CHAPTER XVI

MODERN FINE PRINTING

After the Restoration, printing and the book trade generally in England became definitely modern in their character, and the printer practically disappears from view, his work, with here and there an exception, as in the case of Robert Foulis or John Baskerville, being altogether hidden behind that of the publisher, so that it is of Herringman and Bernard Lintott and Dodsley that we hear, not of Newcomb and Roycroft.

Notwithstanding this decline in the printer's importance, there was a steady improvement in English printing. As an _art_ it had ceased at this time to exist. If a publisher wished to make a book beautiful he put in plates. If he wanted to make it more beautiful he put in more or larger plates. If he wanted to make it a real triumph of beauty he engraved the whole book, letterpress and all, as in the case of Sturt's Prayer Books and Pine's _Horace_. That a printer by the selection and arrangement of type, by good presswork and the use of pretty capitals and tailpieces, could make a book charming to eye and hand, without any help from an illustrator--such an idea as this had nearly perished. There was little loss in this, since if any artistic work had been attempted it would assuredly have been bad, whereas the craftsmen, when set to do quite plain work, gradually learnt to do it in a more workmanlike way. In this they were helped by certain improvements in printing which rendered the task of the pressman less laborious. In the middle of the seventeenth century William Blaew, of Amsterdam, invented an improved press, "fabricated nine of these new fashioned presses, set them all on a row in his Printing House and called each Press by the name of one of the Muses." Clearly Blaew was an enthusiast. His chronicler, Joseph Moxon, was a fairly good English printer, and his description of the equipment of a printing house in the second part of his _Mechanick Exercises_ (1683) contains much information still interesting. We gather from Moxon that Blaew's improvements were slowly copied in England, and we know that the English printers still continued to buy their best founts from Holland. Thus when Bishop Fell, about 1670, was equipping the University Press at Oxford with better type, he employed an agent in Holland to purchase founts for him. English founts of which we have any reason to be proud date from the appearance about 1716 of William Caslon, who established a firm of type founders which has enjoyed a long and deservedly prosperous career.

The next move came from the north. Robert Foulis (the name was originally spelt Faulls), born in 1707, the son of a Glasgow maltster, had been originally apprenticed to a barber. He was, however, a man of bookish tastes, and, when already over thirty years of age, was advised to set up in business as a printer and bookseller. With his brother Andrew, five years younger than himself and educated for the ministry, he went on a book-buying tour on the Continent, and on his return started book-selling in 1741, and printed in that year Dr. William Leechman's _Temper, Character, and Duty of a Minister of the Gospel_, and four other books, including a Phaedrus and a volume of Cicero. In March, 1743, he was appointed Printer to the University of Glasgow, and his edition of _Demetrius Phalerus de Elocutione_ in Greek and Latin was the first example of Greek printing produced at Glasgow. A _Horace_ which was hung up in proof in the University, with the offer of a reward for every misprint detected (in spite of which six remained), followed in 1744, an _Iliad_ in 1747, an edition of _Hardyknute_ in 1748, and a _Cicero_ in 1749. In 1750 as many as thirty works were printed at the Foulis press. The next two years were mainly spent in touring on the Continent, and on his return Robert Foulis unhappily started an Academy of Art at Glasgow, which he had neither the knowledge nor the taste to direct successfully, and which sapped his energies without producing any valuable results. An edition of the Greek text of Callimachus in 1755 was rewarded by an Edinburgh society with a gold medal, and other Greek and Latin texts followed, including the _Iliad_ in 1756, _Anacreon_ in 1757, _Virgil_ and the _Odyssey_ in 1758, and _Herodotus_ in 1761. Among the more notable later books of the firm were an edition of Gray's _Poems_ in 1768, and a _Paradise Lost_ in 1770. The younger brother died in 1775, and Robert, after a mortifying experience in London, where he sold the "old masters" he had bought as models for his Academy for less than a pound over the expenses incurred in the sale, followed him the next year. The two brothers had raised printing at Glasgow from insignificance to an excellence which equalled, and perhaps surpassed, the standard attained at London, Oxford or Cambridge, or, indeed, for the moment, anywhere in Europe. This was no small achievement, and their compatriots and fellow citizens may well show them honour. But they were content to work according to the best standards set by other men without making any positive advance upon them or showing any originality. They avoided the snare of bad ornaments by using none; their Greek types were modelled on the French royal types associated with the name of the Etiennes; their roman types exhibit no special excellence. Historically, their chief importance is that they proved that care and enthusiasm for fine printing was re-awakening, and that printers with high ideals would not lack support.

Meanwhile, in the English Midlands an interesting and creditable, though wrong-headed, attempt to improve on existing founts had been made by John Baskerville, a Worcestershire man, born in 1706, who worked at Birmingham, and in 1757 printed there in his own types a quarto edition of _Virgil_ which attracted considerable notice. The merit of Baskerville's type is its distinctness; its fault is the reappearance in a slightly different form of the old heresy of Aldus, that what is good, or is thought to be good, in penmanship must necessarily be good in type. In imitation of the Writing-Masters Baskerville delighted in making his upstrokes very thin and his downstrokes thick, and his serifs--that is, all the little finishing strokes of the letters--sharp and fine. It is probable that his ideals were influenced in this direction by books like Pine's _Horace_ (1733-7), in which, as already noted, the letterpress as well as the illustrations and ornament is engraved throughout. These contrasts of light and heavy lines would naturally please an engraver; but they have no advantage when transferred to type, only making the page appear restless and spotty. Contemporary opinion in England was no more than lukewarm in their favour. The _Virgil_ procured Baskerville a commission from the University of Oxford to cut a Greek fount, but this was generally condemned, though it had the merit of being free from contractions. Editions of Milton's _Paradise Lost_ and _Paradise Regained_ (1758), and other classics, were more successful, and Baskerville was appointed printer to the University of Cambridge for ten years; but his profits were small, and when he died in 1775, in default of an adequate English offer, his types were sold to a French society for L3700, and used in printing a famous edition of the works of Voltaire (1785-9).

The most conspicuous exponent of Baskerville's methods was an Italian, Giovanni Battista Bodoni, born in Piedmont in 1740. Bodoni settled at Parma, and it was at Parma that he did most of his printing. Even more notably than Baskerville, he tried to give to the pages which he printed the brilliancy of a fine engraving. He used good black ink (which is to his credit), exaggerated the differences between his thick strokes and his thin, and left wide spaces between his lines so as to let the elegance of his type stand out as brilliantly as possible against the white paper. The judgment of the best modern printers is against these vivid contrasts and in favour of a more closely set page, the two pages which face each other being regarded as an artistic whole which should not be cut into strips by a series of broad white spaces. Bodoni's books, which used to be highly esteemed, are now perhaps unduly neglected, for his work in its own way, whether he used roman type, italics, or Greek, is very good, and his editions of _Virgil_, _Homer_, and the _Imitatio Christi_ are very striking books, though built on wrong lines. Bodoni died at Padua in 1813.

While the names of Caslon, the brothers Foulis, and Baskerville in Great Britain, and of Bodoni in Italy, stand out from amid their contemporaries, the premier place in French book-production was occupied by members of the Didot family. The first of these was Francois Didot (1689-1757); his eldest son, Francois Ambroise (1730-1804), was a fine printer; his younger son, Pierre (1732-95), was also a typefounder and papermaker. In the third generation Pierre's son Henri (1765-1852) was famous for his microscopic type, while Pierre II (1760-1853), the eldest son of Francois Ambroise and nephew of Pierre I, printed some fine editions of Latin and French classics at the press at the Louvre; and his brother Firmin Didot (1764-1836) won renown both as a typefounder and engraver, and also as a printer and improver of the art of stereotyping, besides being a deputy and writer of tragedies. In the fourth generation, the two sons of Firmin Didot, Ambroise (1790-1876) and Hyacinthe, carried on the family traditions. Incidentally, Ambroise wrote some valuable treatises on wood-engraving and amassed an enormous library, which, when sold at auction in 1882-4, realized nearly L120,000.

With the names of Bodoni and the Didots we may link that of the German publisher and printer Georg Joachim Goeschen, grandfather of the late Viscount Goschen. He was born in 1752, died in 1828, and worked the greater part of his life at Leipzig. He brought out pretty illustrated editions, made experiments with Greek types, much on the same lines as Bodoni, and devoted his life to the improvement of printing and bookmaking and the spread of good literature, enjoying the friendship of Schiller and other eminent German writers.

Coming back to England, we may note the beginning of the Chiswick Press in 1789, the year of the French Revolution. Charles Whittingham was then only twenty-two (he had been born at Coventry in 1767), and for his first years as his own master he was content to print hand-bills and do any other jobbing work that he could get. He began issuing illustrated books in 1797, and after a time the care he took in making ready wood-blocks (the use of which had been revived by Bewick) for printing gained him a special reputation. From about 1811 to his death in 1840 he left one branch of his business in the city under the charge of a partner, while he himself lived and worked at Chiswick, whence the name the Chiswick Press by which the firm is still best known.

His nephew, Charles Whittingham the younger, was born in 1795, was apprenticed to his uncle in 1810 and worked with him until 1828. Then he set up for himself at Tooks Court off Chancery Lane, and came rapidly to the front, largely from the work which he did for William Pickering, a well-known publisher of those days.

On his uncle's death in 1840 the younger Whittingham inherited the Chiswick business also. Four years after this, in 1844, he led the way in the revival of old-faced types. The examples of Baskerville at home and of Bodoni and other printers abroad had not been without effect on English printing. Brilliancy had been sought at all costs, and in the attempt to combine economy with it the height of letters had been increased and their breadth diminished so that, while they looked larger, more of them could be crowded into a line. The younger Whittingham had the good taste to see that the rounder, more evenly tinted type, which Caslon had made before these influences had come into play, was much pleasanter to look at and less trying to the eyes. He was already thinking of reviving it when he was commissioned by Longmans to print a work of fiction, _So much of the Diary of Lady Willoughby as relates to her Domestic History and to the Eventful Period of the Reign of Charles the First_, and it occurred to him that the use of old-faced type would be especially in keeping with such a book. A handsome small quarto was the result, and the revival of old-faced type proved a great success.

Not content with reviving old type, the younger Whittingham revived also the use of ornamental initials, causing numerous copies to be cut for him from the initials used in French books of the sixteenth century. Some of these are good, some almost bad, or while good in themselves, suitable only for use with black-letter founts and too heavy for use with roman letter. Still the attempt was in the right direction, and the books of this period with the imprint of the Chiswick Press are worth the attention of collectors interested in the modern developments of printing. During the succeeding forty years there is little by which they are likely to be attracted save the issues of the private press kept and worked by the Rev. C. H. O. Daniel of Worcester College, Oxford, of which he is now Provost. While he was yet a lad Mr. Daniel had amused himself with printing, and a thin duodecimo is still extant entitled _Sir Richard's Daughter, A Christmas Tale of Olden Times_, bearing the imprint "Excudebat H. Daniel: Trinity Parsonage, Frome, 1852." In 1874 Mr. Daniel resumed his old hobby at Oxford, printing _Notes from a catalogue of pamphlets in Worcester College Library_, and in 1876 _A new Sermon of the newest Fashion by Ananias Snip_, of which the original is preserved in the library of Worcester College. It was, however, in 1881, by an edition of thirty-six copies of _The Garland of Rachel_ "by divers kindly hands," that the Daniel Press won its renown. Rachel was Mr. Daniel's little daughter, and the eighteen contributors to her "Garland" included Frederick Locker, Robert Bridges, Austin Dobson, Andrew Lang, Edmund Gosse, John Addington Symonds, Lewis Carrol, W. Henley, and Margaret Woods. Each poet was rewarded by a copy in which his name was printed on the titlepage, and the "Garland" soon came to be regarded as a very desirable possession. Mr. Daniel subsequently printed numerous little books by interesting writers (Robert Bridges, Walter Pater, Canon Dixon, and others), and while neither his types nor his presswork were exceptionally good, succeeded in investing them all with a charming appropriateness which gives them a special place of their own in the affections of book-lovers.

