iv. Dismounted detachments should keep on the inner flank

Chapter 1148,200 wordsPublic domain

of the column, but if this is not possible they should march in fours behind their respective guns and wagons. They should never march on the off side of the carriages.

Men may mount or dismount when the column is moving at a walk.

3. In column of route when two ammunition wagons per subsection are present they immediately follow their gun until the batteries prepare for action, when those which do not accompany the guns into action, will assume a preparatory formation under the command of the captain. (Sec. =191=.)

4. On a march the first halt usually takes place not long after the start, when a careful examination should be made of the horses and harness. Subsequent halts are made at regular intervals at the discretion of the commander of the column. The duration of these halts and the time when they are to take place, should be made known in advance.

5. It is of great importance to relieve horses as much as possible of the heavy weights they have to carry. They should be harnessed up as short a time as possible before turning out, and should not be hooked in until just before the time for marching off.

When they are standing in harness the drivers should be dismounted.

When marching at a slow pace with other troops men are inclined to lounge in their saddles and thus to cause sore backs. On this account mounted men should be instructed to walk and lead at intervals, and the drivers may be relieved occasionally by capable gunners. For the same reason slouching in the saddle, even when riding at ease, should be prevented and, when trotting, every man should rise in his stirrups.

6. Opportunities which may occur for watering and feeding horses should always be seized. Watering requires to be carried out on a regular system if it is to be done smoothly and expeditiously.

7. When artillery is moving independently of other troops, very early starts are undesirable, except for some special reason. The men should have time to get breakfast and the horses should be fed before the march commences.

The maintenance of an even and regular pace is essential, otherwise the constant opening out and closing up, which occurs in rear, becomes trying, both to men and horses.

In some circumstances, such as when the roads are hilly or dusty, the intervals between files and the distances between carriages may be increased.

The last couple of miles of a march should be at a walk, so as to bring the horses in cool, and during this period they should be watered, if there be a convenient place.

=250.= _Billets._

1. The principles to be observed in the allotment of billets, and instructions for administration and discipline in billets, are laid down in F.S. Regs., Part I, Chap. IV.

2. Billets are of three descriptions, viz.:--

i. Billets with subsistence. ii. Billets with partial subsistence. iii. Billets without subsistence.

When billets with subsistence are provided, officers and others must be satisfied with the usual fare of the householder on whom they are billeted.

All billets will include attendance and, when required, the use of ordinary cooking utensils, but bedding cannot be demanded as a right.

3. Billeting areas are allotted by the quartermaster-general’s branch of the staff. The commanders of these areas then distribute the accommodation among the units to be quartered in them and issue billeting demands to their representatives.

4. A billeting party should consist of one officer or senior non-commissioned officer per brigade, and one rank and file N.C.O. per battery or ammunition column. Before starting for his allotted area, the commander of the party should obtain a statement showing the number of officers, men, and horses for whom accommodation is required.

5. On arrival in the locality in which his formation is to be billeted, the commander of the billeting party will first proceed to the mayor, or other chief official, hand him the billeting demand, and notify him of the hour at which the troops may be expected. If time permits billeting orders should be obtained from the local authority for each inhabitant on whom men and horses are to be quartered.

6. On receipt of these orders the commander of the billeting party will issue them in proper proportion to the representative of each unit, who will be given instructions as to the posting of any special notices, arrangements for watering, &c., and the rendezvous, when the billets have been inspected. The men of the party then proceed to the houses and stables allotted to their units, inspect and mark them and hand the billeting orders to occupiers. In arranging for billets horses should be billeted near the men, and as close as possible to the guns and vehicles. Each unit should, if possible, be allotted both sides of a street.

7. In the meantime the commander of the party will select and mark the position of the headquarters of the brigade, guard-room, sick inspection room, and gun parks. (_See_ F.S. Regs., Part I, Sec. =49=.) He will also ascertain the most suitable lines for communicating with neighbouring units and the best lines into and out of the area.

8. In fixing the sites of gun parks and arranging accommodation for horses, precautions must usually be taken against discovery by hostile aircraft.

Although to avoid blocking roads and communications it may be necessary to place guns and other vehicles outside towns or villages, they should not be parked in a regular formation in the open. As many vehicles and horses as possible should be placed under cover, the remainder being concealed by placing them close to hedges, buildings, stacks, or any other object which will screen them against observation from the air.

Subject to the conditions above, guns and wagons should be parked, where possible, on dry ground, but near water, with easy approaches and plenty of room. Additional entrances may be needed to facilitate movement. Provided there is plenty of room for movement and it is possible to conceal the carriages from observation by aircraft a single gun park has advantages.

9. After completing the above, the commander of the billeting party should, if possible, prepare a rough plan of the area, showing the allotment of billets, main roads and communications, position of gun parks, together with a statement as to any special arrangements that may be necessary as regards watering horses, and other details.

10. On reassembling his men, he will notify them of the positions of headquarters, guard, gun parks, etc., and will despatch a proportion to convey this information to the units. (_See_ F.S. Regs., Part I, Sec. 48.)

11. When time is not available for the above procedure troops will be halted outside their billeting areas. Meanwhile brigade billeting parties will proceed to the town hall or similar place, where a representative of the commander of the area will allot certain streets or groups of houses to them, which they in turn will assign to units.

