ii. Where the incline of subsections or carriages is ordered

for a field battery, the movement will be executed by the half wheel of subsections except for diminishing or increasing intervals in line. Where a formation into line or column is effected in field artillery by one part of the battery increasing its pace, in mountain artillery that part of the battery makes no change, but the remainder of the battery checks its pace.

=126.= _Falling in for parade._

1. The men of each subsection will fall in on foot in front of their own stables, where they will be inspected by their Nos. 1, and the reports made to the battery serjeant-major. The drivers and mounted men of each subsection will then be marched into stables ready to turn out when ordered, and the dismounted men marched to the gun park.

2. The teams will be inspected by the Nos. 1 before they proceed to the gun park. When ordered to turn out, the subsections are formed up, mounted in front of their stables, marched to the gun park and hooked in. Teams should not be hooked in until shortly before the hour for parade.

3. Each section will also be inspected by its section commander, whose duty it is to see that every man, animal, and carriage is properly equipped, that each gun is in working order, the buffer filled and the bore clear.

He should then dismount drivers and detachments and make his report to the captain.

If a section is without an officer, the senior non-commissioned officer of that section takes his place and commands it.

4. When bare charges are carried and when the cartridge is contained in a case which is not attached to the shell, all drill ammunition will be left in barracks or camp.

_Mountain Artillery._

5. When ordered to turn out, the drivers will turn out with their mules by subsections and be marched to the gun park, where they will form up behind the guns in the position for action.

Mules will not be loaded or the girths tightened till the last possible moment.

=127.= _Intervals and distances._

1. Intervals are measured from No. 1 to No. 1 when limbered up, from muzzle to muzzle when in action, and from knee to knee between files.

Between files 6 inches. Open files 2 yards. Half extended files 4 ” Extended files 8 ” Close interval between subsections 4 ” ” ” ” heavy batteries 6 ” Half interval between subsections 10 ” ” ” ” heavy batteries 12 ” Full interval between subsections 20 ” ” ” ” heavy batteries 25 ” Battery intervals-- Between batteries at full intervals 25 ” ” ” close ” 10 ” Intervals-- between brigades 25 ” ” artillery and other troops 25 ”

2. Distances are measured between animals from tail to head, between carriages from rear end of carriages to head of the following team, and between the units of a column or Échelon from No. 1 to No. 1, except when otherwise stated:--

Between ranks half a horse-length (4 feet). Battery column, column or échelon of sections 40 yards. Column or échelon of sections, heavy batteries 50 ” Column of batteries 125 ” ” ” heavy batteries 100 ” Short échelon of sections or batteries 20 ” Short échelon of section or batteries, heavy batteries 25 ” Quarter column of batteries 12 ” between carriages and lead horses’ heads. ” ” sections 6 ” ” ” ” Column of route 4 ” ” ” ” Between brigades and larger bodies in column of route 20 ” ” ” ” Between batteries in column of route 10 ” ” ” ” Column or échelon of sections of mountain batteries 100 ” ” ” ”

=128.= _Frontages and depths._

1. The frontage at full interval of a horse, field or mountain battery (6 guns) may be taken to be 100 yards, and that of a heavy battery 75 yards.

2. The depth in column of route of a horse battery with detachments on a flank, or of a field battery, is obtained by allowing 20 yards for each carriage with an allowance for the headquarters. Horse artillery with detachments front or rear requires an extra 8 yards for each detachment; if the detachments are in files, 4 yards must be allowed for every two horses in the detachment.

The road spaces occupied by batteries in column of route are as follows:--

A horse artillery battery (6 guns and 12 wagons):--

With detachments right or left of the guns 390 yards. ” ” front or rear 440 ” ” ” in files 490 ” A field battery (with 6 guns and 12 wagons) 390 ” A heavy battery (with 8 wagons) 340 ”

The depth of a mountain battery, in column of route, is obtained by allowing 3 yards for each mule or pony, and adding 25 yards for Nos. 1, coverers, range-takers and signallers.

=129.= _Posts of officers, N.C.Os., &c._

1. The positions assigned to the brigade and battery commanders are those to be taken up when the formation is completed; while it is in progress their posts are wherever they can best superintend and be seen and heard by their commands.

In order to carry out this principle effectually, commanders of batteries and brigades should not remain too close to their commands. When moving in line, or in line of battery columns, their normal position is in front of the centre.

In quarter column formations officers (other than those in front) and serrefiles take half distance.

2. BRIGADE COMMANDER. _In line._--In the centre, two horse-lengths in front of battery commanders.

_On other occasions._--In the best place from which he can command the brigade.

3. BATTERY COMMANDER. _In line._--One horse-length in front of the centre of the line of section commanders.

_In column or quarter column of batteries._--One horse-length in front of, and three from the directing flank of, the battery.

_In all other formations._--In front of the battery.