Another venture in which a high literary standard was combined with much care for typography was _The Hobby-Horse_, a quarterly magazine edited by Herbert P. Horne and Selwyn Image between 1886 and 1892, after which it appeared fitfully and flickered out. The change in the type, the setting it close instead of spaced, and the new initials and tailpieces which may be noted at the beginning of Vol. III (1888), constituted a landmark in the history of modern printing of an importance similar to that of the return to old-faced type in _Lady Willoughby's Diary_. The progress of the movement can be followed (i) in the catalogue of the Exhibition of Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, held at the New Gallery in the autumn of 1888, with an article on printing by Mr. Emery Walker; (ii) in three books by William Morris, viz. _The House of the Wolfings_, _The Roots of the Mountains_, and the _Gunnlaug Saga_, printed under the superintendence of the author and Mr. Walker at the Chiswick Press in 1889 and 1890. In 1891 William Morris gave an immense impetus to the revival of fine printing by setting up a press at No. 16 Upper Mall, Hammersmith, close to his own residence, Kelmscott House. "It was the essence of my undertaking," he wrote subsequently, "to produce books which it would be a pleasure to look upon as pieces of printing and arrangement of type," and no one will be inclined to deny that the Kelmscott Press books fulfil this aim. The gothic type, whether in its larger or smaller size (the Troy type designed for the reprint of Caxton's _Recuyell of the Histories of Troy_, and the Chaucer type designed for the great _Chaucer_), will hold its own against any gothic type of the fifteenth century. The Golden type (designed for the reprint of Caxton's _Golden Legend_) cannot be praised as highly as this. "By instinct rather than by conscious thinking it over," Morris confessed, "I began by getting myself a fount of Roman type," and it is no unfair criticism of it to say that it betrays the hand of a man whose natural expression was in gothic letter forcing roman into yielding some of the characteristic gothic charm. The _Golden Legend_ would have been a far finer book if it had been printed in the Chaucer type, and the Shelley, Keats, Herrick and other books which Morris printed in it to please F. S. Ellis or other friends cannot stand the test of comparison with _The Wood Beyond the World_ and the other romances which he printed entirely to please himself. But whether he used his roman or his gothic type the exquisite craftsmanship which he put into all his books enabled Morris to attain his aim, and his wonderful borders and capitals crown them with the delight which this king of designers took in his work. No other printer since printing began has ever produced such a series of books as the fifty-three which poured from the Kelmscott Press during those wonderful seven years, and no book that has ever been printed can be compared for richness of effect with the Chaucer which was the crowning achievement of the Press.

Morris's example brought into the field a host of competitors and plagiarists and a few workers in the same spirit. By his side throughout his venture had stood Mr. Emery Walker, who had no small part in starting the whole movement, whose help and advice for more than twenty years have been freely at the service of any one who has shown any inclination to do good work, and who, whenever good work has been achieved, will almost always be found to have lent a hand in it. After Morris's death Mr. Walker joined with Mr. Cobden Sanderson in producing the Doves Press books, printed, all of them, in a single type, but that type a fine adaptation of Jenson's and handled with a skill to which Jenson not only never attained but never aspired. The first book printed in it was the _Agricola_ of Tacitus, and this and Mr. Mackail's lecture on Morris and other early books are entirely without decoration. Woodcut capitals and borders, it was thought, had reached their highest possible excellence under the hand of William Morris, and since not progress but retrogression would be the certain result of any fresh experiments, decoration of this sort must be abandoned. The reasoning was perhaps not entirely cogent, since the decoration appropriate to the Doves type would hardly enter into any direct competition with Morris's gothic designs. Later on, however, it was more than justified by the use in the _Paradise Lost_, the Bible, and most subsequent books (these later ones issued by Mr. Sanderson alone) of very simple red capitals, which light up the pages on which they occur with charming effect.

Similar capitals on a less bold scale, some in gold, others in red, others in blue, are a conspicuous feature in the masterpieces of the Ashendene Press belonging to Mr. St. John Hornby. This was started by Mr. Hornby at his house in Ashendene, Herts, in 1894, and was for some time worked by Mr. Hornby himself and his sisters, with, as at least one colophon gratefully acknowledges, "some little help of Cicely Barclay," who subsequently, under a different surname, appears as a joint proprietor. The early books--the _Journals_ of Joseph Hornby, _Meditations_ of Marcus Aurelius, _Prologue_ to the _Canterbury Tales_, etc.--are not conspicuously good, but in 1902, in a type founded on that used by Sweynheym and Pannartz at Subiaco, Mr. and Mrs. Hornby produced the first volume of an illustrated _Divina Commedia_ which cannot be too highly praised. Its story is told in the red-printed colophon, the wording of which is very prettily turned:

Fine della prima Cantica appellata Inferno della Commedia di Dante poeta eccellentissimo. Impressa nella Stamperia Privata di Ashendene a Shelley House, Chelsea, per opera e spesa di St. John & Cicely Hornby coll' aiuto del loro cugino Meysey Turton. Le lettere iniziali sono l'opera di Graily Hewitt, le incisioni in legno di C. Keates secondo disegni fatti da R. Catterson Smith sopra gli originali dell' edizione di 1491. Finita nel mese di Dicembre dell' anno del Signore MCMII, nel quale dopo dieci secoli di bellezza cadde il gran Campanile di San Marco dei Veneziani.

The third type happily inspired by the example of Morris was the Greek type designed by Robert Proctor on the model of that used for the New Testament of the Complutensian Polyglott in 1514, with the addition of majuscules and accents, both of them lacking in the original. An edition of the _Oresteia_ of Aeschylus in this type was being printed for Mr. Proctor at the Chiswick Press at the time of his death, and appeared in 1904. In 1908 it was followed by an edition of the _Odyssey_ printed at the Clarendon Press. Like Morris's gothic founts, this Greek type may or may not be admired, but that it attains the effects at which it aims can hardly be denied. No page of such richness had ever before been set up by any printer of Greek.

To write of books printed in types which for one reason or another seem less successful than those already named is a less grateful task, but there are several designers and printers whose work approaches excellence, and who worked independently of Morris, though with less sure touch. Foremost among these must be placed Mr. Charles Ricketts,[70] whose Vale type, despite a few blemishes, is not very far behind the Golden type of the Kelmscott Press, and whose ornament at its best is graceful, and that with a lighter and gayer grace than Morris's, though it cannot compare with his for dignity or richness of effect. In a later type, called the Kinge's Fount from its use in an edition of _The Kinges Quair_ (1903), Mr. Ricketts's good genius deserted him, for the mixture of majuscule and minuscule forms is most unpleasing.

The Eragny books printed by Esther and Lucien Pissarro on their press at Epping, Bedford Park, and the Brook, Chiswick, were at first (1894-1903, Nos. 1-16) printed by Mr. Ricketts's permission in the Vale type. In June, 1903, a "Brook" fount designed by Mr. Pissarro was completed, and _A Brief Account of the Origin of the Eragny Press_ printed in it. Mr. Pissarro's books are chiefly notable for their woodcuts, which are of very varying merit.

In the United States, in addition to some merely impudent plagiarisms, several excellent efforts after improved printing were inspired by the English movement of which Morris was the most prominent figure. Mr. Clarke Conwell at the Elston Press, Pelham Road, New Rochelle, New York, printed very well, both in roman and black letter, his edition of the _Tale of Gamelyn_ (1901) in the latter type being a charming little book. Mr. Berkeley Updike of the Merrymount Press, Boston, and Mr. Bruce Rogers during his connection with the Riverside Press, Boston, have also both done excellent work, which is too little known in this country. The artistic printing which Mr. Rogers did while working for the Riverside Press is especially notable because of the rich variety of types and styles in which excellence was attained.

FOOTNOTE:

[70] Like Proctor, Mr. Ricketts had no press of his own. His books were printed for him by Messrs. Ballantyne.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL WORKS

FERGUSON, J. _Some Aspects of Bibliography._ Edinburgh, 1900.

PEDDIE, R. A. _A List of Bibliographical Books published since the foundation of the Bibliographical Society in 1893_ (_Bib. Soc. Transactions_, vol. x., pp. 235-311). London, 1910.

* * * * *

BIGMORE and WYMAN. _A Bibliography of Printing._ With notes and illustrations, 2 vols. London, 1880.

REED, T. B. _A List of Books and Papers on Printers and Printing under the Countries and Towns to which they refer._ (Bibliographical Society.) London, 1895.

* * * * *

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. _Transactions._ London, 1893, etc.

EDINBURGH BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. _Transactions._ Edinburgh, 1896, etc.

* * * * *

_Le Bibliographe Moderne._ Paris, 1897, etc.

_Bibliographica._ 3 vols. London, 1895-7.

_Centrallblatt fur Bibliothekswesen._ Leipzig, 1888, etc.

_The Library._ London, 1889, etc.

* * * * *

_Zeitschrift fur Bucherfreunde._ Bielefeld, 1897, etc.

BRUNET, J. C. _Dictionnaire de Geographie ancienne et moderne a l'usage du libraire et de l'amateur de livre. Par un Bibliophile._ Paris, 1870.

With notes on the introduction of printing into the places named.

CRANE, W. _Of the Decorative Illustration of Books Old and New._ Second edition. London, 1901.

DUFF, E. G. _Early Printed Books._ (_Books about Books._) London, 1893. 8vo.

HUMPHREYS, H. N. _Masterpieces of the Early Printers and Engravers_: Series of facsimiles from rare and curious books, remarkable for illustrative devices, beautiful borders, decorative initials, printers' marks, and elaborate titlepages. Fol. London, 1870.

KRISTELLER, P. _Kupferstich und Holzschnitt in vier Jahrhunderten._ 4to. Berlin, 1905.

LANG, A. _The Library._ With a chapter on modern English illustrated books by Austin Dobson, London, 1881.

---- Second edition. London, 1892.

LIPPMANN, F. _Druckschriften des xv. bis xviii. Jahrhunderts in getreuen Nachbildungen herausgegeben von der Direction der Reichsdruckerei unter Mitwirkung von Dr. F. Lippmann and Dr. R. Dohme._ Fol. Berlin, 1884-7.

MORGAN, J. P. _Catalogue of Early Printed Books from the libraries of William Morris, Richard Bennett, etc., now forming portion of the library of J. P. Morgan._ [By S. Aldrich, E. G. Duff, A. W. Pollard, R. Proctor.] 3 vols. Large 4to. London, 1907.

With many facsimiles.

ROUVEYRE, E. _Connaissances necessaires a un bibliophile._ 10 vols. Paris, 1899.

I.--COLLECTORS AND COLLECTING

ELTON, C. I. and M. A. _The Great Book Collectors._ London, 1893.

FLETCHER, W. Y. _English Book-Collectors._ London, 1902.

QUARITCH, B. _Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book Collectors._ London, 1892-9.

DAVENPORT, C. _English Heraldic Book-Stamps._ London, 1909.

With biographical notes.

GUIGARD, J. _Nouvel Armorial du Bibliophile. Guide de l'amateur des livres armories._ 2 tom. Paris, 1890.

With biographical notices of many French collectors.

* * * * *

_Book Prices Current._ London, 1893, etc.

_American Book Prices Current._ New York, 1895, etc.

LIVINGSTON, L. S. _Auction Prices of Books._ 1886-1904. 4 vols. New York, 1905.

LAWLER, J. _Book Auctions in England in the Seventeenth Century._ London, 1898.

ROBERTS, W. _Catalogues of English Book Sales._ London, 1900.

---- _Rare Books and their Prices._ London, 1896.

WHEATLEY, H. B. _Prices of Books_: An inquiry into the changes in the price of books which have occurred in England at different periods. London, 1898.

* * * * *

BRUNET, J. C. _Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres, contenant 1^o un nouveau dictionnaire bibliographique_, etc. Cinquieme Edition. 6 vols. Paris, 1860-5.