12. A list of the addresses of the officers should be given to the commander of the main guard.

=251.= _Bivouacs._

1. The general rules for the occupation of a bivouac are given in F.S. Regs., Part I, Sec. 56.

2. The commander of the billeting party, as soon as he has been shown the area allotted to him, selects the sites for the bivouacs for each battery, and has the positions of kitchens, slaughter-places, and latrines marked out.

He then goes to meet the artillery commander with information on the various details dealt with in F.S. Regs., Part I, Secs. 56 and 57.

Orders dealing with any of these points, which it is necessary for the troops to know, should be communicated to them before leaving the gun park.

3. It will generally be necessary to take precautions against observation by hostile aircraft, and when this is the case regular formations should be avoided and all possible arrangements made to conceal the guns and horses (_See_ Sec. =250= (8)). Bivouac shelters, if used, should not be put up till after dark. When artillery reach their bivouac in darkness and when it is not necessary to take precautions against discovery by hostile aircraft the method of arranging a bivouac for a battery in Fig. 37 may be used.

This method, which is quick and economical of space is given as a guide and should be followed only so far as the ground allows.

The guns are formed in line at half interval (10 yards) with the firing battery wagons on their left at 2 yards interval, three of the first line wagons in rear of and at right angles to the line of guns and 5 yards from them. The remaining three are then formed up parallel and about 60 yards from the above.

4. The picketing ropes are stretched between the upper spokes of the 1st line wagons. The rope can be stretched taut by lifting and heaving on the wagons furthest from the gun park, and, if necessary, sinking a small trench for the wheels to rest in. If the length of rope required is considerable it may be advisable to use other wagons to support it half-way.

The horse lines of each section should be as far as possible in rear of the guns of its own section.

The horses of each section are then fastened to one rope, using both sides of the rope. No horse should be fastened within 5 yards of a carriage in order to prevent the possibility of damage.

The harness is placed in rear of the heel pegs, blankets folded on the saddles and the whole bound up in the harness cover: forage 5 yards from the horse lines at the opposite end to the gun park.

The sections are arranged so that the personnel may be as near their own horses as possible. The right and left sections parallel to the horse lines, the centre section at right angles to them at 10 yards distance. The officers 20 yards in rear of the centre section.

TRANSPORT OF ARTILLERY.

=252.= _Transport by rail._

The transport of troops in peace by land and sea is dealt with in the “King’s Regulations.” Owing to the variations in size of carriages and trucks in the different countries where campaigns may take place, it is impossible to fix the number of vehicles or trains required for a battery.

Rolling stock, such as in common use in the United Kingdom, will take:--

8 men with their equipment in each compartment.

7 harnessed riding or light draught or 6 heavy draught horses in a cattle truck.

2 or 3 pairs of wheels on the average wagon truck.

The number of vehicles in a train varies on different railways, according to the ruling (_i.e._, maximum) gradient, speed, and the types of locomotives and trucks.

In the United Kingdom each six gun battery of horse or field artillery at war strength would require 2 trains, while the brigade headquarters and ammunition column for a howitzer, 13-pr. and 18-pr. artillery brigade would occupy 2, 3 and 4 trains respectively.

It may be necessary to entrain and detrain horses and carriages without the use of raised platforms by means of ramps. Regular practice in doing this is required in order to avoid delay.

Fixed ramps can be made with earth revetted with sleepers, or sleepers alone may be used.

Plate XI shows ramps which can be quickly improvised if portable ramps are not available. The stores required are two rails, 21 ft. to 24 ft. long, and 40 or 50 sleepers for each ramp.

The following are the principal points to which attention should be paid when loading horses and guns and carriages.

i. _Horses._

1. The entrainment and detrainment of horses will be carried out in accordance with the instructions given in F.S. Regs., Part I., Sec. 38.

2. The floors of trucks used for the conveyance of horses should, if of wood, be at least 1½ inches thick. Cinders, sand or gravel should be sprinkled on them to prevent the horses slipping; on no account should straw or any inflammable material be used for this purpose.

3. A man leading a horse into a truck should walk freely in with a loose head rope, as though leading it into a stall. He should not stare in the animal’s face. Much time may be lost in dealing timorously with a jibbing horse; two men should be ready to clasp hands above its hocks and hustle it into the truck.

4. If possible, on long journeys, horses should be taken out of a train at least once every 24 hours, walked about, and allowed to roll on sand or grass.

ii. _Guns and carriages._

The general points which should be attended to are:--

To distribute the load evenly over the floor, and if any of the flooring planks are rotten, to put a sleeper across them under the wheels. The minimum thickness of floor should be 2 inches.

To see that the points of poles or shafts do not stick up so that they would strike against bridges, &c., as would usually occur if they were more than 7 feet above the floor of the trucks.

To lash the wheels nearest to the ends of the trucks securely to the false buffers or to rings by a rope, which is also given a turn round the axle of each pair of wheels on the truck to prevent them shifting with the jerks of the train.

Generally the best way to stow the carriages is, poles, trails, and perches resting on the floor, poles to the front, perches and trails to the rear, the wheels of each vehicle interlocking with those of the carriage in front of it.

