Chapter 69

THE END.

Failure of the Jesuits • What their Success would have involved • Future of the Mission

With the fall of the Hurons, fell the best hope of the Canadian mission. They, and the stable and populous communities around them, had been the rude material from which the Jesuit would have formed his Christian empire in the wilderness; but, one by one, these kindred peoples were uprooted and swept away, while the neighboring Algonquins, to whom they had been a bulwark, were involved with them in a common ruin. The land of promise was turned to a solitude and a desolation. There was still work in hand, it is true,--vast regions to explore, and countless heathens to snatch from perdition; but these, for the most part, were remote and scattered hordes, from whose conversion it was vain to look for the same solid and decisive results.

In a measure, the occupation of the Jesuits was gone. Some of them went home, "well resolved," writes the Father Superior, "to return to the combat at the first sound of the trumpet;" [1] while of those who remained, about twenty in number, several soon fell victims to famine, hardship, and the Iroquois. A few years more, and Canada ceased to be a mission; political and commercial interests gradually became ascendant, and the story of Jesuit propagandism was interwoven with her civil and military annals.

[1] Lettre de Lalemant au R. P. Provincial (Relation, 1650, 48).

Here, then, closes this wild and bloody act of the great drama of New France; and now let the curtain fall, while we ponder its meaning.

The cause of the failure of the Jesuits is obvious. The guns and tomahawks of the Iroquois were the ruin of their hopes. Could they have curbed or converted those ferocious bands, it is little less than certain that their dream would have become a reality. Savages tamed--not civilized, for that was scarcely possible--would have been distributed in communities through the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, ruled by priests in the interest of Catholicity and of France. Their habits of agriculture would have been developed, and their instincts of mutual slaughter repressed. The swift decline of the Indian population would have been arrested; and it would have been made, through the fur-trade, a source of prosperity to New France. Unmolested by Indian enemies, and fed by a rich commerce, she would have put forth a vigorous growth. True to her far-reaching and adventurous genius, she would have occupied the West with traders, settlers, and garrisons, and cut up the virgin wilderness into fiefs, while as yet the colonies of England were but a weak and broken line along the shore of the Atlantic; and when at last the great conflict came, England and Liberty would have been confronted, not by a depleted antagonist, still feeble from the exhaustion of a starved and persecuted infancy, but by an athletic champion of the principles of Richelieu and of Loyola.

Liberty may thank the Iroquois, that, by their insensate fury, the plans of her adversary were brought to nought, and a peril and a woe averted from her future. They ruined the trade which was the life-blood of New France; they stopped the current of her arteries, and made all her early years a misery and a terror. Not that they changed her destinies. The contest on this continent between Liberty and Absolutism was never doubtful; but the triumph of the one would have been dearly bought, and the downfall of the other incomplete. Populations formed in the ideas and habits of a feudal monarchy, and controlled by a hierarchy profoundly hostile to freedom of thought, would have remained a hindrance and a stumbling-block in the way of that majestic experiment of which America is the field.

The Jesuits saw their hopes struck down; and their faith, though not shaken, was sorely tried. The Providence of God seemed in their eyes dark and inexplicable; but, from the stand-point of Liberty, that Providence is clear as the sun at noon. Meanwhile let those who have prevailed yield due honor to the defeated. Their virtues shine amidst the rubbish of error, like diamonds and gold in the gravel of the torrent.

But now new scenes succeed, and other actors enter on the stage, a hardy and valiant band, moulded to endure and dare,--the Discoverers of the Great West.

INDEX

The Roman Numerals refer to the introduction.

A.

Abenaquis, where found, xxii; ask for a missionary, 321. Abraham, Plains of, whence the name, 335 note. Adoption of prisoners as members of the tribe, lxvi, 223, 309, 424, 444. Adventures and sufferings of an Algonquin woman, 309-313; of another, 313-316. Agnier, a name for the Mohawks, xlviii note. Aiguillon, Duchess d', founds a Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec, 181. Albany, formerly Rensselaerswyck, its condition in 1643, 229. Algonquins, a comprehensive term, xx; regions occupied by them in 1535, xx; the designation, how applied, ib. note; found in New England, xxi; their relation to the Iroquois, xxi; numbers, ib.; Algonquin missions, 368. Allumette Island, xxiv, 45; its true position, 46. Amikouas, or People of the Beaver, lxviii note; supposed descent from that animal, ib. Amusements of the Indians, xxxvi; the Jesuits require them to be abandoned, 136. Andacwandet, a strange method of cure, xlii. Andastes, where found in the early times, xx, xlvi; fierce warriors, xlvi; identical with the Susquehannocks, ib. note; their aid sought by the Hurons, 341; the result unsatisfactory, 344 seq.; war with the Mohawks, 441; assisted by the Swedes from Delaware River, 442; repulse an attack of the Iroquois, ib.; a party of Andaste boys defeat the Senecas and Cayugas, 443; finally subdued by the Senecas, ib. Aquanuscioni, or Iroquois, xlviii note. Areskoui, the god of war, lxxvii; human sacrifices offered to him, ib.; a captive Iroquois sacrificed to him, 81. Armouchiquois, a name applied to the Algonquins of New England, xxi; a strange account of them given by Champlain, xxii note. Arts of life, as practised by the Hurons, xxxi. Assistaeronnons, or Nation of Fire. See Nation of Fire. Ataentsic, a malignant deity; the moon, lxxvi. Atahocan, a dim conception of the Supreme Being, lxxiv. Atotarho of the Onondagas, liv, lvii. Attendants of the Jesuits, 112 note, 132. See Donnés. Atticamegues, xxiii, 286, 293; attacked by the Iroquois, 420. Attigouantans. See Hurons. Attiwandarons, or Neutral Nation, why so called, xliv; their country, ib.; ferocious and cruel, xlv; licentious, ib.; their treatment of the dead, ib. See Neutral Nation.