GRAESSE, J. G. T. _Tresor de livres rares et precieux: ou Nouveau Dictionnaire bibliographique._ 7 vols. Dresde, 1859-69.

These two books mark the close of the fashion of General Collecting.

II.--BLOCK-BOOKS

SOTHEBY, S. L. _Principia typographica._ The block-books issued in Holland, Flanders, and Germany during the fifteenth century, etc. 3 vols. Fol. London, 1858.

SCHREIBER, W. L. _Livres xylographiques et xylo-chirographiques. Fac-similes des livres xylographiques._ (_Manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois et sur metal au xv^e siecle_, tomes 4, 7, 8.) 8vo and fol. Leipzig, 1895, 1900, 1902.

PILINSKI, A. _Monuments de la xylographie ... reproduits en fac-simile sur les exemplaires de la Bibliotheque Nationale, precedes des notices par Gustave Pawlowski._ Fol. Paris, 1882-3.

1. Apocalypse. 4. Ars Moriendi. 2. Bible des Pauvres. 5. Oraison Dominicale. 3. Ars Memorandi. 6. Cantica Canticorum.

BIBLIA PAUPERUM. _Biblia pauperum. Nach dem Einzigen in 50 Darstellungen herausgegeben von P. Heitz, W. L. Schreiber._ 4to. Strassburg, 1903.

CUST, L. H. _The Master E. S. and the Ars Moriendi._ 4to. Oxford, 1898.

III. AND IV.--THE INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING--HOLLAND AND MAINZ

GROLIER CLUB. _A description of the Early Printed Books owned by the Grolier Club_, with a brief account of their printers and the history of typography in the fifteenth century. Fol. New York, 1895.

Quotes numerous early references to the invention of printing, and gives some facsimiles.

ENSCHEDE, C. _Laurens Jansz. Coster de uitvinder van de boekdrukkunst._ Haarlem, 1904.

---- _Technisch onderzoek naar de uitvinding van de boekdrukkunst._ Haarlem, 1901.

HESSELS, J. H. _Gutenberg: Was He the Inventor of Printing?_ London, 1882.

---- _Haarlem the Birthplace of Printing, not Mentz._ London, 1887.

---- Article "Typography" in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica._

GUTENBERG GESELLSCHAFT. _Veroffentlichungen._ Mainz, 1902, etc. 4to.

I. ZEDLER, G. _Die alteste Gutenbergtype._ 1902.

II. SCHWENKE, P. _Die Donat- und Kalendertype._ 1903.

III. _Das Mainzer Fragment vom Weltgericht. Der Canon Missae vom Jahre._ 1458.

IV. ZEDLER. _Das Mainzer Catholicon._

V-VI. _Das Mainzer Fragment vom Weltgericht. Die Type B^42 im Missale von 1493. Die Missaldrucke P. und Joh. Schoffers. Die Bucheranzeigen P. Schoffers._

VIII-IX. SEYMOUR DE RICCI. _Catalogue raisonne des premieres impressions de Mayence_ (1445-67).

DZIATZKO, C. _Was wissen wir von dem Leben und der Person Joh. Gutenbergs?_ [1895.]

---- _Gutenberg's fruheste Druckerpraxis auf Grund einer ... Vergleichung des 42-zeiligen und 36-zeilgen Bibel._ (Sammlung, No. 4.) 1890.

HESSELS, J. H. _Gutenberg: Was He the Inventor of Printing?_ London, 1882.

---- _The So-called Gutenberg Documents._ (Reprinted from _The Library._) London, 1912.

V.--OTHER INCUNABULA

PANZER, G. W. _Annales Typographici ab artis inventae origine ad annum MD._ (_ad annum MDXXXVI_). 11 vols. 4to. Norimbergae, 1793-1803.

HAIN, L. _Repertorium Bibliographicum, in quo libri omnes ab arte typographica inventa usque ad annum MD. typis expressi ordine alphabetico vel simpliciter enumerantur vel adcuratius recensentur._ Stuttgartiae et Tubingae, 1826.

---- _Indices uberrimi opera C. Burger._ Lipsiae, 1891.

COPINGER, W. A. _Supplement to Hain's Repertorium Bibliographicum._ (Index by Konrad Burger.) 3 vols. London, 1895-1902.

REICHLING, D. _Appendices ad Hainii Copingeri Repertorium Bibliographicum. Additiones et emendationes._ 7 pt. Monachii, 1905-11.

PELLECHET, M. L. C. _Catalogue general des Incunables des bibliotheques publiques de France._ [Continued by M. L. Polain.] Vols. i.-iii. Paris, 1897, etc.

PROCTOR, R. _An Index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum, with notes of those in the Bodleian Library, Oxford._ 2 vols. London, 1898.

BRITISH MUSEUM. _Catalogue of Books Printed in the Fifteenth Century, now in the British Museum._ Vols. i-ii. [Block-books and Germany, Mainz-Trier.] 4to. London, 1908, etc.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. ANNMARY BROWN MEMORIAL. _Catalogue of Books mostly from the Presses of the First Printers, showing the progress of printing with movable metal types through the second half of the Fifteenth Century._ Collected by Rush C. Hawkins. Catalogued by A. W. Pollard. 4to. Oxford, 1910.

BURGER, K. _Monumenta Germaniae et Italiae typographica. Deutsche und italienische Inkunabeln in getreuen Nachbildungen._ Parts 1-8. Fol. Berlin, 1892, etc.

GESELLSCHAFT FUR TYPENKUNDE DES 15. JAHRHUNDERTS. _Veroffentlichungen._ Fol. Uppsala, 1907, etc.

TYPE FACSIMILE SOCIETY. _Publications._ (1900-4 edited by R. Proctor; 1904-8 by G. Dunn.) 4to. Oxford, 1900, etc.

WOOLLEY PHOTOGRAPHS. _Woolley Photographs. Photographs of fifteenth century types of the exact size of the originals, designed to supplement published examples, with references to Robert Proctor's Index of Books in the British Museum and Bodleian Library._ [Edited by George Dunn, with a list of the 500 photographs.] Fol. Woolley, 1899-1905.

HAEBLER, K. _Typenrepertorium der Wiegendrucke._ 3 vols. Leipzig, 1905, etc. 8vo.

This supplies the measurement and some guide to the characteristics of every recorded fifteenth century type, with helps to the identification of the printers of unsigned books by means of the different forms of M, Qu, etc.

BERNARD, A. J. _De l'Origine et des Debuts de l'Imprimerie en Europe._ 2 vols. Paris, 1853.

Valuable for its numerous references to notes and dates in individual copies.

HAWKINS, RUSH C. _Titles of the First Books from the Earliest Presses established in different Cities, Towns, and Monasteries in Europe, before the end of the Fifteenth Century. With brief notes upon their printers._ 4to. New York, 1884.

CLAUDIN, A. _Histoire de l'imprimerie en France._ Vols. i.-iii. 4to. Paris, 1900, etc.

THIERRY-POUX, O. _Premiers monuments de l'imprimerie en France au xv^e siecle._ [40 sheets of facsimiles.] Fol. Paris, 1890.

HOLTROP, J. W. _Monuments typographiques des Pays-Bas au quinzieme siecle._ [130 plates of facsimiles.] Fol. La Haye, 1868.

CAMPBELL, M. F. A. G. _Annales de la Typographie Neerlandaise au xv^e siecle._ (With four supplements.) La Haye, 1874 (1878-90).

FUMAGALLI, G. _Lexicon typographicum Italiae. Dictionnaire geographique d'Italie pour servir a l'histoire de l'imprimerie dans ce pays._ Florence, 1905.

HAEBLER, K. _Bibliografia iberica del siglo 15._ La Haya, 1904.

---- _The Early Printers of Spain and Portugal._ [Bibliog. Soc. Illust. Monographs, 4.] 4to. London, 1897.

---- _Typographie iberique du xv^e siecle. Reproduction en fac-simile de tous les caracteres typographiques employes en Espagne et en Portugal jusqu'a 1500._ Fol. La Haye, 1902.

VI.--THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINTED BOOK

POLLARD, A. W. _An Essay on Colophons._ With specimens and translations, by A. W. Pollard, and an introduction by R. Garnett (Caxton Club). Chicago, 1905.

---- _Last Words on the History of the Titlepage._ 4to. London, 1890.

ROBERTS, W. _Printers' Marks: A Chapter in the History of Typography._ London, 1893.

BUCHERMARKEN. _Die Buchermarken oder Buchdrucker und Verlegerzeichen._ 4to. Strassburg, 1892, etc.

1. _Elsassische Buchermarken bis Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts._ Herausgeg. von P. Heitz, 1892.

2. _Die Italienischen Buchdrucker- und Verlegerzeichen bis 1525._ Herausgeg. von P. Kristeller, 1893.

3. _Die Basler Buchermarken bis Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts._ Herausgeg. von P. Heitz, 1895.

4. _Die Frankfurter Drucker und Verlegerzeichen bis Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts._ Herausgeg. von P. Heitz, 1896.

5. _Spanische und Portugiesische Bucherzeichen des xv. und xvi. Jahrhunderts._ Herausgeg. von. K. K. Haebler, 1898.

6. _Kolner Buchermarken bis zum Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts._ Herausgeg. von Dr. Zaretzky, 1898.

7. _Genfer Buchdrucker, und Verlegerzeichen von xv. xvi. und xvii. Jahrhundert._ Von P. Heitz, 1908.

SILVESTRE, L. C. _Marques typographiques, ou recueil des monogrammes ... des libraires et imprimeurs en France, depuis l'introduction de l'imprimerie jusqu'a la fin du xv^e siecle._ Paris, 1853-67.

JENNINGS, O. _Early Woodcut Initials._ London, 1908.

VII.--EARLY GERMAN AND DUTCH ILLUSTRATED BOOKS

DODGSON, C. _Catalogue of early German and Flemish woodcuts preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum._ Vols. i.-ii. London, 1903, 1911.

MUTHER, R. _Die deutsche Bucherillustration der Gothik und Fruhrenaissance (1460-1530)._ 2 Bde. 4to. Munchen, 1884.

SCHREIBER, W. L. _Catalogue des incunables a figures imprimes en Allemagne, en Suisse en Autriche-Hongrie et en Scandinavie, avec des notes critiques et bibliographiques._ (_Manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur bois et sur metal au xv^e siecle_, tom. 5 & 6.) Leipzig, 1910.

COCKERELL, S. C. _Some German Woodcuts of the Fifteenth Century._ 4to. Hammersmith, 1897.

CONWAY, Sir W. M. _The Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century._ Cambridge, 1884.

VIII.--EARLY ITALIAN ILLUSTRATED BOOKS

LIPPMANN, F. _The Art of Wood-Engraving in Italy in the Fifteenth Century._ London, 1888.

POLLARD, A. W. _Italian Book-Illustrations, chiefly of the Fifteenth Century._ (Portfolio monographs, 12.) London, 1894.

KRISTELLER, P. _Early Florentine Woodcuts._ With an annotated list of Florentine illustrated books. London, 1897.

ESSLING, PRINCE D'. _Les Missels imprimes a Venise de 1481 a 1600. Description, illustration, bibliographie. Ouvrage orne de planches sur cuivre et de 250 gravures._ Fol. Paris, 1894.

---- _Etudes sur l'art de la gravure sur bois a Venise. Les livres a figures venitiens de la fin du 15^e siecle et du commencement du 16^e._ Fol. Paris, 1907, etc.

IX.--EARLY FRENCH AND SPANISH ILLUSTRATED BOOKS

MURRAY, C. F. _Catalogue of a collection of early French Books in the library of C. Fairfax Murray._ Compiled by H. W. Davies. 4to. London, 1910.

VINDEL, P. _Bibliografia grafica_: Reproduccion en facsimil de portadas, retratos, colofones y otras curiosidades utiles a los bibliofilos, que se hallan en obras unicas y libros preciosos o raros. 2 tom. Madrid, 1910.

1224 facsimiles of titlepages, illustrations, etc., of Spanish books, unfortunately neither well selected, nor well arranged, but still useful.