=253.= _Slinging horses._

(_Transports alongside._)

1. If horses are to be embarked by slinging, they should on arrival alongside the ship be unsaddled or unharnessed, the head rope should be fastened in the ordinary way round the neck; the ship’s halter will be put on under the head-collar; the bridoon reins should be left loose (as they may be required for keeping the head in the proper position while lowering down the hatchways), but they should be knotted to prevent them getting entangled in the horse’s legs. Slings should be minutely inspected before the embarkation begins. A double guy should be made fast to the horse’s head, one end being held on shore and the other on board, in order to keep the head steady; the surcingle must be moved round so that the buckle is on the seat.

2. In slinging horses, five men are required, one at the head, one at each side, one at the breast, and one behind. One end of the sling is passed under the horse’s belly, and both ends are brought up to meet over his back; one man passes his loop through the other loop, and it is received by the man on the other side, who hauls it through, hooking the tackle to it, both men holding up the ends of the sling until it is taut. The men at the breast and behind bring their ropes round and make them fast to the grummets, and the man who holds the horse’s head makes fast the guys to the ship’s head-collar. The breech band and breast girth must be securely fastened. Timid or restive horses should be blindfolded. When all is ready, the words “HOIST AWAY” will be given, and the horse is to be rapidly run up from the ground to the necessary height, and then carefully lowered down to the hatchway. Two or three men should be stationed at the hatchway and between decks to guide the horse in being lowered. A soft bed of straw or coir mats must be provided for the horse to alight upon, and the men stationed in the lower deck must be ready to receive him and take off the sling, as on first feeling his legs, unless firmly handled, he is apt to plunge and kick violently.

3. In disembarking, sand or straw must be laid on the wharf for the reception of the horses. Horses are apt to fall on their knees at once unless carefully held up.

(_Transports not alongside._)

4. The method of embarking horses in boats or flats will vary according to circumstances. If the boats can come alongside a wharf, or can approach close to an open beach, the horses can either be led on board by gangways (horse brows), or be slung in the manner described above, sheers or a derrick being erected. Horse brows may be at steep angles of ascent or descent if there is considerable rise and fall of tide. When the boats cannot come sufficiently near the shore to enable horses to be hoisted on to them, piers or platforms must be constructed. The piers should always be provided with stout side railings about three feet high, and the floor covered with shingle, straw, or something to prevent the horses slipping.

5. When embarking in boats, the detachment should be formed up opposite them, and the same rules, so far as practicable, followed as when embarking in vessels alongside a wharf. A man must be told off to each horse, and take with him in the boat the whole of his kit, equipment, saddlery, &c. The men should take off arms, belts, and spurs. The horses should, if possible, be placed athwart the boat alternately, the head to tail. Each man must hold his horse until the vessel is reached. Sand or straw should be put in the boats to prevent the horses slipping.

6. In the absence of boats and appliances, the following method of embarking horses by swimming may be employed:--

The horses having been halted a short distance from, and out of sight of, the point of embarkation, are stripped of all appointments except the bridoon and headstall, which latter should be close fitting.

A horse having been led to the landing place, two men prepare him for the water. No. 1 holds his head. No. 2 places the sling in position and secures the straps with yarn, so as to prevent the sling opening in the water; he then fastens the breast rope and breeching securely. A rope of about eight yards in length, with an eye at one end, is next passed round the neck and fastened rather tightly by an overhand knot, so as to prevent its becoming either looser or tighter. The bridoon is then taken off, and to support the horse in the water another rope is attached to the lower ring of the headstall under the chin, or else a short rope is passed round the girth in front of the sling and close behind the elbows, the ends being brought up and fastened over the withers. The horse is controlled altogether by the neck rope.

The horse is then led into the water as far as he will walk towards the boat, in the stern of which should be a man, who receives the neck rope in his right hand, and immediately reeves it through the stern ring of the boat to secure additional power in the event of the horse plunging; the headstall or girth rope he receives in his left hand.

When once the horse is swimming, the neck rope should be hauled close up while the headstall or girth rope gently supports him in the water.

A small rowing boat with two oars will be sufficient. It should not be pulled too fast, or the horse will make no attempt to swim.

On reaching the ship’s side the hook and tackle should be lowered, the hook passed through the sling’s eye, and the horse hoisted up on board.

Care should be taken to arrange the tackle so that the horse, in being hoisted in, is kept clear of the ship’s side.

7. Horses may, in cases of emergency only, be disembarked by swimming. When this method is adopted, the horse should be lowered in the sling over the side of the vessel without fastening the breast rope or breeching. When the tackle is unhooked the sling opens, and is at once slipped from under the horse. The neck rope should be hauled up and secured, and the horse supported, as explained above. If necessary, four horses may be made to swim ashore at a time, two on each side of the boat. It is important that horses should be kept at the point to which the others are to swim.

Horses should be cool before being put into the water.

=254.= _Slinging guns and vehicles._

1. For slinging guns, limbers and limbered wagons, the following method has been found to give good results:--

Two four-inch slings are used, one round each axletree, and a hook rope hooked into the trail eye. The bights of the slings are placed on the tackle hook, to which the end of the hook rope is also made fast.

