Part 5

457. "He was killed _by_ a cannon-ball," should be, He was killed _with_ a cannon-ball. He was killed _by_ the cannoneer.

458. "A _new pair_ of gloves," should be, A _pair of new_ gloves.

459. "_Before_ I do that, I must _first_ be paid," should be, Before I do that, I must be paid.

460. A grammatical play upon the word THAT:

"Now _that_ is a word which may often be joined, For _that that_ may be doubled is clear to the mind; And _that that that_ is right, is as plain to the view, As _that that that that_ we use is rightly used too; And _that that that that that_ line has in it, is right-- In accordance with grammar, is plain in our sight."

461. "He will go _from thence_ to-morrow." The preposition "from" is included in these adverbs, therefore it becomes tautology in sense when prefixed to them.

462. "Equally as well," is a very common expression, and a very incorrect one; the adverb of comparison, "as," has no right in the sentence. "Equally well," "Equally high," "Equally dear," should be the construction; and if a complement be necessary in the phrase, it should be preceded by the preposition "with," as, "The wall was equally high with the former one," "The goods at Smith's are equally dear with those sold at the shop next door," &c. "Equally the same" is tautology.

463. Some persons talk of "_continuing on_:" in what other direction would it be possible to _continue_?

464. "The satin measured twelve yards before I cut this piece _off of_ it." "The fruit was gathered _off of_ that tree." Omit _of_; or, omitting _off of,_ insert _from_.

465. "He left his horse, and got _on to_ a stage-coach," "He jumped _on to_ the floor," "She laid it _on to_ a dish," "I threw it _on to_ the fire." Why use two prepositions where one would be quite as explicit, and far more elegant? Nobody would think of saying, "He came to New-York, _for_ to go to the exhibition."

466. "No other resource _but_ this was allowed him:" say, "No other resource _than_ this," &c.

467. "I don't know but _what_ I shall go to White Plains to-morrow:" say, "I don't know but _that_," &c.

468. "One of those houses _were_ sold last week," "Each of the daughters _are_ to have a separate share," "Every tree in those plantations _have_ been injured by the storm," "Either of the children _are_ at liberty to claim it." Here it will be perceived that the pronouns "one," "each," "every," "either," are the true nominatives to the verbs; but the intervening noun in the plural number, in each sentence, deludes the ear; and the speaker, without reflection, renders the verb in the plural instead of the singular number.

469. "Many still die annually _from_ the plague:" say, _of_ the plague.

470. "He spoke _contemptibly_ of him," should be, He spoke _contemptuously_ of him.

471. "_Was_ you?" should be, _Were_ you?

472. "This is the more _perfect_ of the two:" say, More _complete_. _Perfect_ rarely admits comparison.

473. Avoid all slang and vulgar words and phrases, as, _Anyhow_, _Bating_, _Bran new_, _To blow up_, _Bother_, _Cut_, _Currying favor_, _Fork out_, _Half an eye_, _I am up to you_, _Kick up_, _Scrape_, _The Scratch_, _Walk into_.

474. "Go _over_ the bridge," should be, Go _across_ the bridge.

475. "_I was some distance from home_," should be, I was _at_ some distance from home.

476. "Is Mr. Smith _in_?" should be, Is Mr. Smith _within_?

477. "It is _above_ a month since," should be, It is _more_ than a month since.

478. "Vegetables were _plenty_," should be, Vegetables were _plentiful_.

479. "We both were _very disappointed_." This is an incomplete expression: say, _very much_, or _very greatly_. No one would think of saying, "We both were _very pleased_."

480. "It is I who _is_ to receive the appointment:" say, who _am_ to receive; _who_ is in the first person, and the verb of which it is the subject must be in the same.

481. Never say _biscake_, for _biscuit_.

482. "Passengers are _not requested_ to let down the chains, before the boat is fastened to the bridge." [From a printed regulation on one of the New-York and Brooklyn ferry-boats.] The reading should be, "Passengers _are requested not to let down_ the chains."

483. "How will you _swap_ jack-knives?" _swap,_ although it is a word familiarly used in connection with "jack-knives," is a term that cannot lay the least claim to elegance. Use some other of the many mercantile expressions to which trade has given rise.