X.--LATER FOREIGN BOOKS

PROCTOR, R. _An index to the Early Printed Books in the British Museum. Part II._ 1501-20. Germany. London, 1903.

NIJHOFF, W. _Bibliographie de la typographie neerlandaise des annees 1500 a 1540._ La Haye, 1901, etc.

---- _L'art typographique dans les Pays-Bas, 1500-1540_: Reproduction en fac-simile des caracteres, typographiques, des marques d'imprimeurs, etc. Fol. La Haye, 1902, etc.

RENOUARD, A. A. _Annales de l'imprimerie des Aldes, ou histoire des trois Manuces, et de leurs editions. Troisieme edition, avec notes de la famille des Juntes, etc._ 3 vols. Paris, 1834.

---- _Annales de l'imprimerie des Estiennes ou histoire de la famille des Estiennes et de ses editions._ 2^e edition. Paris, 1843.

ROOSES, MAX. _Christopher Plantin, imprimeur anversois. Biographie et documents._ 2^e edition. Fol. Anvers, 1896.

WILLEMS, A. _Les Elzevier. Histoire et annales typographiques._ Bruxelles, etc., 1880.

GOLDSMID, E. M. _Bibliotheca curiosa._ A complete catalogue of all the publications of the Elzevir presses. Edinburgh, 1888.

XI.--SIXTEENTH CENTURY ILLUSTRATIONS

*** Many of the books entered under VII, VIII, and IX relate also to this period.

BUTSCH, A. F. _Die Bucherornamentik der Renaissance, eine Auswahl stylvoller Titeleinfassungen, Initialen, Leisten, Vignetten und Druckerzeichen hervoragender italienischer, deutscher, und franzosischer Officinen aus der Zeit der Fruhrenaissance._ 4to. Leipzig, 1878.

XII.--ENGLISH PRINTING, 1476-1580

HAZLITT, W. C. _Handbook to the Popular, Poetical and Dramatic Literature of Great Britain, from the Invention of Printing to the Restoration._ London, 1867.

HAZLITT, W. C. _Collections and Notes._ Three series with supplements. London, 1876-89.

---- _A General Index to Hazlitt's Handbook and his Bibliographical Collections, 1867-1889._ By G. T. Gray. London, 1893.

BRITISH MUSEUM. _Catalogue of Books in the Library of the British Museum printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Books in English printed abroad, to the year 1640._ [Mainly by G. W. Eccles.] 3 vols. London, 1884.

DUFF, E. G. _Catalogue of Books in the John Rylands Library, Manchester, printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of Books in English printed abroad to the end of the year 1640._ 4to. Manchester, 1895.

SAYLE, C. E. _Early English Printed Books in the University Library, Cambridge, 1475-1640._ Cambridge, 1900-7.

The books are arranged under the printers.

AMES, J. _Typographical Antiquities_: Being an historical account of printing in England; with some memoirs of our antient printers, and a register of the books printed by them, 1471-1600. With an appendix concerning printing in Scotland and Ireland to the same time. 4to. London, 1749.

---- Considerably augmented.... By W. Herbert. 3 vols. 4to. London, 1785-90.

---- Greatly enlarged, with copious Notes and Engravings by T. F. Dibdin. Vols. i.-iv. 4to. London, 1810-19.

DUFF, E. G. _English Printing on Vellum to the end of 1600._ (Bibliographical Society of Lancashire.) 4to. Aberdeen, 1902.

---- _A Century of the English Book Trade_: Short notices of all Printers, Stationers, Bookbinders, and others connected with it, 1457-1557. 4to. Bibliographical Society, London, 1905.

---- _The Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders of Westminster and London, 1476-1535._ (Sandars Lectures.) Cambridge, 1896.

---- _Early English Printing_: A series of facsimiles of all the types used in England during the fifteenth century. Fol. London, 1896.

---- (and others.) _Handlists of English Printers, 1501-1557._ Parts 1-3. 4to. Bibliographical Society, London, 1896, etc.

ARBER, E. _A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554-1640._ 5 vols. 4to. London, 1875-94.

BLADES, W. _The Life and Typography of William Caxton._ 2 vols. 4to. London, 1861-3.

---- _Biography and Typography of Caxton._ London, 1882.

DUFF, E. G. _William Caxton._ (Caxton Club of Chicago.) 4to. Chicago, 1905.

RICCI, SEYMOUR DE. _A Census of Caxtons._ (Bibliographical Society, Illust. Monographs, 15.) London, 1909.

* * * * *

PLOMER, H. R. _A Short History of English Printing, 1476-1898._ (English Bookman's Library.) London, 1900.

REED, T. B. _History of the Old English Letter Foundries._ 4to. London, 1887.

XIII.--EARLY PRINTING IN ENGLISH OUTSIDE LONDON

ALLNUTT, W. H. _English Provincial Presses._ (Bibliographica, Parts 5-7.) London, 1895.

DUFF, E. G. _The English Provincial Printers, Stationers, and Bookbinders to 1557._ (Sandars Lectures.) Cambridge, 1912.

BOWES, R. _A Catalogue of Books Printed at or relating to the University, Town and County of Cambridge, 1521-1893._ Cambridge, 1894.

MADAN, F. L. Oxford Books. Vol. 1. _The Early Oxford Press_: A Bibliography of Printing and Publishing at Oxford "1468-1640."

---- ---- Vol. 2. _Oxford Literature, 1450-1640, and 1641-1650._ Oxford, 1895, 1912.

---- _A Chart of Oxford Printing, "1468"-1900._ With notes and illustrations. 4to. Oxford, 1903.

---- _A Brief Account of the University Press at Oxford._ With illustrations, together with a chart of Oxford printing. 4to. Oxford, 1908.

DAVIES, R. _A Memoir of the York Press._ With notices of Authors, Printers, and Stationers in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Westminster, 1868.

DOBSON, A. _Horace Walpole: A Memoir._ With an Appendix of Books Printed at the Strawberry Hill Press. New York, 1893.

ALDIS, H. G. _A List of Books Printed in Scotland before 1700, including those Printed furth of the realm for Scottish Booksellers._ With brief notes on the Printers and Stationers. 4to. Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, Edinburgh, 1904.

DICKSON, R., and EDMOND, T. P. _Annals of Scottish Printing: from the Introduction of the Art in 1507 to the beginning of the 17th Century._ 4to. Cambridge, 1890.

DIX, E. R. MCC. _A List of Irish Towns and Dates of Earliest Printing in each._ Second edition. Dublin, 1909.

---- _The Earliest Dublin Printing._ With list of books, etc., printed in Dublin prior to 1601. Dublin, 1901.

GILBERT, SIR J. T. _Irish Bibliography._ Two papers. With an introduction, notes, and appendices by E. R. McC. Dix. Dublin, 1904.

WATKINS, G. T. _Bibliography of Printing in America_: Books, etc., relating to the history of printing in the New World. Boston, 1906.

EVANS, C. _American Bibliography...._ A Chronological Dictionary of all books, pamphlets, and periodical publications printed in the United States from 1639 to 1820. 4to. Chicago, 1903, etc.

THOMAS, J. _The History of Printing in America._ With a Biography of Printers, etc. Second edition. 2 vols. Albany, 1874.

RODEN, R. F. _The Cambridge Press, 1638-1692_: A history of the first printing press in English America, together with a bibliographical list of the issues. New York, 1905.

XIV.--ENGLISH WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS

CHATTO and JACKSON. _A Treatise on Wood Engravings_: Historical and Practical. Second edition. London 1861.

LINTON, W. J. _The Masters of Wood-Engraving._ Folio. London, 1889.

XV.--ENGRAVED BOOKS--ILLUSTRATIONS

HIND, A. M. _A Short History of Engraving and Etching for the use of Collectors and Students._ With full bibliography, classified list, and index of engravers. Second edition, revised. London, 1911.

COLVIN, SIR S. _Early Engraving and Engravers in England, 1545-1695._ Fol. British Museum. London, 1905.

HIND, A. M. _List of the Works of Native and Foreign Line-Engravers in England from Henry VIII to the Commonwealth._ British Museum. London, 1905.

Reprinted from Sir S. Colvin's work.

COHEN, H. _Guide de l'amateur de livres a gravure du 18^e siecle, 6^e edition, augmentee par Seymour de Ricci._ Paris, 1912.

LEVINE, J. _Bibliography of the 18th Century Art and Illustrated Books._ London, 1898.

BERALDI, J. H. _Estampes et livres, 1872-1892._ 4to. Paris, 1892.

A catalogue of the compiler's own collection of French illustrated books.

XVI.--MODERN FINE PRINTING

STRAUS, R., and DENT, R. K. _John Baskerville: A Memoir._ 4to. Cambridge, 1907.

GOSCHEN, VISCOUNT. _The Life and Times of Georg Joachim Goeschen, Publisher and Printer of Leipzig, 1752-1828._ 2 vols. London, 1903.

WERELET, E. _Etudes bibliographiques sur la famille des Didot, imprimeurs, etc., 1713-1864._ (Extrait de l'Histoire du Livre en France.) Paris, 1864.

WARREN, A. _The Charles Whittinghams, Printers._ (Grolier Club.) New York, 1896.

MORRIS, W. _A Note by William Morris on his Aims in Founding the Kelmscott Press._ With a short description of the Press by S. C. Cockerell, and an annotated list of the books printed thereat. Hammersmith, 1898.

RICKETTS. _A Bibliography of the Books issued by Hacon and Ricketts._ (The Vale Press.) London, 1904.

STEELE, R. _The Revival of Printing._ London, 1912.

INDEX

Abbeville, illustrated books, 145 _sq._

Aberdeen Breviary, printed at Edinburgh, 239 _sq._

Abingdon, printing at, 226

Acqui, colophon, 80

_Ad te levavi_ woodcut, 144

Aesop, illustrated editions, 106, 111, 120, 124, 125, 139, 141, 162, 251, 256, 289

Alcala, Cardinal Ximenes' Polyglott printed at, 176; Greek Testament type imitated by Proctor, 307

Aldus Manutius. _See_ Manutius.

Alexander Gallus, early edition of his _Doctrinale_ "jete en moule," 42; colophon of Acqui ed. quoted, 80 _sq._; Venice ed. of, 126; Pynson's, 213

Alexander of Villedieu. _See_ Alexander Gallus

Allan, George, private press, 238

Allnutt, W., on English provincial printing, 233, 238

_Alphabeti noua effictio._ De Bry's, 280, 285

Altdorfer, Albrecht, illustrator, 188 _sq._

-- Erhard, Bible illustrated by, 190

Alunno di Domenico. _See_ Bartolommeo di Giovanni

American colonies, early printing in, 243-9

Ammann, Jost, book-illustrations, 193, 278

Amsterdam, English books printed at, 232; engravings, 289, 292; presses improved at, 297

Anabat, Guil., his _Horae_, 156

Andrea, Hieronymus, wood-cutter, 188

_Antichristus_, block-book, 27

Antwerp, printing, 72, 175 _sq._; woodcuts, 202 _sq._; English books printed, 229 _sqq._; engraved illustration, 274 _sqq._

_Apocalypsis S. Johannis_, block-book, 26

Aquila, good roman type, 89; illustrated _Aesop_, 141

Arbuthnot, Alexander, Edinburgh printer, 242

Ariosto, Lodovico, _Orlando Furioso_, illustrated editions, 277, 283, 296

_Ars Moriendi_, block-book, 25

_Art de bien vivre et de bien mourir_, Verard's edition, 149, De Worde's, 254

Arundel, Earl of, Caxton's cut of his device, 251

Ascensius. _See_ Badius Ascensius

Ashendene Press, 306

Audran, Benoit, engraver, 290

Augsburg printing, 62, 169; book-illustration, 102 _sqq._, 184 _sqq._

Augustine, S., Abbeville edition of his _De Ciuitate Dei_, 146

.b., woodcuts signed, 128 _sq._

Bacon, Francis, engraved title to _Novum Organum_, 288

Badius Ascensius, Jodocus, printer at Lyon and Paris, 170

Bagford, John, his copies from block-books, 19

Bamler, Johann, illustrated books, 104

Bankes, Robert, London printer, 216

Banks, Sir Joseph, his natural history books, 5

Barbier, Jean, partner of Julyan Notary, 214

Barcelona, early printing, 75; illustration, 162

Barclay, Alexander, translator of Sallust, 217; of Gringore's _Chasteau de Labeur_, 230, 254, 256