Limbers are slung in the same way as guns, the hook rope in their case being made fast to about the centre of the pole, unless special instructions to remove the poles are issued.

Limbered wagons will, as a rule, be embarked loaded on their wheels, the poles should not be removed before slinging. If the wheels are removed, special care must be taken that the linch pins and washers are put away. Those carriages first required on disembarkation should be stowed away last.

2. G.S. wagons can be slung by four chain slings connected to a common link at the one end and provided with hooks at the other, these four hooks are then secured to all four wheels of the vehicle. The poles must be removed before slinging, and =made fast to the body of the wagons=.

If cordage only is available, two slings each, consisting of one rope 3 in. by 60 ft., knotted at a suitable length, and two lashings, 1½ in. by 30 ft. for guy ropes are required.

To adjust the front sling pass one end inside the wheels and under the futchels of the fore carriage in front of the axle. To adjust the back sling loop one end of the sling over the nave of the off hind wheel. Pass the sling over the load and loop the other end to the nave of the near hind wheel. Care must be taken to see that the drag washers are turned down to prevent the sling from slipping off.

The hook of the hoisting tackle is then passed through the end of the two ends of the front sling and under the centre of the back sling.

The pressure can be taken off the sides of the carriage by making use of loops made with polechains or ropes at the end of poles through which the slings are passed.

APPENDIX I.

The following syllabus of training for recruits of R.H. and R.F.A. is given as a guide to officers charged with the training of recruits. It is not intended that it should be followed rigidly.

SYLLABUS OF TRAINING. GUNNERS.

-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- | 1st | | | | | |Total Subject. | fort- |2nd |3rd |4th |5th |6th |hours | night. | | | | | | per | | | | | | |subject. -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Physical training | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |10 | 60 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Dismounted drill-- | | | | | | | without arms | 30 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 90 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Rifle exercises-- | | | | | | | including | | | | | | | musketry and | | | | | | | visual training | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 25 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Cordage, knotting, &c. | | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 19 Semaphore | | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Gun drill--including | | | | | | | gunnery, laying, | | | | | | | fuze setting, and | | | | | | | visual training | | | 10 | 12 |12 | 12 | 46 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Lectures | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 30 +-------+----+----+----+----+----+-------- Total hours per fortnight| 45[44] | 45 | 50 | 50 |50 |50 | 290 -------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------

[44] It is calculated that in addition about 2½ hours a week in the first fortnight are spent on medical inspection, fitting clothing, and school tests.

DRIVERS.

---------------------------+---------------------------------+------- | Fortnight. | Detail. +------+---+---+-----+-----+------+ Total. | 1st |2nd|3rd| 4th | 5th | 6th | ---------------------------+------+---+---+-----+-----+------+------- 1. Physical training | 10 | 10| 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 60 2. Foot drill | 30 | 20| 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 90 3. Rifle exercises and | | | | | | | visual training | | 5| 10| 5 | 5 | 5 | 30 4. Cordage, knotting, &c. | | 5| | 2½ | | | 7½ 5. Semaphore | | | 5| 5 | 5 | 5 | 20 6. Wooden horse | | | | 2½ | 2½ | 2½ | 7½ 7. Fitting and cleaning | | | | 2½ | 5 | 5 | 12½ harness, &c. | | | | | | | 8. Stable management | | | 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 40 9. Lectures | 5 | 5| 5| 2½ | 2½ | 2½ | 22½ +------+---+---+-----+-----+------+------- Total hours per fortnight |45[45]| 45| 50| 50 | 50 | 50 | 290 ---------------------------+-------+---+---+-----+-----+------+-------

[45] It is calculated that in addition about 2½hours a week in the first fortnight are spent on medical inspection, fitting clothing, and school tests.

APPENDIX II.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN FIRING BLANK AMMUNITION.

1. No officer, non-commissioned officer, or gunner, is to command or form part of a section or gun detachment firing blank ammunition at salutes or on field days who has not been trained and passed in gun drill.

2. When bare charges are used, no gun is to be reloaded within 30 seconds after firing. When firing Q.F. blank cartridges, no gun is to be reloaded within 15 seconds after firing.

Even after these intervals no gun is to be reloaded unless the No. 1 has examined the chamber and the bore and removed any “debris” remaining from the previous round. (N.B.--With the 4·5-inch Q.F. Howitzer the lid of the cartridge is not to be removed when firing blank ammunition.)

3. In firing salutes not less than four guns are to be used. When firing signal rounds at field days and manœuvres, however, any number of guns may be used provided that the conditions of paragraph 2 are fulfilled.

4. In the event of a missfire, at least one more attempt should be made to fire the gun, when it is again its turn, but in any case the breech must not be opened for at least one minute with “black powder” charges and ten minutes with “smokeless powder” charges after the last failure to fire the gun. None of the detachment should be directly in rear of the breech when it is opened.

In firing salutes, an officer or senior non-commissioned officer should be detailed for the special duty of timing the interval after a missfire, and informing the No. 1 of that gun when he may open the breech.

INDEX.

=NOTE.--No reference to drill movements is made in this Index. Headings of sections dealing with drill will be found in the Contents.=

A PAGE.