484. "He's put his nose to the _grin-stone_ at an early age." [A remark usually made by old ladies, suggested by the first marriage among their grandsons.] Say, _grind-stone_. A _grin-stone_ implies a stone that "grins," whereas, especially in this instance, the "nose" fulfills that office.

485. The importance of punctuating a written sentence is often neglected. Space does not permit the giving of rules on this subject, in this book. Business correspondence is generally blemished by many omissions of this character; for example, "Messrs G Longman & Co have recd a note from the Cor Sec Nat Shipwreck Soc informing them of the loss of one of their vessels off the N E Coast of S A at 8 P M on the 20 of Jan." A clergyman, standing in his pulpit, was once handed a slip of paper, to be read in the hearing of the congregation, which was intended to convey the following notice: "A man going to sea, his wife desires the prayers of the church." But the sentence was improperly punctuated, and he read, "A man going to see his wife, desires the prayers of the church!"

486. "The knave thereupon commenced rifling his _friend's_ (as he called him) _pocket_:" say, "The knave commenced rifling the _pocket of his friend_, as he facetiously called him." The possessive case, and the word that governs it, must not be separated by an intervening clause.

487. "I owe _thee_ a heavy debt of gratitude, and _you_ will not permit me to repay it:" say, either "I owe _you_," &c., preserving "and _you_ will" in the second clause; or, "I owe _thee_," and altering "and _you_ will" into "and _thou wilt_."

488. "Every lancer and every rifleman _were at their post_:" say, _was at his_ post.

489. "I can lift as many pounds _as he has_:" add _lifted_.

490. Do not use _to_, the sign of the infinitive mood, for the infinitive itself. "I have not written to him, and I am not likely _to_," should read, "I am not likely _to write to him_."

491. The word _agree_ is sometimes followed by the wrong preposition. We should say, agree _with_ a person--_to_ a proposition--_upon_ a thing among ourselves.

492. We should say _compare with_, in respect of quality--_compare to_, for the sake of illustration.

493. We should say copy _after_ a person--_copy from_ a thing.

494. _Between_ is properly applied only to two objects; _among_, to three or more. "A father divided a portion of his property _between_ his two sons; the rest he distributed _among_ the poor."

495. _In_ should not be used for _into_, after verbs denoting entrance. "Come _in_ my parlor," should read, "Come _into_ my parlor."

496. "We confide _in_, and have respect _for_, the good." Such a form of expression is strained and awkward. It is better to say, "We confide _in_ the good, and have respect for _them_," or, "We _trust_ and _respect_ the good."

497. "This veil of flesh parts the visible and the invisible world:" say, "parts the visible _from_ the invisible." It certainly is not meant that the veil of flesh _parts_ (or _divides_) each of these worlds.

498. "Every leaf, every twig, every blade, every drop of water, _teem_ with life:" say, _teems_.

499. "Dr. Prideaux used to relate that when he brought the manuscript of his Connection of the Old and the New Testaments to the publisher, _he told him_ it was a dry subject, and that the printing could not be safely ventured upon unless he could enliven the work with a little humor." The sense alone, and not the _sentence_, indicates to whom _he_ and _him_ respectively refer; such a form of expression is faulty, because it may lead to a violation of _perspicuity_, which is one of the most essential qualities of a good style.

500. The last direction which this little book will give, on the subject with which it has been occupied, is one that long ago was given in the greatest of books--"Let your conversation be as it becometh the Gospel of Christ." If obedience to this injunction may not guard him who heeds it against the commission of such mistakes as are numbered in this catalogue, it will not fail to lead him out of the way of errors more grievous and solemn.

THE SPELLER AND DEFINER'S MANUAL.

BY WILLIAM W. SMITH, Principal of Grammar School No. 1, New-York; Author of The Speller's Manual.