Barker, Robert, Royal Printer, 216 _sq._

Barnes, Dam Julyan, "her boke of huntyng," 208

-- Joseph, Oxford printer, 235

Bartholomaeus Anglicus, editions of his _De Proprietatibus Rerum_, 121, 159; printed by Caxton, 204; by De Worde, 212, 253; edited by S. Bateman, 263

Bartolommeo di Giovanni, Mr. Berenson's attribution of Florentine woodcuts to, 136

Bartolozzi, F., portrait of Lunardi, 296

Basel printing, 60, 170, book-illustration, 109, 191 _sq._

Basiliologia engravings, 285

Baskerville, John, Birmingham printer, 299 _sq._

Bassandyne, Thomas, Edinburgh printer, 242

Bateman, Stephen, illustrated books by, 263

_Bay Psalter_, first book printed in North America, 244 _sq._

Beck, Leonhard, illustrator, 186, 188 _sq._

Beham, Hans Sebald, illustrator, 183

Belgium, early printing, 73

_Belial siue Consolatio peccatorum. See_ Theramo, Jac. de

Bellaert, Jacob, illustrated books, 120 _sq._

Bellini, Gentile, woodcut after, 130

Benlowes, E., _Theophila_, 289

Berenson, Bernhard, attributes all early Florentine cuts to "Alunno di Domenico," 135

Berghen, Adriaen von, English books printed by, 230

Bergomensis, Jac. Phil., his _Supplementum Cronicarum_, 126; _De claris mulieribus_, 140

Berkeley, Sir William, on free schools and printing, 249

Berrutus, Amadeus, engraving in his _Dialogus_, 273

Berthelet, Thomas, connection with Pynson, 213, 258; Royal Printer, 216, 259

Bettini, Ant., illustrated editions of his _Monte Santo di Dio_, 124, 268 _sq._

Bible, English, early editions, 217, 231 _sq._, 260, 281; French _Bible historiee_, 150; German, illustrated editions of, 108, 112, 113, 114; Indian (Narraganset), 246 _sq._; Italian, illustrated editions of, 125, 128; Latin, the 42-line, 47 _sqq._, 96; the 36-line, 51 _sq._, 83; of 1462, 57; of 1472, 57; Polyglott, 175, 176, 275; Scottish, 242

_Biblia Pauperum_, block-book, 25, 118; its plan imitated in _Horae_ borders, 152, 155

Biel, Fried., illustrated books, 162

Binneman. _See_ Bynneman

Birmingham, Baskerville's press at, 299

_Birth of Mankind_, first English book with engravings, 280

Bladen, William, Dublin printer, 243

Bladi, printers at Rome, 169

Blaew, William, improves printing-press, 297

Block-books, 19-31, 118

Blomefield, Francis, private press, 238

Boccaccio, Giov., _De Casibus Illustrium virorum_, 144, 159, 186, 213, 256, 258 note, 270; _De claris mulieribus_, 106, 122, 162, 186; _Decamerone_, 291

Bodleian Library, effect of its foundation on private book-collecting, 3

Bodoni, Giovanni Battista, printer at Parma, 300

_Boec von der Houte. See_ Cross, the Holy

Boitard, Peter, illustrator, 296

Bonaventura, S., illustrations to his _Devote Meditatione_, 123, 125, 138

Bonhomme, Jean, his illustrated books, 144, 158

Book-illustration, natural method of, 100; in Germany and Holland, 102-22, 181-94; in Italy, 123-42, 194-6; in France and Spain, 143-64, 197-202; in England, 250-66; engraved, 267-96

Borderpieces, stamped by illuminators, 125; Venetian, 125, 133; Florentine, 133; other Italian, 140, 142; Spanish, 162; Basel, 191; London, 252, 256, 258 _sq._, 266

Boston, Mass., early printing, 247; modern, 308

Boucher, Francois, illustrator, 290

Bradford, Andrew, printer at Philadelphia, 248

-- William, first printer at Philadelphia, 247; and at New York, 248

Bradshaw, Henry, his claim for bibliography, 12; on the printer of the _Speculum_, 40

Brandis, Lucas, first Lubeck printer, 64, 114

Brant, Sebastian, connected with book-illustration, 110, 112, 161, 213, 254, 256

Brass, types made of, 212 note

Breidenbach, Bernhard von, his arms on a Mainz _Agenda_, 114; his _Peregrinatio in Montem Syon_, 115, 161, 162, 270

Brinckley, Stephen, Jesuit printer, 228

Bristol printing, 237 _sq._

British Museum, bequests to, 4-6; block-books in, 31

Brosamer, Hans, Bibles illustrated by, 190

Broughton, Hugh, plates in his _Concent of Scripture_, 283

Bruges early printing, 73, 122, 205 _sq._; engravings in books printed at, 270-3

Brussels early printing, 73

Brydges, Sir Egerton, private press, 239

Buckner, John, Virginia printer, 249

Bulkley, Stephen, printer at York, 237

Bulle, John, printer at Rome, Lettou's relation with, 210

Bunyan, John, portrait in _Pilgrim's Progress_, 289

Burghers, Michael, engraver, 294

Burgkmair, Hans, illustrator, 185 _sq._, 188 _sq._

Burgundy, Margaret Duchess of. _See_ Margaret

Bynneman, Henry, London printer, 220, 228

Cagli, good roman type, 89

_Calendar of Shepherds_, French editions, 145; English, 254, 256

Cambridge, printing at, 225, 234 _sq._, 300

Cambridge, Mass., printing at, 244 _sq._, 308

_Canon Missae_, Mainz edition of, 55; Crucifixion woodcut to, 109, 129

Canterbury, printing at, 227

_Canterbury Tales. See_ Chaucer

_Canticum Canticorum_, block-book, 26, 118

Caoursin, Gulielmus, woodcuts in books by, 107

Capell, Edward, bequeaths his Shakespeare books to Trin. Coll., Camb., 5

Capitals, pictorial and heraldic, 69, 104, 197, 259 _sqq._

Carmelianus, Petrus, pictures in his _Carmen_, 257

Cartwright, Thomas, his tracts printed at a secret press, 228

Caslon, William, typefounder, 298

_Catholicon_, possibly printed by Gutenberg, 52

Caxton, William, 204, 208; press at Bruges, 73, 205 _sq._; at Westminster, 76, 207 _sq._; method of printing in red, 86; illustrated books, 250-2; possible engraved portrait of, 272 _sq._

Cazotte, J., his _Le diable amoureux_, 292

Cecill, Thomas, engraver, 286

Cennini, Bernardo, first printer at Florence, 67; colophon of his _Virgil_, 80

Cervicornus, Eucharius, printer at Cologne, 225

Chapman, Walter, printer at Edinburgh, 239

Charteris, Henry, printer at Edinburgh, 242

Chaucer, Geoffrey, early editions, 207, 251, 255, 258

Chauveau, Francois, engraver, 289

_Chess, Game and Play of the_, 205, 251

Chester, printing at, 237, etc.

Chiromantia, block-book, 28

Choffard, P. P., _fleurons_ by, 291 _sq._

_Christian Prayers, Book of_ (Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book), 264

Christopher, S., early woodcut of, 119

Ciripagus, meaning of the word, 43

Civil War, its effects on Oxford printing, 236

Clark, John, engraver, 294

Classics, first editions of the, 6

Claudin, Anatole, his _Histoire de l'Imprimerie en France_, 143

Clement V, 1460 edition of his _Constitutiones_, 56

Clemente of Padua, self-taught printer at Venice, 67, 89

Cochin, C., Paris engraver, 290 _sq._

Cock, Hieron, Antwerp engraver, 274

-- Peter, Alost engraver, 281

Cockson, Thomas, London engraver, 283

Colines, Simon, his _Horae_, 157; relations with the Estiennes, 171; illustrated books, 199

Collectors and Collecting, 1-18, 83

Cologne, printing at, 61, 169, 205, 225, 231; book-illustration at, 113

_Cologne Chronicle_, its story of the invention of printing, 34

Colonna, Francesco. _See Hypnerotomachia Poliphili_

Colophons, 14; specimens quoted, 80 _sq._; in manuscript, 91

Colour-printing in incunabula, 129 _sq._, 253

Columna, Aegidius, his _Regimiento de los principes_, 163

Colvin, Sir Sidney, his _Early engravings_ quoted, 281, 300

Complutensian Polyglott. _See_ Alcala

Constance, _Das Conciliumbuch_, illustrated editions of, 106, 186

Conway, Sir M., his _Woodcutters of the Netherlands_

Conwell, Clarke, American printer, 308

Copland, Robert, London printer, 215, 258

-- William, London printer, 215, 260

Cornelis, the bookbinder, of Haarlem, 37 _sq._, 41

Corrozet, Gilles, his verses to Holbein's cuts, 192; other illustrated books by, 200 _sq._

Coryat, Thomas, _Crudities_, 285

Coster, Lourens, legend of his inventing printing, 37 _sqq._

"_Costeriana_," group of books so called, 39-41, 72

Cotton, Sir Robert, his collections, 2

Cranach, Lucas, his bookwork at Wittenberg, 190

Cremer, Heinrich, copy of 42-line Bible rubricated by, 47 _sq._

Creussner, F., Nuremberg printer, 63, 108

Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of, arms on title of Great Bible, 260

Croquet, Jean, of Geneva, first edition of _Roman de la Rose_ attributed to, 160 note

Cross, the Holy, block-book history of, 118

Cunningham, William, his _Cosmographicall Glasse_, 218, 261

Dalles, Jean, Lyonnese wood-cutter, 159

Daniel, Rev. C. H. O., private press, 303

_Danse Macabre_, illustrations to, 145, 151

Dante Alighieri, illustrated editions of _Divina Commedia_, 129, 269, 306 _sq._

Darmstadt Prognostication, printer of the, forged dates in his books, 58

Davidson, Thomas, Edinburgh printer, 240 _sq._

Day, John, London printer, 218 _sq._, 234; illustrated books, 260 _sq._

-- Matthew, printer at Cambridge, Mass., 245

-- Stephen, first printer in North America, 244

De Bry, family of engravers, 278-80, 282

_Defensorium inviolatae castitatis Virginis Mariae_, block-book, 127

Defoe, Daniel, plates to _Robinson Crusoe_, 294

Delaram, Francis, engraver, 285 _sq._

Delft, early printing at, 72

Denham, Henry, London printer, 220

Derrick, John, _Image of Ireland_, 264

Deventer, early printing at, 72, 74

d'Ewes, Sir Simeon, fate of his manuscripts, 4

_Dialogus Creaturum_, woodcuts in, 119

_Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophers_, Caxton's, 207

Didot, family of printers at Paris, 301

Digby, Sir Kenelm Digby, benefactions to libraries, 5

Dinckmut, Conrad, illustrated books, 106 _sq._

Doesborg, Jan van, English books printed by, 230

Dolet, Etienne, printer at Lyon, 174

Donatus, Aelius, early editions of his _De octo partibus orationis_, 35, 36, 46, 51, 65

Douay, English Catholic books printed at, 232

Dorat, C. J., _Les Baisers_, 293

Doves Press, 306

Downes, Thomas, English bookseller, patentee for Irish printing, 243

Drach, Peter, Speier printer, 63

Drayton, Michael, _Polyolbion_, 285

Dublin, early printing at, 242 _sq._

Du Bosc, Claude, engraver, 294

Dudley, Earl of Leicester, encourages Oxford printing, 235

Duff, E. G., on woodcuts in 1471 Bible, 125 note; on Berthelet and Pynson, 213; on free trade in books, 223; on a book printed at St. Albans, 225