B.

Baptism of dying men, 89, 124; clandestine, of infants, 96, 97, 116, 117; of an influential Huron, 112; conditions of baptism, 134; baptisms, number in a year, 136 note. Birch-bark used instead of writing-paper, 130. Bourgeoys, Marguerite, her character, 201; foundress of the school at Montreal, 202. Bradford, William, governor of Plymouth, kindly entertains the Jesuit Druilletes, 327. Brébeuf, Jean de, arrives at Quebec, 5, 20, 48; commences his journey to the Huron country, 53; suffers great fatigue by the way, 54; his intrepidity, 54 note, 56; arrives in the Huron country, 56; his previous residence there, ib.; his misgivings as to his future treatment by the Indians, 57 note; the Indians build a house for him, 59; the house described, 60; its furniture, ib.; Brébeuf witnesses the " Feast of the Dead," 75; witnesses a human sacrifice, 80 seq.; his uncompromising manner, 90; "the Ajax of the mission," 99; his dealings with beings from the invisible world, 108; sees a great cross in the air, 109, 144; his courage, 120; his letter in prospect of martyrdom, 122; harangues the Hurons at a festin d'adieu, 123; commences a mission in the Neutral Nation, 143; sees miraculous sights, 144; at the Huron mission, 370; taken by the Iroquois, 381; his appalling fate, 388; his intrepid character, 390; his skull preserved to this day at Quebec, 391; his visions and revelations, 392 note; a saint and a hero, ib. Bressani, Joseph, attempts to go to the Hurons, 251; taken by the Iroquois, 252; terrible sufferings from his captors, 253-255; his escape, 256; at the Huron Mission, 370. Brulé, Étienne, murdered by the Hurons, 56; the murder supposed to be avenged by a raging pestilence, 94. Bullion, Madame de, founds a hospital at Montreal, 266. Burning of captives alive, instances of, xlv note, 80-82; 249, 250; 309, 339, 385; 436 note, 439, 441 note. Buteux, Jacques, his toilsome journey, 421; waylaid by the Iroquois and slain, 422.

C.

Cannibalism of the Hurons, xxxix, 137, of the Miamis, xl; other instances, 247. Canoes, Indian, xxxi. Capuchins, unsuccessful attempt to introduce them into Canada, 159 note; a station of them on the Penobscot, 322. Cayugas, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See Iroquois. Cemeteries of Indians lately opened, 79; description of them, ib. Chabanel, Noël, joins the mission, 105; among the Hurons, 370; recalled from St. Jean, 408; his journey, ib.; murdered by a renegade Huron, 409; his vow, 410 note. Champfleur, commandant at Three Rivers, 277, 285. Champlain, Samuel de, resumes command at Quebec, 20; his explorations, 45; introduces the missionaries to the Hurons, 48; assists the missionaries at their departure, 50; his death, 149. Chatelain, Pierre, joins the mission, 86; his illness, ib.; his peril, 126. Chaumonot, Joseph Marie, his early life, 101-104; his gratitude to the Virgin, 103, 105; becomes a Jesuit, and embarks for Canada, 105, 181; narrowly escapes death, 124; goes with Brébeuf to convert the Neutrals, 142; his extreme peril, 145; saved by the interference of Saint Michael, ib.; among the Hurons, 370; with a colony of Hurons, near Quebec, 431; builds Lorette, 432. Choctaws, like the Iroquois, have eight clans, lvi note. Clanship, system of, l-lii. Clock of the Jesuits an object of wonder to the Hurons, 61; an object of alarm, 115. Colonization, French and English, compared, 328, 329. Condé, in his youth writes to Paul Le Jeune, 152. Conestogas. See Andastes. Converts, how made, 133, 162 seq. Couillard, a resident in Quebec, 3, 334, 335. Councils of the Iroquois, their power, lvii-lx. Council, nocturnal, of the Hurons, relative to the epidemic in 1637, 118. Couture, Guillaume, a donné of the mission, 214; a prisoner to the Iroquois, 216; tortured by them, 216, 223; adopted by them, 223; assists in negotiations for peace, 284, 287; returns with the Iroquois, 296. Crania of Indians compared with those of Caucasian races, lxiii. Credulity and superstition of the Indians, 301. Crime, how punished, lxi. Cruelties, Indian, xlv note, 80, 216 seq., 248, 253, 254, 277, 303 seq., 308 seq., 313, 339, 350, 377, 381, 385, 388 seq., 436 note, 439, 441 note. Custom, with the Indians, had the force of law, xlix.

D.

