Part 2

1. Most or all of the leaves more than six inches long. 2. Leaves long-tapering to the base; winter buds elongated, about ⅛ inch long, covered with reddish-brown hairs _Asimina triloba_ 2. Leaves rounded or only short-tapering to the base; winter buds either ½ inch long and white-hairy, or rounded and yellow. 3. Leafstalks usually more than 1½ inches long, hairy; buds nearly round, yellow _Nyssa aquatica_ 3. Leafstalks usually less than 1½ inches long, smooth; buds elongated, white-hairy _Magnolia acuminata_ 1. Most or all of the leaves less than six inches long. 4. Leafstalks with milky sap; twigs usually bearing small spines near the point of the leaf attachment _Maclura pomifera_ 4. Leafstalks without milky sap; twigs not spiny. 5. Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, twigs green _Sassafras albidum_ 5. Leaves not spicy-aromatic when crushed; twigs usually not green. 6. Leaves distinctly asymmetrical at base, usually obviously 3-nerved from the base. 7. Leaves usually at least twice longer than broad, rounded at the base _Celtis laevigata_ 7. Leaves usually less than twice longer than broad, more or less heart-shaped at the base _Celtis tenuifolia_ 6. Leaves symmetrical at the base, with a single main vein. 8. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, about as broad as long _Cercis canadensis_ 8. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, longer than broad. 9. Many of the leaves clustered near the tips of the twigs. 10. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at the tip _Nyssa sylvatica_ 10. Leaves tapering to the tip. 11. Veins of leaf deeply impressed, strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit a berry _Cornus alternifolia_ 11. Veins of leaf not deeply impressed nor strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit an acorn. 12. Lower surface of leaves hairy; leafstalk usually hairy; leaves usually one inch wide or wider _Quercus imbricaria_ 12. Lower surface of leaves smooth except for the veins; leafstalk usually smooth; leaves usually less than one inch wide _Quercus phellos_ 9. Leaves not clustered near the tips of the twigs. 13. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leafstalks often 1½ inches long or longer _Nyssa aquatica_ 13. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leafstalks rarely as long as 1½ inches. 14. Leaves abruptly contracted to a short point at the tip. 15. Leaves usually about twice as long as broad; fruit an orange berry about 1 inch in diameter _Diospyros virginiana_ 15. Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; fruit a blue berry up to ½ inch in diameter _Nyssa sylvatica_ 14. Leaves gradually tapering to the tip _Rhamnus caroliniana_

GROUP E

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, toothed but not lobed.

1. Leaves asymmetrical at the base. 2. Leaves with 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade. 3. Edge of leaf with low, rounded teeth or merely wavy _Hamamelis virginiana_ 3. Edge of leaf sharply or finely toothed. 4. Most of all the leafstalks less than one inch long; trunk usually warty. 5. Upper surface of leaf very rough to the touch; leaves thick and leathery. 6. Leaves tapering to a long point at the tip; most or all of the blades 3 inches long or longer _Celtis occidentalis_ 6. Leaves tapering to a short point at the tip; most or all of the blades less than 3 inches long _Celtis tenuifolia_ 5. Upper surface of leaf smooth or only slightly rough to the touch; leaves thin and membranaceous. 7. Leaves at least three times longer than broad _Celtis laevigata_ 7. Leaves less than three times longer than broad. 8. Some or all the leaves 3 inches long or longer _Celtis occidentalis_ 8. Leaves less than 3 inches long _Celtis tenuifolia_ 4. Leafstalks more than 1 inch long. 9. Leaves smooth on the lower surface except for small tufts of hairs where the veins meet _Tilia americana_ 9. Leaves hairy on the lower surface. 10. Lower surface of leaves white _Tilia heterophylla_ 10. Lower surface of leaves green _Tilia americana_

