissa#--_Latin_, "par impar."--_German_, "grad oder ungrad," or "effen oder uneffen."--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 51, "Pares ó Nones" ("par est, non est").

92. The similar _Italian_ game begins, "Galota, galota," whence, no doubt, our "_Hulgul_," Gianandrea, No. 20.--_Ancient Greek_, Scholiast to Aristophanes, Plut. 1057, #posa en chersin echô#; "How many have I in my hands?" Suidas (10th century), Lexicon, under #paidia#, writes: "There is a game of the following character among the Athenians: Having taken up a number of nuts and holding out his hand, one asks, 'How many have I?' And if [the other] guesses the number, he takes as many as he has in his hand; but if he fails to guess, he loses as many as the asker holds in his hand."--_Latin_, given by Helenius Acron (4th century), "quot in sunt?" See Marin, note to preceding game.--_German_, Meier, p. 123, "Wie viel sollen Kerner in meiner Hand sein?" Handelmann, p. 35, etc.

93. A child rests his head in the lap of another, while a third claps the back of the first, keeping time to the words of the rhyme, and finally raises a certain number of fingers; if the kneeling child can guess the number, he takes the other's place.--_Spanish_, Marin, i. 51, No. 81. The rhyme closely resembles the English given in the text.--_Italian_, Imbriani, No. 30, where the question is, "How many horns do I hold up?"--_German_, Meier, pp. 135, 136, where it is asked, "Wie viel Hörner hat der Bock?" This allusion to the goat (as a leaping animal) refers to the usual practice of riding on the back of the stooping child while putting the question.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 434.--_Dutch_, Hor. Belg., vi. 182. The formulas differ. Tylor, Primitive Culture, i. 67. The Latin formula of Petronius is curiously translated by F. Nodot, A.D. 1694: "Étant à cheval sur luy, il luy donna plusieurs coups du plat de la main sur les épaules, disant tout haut en riant, Quatre cornes dans un sac, combien font-ils? ce jeu fini," etc. Nodot remarks of his free translation, that it is still a boys' game in France.

94. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 116, "Handy-Dandy."--_German_ (Austria), Vernaleken, p. 41. The formula is the exact counterpart of the English: "Windle, wandle, in welchen Handle, oben oder unt?" Handelmann, p. 35 (Schleswig-Holstein), "Where dwells the smith? Above or below?"--_Spanish_, Marin, p. 50, No. 77.

95. _German_, Meier, p. 124, "Under which finger sits the hare?"

97. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 125, "My Lady's lost her diamond ring."--_Low-German_ formulas exactly correspond to our "Hold fast what I give you." Thus the North Frisian, "Biwari wel, wat ik di du," Handelmann, p. 38. Corresponding to "Button, button, who's got the button?" is the _Italian_ "Anello, anello, chi ha mi anello?" Gianandrea, No. 14.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 86.

98. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 133.

99. _German_, Frischbier, p. 195.

100. A universal game.

101. Halliwell, Nurs. Rh., Nos. 328, 357; Pop. Rh., p. 118; Chambers, p. 123, "The King and Queen of Cantelon."--_German_, Rochholz, p. 414, No. 32.

102. Halliwell, Pop. Rh., p. 132, "The Old Dame," like our B. The Scotch of Chambers, p. 130, "Gled Wylie" (wily hawk) corresponds to our first version.--_German_, Mullenhoff, p. 488; Handelmann, p. 76, etc.--_Swedish_, Arwiddson, iii. 164.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 34, No. 40, here a game of a witch like our second version.--_Finnish_, Neus, p. 418, begins like the Scotch.--_Russian_, Bezsonoff, p. 195, probably borrowed from the German.

103. The name, "Tag," in Gent.'s Mag., Feb. 1738.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 66, "Eisen anfassen;" "Eisenzech" in Berlin; "Eisenziggi" in Switzerland.--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 62, "Toca fero."--"Squat-tag" is also _Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 81.

105. _Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 117, #Apodidraskinda#, "Game of Running Away."--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 89, "Verstecherlspiel," "Einschauen."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 61, "Chi se vede, eh!"--_French_, Celnart, p. 55, "Cligne-musette" or "Cache-cache."

106. _French_, Chabreul, p. 1, "La Queue Leuleu," mentioned by Froissart.--_German_, Rochholz, p. 408, etc.; Schuster, p. 392, a game of wolf and geese; so _Russian_, Bezsonoff, p. 205.