This work contains about fourteen thousand of the most useful words in the English language, correctly spelled, pronounced, defined, and arranged in classes, together with rules for spelling, prefixes and suffixes, with their significations, rules for use of capitals, punctuation and other marks used in writing and printing, quotations from other languages used in English composition, abbreviations, &c., to which is added a +Vocabulary+ for reference. Words which resemble each other in pronunciation, but have different meanings, are arranged together, and occupy about one eighth of the entire work, containing nearly three hundred pages. The sentences for examples for pupils (each embracing two or more of these words) will be found very instructive and interesting. While +The Speller and Definer's Manual+ supplies all that can be desired in an ordinary dictionary or speller, it furnishes much important information that cannot be found in these, and presents a study, usually dry and uninteresting, in a natural and attractive manner. It is adapted to the capacities of children, and will essentially aid the teacher in the work of instruction by suggesting _questions_ and _ideas_ that are very often overlooked amid the anxieties of the school-room.

It will be found to be one of the most useful works for schools or +SELF-INSTRUCTION+ ever issued as a text-book, and its examination will abundantly repay any friend of education.

The Manual has been adopted by the Board of Education for use in the Public Schools of New-York City.

We invite attention to the following extracts of notices of this work from city papers:

NOTICES OF THE PRESS.

"The volume is not only valuable as a text-book for schools, but will be +USEFUL TO ADULTS+ whose knowledge of the mechanics of literature has grown rusty."--_Commercial Advertiser._

"We like the plan and execution of this new work, and recommend it to the attention of teachers."--_Life Illustrated._

"The author of this excellent little manual is the principal of one of our grammar schools, and is well known as a teacher. If his manual have any fault, it is that of _brevity_, for the principle upon which it is constructed, strikes us as perfect."--_New-York Courier._

Retail price 62-1/2 cents. Single copies, for examination, sent to any part of the country post-paid on receipt of Fifty Cents. Address

+DANIEL BURGESS & CO., Publishers+,

NO. 60 JOHN STREET, NEW-YORK.

THE GRADUAL SERIES OF READERS. BY D. B. TOWER, A. M., (Principal of Park Latin School, Boston,) AND CORNELIUS WALKER, A. M. (Principal of Wells Grammar School, Boston.)

The _first essential_ of good reading is a _distinct articulation_. This can only result from practice of the elementary sounds and their combinations. All of these simple elements and their combinations are given, with ample directions, arranged in the simplest and most compact form, in the first books of Tower's series.

The _next points_ are _Emphasis_ and the _Tones_.

These are set forth and illustrated in the last three Readers. The elements of expression requisite for the utterance of every sentiment are clearly described and explained by appropriate examples. By these examples, it is clearly shown how a passage is to be read, and thence is deduced a rule or principle that all similar passages are to be read in a similar manner.

The character of the selections is such as to claim the attention of all who are in search of good reading matter. They are exciting, instructive, and interesting, and admirably adapted to the capacity of the pupils.

The higher books of the series contain selections from authors who are considered standards in their respective departments. The dignity and objects of literature are distinctly brought to view, whether in the form of prose to persuade and instruct--in that of poetry, to please the fancy--or in that of the drama, to move the passions.

The character of the selections in these two books is such as to claim the attention of all who are in search of _reading matter_ that will _wear_.

The superiority of these books is acknowledged, wherever they have been brought to a practical test. The more intelligent any school committee, or teachers are, the more readily are these Readers appreciated, and the more eagerly are they sought for use in the school-room. So decided is the preference for them, among the educated, over every other series, that they are gradually but surely superseding them all, and going into general use in all the best schools in our country.

Price.

TOWER'S FIRST READER, or Gradual Primer, 14 cts. Do. SECOND READER, or Introduction to Gradual Reader, 25 " Do. THIRD READER, or Gradual Reader, 34 " Do. FOURTH READER, or Sequel to Gradual Reader, 50 " Do. FIFTH READER, or North American Second Class Reader, 62-1/2 " Do. SIXTH READER, or North American First Class Reader, 84 " Do. GRADUAL SPELLER, or Complete Enunciator, 17 " Do. INTERMEDIATE READER, 25 "

Copies of the above sent by mail, postage paid, on receipt of the prices annexed. Address

DANIEL BURGESS & Co.,

PUBLISHERS, NEW-YORK.

ENGLISH GRAMMARS. BY DAVID B. TOWER, A. M., AND PROF. BENJAMIN F. TWEED, A. M.