Dahcotahs, found east of the Mississippi, xx note; their villages, xxvi. D'Ailleboust de Coulonges, Louis, lands at Montreal, 264; history, 265; fortifies Montreal, 266; becomes governor of Canada, 330, 332. Daily life of the Jesuits, 129; their food, ib.; how obtained, 130. Dallion, La Roche, visits the Neutral Nation in 1626, xliv; exposed to great danger among them, xlvi note, 146. Daniel, Antoine, 5, 20, 48; commences his journey to the Huron country, 53; disasters by the way, 55; his arrival in the Huron country, 58; his peril, 126; returns to Quebec to commence a seminary, 168; labors with success among the Hurons, 374; slain by the Iroquois, 377. Dauversière, Jérôme le Royer de la, described, 188; hears a voice from heaven, 189; has a vision, 191; meets Olier, 192; plans a religious community at Montreal, ib.; one of the purchasers of the island, 195; his misgivings, 197. Davost at Quebec, 5, 20, 48; sets out on his journey to the Huron country, 53; robbed and left behind by his conductors, 54; his arrival among the Hurons, 58. De Nouë, Anne, a missionary, 5, 14; perishes in the snow, 257-260. Des Châtelets, an inhabitant of Quebec, 334, 335. Devil, worshipped, lxxiv, lxxvi, lxxvii; his supposed alarm at the success of the mission, 113; consequences, 114 seq. Dionondadies. See Tobacco Nation. Disease, how accounted for, xl, xli; how treated, ib. Divination and sorcery, lxxxiv, lxxxv. Dogs sacrificed to the Great Spirit, lxxxvi; used at Montreal for sentinels, 271; very useful, 272. "Donnés" of the mission, 112 note, 214, 364. Dreams, confidence of the Indian in, lxxxiii, lxxxiv, lxxxvi; "Dream-Feast," a scene of frenzy, 67. Dress of the Indians, xxxii; scarcely worn in summer, xxxiii. Druilletes, Gabriel, his labors among the Montagnais, 318; among the Abenaquis on the Kennebec, 321, 323; visits English settlements in Maine, 322; again descends the Kennebec, and visits Boston, 324, 325; object of the visit, 324; visits Governor Dudley at Roxbury, 326; and Governor Bradford at Plymouth, 327; spends a night with Eliot at Roxbury, ib.; visits Endicott at Salem, ib.; his impressions of New England, 328; failure of his embassy, 330. Dudley, Thomas, governor of Massachusetts, kindly receives the Jesuit Druilletes, 326. Du Peron, François, his narrow escape, 124; his journey, 127; his arrival, 128; his letter, 130; at Montreal, 263. Du Quen, journeys of, xxv note, 318. Dutch at Albany supply the Iroquois with fire-arms, 211, 212; endeavor to procure the release of prisoners among the Mohawks, 230.

E. Eliot, John, the "apostle," has a visit from the Jesuit Druilletes, 327. Endicott, John, visited by the Jesuit Druilletes, 327. Enthusiasm for the mission, 85 note. Erie, Lake, how early known as such, 143. Eries, or Nation of the Cat, xlvi; where found in the early periods, xx, xlvi; why so called, xlvi note; war with the Iroquois, 438; its cause, 439; a sister's revenge, ib.; utter destruction of the Eries, 440. Etchemins, where found, xxii. Etienne Annaotaha, a Huron brave, destroys an Iroquois war-party, 427-429; slain, 431. Exaltation, mental, of the priests, 146. Excursions, missionary, 132.

F. Faillon, Abbé, his researches in the early history of Montreal, 193 note; their value, ib. Fancamp, Baron de, furnishes money for the undertaking at Montreal, 193; one of the purchasers of the island, 195. Fasts among the Indians, lxxi. "Feast of the Dead," 72. Feasts of the Indians, xxxvii. Female life among the Hurons, xxxiii. "Festins d'adieu," 123. Festivities of the Hurons, xxxvii. Fire, Nation of, attacked by the Neutral Nation, 436. Fire-arms sold to the Iroquois by the Dutch, 211, 212; given to converts by the French, 269. Fish, and fishing-nets, prayers to them, lxix. Fortifications of the Hurons, xxix; of the Iroquois, ib. note; of other Indian tribes, xxx note. Fortitude, striking instances of, 81, 250, 339, 389. French and English colonization compared, 328, 329. Funeral among the Hurons, 75; funeral gifts, 76. Fur trade, xlv, 47, 155, 331.

G.

Gambling, Indian, xxxvii. Garnier, Charles, joins the Huron mission, 86; his sickness, ib.; his character, 99; his letters, 101, 133; his journey to the Tobacco Nation, 140; at the Huron mission, 370; slain by the Iroquois, 405; his body found, 406 note; his gentle spirit, 370, 407; his absolute devotion to the mission, 407 note. Garnier, Julien, liv note. Garreau, missionary among the Hurons, his danger, 410. Gaspé, Algonquins of, their women chaste, xxxiv. George, Lake, its first discoverer, 219; its Indian name, ib. note; called St. Sacrament, 299; a better name proposed, ib. note. Gibbons, Edward, welcomes the Jesuit Druilletes to Boston, 325. Giffard, his seigniory of Beauport, 155, 157; at Quebec, 334. Gluttony at feasts, xxxviii; practised as a cure for pestilence, 95. Godefroy, Jean Paul, visits New Haven on an embassy from the governor of Canada, 330. Goupil, René, a donné of the mission, 214; made prisoner by the Iroquois, 216; tortured, 217, 221; murdered in cold blood, 224. Goyogouin, a name for the Cayugas, xlviii note. Great Hare, The. See Manabozho. Green Bay, visited by the French in 1639, 166.