Abbreviations to be used in signalling, 321 ” ” ” words of command, 301 Action, advance of battery for, 302 ” field battery in, 306 ” method of coming into, 303 ” preparation for, by battery, 294 Advance of battery in action, 360 ” of horse artillery into action, 270 Advanced guard artillery action of the, 245 ” ” ” to conform to action of, 215 ” observation posts, 244 Aerial reconnaissance, 246 Aeroplane observing, men to be detailed to watch, 328 Aeroplanes, location of targets by, 324 ” method of engaging, 351 ” observation of fire from, 325 ” signals from and to, 328 Aiming point, angular corrections necessary for different positions, 186 ” ” auxiliary, 181 ” ” selection of, 300 ” points, position and use of, 181 ” posts, planting of, 300 Air, resistance of, on a shell during flight, 148 Aircraft, advantage to be taken of woods, &c., for concealment against, 231 ” advantages of concealment modified by use of, 23 ” co-operation with Artillery, 238 ” employment of, 238 ” methods of engaging, 350 ” placed at disposal of divisional artillery commander, 244 ” prevention against discovery by, 398, 399 ” signalling from, 239 ” ” ” the ground to, 239 ” with artillery co-operation of, 238 Airships, method of engaging, 351 All guns ranging, 331, 334 Ammunition, 155 ” blank, precautions to be taken when firing, 411 ” column, brigade, 367 ” ” howitzer brigade, 369 ” columns, divisional, 370 ” ” horse artillery, 370 ” ” with heavy batteries, 369 ” ” ” mountain batteries, 369 ” control of expenditure of, 280 ” distribution in action, 364 ” expenditure of to be guided by importance of objective, 233 ” liberal expenditure of when permissible, 245, 247 ” mountain artillery, replenishment of, 367 ” parks, 371 ” receipt for, 369 ” replenishment of, 366 ” ” ” for cavalry and horse artillery, 276 ” reserves on the line of communication, 371 ” supply, general instructions, 364 ” ” not restricted to troops of own formation, 364 ” ” of, to a rearguard, 265 ” ” within the battery, 365 ” transfer of, 369 ” waste of, 255 Angle of sight, alteration in, 178 ” “ how found when target not visible from guns, 176 ” ” ” measured, 176 ” switch, 189 Angles, form of ordering, 302 ” use of hand for measuring, 180 Angular corrections for different positions of aiming point, 186 Annual practice, 19 Approach march, horse artillery with cavalry, 268 Artillery, advanced guard, action of the, 245 ” and infantry, forming of, into groups, 236, 241 ” attack, opening phase of the, 246 ” ” second phase of the, 247 ” ” third phase of, 250 ” defence, opening phase of, 255 ” ” second phase of, 256 ” ” third phase of, 257 ” distribution of, in defence of a position, 254 ” employment of, in war, 227 ” field, characteristics of, 227 ” fire, natures of, 144 ” forward movement, 249 ” horse, action in cavalry pursuit or retreat, 273 ” ” advance into action, 270 ” ” escorts for, 267 ” ” in a general engagement, 275 ” ” ” cavalry fight, 272 ” ” position on the march 267 ” ” with cavalry 265 ” ” ” ” acting dismounted, 273 ” in attack, 245 ” ” defence, general instructions and preliminary measures, 252 ” ” hand, objects and methods of keeping, 234, 245 ” ” irregular warfare, 278 ” ” retirements and retreats, 263 ” location of enemy’s batteries, 246 ” methods of engaging, 346 ” mobile, in the attack and defence of a fortress, 276 ” protection of, 234 ” territorial, training of, 22 ” transport of, by rail, 401 ” with aircraft, co-operation of, 324 Assembly, positions of, when selected, 303 Atmosphere, state of, affects accuracy of shooting, 154, 166 Attack, artillery in, 245 ” of a fortress, mobile artillery in the, 276 ” opening phase of the, 246 ” second phase of the, 247 ” third phase of the, 250

Ballistic coefficient, 149 Balloons, captive, method of engaging, 351 Batteries, nomenclature and position of at brigade drill, 191 Battery acting independently, responsibility of commander, 293 ” advance for action, 302 ” coming into action, method of, 303 ” commander, duties of, in action, 308 ” ” orders by, 300 ” ” responsibility of, 9 ” commanders, position in brigade in column, 284 ” drill, 215 ” field, in action, 306 ” fire, 323 ” in action, advance of, 360 ” “ retirement of, 361 ” leader at mounted drill, 206 ” observing station, 295, 316 ” position, methods of occupying, 297 ” preparation for action, 294 ” reconnaissance by commander, 295 ” recruit training in, 15 ” serjeant-major, duties of, in action, 309 ” signallers, 391 ” tactics, general instructions, 293 ” training, 17 Bending lessons in equitation, 86 Billeting areas, 396 ” orders, 397 ” party, 396 Billets, descriptions of, 396 Bivouacs, 398 Blank ammunition, precautions to be taken when firing, 411 Boys, course of instruction for, 12 Bracket, 331 Brake, application of, 113 Bridge, construction of with battery stores, 378 Bridling, 63 Brigade ammunition columns, 367 ” ” ” position of, 368 ” commander, reconnaissance by, 281 ” ” responsibility of, 9 “ drill, 222 ” leader at mounted drill, 207 ” ” duties of, 283 “ selection of position for, 282 ” signallers, 391 “ tactics, general instructions, 280 ” training, 19 Buildings, effect of field gun fire on, 228 ” use of percussion shrapnel against troops defending, 160 Bursts, how judged, 165