107. _Spanish_, Marin, i. 169. The seeker must wait until the hiders, who go off one by one as they are counted out, cry "Jilo bianco, jilo negro," etc. Hence, probably, the cry "Blancalilo," etc., of the English game. The rest proceeds like No. 105. In the Spanish sport, a player reaching goal must spit three times; this seems to have been originally a conjuration against the Evil Spirit, whom the seeker represented.

108. _Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 113, 123. The game is universal. See Handelmann, p. 71. Child, Eng. and Scot. Pop. Bal., 1882, i. 67.

109. _German_, Handelmann, p. 65, "Die Hexe." The games are identical; yet the children, from whom the version in the text was learned, imagined that they had "made it up!"

110. Strutt, p. 61.--_German_, Vernaleken, p. 63, "Das Barlaufen."--_French_, Celnart, p. 58, "Les Barres."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 87. The French word _barres_ is probably only a false interpretation of an older word _bar_, a form of our base, meaning goal; so Swiss "Bahre," Basle. Kindr., p. 30.--_Flemish_, in Hor. Belg., vi. 181.

111. N. and Q., 2d ser. VIII. pp. 70, 132. Brand, ii. 316.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 81, "Die Katzen von dem Berge." The phrase is "Cat, cat, off my hill!"--_French_, Belèze, p. 42, "Le Roi Détroné."

113. Chambers, p. 122, "Hickety Bickety."--_German_, Aus dem Kinderleben, p. 24. Rochholz, p. 442.

114. Folk-lore Rec., iii. 169; Chambers, p. 36. See No. 89.

115. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 74, "Weinbeer-Schneiden."--_Italian_, Bernoni, p. 50. This is a variation of No. 156; compare Frischbier, p. 186.

116. Chambers, p. 127, "Scots and English."

117. This number includes the remains of two ancient games: (a) _Ancient Greek_, #schoinophilinda#, Pollux, ix. 115, in which a player must be whipped round the ring with the cord he has dropped at the back of another.--_German_, in 14th century, Mone, Anzeiger, 1839, p. 395.--_Spanish_, Maspons y Labrós, p. 22.--_French_, Celnart, p. 55. (b) Strutt, p. 285, "Cat and Mouse, or Kiss in the Ring," where a player pursues another round and through the circle.--_French_, Celnart, p. 39, "Le Chat et la Souris."--_Italian_, Gianandrea, No. 6.--_German_, Handelmann, p. 78.

122. Variation of No. 121. The name connects it with the old English game of "Frog in the Middle," Strutt, p. 293; the ancient Greek, #chytrinda#," pot-game," see p. 31, note.

123. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 75. Handelmann, p. 80. Meier, p. 105. See No. 89.

124. _French_, Chabreul, p. 22, "La Toilette de Madame."

125. Nurs. Rh., No. 131.

127. _German_, Rochholz, p. 430, No. 50. See Nos. 77, 152, 153.

128. "Marble-day" in Sussex is Good Friday, N. and Q., 5th ser. XII. 18. "Times" of German sports, Basle. Kindr., p. 30. Meier, p. 92, 8.

129. Brand, ii. 302, "Camp." Strutt, p. 78.--_Ancient Greek_, Pollux, ix. 104.--_Icelandic_ and _Low-German_, Weinhold, Altnord. Leben, p. 292. Egils Saga, ch. 40.

130. Games of ball played with the hand are, of course, universal.

131. Strutt, p. 381 (new ed.). Strutt, p. 76. Bradford's History of Plymouth (ed. by Ch. Deane, Boston, 1856), p. 112. Ducange, under Pelota. Wirt Sikes, British Goblins, p. 272.

132. _German_ (Austria), Vernaleken, p. 2. (Schleswig-Holstein), Handelmann, p. 88, "Stehball." (Switzerland), Rochholz, p. 388.

136. Jamieson gives Scotch name as "Shinty."--_Italian_, Ferraro, G. Monfer., No. 38.

137. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 9.--_French_, Celnart, p. 69.--_Italian_, Ferraro, G. Monfer., No. 23, "Le Pietruzze."

138. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 10. Rochholz, p. 389.

139. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 11. Rochholz, p. 399.

140. _German_, Vernaleken, p. 15.--The American word "Cat" ("one old cat," "two old cat," etc.) is explained by the Flemish "Caetsen, Ketsen," the common name of the game of ball in the Netherlands, Hor. Belg., vi. 177.