H. Habitations, Indian, xxvi; internal aspect in summer, xxvii; in winter, xxviii. Hawenniio, the modern Iroquois name for God, lxxviii. Hébert, Madame, an early resident of Quebec, 2, 15. Hell, how represented to the Indians, 88, 163; pictures of, 163. Hiawatha, a deified hero, lxxvii, lxxviii. Hodenosaunee, the true name of the Iroquois, xlviii note. Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec founded, 181; one at Montreal, 266. Hundred Associates, the, a fur company, its grants of land, 156; their quit-claim of the island of Montreal, 195; transfer their monopoly to the colonists, 331. Hunters of men, 307. Huron mission proposed, 42; the difficulties, 43; motives for the undertaking, 44; route to the Huron country, 45; the missionaries baffled by a stroke of Indian diplomacy, 51; they commence their journey, 53; fatigues of the way, ib.; reception of the missionaries by the Hurons, 57; mission house, 60; methods taken to awaken interest, 61; instructions given, 62; the results not satisfactory, 64; the Jesuits made responsible for the failure of rain, 68; they gain the confidence of the Huron people, 70; the mission strengthened by new arrivals, 85; kindness of the Jesuits to the sick, 87; their efforts at conversion, 88; the Hurons slow to apprehend the subject of a future life, 89; terms of salvation too hard, 90; an elastic morality practised by the Jesuits, 97; conversions promoted by supernatural aid, 108; the new chapel at Ossossané described, 111; first important success, 112; persecuting spirit aroused, 115; the Jesuits in danger, 116; their daily life, 129; number of converts in 1638, 132; backsliding frequent, 135; partial success, 147; great subsequent success of the mission, 349; the mission encounters slander and misrepresentation, 352, 353; prosperity, 366; successful agriculture, ib.; number of ecclesiastics and others in the Huron mission, 1649, ib.; the mission removed to an island in Lake Huron, 397; a multitude of refugees, 399; their extreme misery, 400; the priests fully occupied, 401; the mission abandoned, 415; failure of the Jesuit plans in Canada, 446; the cause, 447; the consequences, 448. See Jesuits. Hurons, origin of the name, xxxiii note; their country, xx, xxiv, xxv; had a language akin to the Iroquois, xxiv; their disappearance, ib.; vestiges of them still found, xxv; supposed population, xxv, xxvi; their habitations, xxvi, xxviii note; extravagant accounts, xxvi note; internal aspect of their huts in summer, xxvii; in winter, xxviii; their fortifications, xxix; their agriculture, xxx; food, ib.; arts of life, ib.; dress, xxxii; dress scarcely worn in summer, xxxiii; female life, ib., xxxv; an unchaste people, xxxiv; marriages, temporary, ib.; shameless conduct of young people, xxxv note; employments of the men, xxxvi; amusements, ib.; feasts and dances, xxxvii; voracity, xxxviii; cannibalism, xxxix; practice of medicine, xl; Huron brains, xliii; the Huron Confederacy, lii; their political organization, ib.; propensity of the Hurons to theft, lxiii, 131; murder atoned for by presents, lxi; proceedings in case of witchcraft, lxiii; their objects of worship, lxix seq.; their conceptions of a future state, lxxxi; their burial of the dead, ib.; hostility of the Iroquois, 45, 52, 62; visit Quebec, 46; the scene after their arrival described, 47; their idea of thunder, 69; Huron graves, 71; their origin, ib.; disposal of the dead, 73; "Feast of the Dead," 75 seq.; disinterment, 73; mourning, 74, 78; funeral gifts, 76; frightful scene, 77; a pestilence, 87; cannibals, 137; attacked by the Iroquois, 212, 337; defeat them, 338; torture and burn an Iroquois chief, 339; on the verge of ruin, 341; apply for help to the Andastes, 342; specimen of Huron eloquence, 355; Hurons defeat the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 374; fatuity of the Hurons, 379; their towns destroyed, 379 seq.; ruin of the Hurons, 393; the survivors take refuge on Isle St. Joseph, 399; their extreme misery, 411 seq.; they abandon the island, 415; endeavor to reach Quebec, 416; the Iroquois waylay them, 417; a fight on the Ottawa, ib.; they reach Montreal, 418; and Quebec, ib.; a Huron traitor, 419; a portion of the Hurons retreat to Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, 425; others become incorporated with the Senecas, 424; their country desolate, ib.; afterwards known as the Wyandots, 426; a body of the Hurons left at St. Joseph destroy a party of Iroquois, 427-429; a colony of Hurons near Quebec, 430.