4. CAPTAIN. _In line._--One horse-length in rear of the centre of the serrefile rank.

_In column of batteries._--As in line.

_In quarter column of batteries, full or close interval._--Half a horse-length on the outer flank of the battery, in line with the front rank or gun leaders.

_In battery column._--Three horse-lengths on the right flank of the centre of the battery.

_In column of subsections and column of route._--One horse-length in rear of the rear carriage.

5. SECTION COMMANDER. _In line._--One horse-length in front of the centre of his section.

_In battery column or quarter column._--The leading section commander as in line, the remainder in centre of sections in line with front rank or gun leaders.

_In column of subsections and column of route._--Where he can best command his section.

6. OBSERVATION OFFICER (HEAVY BATTERIES).--With the observation party.

7. ADJUTANT.--The adjutant will, as a rule, accompany the brigade commander and assist him as required.

When a formation is completed he will place himself as follows:--

_In line._--On the right flank of the brigade, one horse-length from and in line with the front rank or gun leaders.

_In column and échelon._--Three horse-lengths on the right flank of the leading battery in line with the front rank or gun leaders.

8. BRIGADE SERJEANT-MAJOR. _In line, in column, and in échelon._--Covering the adjutant at one horse-length distance.

9. BRIGADE TRUMPETER.--With brigade commander.

10. BATTERY STAFF-SERJEANTS. _In line and in column of batteries._--One horse-length in rear of the flank subsections; the serjeant-major on the right.

_In quarter column of batteries, full and close interval._--As in line, but half a horse-length in rear.

_In battery column._--The serjeant-major and the quarter-master-serjeant in the centre of the leading and rear section respectively in line with the gun axles. In mountain artillery as for line.

_In column of subsections and in column of route._--The serjeant-major on the off side of the leading gun in line with the leaders (in column of route, with the battery commander); the quarter-master-serjeant one horse-length in rear of the rear carriage in line with and on the left of the captain.

11. SERJEANT-FARRIER AND MOUNTED SHOEING-SMITH. _In line._--The farrier, one horse-length in rear of No. 2 subsection, and the shoeing-smith (saddler in a British mountain battery) the same distance in rear of No. 5.

_In quarter column of batteries, full and close interval._--As in line, but half a horse-length in rear.

_In battery column._--One horse-length in rear of the rear carriages, the farrier in rear of that on the right. In mountain artillery as for line.

_In column of subsections and in column of route._--One horse-length in rear of the captain and quartermaster-serjeant, except in mountain artillery, where they will be in single file, farrier leading.

12. TRUMPETERS.--One with the battery commander, the other with the captain.

13. NOS. 1.--Of horse artillery, on the left of the lead driver of the gun or with their detachments. (_See_ Sec. =134= (2).)

Of field artillery, on the left of their gun leaders.

Of mountain and heavy artillery at drill and manœuvre in front of their subsections.

14. COVERERS.--On the left of their wagon leaders (of heavy artillery in front).

15. PATROL, RANGE-TAKERS, SIGNALLERS, AND OBSERVERS.--_In line._--In line one horse-length in rear of the centre of the battery from right to left in the order named; at open files when the battery is at full or half interval; at close files when it is at close interval.

In mountain artillery these men are dismounted and form in single rank one pace in rear of the centre of the battery.

_In column of subsections and column of route._--In a column of parties from front to rear in the order named; the men of each party abreast of one another, and the rear party one horse-length in front of the leading section commanders.

_In battery column or quarter column._--In column as above, one horse-length on the right flank of the centre of the battery.

_In quarter column of batteries full or close interval._--As in line, but at half a horse-length distance.

16. SPARE HORSES. _In line._--In the serrefile rank in rear of the centre of their sections, those of the centre section on the left of the line of patrols, range-takers, &c.

_In quarter column of batteries, full or close interval._--One horse-length in rear of the rear battery. Those of the leading battery on the right, and those of the rear battery on the left.

_Mountain artillery._

17. SENIOR DRIVER N.C.O. _of British Mountain Batteries_, (Driver Havildar Major).

_In line._--One pace in rear of the pioneer mule of the right section.

_In action._--He is in charge of the firing battery mules.

18. PIONEER MULES. In column of route and subsections.--Leading their section.

_On all other occasions._--In the centre of the section, in line with the second ammunition mule.

Two gunners, or one only if short-handed, per subsection are detailed as pioneers, and walk alongside the pioneer mules in the order of march.

19. RELIEF MULES WITH FIRING BATTERY. _In line._--Distributed in rear of the 2nd ammunition mules.

_In battery column and in column of subsections._--Following in rear of the firing battery.

_In column of route._--With their subsections.

20. WHEEL AND AXLE MULE. (10-pr. B.L. equipment only.) _In line and battery column._--One yard in rear of the pioneer mule of the centre section.

_In column of subsections._--One yard in rear of the last mule of the relief mules with the firing battery.