Calls, field, 205 Camp commandants, practice, duties, &c., 21 Canter, the true, 58, 85 Cantering, disunited and false, 59, 86 Captain, duties of, in action, 308 Carriages, loading of, 403 Cart, loading a, 137 Casualties in action, 363 ” on the move, 362 ” replacement of, 362 Cavalry acting dismounted, horse artillery with, 273 ” employment of horse artillery with, 265 ” fight, horse artillery in, 272 ” functions of in war, 266 ” methods of engaging, 345 ” pursuit or retreat, action of horse artillery in, 273 Centring of shell, 147 Civil employment, qualifications for, 13 Clinometer laying, 177 ” sight to be set level, 174 Coast fortress, defence of, 277 Collective ranging, 331, 332, 352 ” training, 17 ” ” object of, 11 Combined employment of the various arms, knowledge of essential, 227 ” observation, 317 Command, abbreviated words of, 301 Commandants, practice camp, duties, &c., 21 Commander horse artillery, duty of, 264, 271 Communication between artillery and infantry to be maintained, 238 ” means of available, 236, 390 Communications, external, 390, 392 ” internal, 390, 391 Compass, use of, to obtain line of fire, 312 Compliments, paying of when mounted without arms, 92 ” ” with drawn sword, 97 Concealed positions, utilization of, 245, 246 Concealing guns, 373 Concealment, 231, 243, 254 ” training in, 388 Concentration of fire, 339 Cone of dispersion, 158 Control by brigade commander, 290 Control of fire of a battery, 320 Co-operation of aircraft with artillery, 238 Cordite, 155 Corrector settings, 162, 300 ” ” form of ordering, 301 Counter-attack, support against, 252 Counter-attacks, decisive, 258 ” local, 258 Covering fire, combination of guns, machine guns and rifles, 247 Crest, clearing the, 181

Darkness, advantages gained from moving batteries under cover of, 232 Defence, artillery in, 252 ” ” opening phase of, 255 ” ” second phase of, 256 ” ” third phase of, 257 ” of a fortress, mobile artillery in the, 277 ” ” position, form taken, 248, 253 Definitions, 1 ” of gunnery terms, 142 Deflection, causes and counteraction of, 178 ” corrections for difference in level of wheels, 178 ” for moving targets, 179 ” ” wind, 179 ” method of ordering, 180 Despatch riders, 391 Dial sight, use of, 312 Direct laying, advantages and disadvantages of, 174 ” ” when employed, 173, 174 ” ” with 13-pr. and 18-pr. Q.F. and other field guns, 174 Director, use of, 311, 312 Discipline on the march, 394 Dismounting from horse, 73 ” importance of, 56 Dispersion, cone of, 158 ” of guns, 245 Displacement, 186 Distance at which artillery can fire over own troops with safety, 251 ” judging, training in, 382 Distribution of fire, general principles, 338 Divisional ammunition column to be acquainted with dispositions of artillery units, 243 ” ” columns, 370 “ artillery commander, duties of, 9, 240, 249 ” ” ” position of, 240, 244 ” ” training, 21 Double displacement, 188 Drift, 149 ” deflection for, 169 ” how counteracted, 179 Drill, dismounted, 23 ” mounted, _see_ =M.= ” squad, general instruction, 23, 35, 38 Driver, position of, with mountain artillery, 137 ” ” ” mounted and dismounted, 104 Drivers, course of instruction, 12 Driving a pair of horses from the box, 113 ” application of brake in, 113 ” band, 146 ” down hill, 113, 115 ” general principles of, 102 ” reversing in narrow roads, 113 ” up hills, 111, 115 ” without vehicles, 106 Duties of personnel of battery in action, 308

Economy of force, 232 Elevation, 151 ” form of ordering, 301 ” how to find, 331 Employment of artillery in war, general instructions, 227 “ with other arms, 22 Engaging objectives, methods of, 343 Engineering, field, knowledge of necessary, 8 Entrenching guns, 373 Epaulments, gun, 374 Equitation, 54 ” standard required, 54 ” terms used in, 58 Escorts for horse artillery, 267 ” necessity of, 235