I. Ihonatiria, a Huron village, 57; Brébeuf takes up his abode there, 59; ruined by the pestilence, 137. Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, 110. Incarnation, Marie de l', at Tours, 174; her unhappy marriage, 175; a widow, ib; self-inflicted austerities, ib.; mystical espousal to Christ, 176; rhapsodies, ib.; dejection, 177; abandons her child and becomes a nun, 178; her talents for business, 179; her vision, 180; the vision explained as a call to Canada, 181; embarks for that country, ib.; perilous voyage, 182; her arduous labors at Quebec, 185; her difficulties, 186; extolled as a saint, 177, 186. Indian population mutable, xix; its distribution, xx; two great families, ib.; superstitions and traditions, lxvii-lxxxvii; dreamers, lxxxiii; sorcerers and diviners, lxxxiv, 93; their religion fearful yet puerile, lxxxviii, 94; an Indian lodge, 141; Indian manners softened by the influence of the missions, 319; Indian infatuation, 336. Indians, their arts of life, xxx; amusements, xxxvi; festivals, xxxvii; social character, xlviii; self-control, xlix; influenced by custom, ib.; hospitality and generosity, ib. note; fond of society, 1; their division into clans, li; the totem, or symbol of the clan, 39 ib.; Indian rule of descent and inheritance, ib.; vast extent of this rule, lii; their superstitions, lxvii et seq.; their cosmogonies, lxxiii, lxxv; degrading conceptions of the Supreme Being, lxxviii; no word for God, lxxix; obliged to use a circumlocution, ib.; their belief in a future state, lxxx; their conceptions of it dim, ib.; their belief in dreams, lxxxiii; the Indian Pluto, ib. note; the Indian mind stagnant, lxxxix; savage in religion as in life, ib.; no knowledge of the true God, ib.; scenes in a wigwam, 30; their foul language, 31; not profane, ib.; hardships and sufferings, 39; a specimen of their diplomacy, 51; an Indian masquerade, 66; Indian bacchanals, 67; their idea of thunder, 69; Indian mind not a blank, 134; specimen of Indian reasoning, 135; Indians received benefit from the Jesuit missions, 164. Initiatory fast for obtaining a guardian manitou, lxxi. "Infernal Wolf," the, 117; a name for the Devil, ib. note. Influence of the missions salutary, 319. Instructions for the missionaries to the Hurons, 54. Intrepid conduct of the Jesuits, 125. Iroquois, or Five Nations, origin of the name, xlvii; where found in early times, xx, xlvi, 278 note; their dwellings, xxvii note., xxviii note; a licentious people, xxxiv note; have capacious skulls, xliii note; burn female captives, xlv; their character, xlvii; their eminent position and influence, ib.; their true name, xlviii note; divided into eight clans or families, lv; symbols of these clans, ib. note; the chiefs, how selected, lvi; the councils, lvii; how and when assembled, lviii; how conducted, lix; their debates, ib.; strict unanimity required, ib.; artful management of the chiefs, lx note; the professed orators, lxi; military organization, lxiv; and discipline, ib.; spirit of the confederacy, lxv; attachment to ancient forms, ib.; their increase by adoption, lxvi; population at different times, ib. note; have no name for God, lxxviii; a captive Iroquois sacrificed by the Hurons to the god of war, 80; supplied by the Dutch with fire-arms, 211; make war on the French in Canada, 212, 269 seq.; extreme cruelty to Jogues and other prisoners, 217-222, 228; cannibalism, 228, 250; audacity, 241; attack Fort Richelieu, 244; spread devastation and terror through Canada, 245, 251; horrible nature of their warfare, 246-250; torments inflicted on prisoners, 248 seq., 271; an Iroquois prisoner tortured by Algonquins, 277; treaty of peace with the French and Algonquins, 284 seq.; numbers of the Iroquois, 297 note; the Iroquois determination to destroy the Hurons, 336; their moral superiority, 337; a defeat sustained by them, 338; their shameless treachery, 339; invade the Huron country and destroy the towns, 379; their atrocious cruelty, 385; their retreat, 386; they pursue the remnants of the Huron nation, 412, 425; attack the Atticamegues, 420; attack the Hurons at Michilimackinac, 425; exterminate the Neutral Nation, 437; exterminate the Eries, 438-440; terrible cruelty, 441 note; their bloody supremacy, 444; it cost them dear, ib.; tyrants of a wide wilderness, 445; their short-sighted policy, 434.

J.

Jesuits, their founder, 8; their discipline, 11; their influence, 12; salutary, 319; the early Canadian Jesuits did not meddle with political affairs, 323; denounced cannibalism, but faint in opposing the burning of prisoners, 351; were engaged in the fur-trade, 365 note; purity of their motives, 83, 85; benevolent care of the sick, 87, 98, 267; accused of sorcery, 120; in great peril, 121; their intrepidity, 125; their prudence, 134; their intense zeal, 146. See Huron Mission. Jogues, Isaac, his birth and character, 214; joins the mission, 86; his illness, ib.; his character, 106, 304; his journey to the Tobacco Nation, 140; visits Lake Superior and preaches to the Ojibwas, 213; visits Quebec, 214; taken prisoner by the Iroquois, 216; tortured by them, 217, 218, 221, 222; in daily expectation of death, 224, 225; his conscientiousness, 226, 229, 232; his patience, 226; his spirit of devotion, 227; longs for death, 228; his pious labors while a captive, ib.; visits Albany, 229; writes to the commandant at Three Rivers, 230; escapes, 234; voyage across the Atlantic, 236; reception in France, 237; the queen honors him, 238; returns to Canada, 239, 286; his mission to the Mohawks, 297; misgivings, 298; has a presentiment of death, ib.; goes as a civilian, ib; visits Fort Orange, 299; reaches the Mohawk country, ib.; his reception, ib.; returns to Canada, 300; his second mission to the Mohawks, 301; warned of danger, ib.; his cruel murder, 304. Joseph, Saint, his interposition in a case of childbirth, 90; his help much relied on by the Jesuits, 70, 95, 96; fireworks let off in his honor, 160. See Saint Joseph. Jouskeha, a beneficent deity, the sun, the creator, lxxvi, lxxix.

K.