2. Leaves with one main vein arising from the base of the blade. 11. Some of the twigs with corky wings. 12. Some or all the leaves four inches long or longer; leaf-stalks more than ⅛ inch long _Ulmus thomasii_ 12. None of the leaves four inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch long _Ulmus alata_ 11. Twigs without corky wings. 13. Leaves very rough-hairy to the touch _Ulmus rubra_ 13. Leaves smooth or soft to the touch. 14. Edge of leaf doubly toothed (each tooth divided into a second small tooth). 15. Leaves distinctly one-sided at the base; leafstalks often smooth _Ulmus americana_ 15. Leaves only slightly one-sided at the base; leafstalks hairy. 16. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched _Carpinus caroliniana_ 16. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit surrounded by inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched _Ostrya virginiana_ 14. Edge of leaf singly toothed. 17. Leaves smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks smooth _Ulmus pumila_ 17. Leaves hairy on the lower surface, at least where the veins meet; leafstalks usually hairy _Planera aquatica_ 1. Leaves symmetrical at the base. 18. Leaves with 2-4 irregular teeth along the edges. 19. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leaf stalks often 1½ inches long or longer _Nyssa aquatica_ 19. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leaf stalks rarely as long as 1½ inches _Nyssa sylvatica_ 18. Leaves more regularly toothed with more than 4 teeth along the edges. 20. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken. 21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs _Broussonetia papyrifera_ 21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs. 22. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins _Morus rubra_ 22. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins _Morus alba_ 20. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken. 23. Leaves at least 4 times as long as broad. 24. Leafstalks less than ⅛ inch long; leaves irregularly toothed along the edges _Salix interior_ 24. Leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long; leaves regularly toothed along the edges. 25. Leaves green on the lower surface _Salix nigra_ 25. Leaves whitish on the lower surface. 26. Each leaf with a pair of leaf-like stipules at the base of the leafstalk _Salix caroliniana_ 26. Each leaf without a pair of leaf-like stipules _Salix amygdaloides_ 23. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad. 27. Leaves as broad as long or broader. 28. Leaf stalks not flattened. 29. Leaves strongly whitened on the lower surface, not heart-shaped at the base _Populus alba_ 29. Leaves not strongly whitened on the lower leaf surface, heart-shaped at the base _Populus heterophylla_ 28. Leaf stalks flattened. 30. Leaves basically triangular in shape, coarsely toothed _Populus deltoides_ 30. Leaves basically ovate or spherical, coarsely or finely toothed. 31. Leaves with 20 or more fine teeth along the edges _Populus tremuloides_ 31. Leaves with up to 15 coarse teeth along the edges. _Populus grandidentata_ 27. Leaves longer than broad. 32. Twigs usually with sharp spines. 33. Leaves broadest below the middle; fruit a small apple. 34. Many of the leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic _Malus angustifolia_ 34. Most of the leaves ovate to oval to broadly lance-shaped. 35. Twigs and young leaves densely hairy _Malus ioensis_ 35. Twigs and young leaves smooth or nearly so _Malus coronaria_ 33. Leaves broadest at or above the middle; fruit a hawthorn. 36. Leaves broadest at the middle; leafstalks one inch long or longer _Crataegus viridis_ 36. Leaves broadest above the middle; leafstalks up to ¾ inch long. 37. Leaves leathery, smooth on both surfaces _Crataegus crus-galli_ 37. Leaves not leathery, usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface _Crataegus punctata_ 32. Twigs not spiny. 38. Some of the twigs with corky wings. 39. Some or all the leaves 4 inches long or longer; leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long _Ulmus thomasii_ 39. None of the leaves 4 inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch long _Ulmus alata_ 38. None of the twigs with corky wings. 40. Individual teeth along edge of the leaf at least ¼ inch long. 41. Most of the veins not reaching to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf usually silvery-white _Quercus bicolor_ 41. Most of the veins projecting to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf green or pale, but usually not silvery-white. 42. Leaves usually with sharp-pointed teeth. 43. Fruit an acorn; lower leaf surface usually covered with very short hairs _Quercus muhlenbergii_ 43. Fruit enclosed in a prickly bur; lower leaf surface smooth or nearly so _Castanea dentata_ 42. Leaves usually with somewhat rounded teeth. 44. Cup of acorn at least 1 inch across; trunk whitish to gray _Quercus michauxii_ 44. Cup of acorn less than 1 inch across; trunk brown to black _Quercus prinus_ 40. Individual teeth along edge of leaf up to ⅛ inch long. 45. Some of the leaves produced from short, stubby shoots along the main twigs _Ilex decidua_ 45. Twigs without short, stubby side shoots. 46. Leafstalks with 1 or more small glands (“bumps”), usually near the point of attachment to the blade. 47. Each tooth along the edge of the leaf bearing a small, reddish-brown gland. 48. Some or all leaves one inch broad or broader. 49. Leaves flat _Prunus hortulana_ 49. Leaves more or less folded down the middle _Prunus munsoniana_ 48. None of the leaves as much as one inch broad _Prunus angustifolia_ 47. Teeth along the edge of the leaf not bearing a gland. 50. Leaves usually with a dull, wrinkled surface; fruit a plum _Prunus americana_ 50. Leaves usually appearing smooth and rather shiny; fruit an elongated cluster of small cherries. 51. Teeth along edge of leaf curving inward, usually rather blunt _Prunus serotina_ 51. Teeth along edge of leaf pointing outward, usually sharp-pointed _Prunus virginiana_ 46. Leafstalks not bearing glands. 52. Leaves doubly toothed along the edges. 53. Bark peeling off into papery strips or layers; leaves usually about two-thirds as broad as long or broader. 54. Bark yellowish, silvery-gray, or creamy-white. 55. Bark yellowish or silvery-gray; leaves with 8 or more pairs of veins _Betula lutea_ 55. Bark creamy-white; leaves with no more than 7 pairs of veins _Betula papyrifera_ 54. Bark reddish-brown _Betula nigra_ 53. Bark broken into small plates, or smooth and sinewy, not peeling off into papery strips or layers. 56. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched _Carpinus caroliniana_ 56. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit enclosed in inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched _Ostrya virginiana_ 52. Leaves singly toothed along the edges. 57. Leaves heart-shaped at the base. 58. Leaves up to six inches long and nearly as broad _Populus heterophylla_ 58. Leaves not more than four inches long and about half as broad. 59. Leaves bronze as they unfold; leafstalk smooth _Amelanchier laevis_ 59. Leaves densely white-hairy as they unfold; leafstalk somewhat hairy _Amelanchier arborea_ 57. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, not heart-shaped. 60. Teeth along edge of leaf widely spaced, at least ¼ inch apart _Fagus grandifolia_ 60. Teeth along edge of leaf closely and regularly spaced. 61. Leafstalk hairy; fruit fleshy. 62. Leaves shiny on the upper surface; leafstalks ½ inch long or longer _Rhamnus caroliniana_ 62. Leaves dull on the upper surface; leafstalks up to ¼ inch long _Planera aquatica_ 61. Leafstalk smooth at maturity; fruit dry and variously winged. 63. Some of the leaves three inches long or longer; fruit 4-winged or a woody “cone.” 64. Leaves pointed at the tip; fruit 4-winged _Halesia carolina_ 64. Leaves rounded at the tip; fruit a woody “cone” _Alnus glutinosa_ 63. Leaves less than 3 inches long; fruit surrounded by a flat wing _Ulmus pumila_

GROUP F

Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, lobed.