_In column of route._--The last of the firing battery mules of its subsection.

_Indian mountain batteries._

21. INDIAN OFFICERS. _In line at close order and in battery column._--One horse-length in rear of the centre of firing battery of their sections.

_At drill and in action._--Two native officers assist the captain, the third is with the battery commander.

_On all other occasions._--On the outer flank of and near the rear of their sections.

22. BATTERY STAFF-SERJEANTS.--The havildar-major and quartermaster-havildar as for the battery serjeant-major and battery quartermaster-serjeant, but at one pace instead of a horse-length distance.

23. PAY HAVILDAR.--_In line_ in rear of No. 3 subsection.

_In battery column._--In rear of right subsection of centre section.

_In column of subsections and column of route._--In front of the quartermaster-havildar.

=130.= _Commands and signals._

1. Orders may be given:--

i. By word of command. ii. By signal. iii. By trumpet sound.

_Words of command._

2. Direct word of command is not suitable for any larger body at the halt than a brigade, or on the move than a battery.

3. All words of command should be given in a firm and explicit manner, and loud enough to be heard by all concerned. The executive part of the command must be clearly distinguished from the preparatory part, and must not follow it too quickly. =Commands will be accompanied by the corresponding signals.=

4. Battery commanders repeat the brigade whistle and then give their own executive word or signal.

Section commanders, as a rule, command by signal, and give orders by word of mouth only in case of necessity.

Nos. 1 do not repeat commands or signals.

The leader of every unit is responsible that the command is passed on correctly to the next leader.

_Signals._

5. The following signals are to be employed to represent the words of command mentioned:--

_Signal._ | _To Indicate._ | i. Arm swung from rear to front |“_Advance_,” _or_ “_Forward_,” below the shoulder, finishing with| or “_Commence movement_.” the hand pointing to the front. | | ii. Arm circled above the head. | “_Retire_,” or “_Subsections_ | --_Right about wheel_.” | (In mountain batteries) | “_Left reverse_.” | iii. Hand raised in line with the | “_Walk_,” or “_Quick-time_.” shoulder, elbow bent, and | close to the side. | iv. Clenched hand moved up and |“_Trot_” or “_Double_.” down between thigh and shoulder.| | v. Circular movement of hand below |“_Gallop_.” the shoulder in a vertical plane.| | vi. Arm raised at full extent above |“_Halt_.” the head. | | vii. Body or horse turned in the |“_Incline_.” required direction and arm extended| in a line with the shoulder. | | viii. Clenched hand brought to the |“_Right_ (or _left_) _take_ shoulder, and the arm then extended|_ground_.” sharply in the required direction | two or three times. | | ix. Circular movement of extended |“_Shoulders_,” or arm in line with the shoulder in |“_Wheel_.” the required direction. | | x. Arm waved from above the head |“_Sections right_ (or _left_) to a position in line with the |_wheel_.” shoulder, pointing in the required| direction. | | xi. Arm waved horizontally from right|1. “_Form line_” from to left and back again as though |battery column or line cutting with a sword, finishing with |of battery columns or mass. the delivery of a point to the front.| | |2. “_Form mass_” from |line, column of route |or column of sections. | |3. “_Advance in battery_ |_column_” (for a single |battery in line) or |“_Advance in mass_” |(from brigade in line). xii. Two or three slight movements |“_Form line_” from échelon. of the open hand, palm to the | front (arm extended, hand waist | high) denoting a forward movement | looking to each flank in turn. | | xiii. As above, but arm to the rear, |“_Form échelon_” from line. denoting a backward movement. | | xiv. Two or three slight movements of|“_Dismount_” or “_Lie down_.” the open hand towards the ground. | | xv. Two or three slight movements |“_Mount_.” with the open hand upwards (palm up).| | xvi. Arm raised as for “_Halt_” |“_Action_.” and then pointed to the ground. | | xvii. Weapon held up above and as if |“_Enemy in sight in guarding the head. |small numbers_.” | xviii. As in xvii, but weapon |“_Enemy in sight in_ raised and lowered frequently. |_large numbers_.” | xix. Weapon held up at full extent of|“_No enemy in sight_.” arm, point of muzzle uppermost. |

Signals for formations from line also apply to échelon.

For signals to first line wagons in action, _see_ Sec. =201=.

6. Officers giving signals should, as far as possible, face the same way as those to whom the signals are made, but when a signal ordering a change of direction is made, the body or horse should be turned in the required direction.

All signals should be made with whichever arm will show most clearly what is meant.

In order to ensure uniformity in the system of giving signals, they must be practised in the riding school.

7. Signals of position, such as “_Halt_” or “_Incline_,” should be maintained. Signals of movement, such as “_Advance_” or “_Shoulders_,” should be repeated until it is clear that they are understood.

8. The whistle (_see also_ Sec. =201=) will be used:--