Kennebec, visited by a Jesuit, 322. Kieft, William, governor of New Netherland, his kindness to Jogues, 235; his letter to the governor of Canada, 304 note. Kiotsaton, envoy of the Iroquois, 284 seq.; his speech, 287 seq.; the French delighted with him, 291; another speech, 292.

L. Lafitau, his book on the Iroquois, liv note; describes the council of the Iroquois, lvii, lviii. Lalande, an assistant in the mission, 301; tortured by the Mohawks, 303; killed by them, 304. Lalemant, Gabriel, at the Huron mission, 126, 371; taken by the Iroquois, 381; tortured with fire, 388; his death, 390. Lalemant, Jerome, brother of Gabriel, assailed by an Algonquin, 127; visits Three Rivers, 294; becomes Superior of the missions, 301. Lauson, president of the Canada Fur Company, 156; sells the island of Montreal to the Jesuits, 194. Le Berger, a Christian Iroquois, 304; endeavors to save Jogues, ib. Le Borgne, chief of Allumette Island, hinders the departure of the missionaries, 50; his motives, 51; converted, 268. Le Jeune, Paul, Father Superior, his voyage, 15; his arrival in Quebec, 2, 15; begins his labors there, 16; joins an Indian hunting-party, 23; adventures in this connection, 25-39; his description of a winter scene, 26 note; grievances in an Indian lodge in winter, 27; experience with a sorcerer, 30; suffers the rude banter of the Indians, ib.; doubts whether the Indian sorcerers are impostors or in league with the devil, 32; relates what he had been informed of the devil's proceedings in Brazil, 33 note; attempts to convert a sorcerer, 37; disappointment, 39; returns to Quebec, 40; rejoices at the advent of the new governor, 150 note; rejoices at the interest in the mission awakened in France, 151; has for a correspondent the future Condé, 152; is invested with civil authority, 154; sends for pictures of the torments of hell, 163. Le Mercier, Francis Joseph, joins the mission, 85; his peril, 125. Le Moyne, among the Hurons, 126; among the Onondagas, 438, 440. Licentiousness of the Indians, xxxiv note; xxxv note, xlv. Life in a wigwam, 27-31. Loretto, in Italy, 102, 105, 432; Old Lorette, in Canada, 431; New Lorette, in Canada, 432; settlement of Hurons there, ib. Loyola, Ignatius, his story, 8; founds the order of Jesuits, 9; his book of Spiritual Exercises, 10.

M.

Maisonneuve, Chomedey, Sieur de, military leader of the settlement at Montreal, 196; spends the first winter at Quebec, 202; poorly accommodated there, 203; has a quarrel with the governor, 204; beloved by his followers, 205; compared to Godfrey, the leader of the first crusade, 207; lands at Montreal, 208, 261; plants a cross on the top of the mountain, 263; his great bravery, 275. Manabozho, a mythical personage, lxviii; the chief deity of the Algonquins, yet not worshipped, lxxii, lxxix; his achievements, lxxiii. Mance, Jeanne, devotes herself to the mission in Canada, 198; embarks, 201; impressive scene before embarking, ib.; lands at Montreal, 208, 261. Manitous, a generic term for super-natural beings, lxix; extensive in its meaning, lxx; process for obtaining a guardian manitou, ib. Marie, a Christian Algonquin, her adventures and sufferings, 309-313. Marriage among the Hurons often temporary and experimental, xxxiv. Mass, neglect of the, a punishable offence, 154, 157. Masse, 5, 20; "le Père Utile," ib.; his death, 260. Medical practice among the Indians, xli, xlii note; lxxxiv, 66. "Medicine," or Indian charms, lxxi. "Medicine-bags," lxxi; "medicine-men," or sorcerers, lxxxiv, lxxxv, 32-38; a "medicine-feast," 66; the religion taught by the Jesuits supposed to be a "medicine," 90. Megapolensis, Dutch pastor at Albany, 229; his account of the Mohawks, ib.; befriends Jogues, 235. Memory, devices for aiding the, lxi. Messou. See Manabozho. Mestigoit, an Indian hunter, 21, 24, 29, 34; his skill and courage, 40; helps Le Jeune to reach Quebec, ib. Mexican fabrics found in Indian cemeteries, 79 note. Miamis, cannibalism among them, xl. Michabou. See Manabozho. Micmacs in Nova Scotia, xxii. Minquas. See Andastes. Miracles in the Huron mission, 108; how to be accounted for, 109; why miracles were expected, 210 note. Miscou, mission at, 317. Mission to Hurons. See Huron Mission. Mission-house near Quebec described, 4. Mohawks, xlviii note, liv; number of warriors, 212, 297; their towns, 222; make peace with the French, 296; credulity and superstition, 301; their causeless rage, 303; renew the war with the French, 306; their perfidy, 308; cruelty, ib.; torture of prisoners, 309; invade the Huron country, 379; furious battle near St. Marie, 384; war with the Andastes, 441; and Mohicans, ib. note. See Iroquois. Montmagny, Charles Huault de, succeeds Champlain as governor of New France, 149; his zeal for the mission, 150, 161; meets the Ursulines at their landing, 182; quarrels with the leader of the Montreal settlement, 204; delivers Montreal to Maisonneuve, 208; builds a fort at Sorel, 242; called Onontio by the Iroquois, 283; negotiates a peace with the Iroquois, 284 seq. Montagnais, an Algonquin tribe, where found, xxiii; their degradation, ib.; Le Jeune essays their conversion, 19; concerned in a treaty of peace, 286, 293; salutary changes from the influence of the mission, 319. Montreal, island of, purchased for the site of a religious community, 195; part of the money given by ladies, 198; consecrated to the Holy Family, 201; the enterprise compared with the crusades, 207; first day of the settlement, 209; motives of the enterprise, as stated by the leaders themselves, 210 note; infancy of the settlement, 261; rise of the St. Lawrence checked by a wooden cross, 263; arrival of D'Ailleboust and others, 264; pilgrimages, 267; hospital built, 266; Indians fed, 268; attacks by the Iroquois, 269 seq.; sally of the French, 273; condition of Montreal in 1651, 333. Moon, the, worshipped, lxxvi. Morgan, Lewis H., his account of the Iroquois, liv note. Murder atoned for by presents, lxi, lxii, 354; a grand ceremony of this sort, 355 seq.