Du Guernier, Louis, engraver, 294

Du Guesclin, Bertrand, woodcut of, 146

Du Moulin, Conrad, buys a _De Salute Corporis_, 39

Dupre, Jean, fine printer at Paris, 71; his illustrated books, 143 _sqq._, 160; his _Horae_, 151 _sq._

Durer, Albrecht, book-illustrations by, 181 _sq._, 188

Dutch printing and book-illustration. _See_ Holland

Duranti, Gulielmus, _Rationale diuinorum officiorum_, 1459 edition, 56

Dyson, Humphrey, book-collector, 3

Edinburgh printing, 239-42

Editions, number of copies in early, 21

Edward VI, woodcut of, 260

Egenolph, Christian, illustrated books, 183, 187

Eichstatt service-books, engravings in, 270

Eisen, C., illustrator, 291 _sqq._

Eliot, John, books by, printed at Cambridge, Mass., 246

Elizabeth, Queen, portraits of, 264, 265, 281 _sq._; her "Prayer Book," 264

Elston Press, 308

Elstracke, Renold, engraver, 285 _sq._, 288

Elzevir, family of printers, 177 _sqq._

Emblem books, 275, 280

Emden, Puritan books printed at, 232

England, printing in, 76 _sq._, 204-28, 233-9, 302-8

English books printed abroad, 228-32

English engraved illustrations, 280-9, 293-6

English woodcut illustrations, 250-66

Engraved illustrations, 267-96

_Epistole ed Evangelii_, illustrated Florentine ed., 136, 139

Eragny Press, 308

Erasmus, Desiderius, his relations with Froben, 170, 191

Erven, G. van der, printer at Emden, 232

E. S., the Master, _Ars moriendi_ engravings by, 25

Essling, Prince d', his _Livres a figures venitiens_ quoted, 125 note, 127, 130 _sq._

Estienne, family of scholar-printers, 171 _sqq._

Eton, printing at, 234

Eustace, Guil., his _Horae_, 156

Exeter, early printing at, 237

F, woodcuts signed, at Venice, 128; at Paris, 200

Fabyan's _Chronicle_, Pynson's ed., 257

Faithorne, W., engraver, 289

Faques or Fawkes, Richard, London printer, 215

Faques, William, Royal Printer, 214

Fell, Bishop, buys Dutch types for Oxford, 298

Ferrara, early printing at, 68, 70; book-illustrations, 140

Fichet, Guillaume, letter on invention of printing, 33, 44; invites printers to the Sorbonne, 70

Field, Richard, London printer, 221

_Fifteen Oes_, Caxton's edition, 252

First books printed in different countries and towns, their interest, 78 _sq._

Fisher, Bishop, woodcuts to his funeral sermons, 254

Florence, early printing, 67, 70, book-illustration at, 133-9, 267; Venetian imitation of Florentine style, 196

Florio, John, engraved portrait, 287

Foliation, or leaf-numbers, first used by ther Hoernen, 62

Foster, John, first printer at Boston, Mass., 247

Fouler, John, English printer at Antwerp and Louvain, 232

Foulis, Robert and Andrew, Glasgow printers, 298

Foxe, John, his _Actes and Monuments_, or _Book of Martyrs_, 219, 262

France, printing in, 70-2, 170-5, 224; book-illustration, 143-61, 197-202, 289-93

Franciscus, Magister, Schoeffer's corrector, 51

Francke (or Franckton), John, Dublin printer, 243

Frankfort am Main, book-illustration at, 184, 193, 278 _sqq._

Franklin, Benjamin, printer at Philadelphia, 248

Freez (or Wandsforth), Gerard, York printer, 225

Freiburger, Gering and Crantz, first Paris printers, 70 _sq._

Frezzi, Bishop, _Quatriregio_, illustrated editions, 139

Froben, Johann, scholarly printer at Basel, 170; his book-decorations, 191

Front, the Mind of the, 287

Froschauer, Christopher, Zurich printer, his English books, 231 _sq._

Fust, Johann, dealings with Gutenberg, 46 _sqq._; books printed by, 53 _sq._, 86

Gafori, Francesco, illustrations to his music-books, 141, 196

Gaguin, Robert, illustrations to his chronicles, 198

_Game and Pley of the Chesse_, 206

Garamond, Claude, French Royal Greek types cut by, 172

_Garland of Rachel_, 303

Garrick, David, his collection of plays, 5

Geiler, Johann, of Kaisersberg, illustrations to his books, 185, 190

Geminus, Thomas, engraved work, 281

Geneva, English books printed at, 232

Gerard, Pierre, first printer at Abbeville, 145

Germany, printing in, 44-64, 169 _sq._, 224; book-illustration, 102-17, 181-94

Giunta, family of printers at Florence and Venice, 128, 168 _sq._, 195

Giustiniano, Lorenzo, portrait of, 130

Glasgow, fine printing at, 298

Glover, Rev. Joseph, benefactor of Harvard College, 244

Goes, Hugo, York printer, 225

Goeschen, Georg Joachim, printer at Leipzig, 301

_Golden Legend_, Caxton's editions, 207, 251

Gothic type, 88, 90 _sq._

Gouda, printing and illustration, 72, 119, 122

Graf, Urs, book-decorations by, 191

Grafton, Richard, Royal Printer, 217, 259; his _Chronicle_, 264

Gravelot, H., engraver at Paris, 291 _sqq._, and London, 295

Greek printing in Italy, 167, 301; in France, 171 _sqq._; in Spain, 176; in England, 176, 218, 226, 234, 300, 307

Green, Bartholomew, printer at Boston, Mass., 247 _sq._

-- Samuel, printer at Cambridge, Mass., 245 _sqq._

Gregorii, Giov. and Greg. dei, printers at Venice, 69, 195

Grenewych by Conrade Freeman, spurious imprint, 232

Grenville, Thomas, character of his collection, 6

Grien, Hans Baldung, illustrator, 190

Grignion, Charles, engraver, 296

Gringore, Pierre, _Chasteau de Labeur_, 150 _sq._; English editions, 230 _sq._, 254

Grolier, Jean, example as a book-buyer, 2; supports Aldus, 168

Gruninger, Johann, of Strassburg, illustrated books, 111 _sq._

Gryphius, Sebastian, Lyon printer, 173

Gutenberg, Johann, claims to the invention of printing, 33-6, 44 _sqq._; books he may have printed, 51 _sq._

Haarlem, its claims to be the birthplace of printing, 37 _sqq._, 72

Hakluyt, Richard, _Voyages_, 278

Hamman, Johann. _See_ Herzog

Han, Ulrich, early printer at Rome, 65, 67 _sq._, types, 90; printed the first Italian illustrated book, 123

Hardouyn, Germain and Gilles, their _Horae_, 156

Harington, Sir John, on the plates in his _Orlando Furioso_, 283

Harrison, Stephen, _Archs of Triumph_, 284

Hartlieb, Johann, block-book of _Die Kunst Chiromantia_, 28

Harvard College, printing at, 244 _sq._

Haydock, Richard, engraver, 284

Hayman, Francis, illustrator, 296

Heber, Richard, character of his collection, 6

Hempstead (Essex), secret printing at, 228

Henry V, woodcut of Lydgate offering book to, 257

Henry VII, books decorated by Verard for, 148; woodcut of his funeral, 254

Henry VIII "protects" English book-trade, 222, 234

_Heroologia_ engravings, 285

Hertfort or Herford, John, printer at St. Albans and London, 224 _sq._

Herzog, Johann, prints Sarum Missal at Venice, 229

Hessels, Dr., his theories on the invention of printing, 38 _sqq._

Heynlyn, Jean, superintends first Paris press, 70

Heywood, Thomas, woodcut of, 260; engravings to his _Hierarchie of the Blessed Angels_, 286

Higman, Nicolas, _Horae_, 156

Hind, A. M., quoted, 284, 290

_Hobby-Horse_, experiments in printing in, 304

Hogarth, William, book-illustrations, 295 _sq._

Hogenberg, Franciscus and Remigius, engravers, 281 _sq._

Holbein, Ambrosius, book-decorations, 191

-- Hans, book-decorations and illustrations, 191 _sq._, 259 _sq._

Hole, William, engraver, 285, 287

Holinshed, Raphael, _Chronicle_, 265

Holland, claims to the invention of printing, 32-43; printing in, 72; book-illustrations, 119-22

Holland, H., print-seller, 285

Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, 287

Homer, the Florentine, 167; in French, 201; Chapman's, 287; Ogilby's Odyssey, 287; Proctor's, 307

Hondius, Jodocus, engraver, 283 _sq._

Hopyl, Wolfgang, Missals by, 198, 229

_Horace_, Pine's ed., 295 _sq._, 300; Foulis, 298

_Horae_, Paris editions, 151-7, 264; Plantin's, 275

Hornby, C. St. John, private press, 88, 306

Hroswitha, illustrations to her Comedies, 182

Hunte, Thomas, Oxford stationer, partner in Rood's press, 76, 209

Hurning, Hans. _See_ Walther, F., and Hans Hurning

Hurus, Paul, illustrated books, 162

Huss, Martin, illustrated books, 158

Huvin, Jean, probable partner (I. H.) of Jul. Notary, 214

Hylton, Walter, _Scala perfectionis_, De Worde's ed., 253

_Hypnerotomachia Poliphili_, 90, 131 _sq._; French version of, 201

i, ia., woodcuts signed, 128

I.D., woodcut signed, 159

_Imprese_, engravings of, 277

Incipits of books, quoted, 93

Incunabula, study of, 12 _sq._; the word misleading, 77; points of, 78 _sq._

Indulgences, printed at Mainz, 47

Ipswich, printing at, 226

Ireland, printing in, 242 _sq._

Italic type, 91, 218

Italy, printing in, 65-70, 165-9, 224; book-illustration in, 123-42

James I, works and portrait, 288

Janot, Denis, printer of French illustrated books, 200

Jenson, Nicolas, printer at Venice, 67, 85

Jesuit press (1580), 228

Jewel, Bishop, books against, printed at Antwerp and Louvain, 232

Johnes, Thomas, private press, 238

Johnson, Marmaduke, printer at Cambridge, Mass., 246

Junius, Hadrianus, his story of Coster, 37 _sq._

Justinian, in Council, metal-cut of, 198

Kearney, William, Dublin printer, 243

Kefer, or Keffer, Heinrich, servant of Gutenberg, 47, 63

Keimer, Samuel, printer at Philadelphia, 248

Keith, George, his _Appeal from the Twenty-eight Judges_, 248

Kerver, Thielmann, _Horae_, 156

Ketham, Johannes, _Fascicolo di Medicina_, illustrated, 129

Kipling, R., contribution to a school magazine, 8

Knoblochtzer, H., Strassburg printer, 60; illustrated books, 111

Kobel, Jakob, printer at Oppenheim, 193

Koberger, Anton, largest Nuremberg printer, 63; illustrated books, 108, 183

Koelhoff, Johann, father and son, printers at Cologne, 113

Kyngston, Felix, English bookseller, patentee for Irish printing, 243

Kyrforth, Samuel, Oxford printer, 224

Laer, John, of Siberch. _See_ Siberch

La Fontaine, Jean, illustrated editions of his _Fables_ and _Contes_, 290 _sq._

Laing, David, on the Bruges _Des cas des nobles hommes_, 271

La Marche, Olivier de, illustrations to his _Chevalier Delibere_, 122, 147, 149, 263

Lambeth Palace, printing at, 234

Lant, Thomas, engraver, 282

La Rochelle, Marprelate tract printed at, 228

Laud, Archbishop, benefactions to libraries, 5

Lauer, Georg, early printer at Rome, 68

Le Bey, Denis, his Emblems, 280

Leeu, Gerard, printer at Gouda and Antwerp, 72; colophon recording his death quoted, 81; sells cuts to Koelhoff, 113, 120; his illustrated books, 119 _sq._; English books printed by, 229 _sq._