Tower's ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR. PRICE 25 CENTS.

FIRST LESSONS IN LANGUAGE: OR, ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR. BY DAVID B. TOWER, A. M., AND PROF. BENJAMIN F. TWEED, A. M.

This little book was prepared for beginners, that they might feel their way understandingly, and become interested in this sometimes dry study. This subject is presented in a natural way, avoiding all unnecessary innovations. The plan is simple and plain, introducing only one thing at a time, that the pupil may see a reason for each step, and thus be led to think. It is concise, that the whole subject may be placed before the learner in the simplest manner and encumbered by as few words for the memory as possible, that the interest may be kept up till he is master of the study. By easy questions, principles are deduced from familiar examples already explained for the sake of such inferences, that a clear understanding of these principles and their application may be acquired, rather than the words used to explain and describe them.

Towers ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PRICE FIFTY-SIX CENTS.

GRADUAL LESSONS IN GRAMMAR;

OR, GUIDE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY THE ANALYSIS AND COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES; WITH A SEQUEL. BY DAVID B. TOWER, A. M., AND PROF. BENJAMIN F. TWEED, A. M.

The first object in the Gradual Lessons in Grammar, is to render the pupil familiar with the different CLASSES of words, in the various _relations_ in which they may be used, by directing attention to the manner in which they affect the _meaning_ of the sentence. Thus it is stated, that "words used as names are nouns." Then follow examples of the different kinds of nouns, and the pupil is required to tell _why_ they are nouns, and to write others, till he recognizes the noun wherever it is found.

The same course is then taken with reference to the verb, after which _sentences_ are introduced in their simplest form, containing only the essential elements, and the pupil is required to analyze them and _construct_ similar sentences.

Then follows the adjective, and attention is called to its effect on the meaning of the sentence. The _statement_ at the head of each section is not to be committed to memory, but is made to assist the pupil in appreciating the _grammatical forms of the sentences_ which follow. In this manner, by the introduction of a new class of words, or the use of the same class in a different relation, the sentence is _gradually built up_; till, from the most simple, we have the most complex an involved forms. The _technical terms_, denoting the various relations and modifications, are then given, with marginal references to the illustrations. The _definitions_ and _rules_ in the Sequel are deduced from illustrations in the First Part.

The First Part of this Grammar has one _peculiar_ advantage. It combines CONSTRUCTION with Analysis. On every principle developed, _written_ exercises are required of the pupils, not only to insure an understanding of that particular principle and to perpetuate a knowledge of it, but also to furnish gradual and continued practice in the _construction_ of sentences. This method of instruction makes _correct writers_, as it regards the using of words _understandingly_ and _grammatically_ in sentences, and prepares the pupil for the task of _composition_, by enabling him to express his thoughts _correctly_ if _he has_ any.

Persons who wish to acquire a knowledge of English Grammar +WITHOUT A MASTER+, will find these works of great service. Sent singly or together, by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price.

DANIEL BURGESS & CO.

+Publishers, No. 60 John St., New-York.+

MAYHEW'S BOOK-KEEPING.

A PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING BY SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY. BY IRA MAYHEW, A. M. FOR FARMERS, MECHANICS, AND MERCHANTS.

This is a very neat-looking volume, whose title, "Practical Book-keeping," is indicative of its leading characteristics. The specimens of accounts presented in it are in script that closely resembles writing, and they hence afford excellent models for imitation. The book contains four forms of accounts, immediately following each of which is a large number of examples for practice. In their solution, the pupil has occasion practically to apply the knowledge he has already acquired of both arithmetic and penmanship, while at the same time he learns Book-keeping as he will have occasion to practice it in after life. For this purpose a set of account books, in which the examples for practice are to be written out by the learner, and a Key for teachers containing the solution, accompany the book.

Agesilaus, king of Sparta, being asked what things he thought most proper for boys to learn, very appropriately replied, "Those things which they should _practice_ when they become men." Ever since it was said to Adam, "In the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread," there has been a necessity laid upon man not only to _labor,_ but to _exchange_ with others the products of his industry, in order to secure a comfortable support. Excepting merchants, mechanics, and professional men, very few, comparatively, keep any accounts. The principal reason for this is found in the fact, that when young they were not taught how to do so, and the necessity of its being done. Considerations are presented, in the Introduction to this work, to show some of the many advantages that would result to individuals and to the community from making Book-keeping a common study, and the design of the present work is to furnish a practical system of popular Book-keeping, which may meet the wants of the great majority of the American people.