Field artillery, characteristics of, 227 ” calls, 205 ” engineering, 373 ” guns, characteristics of, 227 ” ” effect and use of, 227 ” howitzers, characteristics of, 228 Fire action with mounted action, 269 ” artillery, distribution of, 338 ” ” natures of, 144 ” battery, 323 ” concentration of, 339 ” control of, 320 ” ” ” in action, 251 ” converging, effect of, 250 ” covering, combination of guns, machine guns and rifles, 247 ” discipline, 293 ” distribution of, general principles, 338 ” effect of, 248 ” gun, 323 ” in defence, 256 ” justification for opening of, 233 ” line of, laying out the, 310 ” lines of parallelism of, 182 ” not to be opened with more guns than necessary, 233 ” objects of, 230 ” observation of, 316 ” ” ” from aircraft, 238, 325 ” ” ” ” kites, 329 ” on hostile firing lines, 256 ” searching and sweeping combined, 343 ” ” 341 ” section, 323 ” sweeping, 342 ” unit, 293 ” when to be opened by horse artillery, 272 Firing battery, composition of, 294 ” blank ammunition, precautions to be taken, 411 First line wagons, composition of, 294 Force, economy of, 232 Flight, time of, 169 Fortress, mobile artillery in the attack and defence of, 275 Furlough, arrangement of, 15 Fuze indicator, object and theory of, 162 ” ” use of, 165 ” scale, 168 ” setters, list of qualified to be kept, 190 ” ” numbers maintained, 190 ” ” to be tested, 190 ” to find the, 334, 337 Fuzes, time and percussion, 161

Gallop, the true, 58 Galloping, disunited and false, 59 Games, value of, 8 Gravity, force of, action on shell during flight, 149 Ground scouts, 284 Gun arcs, use of, 312 ” epaulments, 374 ” field, number of men required for service of, 213 ” fire, 323 ” heavy, number of men required for service of, 214 ” horse, number of men required for service of, 209 ” layers and fuze setters, list of qualified to be kept, 190 ” ” ” numbers maintained, 190 ” ” ” to be tested, 190 ” mountain, number of men required for service of, 214 ” parks, sites for, 397 ” pits, 374 ” when laid, 172 Gunners, course of instruction, 12 Gunnery, general instructions, 142 ” ” principles of, 145 ” terms, 142 Guns, concealment of, 373 ” dispersion of, 245 ” entrenchment of, 373 ” field, characteristics of, 227 ” ” effect and use of, 227 ” heavy, characteristics of, 229 ” how mounted, 172 ” loading of, 403 ” not to be parked in the open, 397 ” objects and methods of keeping in hand, 234, 245 ” selection of position for, 295 ” slinging of, 407

Halting, when driving, 108 Hand, use of, for measuring angles, 180 Harness, care of, 133 ” disposal of, 134, 135 ” fitting of, 102 Headquarters of battery, movement of, 295 ” ” brigade ”, 281 Heavy artillery, characteristics of, 229 ” ” use of, 276, 277 ” batteries, observing parties for, 319 ” guns, ranging for, 336, 338 Hill, driving down, 113, 115 Hills, driving up, 111, 115 Hooking in and unhooking, 106 Horse artillery action in cavalry pursuit or retreat, 273 ” ” advance into action, 270 ” ” commander, duty of, 264, 271 ” ” employment with cavalry, 265 ” ” escorts for, 267 ” ” fire, when to be opened, 272 ” ” in a general engagement, 275 ” ” ” cavalry fight, 272 ” ” position on the march, 267 ” ” with cavalry acting dismounted, 273 ” balance, 59 ” bending a, 86 ” brows, 405 ” collected, 59, 84 ” how to pick up a foot, 73 ” ” run in hand, 73 ” paces of the, 58 ” to jump, teaching of, 123 ” to stand still without being held, teaching a, 123 ” training of, first stage, 118 ” ” general principles, 116 ” ” second stage, 120 ” ” third stage, 124 ” wooden, use of, 71 Horseback, first movements on, 80 Horseman, qualifications of, 54 Horsemastership, general instructions, 55 ” necessity of, 54 Horses, awkward, riding and retraining of, 126 ” draught, refractory, 132 ” feeding of, 56 ” fretting, 130 ” jibbing, 112 ” leading of, 92 ” loading of, 402 ” off saddling, 56 ” practising swimming, 18 ” pulling, causes and cure of, 127 ” refusing, causes and cure of, 128 ” rolling in the sand, 57 ” securing of, 92 ” shoeing, 57 ” slinging of, transports alongside, 403 ” ” ” transports not alongside, 404 ” sore backs, cause of, 56 ” standard required of, 55 ” temper and vice, 132 ” that decline to leave the ranks, 130 ” ” ” to stand still when being mounted, 131 ” ” fret, 130 ” ” rush at their fences, 130 ” training of remounts, 54 ” vice and bad temper, 132 ” watering of, 56 ” weight off the back, 56 Howitzers, field, characteristics of, 228 ” ranging for, 336 ” use of, 277, 278

Indicator, fuze, 162 Indirect laying, advantages and disadvantages of, 175 ” ” for direction, 176 ” ” ” elevation, 175 ” ” when employed, 175 Individual training, 15 ” ” object of, 11 Infantry advance, stopping of hostile, 256 ” advancing, artillery to support attack of, 249 ” assault, 250, 251 ” co-operation with, duty of artillery commander, 242 ” deployment, cover and support of, 246 ” grouping of, with artillery, 236, 241, 254 ” hostile methods of engaging, 348, 357 ” ” prevent movements of, 230 ” howitzers adapted to support of in later stages of attack, 228 ” intended action to be communicated to artillery commander, 281 ” sacrifice of artillery to support, 232 ” support of primary object, 247 ” ” ” principle of all artillery tactics, 230 Information, advanced guard obtains, 245 Intercommunication, N.C.O. from ammunition column to accompany headquarters of brigade for, 368 ” service of, 390 ” ” ” brigade headquarters, 288 ” system of, 235 Irregular warfare, artillery in, 278