Legate, John, Cambridge printer, 235

Legge, Cantrell, Cambridge printer, 235

Le Huen, Nicole, his adaptation of _Breidenbach_, 161, 270

Leipzig printing, 64, 169; book-illustrations, 116

Lekpreuit, Robert, Scottish printer, 241

Lemberger, Georg, bookwork at Wittenberg, 190

Le Rouge, Pierre, prints for Verard, 150

Leroy, Guil., first printer at Lyon, 71; illustrated books, 158 _sq._

Le Signerre, Guil., illustrated books, 141

Le Talleur, Guil., printer at Rouen, prints for Pynson, 211 _sq._

Lettou, John, first printer in the City of London, 77, 210, 252

Leyden, printing at, 176, 177

Lignamine, Joh. Phil. de, on the invention of printing, 34; his own press, 68

Lirer, Thomas, _Chronik_, illustrated ed., 107

Lisa, Gerard, first printer at Treviso, 67 _sq._, 70

Locatellus, Bonetus, Venice printer, 69

Locker-Lampson, F., his copy of Blake's _Songs of Innocence and Experience_, 11

London, printing in the City of, 77

Longus, _Daphnis et Chloe_, 290

Louvain, early printing at, 73; book-illustration, 122; English books, 232

Lownes, Matthew, English bookseller, patentee for Irish printing, 243

Lubeck early printing, 64; book-illustration at, 113 _sq._

Lucrece, Berthelet's device of, 259

Lutzelburger, Hans, Holbein's wood-cutter, 192

Luyken, Jan and Casper, engravers, 289

Lydgate, John, woodcut of, 257. For his _Falles of Pryncis_, see Boccaccio, _De Casibus_

Lyne, John, engraver, 282

Lyon, printing at, 71, 171, 173 _sq._; illustration, 157-61, 202

Macfarlane, John, monograph on Antoine Verard, 147

Machlinia, William, printer at London, 77, 210, 252

Madan, Falconer, on Oxford printing, 236

Magdeburg early printing, 64

Mainz, printing as a practical art invented at, 44-58; book-illustration, 114 _sq._

Malborow in the land of Hesse, doubtful imprint, 231

Malermi Bible. _See_ Bible, Italian

Malone, E., bequeaths books to the Bodleian, 5

Mansion, Colard, Bruges printer, 72, 122, 205 _sq._, 271 _sq._

Manutius, Aldus, his work, 166-8; large roman type, 90; italic octavos, 91, 167, 196; _Hypnerotomachia_, 131 _sq._; Lyonnese counterfeits of his octavos, 173

-- -- the younger, 168

-- Paulus, 168

Marchant, Gui., illustrated books, 145

Margaret Duchess of Burgundy, Caxton's patron, 204, 272

-- Duchess of Richmond, woodcut of her funeral, 255

Margins, right proportions, 97

Marprelate press, 228

Marsh, Archbishop, library founded by, 4-5

Marshall, William, engraver, 286 _sqq._

Mary, Princess, daughter of Henry VII, woodcut of her reception of Spanish Embassy, 257

Master and Pupil, method of depicting, 135 and note

Maximilian, the Emperor, illustrated books in his honour, 182 _sq._, 185 _sq._, 188 _sq._

Maynyal, George, prints service-books for Caxton, 229

Mentelin, Johann, first printer at Strassburg, 60; manuscript colophon of, 91 _sq._

Merrymount Press, Boston (Mass.), 308

Middelburg, English books printed at, 232

Milan early printing, 68 _sq._; book-illustration, 125, 141

Miller, W. H., character of his collection, 6

Millet, Jacques, illustrations to his _Destruction de Troye la Grant_, 144, 158, 198

Milton, John, portrait by Marshall, 288

_Mirabilia Romae_, block-book, 28

Misprinted dates at Barcelona, 75; at Oxford, 209

Mitchell, John. _See_ Mychell

Moliere, Francois, illustrations to, 290, 293

Molner, Theodoricus, confused with Theod. Rood, 209

Mondovi, good roman type, 89

Montanus, Arias, relations with Plantin, 275 _sq._

Monte Regio, Johannes de. _See_ Muller

Montesquieu, _Le Temple de Gnide_, 290, 293

Moore, Bishop, fate of his books, 4

Moreau, French illustrator, 292

Morris, William, admired Subiaco type, 88; on the double page as the unit in a book, 98; on the illustrator of Caoursin, 108; his set of proofs of Richel's _Spiegel_, 109 note; his decorative bookwork, 126; the Kelmscott press, 304 _sq._

Moxon, Joseph, his _Mechanick Exercises_, 298

Muller, Johann, his Calendars, 27, 125; his work as a printer, 108

Musurus, Marcus, Aldus copies his Greek script, 167

Mutius Scaevola, border representing, 256

Mychell (or Mitchell), John, printer at Canterbury and London, 227

Myllar, Andrew, first Scottish printer, 239

Mylner, Ursyn, York printer, 225

N, woodcuts signed, 128

Naples early printing, 70; book-illustration, 124

Negker, Andrea and Jost de, wood-cutters, 188

Neobar, Conrad, printer of Greek, 172

Netherlands. _See_ Holland; Belgium

_Neuf Preux_, Les, French block-book, 29

Neumeister, Johann, printer at Foligno, Mainz, Albi, etc., 114

Newcastle, printing at, 236 _sq._; New Testament, Tyndale's, 231; Eliot's, 246

Niclas, Hendrik, his books printed at Amsterdam, 232

Nitschewitz, Hermann, _Psalterium B.M.V._, 117

Norwich, Dutch books printed at, 233; other printing at, 238

Notary, Julyan, early printer at London, 77, 213 _sq._, 222

Nuremberg, printing at, 63, 169; book-illustration at, 108, 116 _sq._, 181-4, 193

_Nuremberg Chronicle. See_ Schedel

_Nut-Brown Maid_, the earliest text in Arnold's _Chronicle_, 230

Ogilby, John, illustrated books, 289

O'Kearney, John, Irish printing by, 243

_Opera nova contemplativa_, Venetian block-book, 20 _sq._, 29

Oppenheim, book-decoration at, 193

Ortuin and Schenck, printers of _Roman de la Rose_, 160

Os, Pieter van, early printer at Zwolle, 72

Ostendorfer, Michael, illustrations by, 190

Oswen, John, printer at Ipswich and Worcester, 229 _sq._

Overton, John, printer (?) at Ipswich, 226

Ovid, illustrations to his _Metamorphoses_, 292

Oxford, printing at, 76, 209, 224, 234 _sqq._, 252, 302 _sq._

Pacini, Piero and Bernardo, publishers of illustrated books at Florence, 139

Paderborn, Johann. _See_ Westphalia, John of

Palmart, Lambert, first printer in Spain, 75, 78, 89

Paper, made at Hertford, 212; Tottell seeks a monopoly for making, 220

Paris, printing in, 70 _sqq._, 171 _sqq._; book-illustration, 143-56, 197-201, 289-93

Parker, Archbishop, his efforts to rescue old books, 2; patron of John Day, 219; and of Bynneman, 220; his _De Antiquitate Brit. Eccl._ perhaps printed at Lambeth, 219, 234; engraved portrait, 282

Parma, Baskerville's press at, 300

Passe family, engravers, 286, 288

_Passio domini nostri Jesu Christi_, Venetian block-book, 28, 123

Paulirinus, Paulinus, on the word _ciripagus_, 43

Pavia, book-illustration at, 141

Peartree, Montagu, article on possible portrait of Caxton, 273

Pepwell, Henry, London printer, 216

Pepys, S., bequest of his books, 5

Petrarca, F., illustrated editions of his _Trionfi_, 127, 139

Petri, Johann, early printer at Florence, 67

Pfister, Albrecht, printer of illustrated books at Bamberg, 19, 32, 51, 59

Philadelphia, first printing at, 247

Philippe, Regent of France, engraved illustrations to Longus, 290

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, private printing by, 239

Pigouchet, Philippe, prints _Le Chasteau de Labeur_, 150; his _Horae_, 154

Pinder, Ulrich, private press at Nuremberg, 184

Pine, John, engraver, 294 _sqq._

Plantin, Christopher, printer at Antwerp, 175 _sq._; woodcut illustration, 202 _sq._; engraved, 274 _sqq._

Plateanus, Theodoricus (Dirick van der Straten), printer at Wesel, 226

Plates, troubles arising from in books, 267

Pleydenwurff, Wilhelm, book-illustrations by, 116

Poitiers, early printing at, 72

Polidori, Gaetano, his private press, 239

Pope, erasure of the word, 260

Popish apparel, Puritan tracts against, 232

"Poppy-printer" of Lubeck, 114

Porro, Girolamo, engraves plates for _Orlando Furioso_, 277, 283

Powell, Humphrey, English printer in Dublin, 242

Printing, changes in the primacy of, 16, 169, 170, 177; invention of, 32-58; early progress of, in various countries, 59-82; its technical development, 83-99; in the sixteenth century, 165-79; in England, 204-23; in the provinces of England, 224-8, 233-8; on the Continent for the English market, 229-33; private, 238 _sq._; in Scotland, 239 _sqq._; in Ireland, 242 _sq._; in the English colonies in America, 243 _sqq._

Private presses in England, 238 _sq._, 303 _sqq._

Proctor, Robert, found beauty in all incunabula, 10, 39; classification of them, 12; Greek type, 176, 307

Provincial printing in England, 9, 76, 208 _sq._, 224-7, 234-8

Pruss, Johann, of Strassburg, illustrated books, 111, 162

Psalms, the New England version of the, 244 _sq._

Psalter, Latin, of 1457, 54, 83; of 1459, 55; cost of writing and illuminating a manuscript, 84

Ptolemy, _Cosmographia_ (or _Geographia_), illustrated editions of, 66, 107

Pynson, R., number of copies in his editions, 21; work as a printer, 211, 212 _sq._, 222; book-illustrations, 255-9

Quarles, Francis, _Hieroglyphikes of the Life of Man_, 287

Quentell, Heinrich, of Cologne, his illustrated books, 113; his Bible cuts copied, 112, 114, 126, 128

Quinterniones, a name for manuscripts, 94

Quire, origin of the word, 94

Quiring in old books, 94 _sqq._; collection by, 96 _sq._

R-printer, the, of Strassburg, 60

_Rappresentazioni_, illustrated Florentine editions, 138

Rarity, effect on value of books, 7 _sq._

Rastell, John, lawyer-printer, 215, 222, 258

-- William, printed English plays, 215

Ratdolt, Erhard, early printer at Venice, 69; titlepage to his Calendar, 93; his decorative work at Venice, 125 _sq._; at Augsburg, 106; colour-printing by, 129

Rawlinson, Richard, gives manuscripts to the Bodleian, 5

Raynold, Thomas, his ed. of the _Birth of Mankind_, 280

_Recuyell of the Histories of Troye_, 206, 254; engraving in Chatsworth copy of Caxton's, 272

Redman, Robert, Pynson's successor, 216, 222

Red printing, difficulty of, 86, 228 _sq._; colophons in, 92

Regiomontanus. _See_ Muller

Reinhard, Johann. _See_ Gruninger

Retza, Fran. de, block-book of his _Defensorium_, 27

Reuwich, Erhard, illustrator of Breidenbach's _Peregrinatio_, 108, 115 _sq._

Reyser, Georg, first Wurzburg printer, 64, 269 _sq._

-- Michel, first Eichstatt printer, 64, 269 _sq._

Rheims, English Catholic books printed at, 232

Richard III, Statute permitting free importation of books into England, 209, 222

Richard, Thomas, printer at Tavistock, 226

Richel, Bernhard, early printer at Basel, his illustrated books, 109, 158

Ricketts, Charles, the Vale Press books, 307

Rodericus Zamorensis, illustrated editions of his _Speculum Humanae Vitae_, 104, 159, 162