N.

Nanabush. See Manabozho. Nation of the Bear, liii. Nation of Fire, an Algonquin people, attacked by the Neutral Nation, 436. Neutral Nation, their country, xx, xliv, 142; their cruelty and licentiousness, xlv; representations made to them respecting the French, xlvi note; a ferocious people, 143; their excessive superstition, ib.; a mission among them attempted, 142; but in vain, 146; kindness of a Neutral woman, ib.; destroy a large town of the Nation of Fire, 436; their ferocious cruelty, ib. note; themselves exterminated by the Iroquois, 437. New England, Indians in, xxi; a Jesuit's impressions of, 328. Niagara, called the River of the Neutrals, xliv; described by the Jesuits, 143 note. Nicollet, Jean, visits Green Bay in 1639, 166. Nipissings, xxiv. Notre-Dame des Anges, at Quebec, 5, 155; Notre-Dame de Montreal, 193.

O.

Ochateguins. See Hurons. Ojibwas, how differing in language from Algonquins, xx; visited by Jogues, 213. Okies, or Otkons, objects of worship among the Iroquois, lxix. Olier, Jean Jacques, Abbé, suspected of Jansenism, 189; has a revelation, 190; meets Dauversière, 192; their schemes, ib. Oneidas, or Onneyut, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See Iroquois. Onondagas, or Onnontagué, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv (see Iroquois); their inroad on the Hurons, 343; their jealousy of the Mohawks, 344; their embassy to the Hurons, 345; suicide of the ambassador, 347. Ononkwaya, an Oneida chief, a prisoner to the Hurons, 338; his marvellous fortitude under torture, 339. Onontio, Great Mountain, name given to the Governor of Canada among the Iroquois, and why, 283. Ontitarac, a Huron chief, his speech, 119. Orators of the Iroquois, lx. Ossossané, chief town of the Hurons, 74; great Huron cemetery there, 75; mission established there, 110, 129; abandoned, 139. Ouendats, or Wyandots. See Hurons.

P.

Parker, Ely S., an educated Iroquois, liv note. Passionists, convent of, a singular incident there, 108 note. Peace concluded between the French and Iroquois, 284-295; defects of the treaty, 296; the peace broken and why, 302. Peltrie, de la, Madame, her birth, 168; her girlhood, 169; a widow, ib.; religious schemes, 170; resolves to go to Canada, ib.; her sham marriage, 172; visits the Ursuline Convent at Tours, 173; results of that visit, 174; embarks for Canada, 181; perilous voyage, 182; her character, 186; thirst for admiration, 187; leaves the Ursulines and joins the Colony of Montreal, 206, 261; receives the sacrament on the top of the mountain, 264; at Quebec, 334. Penobscot, a station on it of Capuchin friars, 322. Pestilence among the Hurons, 87; its supposed origin, 94. Persecution of the Jesuits, 116 seq. Pictures requested for the mission, 133; of souls in perdition, many, ib.; of souls in bliss, one, ib.; how to be colored, ib.; Le Jeune describes the pictures of Hell which he wants, 163. Picture-writing by the Indians, 243. Pierre, an Algonquin, 17; teacher of Le Jeune, 18; runs away, 21; returns, 22; frantic from strong drink, 24; repents and assists Le Jeune, 38; another of this name, a converted Huron, 122. Pijart, Pierre, joins the mission, 85; his clandestine baptisms, 96, 97; establishes a mission at Ossossané, 110. Piskaret, an Algonquin brave, 278; his exploits, 279; his successes against the Iroquois, 281; assists in a treaty of peace, 291; murdered by Mohawks, 308. Poncet, father, his pilgrimage to Loretto, 104; embarks for Canada, 181; his peril, 126. Price of a man's life, lxii; of a woman's, ib. Prisoners, cruel treatment of, xxxix, xlv, 80, 216 seq., 248 seq., 253, 277, 339, 388 seq., 436 note, 439, 441 note. Processions, religious, at Quebec, 161.

Q.

Quatogies. See Hurons. Qualifications for success in an Indian mission, 134 note. Quebec in 1634, 1; its first settler, 3; condition in 1640, 154; its aspect half military, half monastic, 158; its very amusements acts of religion, 160; state of things in 1651, 331; New-Year's Day, 1646, 334.