Sent by mail, post-paid, to any part of the country, on receipt of 37-1/2 cts. Blanks, 50 cts.

+Daniel Burgess & Co.,+

_Publishers, 60 John St., New-York._

GEOGRAPHY FOR THE MILLION.

Smith's Modern and Ancient Geography,

ACCOMPANIED BY A LARGE AND VALUABLE

ATLAS,

Containing 35 Beautiful Colored Maps, drawn and engraved expressly for this work. The Maps have all been corrected and brought up to the times; Railroads have all been laid down as far as completed. This Atlas also contains a large number of new and interesting Statistical Tables from the Census of 1850. The Tables contain the POPULATION OF EACH COUNTY in the United States. Also, the AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS of each of the States, with 30 other Tables from the Census. A

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

of the principal Political and other Events in American History, from 1492 to 1853, has been added, in which everything of any importance has been noticed, with the date at which it happened. There has also been added a large and beautiful Map of the ROMAN EMPIRE, which will be of use in the study of Ancient Geography and History, most of the towns mentioned being laid down on this Map.

The descriptions of the States and Territories are full and complete, having been brought up to the times in every respect. This work is rendered still more valuable by a complete

COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY,

which will be found as interesting and instructive as the more extended treatises of this subject. A series of DRILL QUESTIONS for General Revision is appended to this work, which will be found of great convenience to the Teacher and aid to the Scholar in bringing definitely to his mind, in a condensed form, the main features of the subject he has gone over. This Book is receiving universal favor where it is known by Teachers, Committees, and others. It has been introduced into the Best Schools of our country, and they cannot be without it.

Full and complete descriptions of our new Territories of

NEBRASKA AND KANSAS,

with their Boundaries accurately laid down on the Map. This Map will be of great use to those who intend emigrating to these Territories. This work contains more information than will be found in any other book for the price. Price, for both Geography and Atlas, $1.13, sent by mail, post-paid. The Atlas can be had separately by those who want it, at 75 cts., postage paid.

SMITH'S PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY,

A beautiful Book for young Students. Price, 37-1/2 cents.

SMITH'S QUARTO GEOGRAPHY,

combining Maps and Text in one volume; well adapted to private study. Price, 75 cents. Sent by mail, post-paid.

+DANIEL BURGESS & Co.+,

PUBLISHERS, NO. 60 JOHN ST., N. Y.

WESTWARD, HO!

A NEW TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF IOWA,

Showing the Streams, Roads, Towns, Post-offices, County Seats, Railroads, &c., compiled from the latest U. S. Surveys, official information, and personal reconnoissance, just published. Pocket edition. Very large and beautifully colored.

Travellers, Emigrants, and all others interested, will find this the best and only complete and reliable Map of this State published. Sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of One Dollar.

ALSO,

A NEW SECTIONAL MAP OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN,

Comprising all the most recent Surveys, Towns, Post-offices, Railroads, County Seats, &c., &c. Sent by mail, post-paid, for 60 cents.

These are very elegant Maps, and should be in the possession of every person who intends emigrating to the Western Country.

Dealers in Western Lands will find these Maps invaluable.

Address,

DANIEL BURGESS & CO., _Publishers_,

No. 60 John Street, New-York.

ELOCUTION MADE EASY. CONTAINING RULES AND SELECTIONS FOR DECLAMATION AND READING, WITH FIGURES ILLUSTRATIVE OF GESTURE, ETC.

BY RUFUS CLAGGETT, A. M.

This book is given to the public with a view to encourage the study and practice of a branch of education which gives a tenfold vigor to all other intellectual acquirements. Thousands of men, otherwise well educated, are often heard to lament their neglect of Elocution in their school-boy days, and their consequent inability to utter in public those thoughts which they would gladly disseminate, and thereby confer a benefit on society.