Rodlich, Hieronymus, his illustrated books, 193

Rogers, Bruce, fine printer, 308

-- William, engraver, 284, 287

Rolewinck, Werner, all his books printed by ther Hoernen, 62; Venice editions of his _Fasciculus Temporum_, 126; Seville ed., 161

Roman de la Rose, early editions of, 160

Roman type, 88-90

Rome, printing at, 65, 167; book-illustration at, 123, 268, 273, 276

Rome under the Castle of St. Angelo, spurious imprint, 233

Rood, Theodoricus, printer at Oxford, 76

Ross, John, Edinburgh printer, 242

Rouen early printing, 72, 146; English books, 225, 229

Ruppel, Berthold, of Hanau, Basel printer, 47, 60

Ruscelli, Jerononimo, his _Imprese_, 277

Rusch, Adolf, the R-printer, 60; roman type used by, 88

Rylands, W. H., engraver, 296

Ryther, Augustine, engraver, 282

Saint Albans, printing at, 76, 208, 224 _sq._, 253

Saint Andrews, printing at, 241

Saint Omer, English Catholic books printed at, 232

Saluzzo, book-illustration at, 141

Sanctis, Hieronymus de, wood-cutter and printer at Venice, 127

Sanderson, Cobden, fine printing by, 306

Sandys, George, _Relation of a Journey_, 285

Santritter, Johann, illustrator and printer at Venice, 127

Saragossa, early printing at, 75; illustration, 162

Sarum service-books mostly printed abroad, 229; their importation into Scotland forbidden, 240

Savonarola, Girolamo, illustrated editions of his tracts, 133 _sq._, 137

Savile, Sir Henry, his press at Eton, 234

Saxton, Christopher, maps by, 282

Sayle, C., his catalogue of English books in Cambridge University Library, 233

Schatzbehalter. _See_ Stephan

Schaufelein, Hans Leonhard, book-illustrations by, 184, 188 _sq._

Schedel, Hartmann, his _Liber Chronicarum_, 117

Schilders, Richard, English books printed by, 232 _sq._

Schoeffer, Johann, printer at Mainz, 58, 169

-- Peter, a witness on the side of Fust, 47; his share in the invention of printing, 50 _sq._; books printed by him, 53-8; his method of printing, 81-6, 95; his type, 90

Schon, Erhard, illustrations by, 183

Schreiber, W., his _Manuel de l'Amateur_, quoted, 24, 100 note, 114; his block-books, 31

Schwabacher type, 90

Scolar, Johannes, printer at Oxford, 224; and at Abingdon, 226

Scoloker, Anthony, printer at Ipswich and London, 226

Scot, John, Scottish printer, 240 _sq._

Scotland, printing in, 239-42

Secret printing in Elizabeth's reign, 228

Segar, Sir W., _Honour, Military and Civil_, 284

Selden, W., his books go to the Bodleian, 5

Sensenschmidt, Johann, first printer at Nuremberg, 63; his illustrated books, 108

Sessa, family of printers, illustrated books, 196

Seville, early printing at, 75; illustration, 161, 163

Shakespeare, First Folio, 8; illustrations to, 294 _sqq._

Shrewsbury, printing at, 237 _sq._

Siberch, John Laer of, first Cambridge printer, 225

_Sibyllenbuch_, early Mainz fragment of, 46

Sidney, Sir Philip, title-border to 1598 ed. of his _Arcadia_, 266; engraving of his funeral, 282

Siemen, illustrated books published at, 193

Signatures of artists or wood-cutters in Italian books, 128, 194; in German books, 194; in French books, 157, 159

Signatures (typographic), first used by Joh. Koelhoff, 62; their origin, 94; example of collation by, 96

Silber, Eucharius, printer at Rome, 169

Simon, "das susses kind," woodcuts of his history, 103, 108

Small books, 214; stages in their popularity, 166, 173, 178

Smith, Richard, book-collector, 3

Solempne, Antony de, Dutch printer at Norwich, 233

Sorbonne, first Paris press at the, 70; roman type used at, 89; persecution of printers by its theologians, 174

Sorg, Anton, of Augsburg, illustrated books, 105

Spaces left blank for headings and capitals, 85; for illustrations, 143

Spain, early printing in, 74-6, 176 _sq._, 224; book-illustration, 161-4

Spanish Armada, engravings of, 282

_Speculum Humanae Saluationis_ partly block-printed, 26, 39; fate of the blocks, 40, 118; Augsburg ed. of, 103; Basel ed. of (in German), 109, 150; French ed. at Lyons, 158

_Speculum Humanae Vitae. See_ Rodericus Zamorensis

_Speculum Vitae Christi_, Caxton's edition, 252 _sq._

Speier, early printing at, 63

-- Johann of, first printer at Venice, 66 sq., 89

-- Wendelin of, successor of Johann, 67, 89

Spenser, Edmund, woodcuts to his _Shepheardes Calender_, 265

Spindeler, Nic., illustrated books, 162 _sq._

Spoerer, Hans, block-books printed by, 25

Springinklee, Hans, illustrator, 183, 188

Stagninus, Bernardinus, his illustrated service-books, 195

Stanheim, Melchior, arbitrator on book-illustrating, 63, 103

Stationers' Company, 221 _sq._, 227, 233 _sq._

Steele, Robert, on English books printed abroad, 233

Stephan, P., _Schatzbehalter_, 116

Steyner, Hans, illustrated books by, 185, 187

Stillingfleet, Archbishop, fate of his library, 4

Stoffler, Hans, mathematical works by, curiously decorated, 189

Story, John, Edinburgh printer, 240

Strassburg, printing at, 59 _sq._, 169; book-illustration at, 112 _sqq._, 187, 190 _sq._

Straten, Dirick van der. _See_ Plateanus

Strawberry Hill, Horace Walpole's press at, 238

Stuchs, G., Nuremberg printer, 63

Stule, Karolus, Edinburgh publisher, 240

Sturt, John, engraver, 294 _sq._

Subiaco, books printed at, 65

Sweynheym and Pannartz, number of copies in their editions, 21 note, 66; early reference to, 34; books printed by, 65 _sq._; their types, 88

-- Conrad, engraves maps for 1478 Ptolemy, 66, 268

Tacuinus, Joannes, Venice printer, 69

Tate, John, papermaker, 212

Taverner, John, London stationer, 222

Tavistock, printing at, 226

Terence, illustrated editions of, 107, 112, 131, 150, 160, 163, 213

Theramo, Jacobus de, illustrated editions of his _Belial_, 121

Ther Hoernen, Arnold, second Cologne printer, 62

Thomas, Thomas, Cambridge printer, 235

Thomas a Becket, erasure of the service for, 260

Tillier, Thomas, Chester printer, 237

Tin, types made of, 21 note

Titlepage, early examples of, 62, 93, 210

Tortosa early printing, 75

Tory, Geoffroi, printer at Paris, 173; his _Horae_, 156 _sq._, 199

Tottell, Richard, London printer, 219

Tournes, Jean de, father and son, printers at Lyon, 174

Traut, Wolfgang, illustrator, 182, 188

Trechsel family of printers at Lyon, 160, 171, 174, 192 _sq._

Treviso, early printing at, 67 _sq._, 70

Tuberinus, his account of the death of "das susses kind Simon," 103, 108

Tubingen, book-decoration at, 189

Turberville, George, _Booke of Faulconrie_, 265

Turrecremata, Cardinal, illustrated editions of his _Meditationes_, 114, 123

Tyndale, W., editions of his New Testament, 231

Types, characteristics of, in early books, 86 _sq._

Ugo (VGO), woodcuts signed, 194

Ulm early printing, 63 _sq._; illustrated books, 106 _sqq._

Ungut and Polonus, illustrated books of, 163

United States of America, colonial printing in, 243-9; modern fine printing, 308

Updike, Berkeley, fine printer, 308

Usher, Archbishop, fate of his library, 4

Utrecht, "Costeriana" attributed to, 40, 72

Utterson, E. V., private printing by, 239

Valdarfer, Christopher, printer at Venice and Milan, 67

Valentia, early printing at, 74 _sq._; illustration, 162

Valturius, R., _De re militari_, Verona editions of, 123 _sq._; French version of, 200

Van der Gucht, Michael, engraver, 294

Vautrollier, Thomas, printer at London and Edinburgh, 221, 242

Vavassore, Giovanni Andrea, block-printed _Opera nova Contemplativa_ by, 21; woodcuts signed z.a., etc., by, 194 _sq._

Veldener, Jan, early printer at Louvain, Kuilenburg and Utrecht, 40, 73, 118, 119, 205

Venice early printing, 66 _sq._; book-illustration, 125-32, 194-7, 277

Verard, Antoine, publisher at Paris, 147-50; his _Horae_, 151 _sq._; his English books, 230; his use of old cuts, 101, 148, 160

Vergetius, Angelus, French Royal Greek types designed by, 172

Verona early book-illustration, 123 _sq._

Villena, Marquis of, _Trabajos de Hercules_, 161

Vincent de Beauvais, his _Speculum_, 165

Violette, Pierre, Rouen printer, 225

Virgil, printed by B. Cennini, colophon quoted, 80; Gruninger's, 112; Leroy's, 158; Aldine, 167; first English, 226 _sq._; Ogilby's, 289; Baskerville's, 300

Virginia, early printing in, 249

Viterbo, good roman type, 89

Voltaire, edition of his works printed with Baskerville's type, 300

Vostre, Simon, books printed by Pigouchet for, 150, 154 _sqq._

Wachtlin, Johann, illustrator, 190

Waldegrave, Robert, prints Marprelate tracts, 228. _See_ prints at Edinburgh, 242

Wale, Samuel, illustrator, 296

Walker, Emery, expert in printing, 304 _sqq._

Walpole, Horace, private press, 238

Walther, F., and Hans Hurning, printers of a _Biblia Pauperum_, 25

Walton, Izaak, illustrations to his _Angler_, 296

Wandsforth, Gerard. _See_ Freez

Wandsworth, secret press at, 228

Weiditz, Hans, illustrator, 186 _sq._

Wenssler, Michael, Basel printer, 60 _sq._

Wesel, Bale's _Catalogus_ printed there, 226

Westphalia, John of, early printer at Alost and Louvain, 73; used roman type, 89; his woodcut portrait, 119

White, John, his drawings of Virginia, 278

-- Robert., engraver, 289

Whittingham, Charles (uncle and nephew), printers, 302 _sq._

Wilcocks, William, gave commissions to Wynkyn de Worde, 210

Williams, Archbishop, gifts of books by, 5

Wilson, J. D., on English books printed abroad, 233

Winthrop, John, allusion to printing at Cambridge, Mass., 243

Wittenberg, printing at, 169; illustrations, 190

Wolfe, Reyner, Royal painter, 218, 259

Wolgemut, Michael, book-illustrator, 116

Woodcuts, early, their charm and distinctiveness, 15

Worde, Wynkyn de, on Caxton's printing the _De proprietatibus_, 214 _sq._; on the St. Alban's printer, 208; on _Fishing with an Angle_, 209 note; his work as a printer, 211 _sq._; his assessment, 222; book-illustrations, 253 _sq._

Wurzburg, early printing at, 64

-- Missals, engravings in, 270

Wyer, Robert, London printer, 222

Ximenes, Cardinal, Polyglott Bible, 176

York, printing at, 225, 236 _sqq._

z.a., z.A., woodcuts signed, 194

Zainer, Gunther, first Augsburg printer, 62 _sq._; used roman type, 88; his illustrated books, 103

-- Johann, first Ulm printer, 63; used roman type, 88; his illustrated books, 106

Zarotus, Antonius, first printer at Milan, 68, 70

Zell, Ulrich, his story of the invention of printing, 35; the first printer at Cologne, 61

Zenger, Joh. Peter, New York printer, 248

Zinna, the _Psalterium B.V.M._ printed at, 117

Zoan Andrea. _See_ Vavassore, 194

Zurich, English books printed at, 231 _sq._

Zwolle early printing, 72; book-illustrations at, 122

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. PLYMOUTH