R. Ragueneau, Paul, missionary among the Hurons, 123, 124, 126; relates proceedings of a council held respecting a murder, 355; Father Superior, 370. Raymbault, Charles, enters Lake Superior with Jogues, 213. Religion and superstitions of the Indians, lxvii et seq.; worship of material objects, inanimate no less than animate, ib.; the Indians attribute their origin to beasts, birds, and reptiles, lxviii; all nature full of objects of religious fear and dread, lxxxiv; sacrifices, lxxxvi. Remarkable instance of Indian forgiveness, 319. Rome, Church of, her strange contradictions, 84; self-denial of her missionaries, ib.

S.

Sacrifice, a human, by fire, witnessed by a missionary, 80 seq. Sacrifices of the Indians, lxxxv, lxxxvi note. St. Bernard, Marie de, a nun at Tours, 174; embarks for Canada, 181. St. Ignace, town, taken by the Iroquois, 380; furious battle with the Hurons, 384; the town and its inhabitants destroyed by fire, 385; vestiges still remaining, ib. note. St. Jean, town in the Tobacco Nation, attacked by the Iroquois, 405; destroyed by fire, 406. St. Joseph, a town in the Huron country, 137, 374; surprised by the Iroquois, 375; and destroyed, 377; another station of this name on an island, 395; the Huron refugees repair thither, 399; their extreme misery, ib.; famine, 400. St. Louis, town in the Huron country, attacked, 380; severe struggle, 381; destroyed by the Iroquois, ib. Ste. Marie, in the Huron country, a mission established there, 139; the place described, 362 seq.; a bountiful hospitality exercised towards the converts and others, 367; alarm and anxiety at the Iroquois invasion, 382; the station abandoned, 394; stripped of all valuables, and set on fire, 396. Schoolcraft, Henry R., his Notes on the Iroquois, liv note; his mistakes, lxxviii, lxxx; his collection of Algonquin tales, lxxxviii; his unsatisfactory speculations about Huron graves, 71. Seminary, Huron, at Quebec, 167. Senecas, one of the Five Nations, xlviii note, liv. See Iroquois. Sepulture among the Hurons, lxxxi, 71 seq. Sillery, Noël Brulart de, becomes a priest, 182; founds the settlement which bears his name, 183. Sioux punish adultery, xxxiv; harass the Hurons, 425. Sorcerer, a dwarfish, deformed one, troubles the Jesuits, 91; his account of his origin, 92; sorcerers, several, in time of mortal sickness, 93. Sorcery, as practised among the Indians, lxxxiv, 32-38. Speech-making, Indian, 287, 292-294. Sun worshipped, lxxvi. Supernaturalism of the Jesuits, 106; supposed efficacy of relics and prayers to relieve pain and cure disease, 107; conversions effected in this manner, 108; such views still entertained, as illustrated in a curious incident, ib. Superstitions of the Indians, lxvii seq., 68. Superstitious terrors, lxxxiv, 115, 141. Susquehannocks. See Andastes. Swedish colonists on the Delaware assist the Andastes, 442.

T.

Tarenyowagon, a powerful deity, lxxvii. Tarratines, the Abenaquis so called, xxii note. Tattooing practised, xxxiii; a severe process, ib. Teanaustayé, 137. See St. Joseph. Tessouat, or Le Borgne, converted, 268. Tionnontates. See Tobacco Nation. Tobacco Nation, or Tionnontates, in league with the Hurons, xliii; raised tobacco, 47; mission among them, 140; reception of the missionaries, 141; perils of the missionaries, 142; some of the Hurons seek an asylum there, 393, 404. Tobacco, none in Heaven, a sad thought to the Indian, 136. Totems, emblems of clans, li, lxviii, 375. Trade in furs, xlv, 47, 155. Traffic of the Indians, how conducted, xxxvi. Treatment of women, xxxiv, xxxv; of prisoners, xxxix, xlv, 80, 216 seq., 248 seq., 253, 254, 277, 339, 388, 439, 441 note. Tuscaroras, in Carolina, xxi; unite with the Five Nations, xxi, lxvi.

U.

Unchastity of the Indians, xxxiv note, xlv. Ursulines at Tours, 173; at Quebec, their labors, 184; their instructions, 185.

V.

Villemarie de Montreal, a three-fold religious establishment, 201, 261. Vimont, father, embarks for Canada, 181; makes a vow to Saint Joseph, 182; visits Montreal, 208; Superior of the Canadian Mission, 286; assists in a treaty of peace, 292. Visions and visitations from Heaven and from Hell frequent occurrences in the lives of the missionaries, 108; the subject illustrated by a curious incident, ib. note.

W.

Wampum, its material and uses, xxxi; served the purpose of records, xxxii, lxi. War-dance, often practised for amusement, xxxix. Wigwam, how built, xxvii; inconveniences in one, 27, 28. Winnebagoes, their residence when first known to Europeans, xx; known to the Jesuits in 1648, 368. Winslow, John, kindly receives the Jesuit Druilletes at Augusta, 322, 325; his name in the Relations, how spelled, 323 note. Winter in Canada, 18, 26, 28. Witchcraft, proceedings in case of, lxiii. Women, their condition, xxxiii, xxxiv, xxxv, xiv. Wyandots, a remnant of the Hurons, xxiv, 426. See Hurons.

The End.

Francis Parkman

France and England in North America

1. Pioneers of France in the New World (1865, 1885) 2. The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century (1867) 3. The Discovery of the West (1869) La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1879) 4. The Old Régime in Canada (1874, 1894) 5. Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. (1877) 6. A Half Century of Conflict (1892)