Jibber, method of starting a, 112 Judging distance, training in, 382 Jumping, instruction of recruits in, 81 ” teaching of horses in, 123 ” training of mules in, 140

Kites, method of engaging, 351 ” observation of fire from, 329

L Lands, 146 Layers, list of qualified to be kept, 190 ” numbers maintained, 190 Laying, to be tested, 190 ” clinometer, 177 ” direct, advantage and disadvantages of, 174 ” ” when employed, 173, 174 ” ” with 13-pr. and 18-pr. Q.F. and other field guns, 174 ” general instructions for, 172 ” indirect, advantages and disadvantages of, 175 ” ” for direction, 176 ” ” ” elevation, 175 ” ” when employed, 175 ” main factors in, 172 ” methods of instruction in, 172 ” out the line of fire, 310 ” with open sights, 173 Leading of battery, 302 ” brigade, 281, 283 ” in mounted drill, 206 Leave, arrangement of, 15 Lectures, importance of, 15 Limbering up, 110 Line of fire, how marked, 310, 311 ” “ laying out the, 310 ” to find the, 335 Lines of fire, how obtained, 310 ” ” parallelism of, 182 Loading a wagon or cart, 136 Localities, method of engaging, 344 Look-out men, 319 Lyddite shell, 157

Machine guns, cavalry, position of, 271 ” ” methods of engaging, 350 Main body, protection of, 245 Map reading, training in, 388 Maps, rough, those who reconnoitre should be able to execute, 385 Marches and march discipline, 394 Mountain artillery, characteristics of, 229 ” ” mounted drill, 193, 194, 214 ” ” organization for drill and manœuvre, 193 ” ” special instructions re equitation and driving, 137 Mounted drill, battery, 215 ” ” brigade, 222 ” ” commands used at, 201 ” ” falling in for parade, 194 ” ” field battery, 213 ” ” ” calls used at, 205 ” ” frontages and depths, 196 ” ” general instructions, 191 ” ” heavy battery, 214 ” ” horse battery, 209 ” ” intervals and distances, 195 ” ” leading and dressing, 206 ” ” markers, 208 ” ” mountain artillery, 193, 194 ” ” ” battery, 214 ” ” object of, 191 ” ” posts of officers, N.C.O’s. &c., 197 ” ” signals used at, 202 ” ” wheeling, 207 Mounting a horse, 73 Movements, 394 Moving off, when driving, 108 ” targets, deflection for, 179 ” ” use of direct laying against, 174 Mules, leading of, 140 ” ordnance, fitting saddlery of, 138 ” training young, 139 Musketry, knowledge of necessary, 8

Night firing, 292 ” operations, general instructions, 261 Nitro-glycerine, freezing in cordite, 156 Nos. 1, duties of in action, 310

Objectives, allotting, by brigade commander, 288 ” choice of by battery commander, 293 ” methods of engaging, 343 Observation, combined, 317 ” of fire, 316 ” ” ” from aircraft, 238, 325 ” ” ” ” kites, 329 ” posts, advanced, 242 ” ” when established, 246 ” responsibility of brigade commander, 290 ” training in, 383 Observing officer, definition of, 316 ” ” heavy artillery, duties of, in action, 309 ” station and battery, how to measure distance between, 314 ” ” battery, 295 ” ” definition of, 316 ” ” selection of, 281 Obstacles, passage of, 377 Officers, duties of, in action, 308 Officers’ patrols, 240, 380 Operation orders, 243 Orderlies, use of, 322 ” ” ” for communication, 236 Orders by battery commander, 300 ” operation, 243 Overseas dominions, training of artillery, 22

Pace, length of, 30 Paces of the horse, 58 Panorama sketches, those who reconnoitre should be able to execute, 385 Parallel lines of fire, how obtained, 312 Parallelism of lines of fire, 182 Patrols, look-out men not to be used as, 320 ” officers’, 240, 380 Percussion shrapnel, 160 Picketing rope, 399 Pits, gun, 374 Planeing, 151 Position, change of, 291 ” covered, definition of, 297 ” defence of, form taken, 248, 253 ” for batteries, selection of, 282 ” ” guns, selection of, 295 ” in observation, meaning of, 286 ” ” readiness, meaning of, 286 ” methods of occupying by battery, 297 ” occupation of a, by a brigade, 286 ” of battery, change of, 360 ” “ wagon line, selection of, 303 ” open, definition of, 296 ” semi-covered, definition of, 296 Positions of assembly, when selected, 303 Principles of employment, 230 Protection of artillery, 234 ” ” the main body, 245 Pulling horses, causes and cure of, 127

Quarters, 394

Rail, transport by, 401 Range, 152 Range-finders, all officers to be capable of using, 390 ” ” reserve to be maintained, 389 ” finding, definition of, 155 ” ” general instructions, 388 ” tables, 166 ” ” information in, 168 ” takers, training of, 389 Ranging, 155 ” all guns, 331, 334 ” collective, 331, 332, 352 ” examples of, 351 ” for heavy guns, 336, 338 ” ” howitzers, 336 ” general instructions, 330 ” in brigade, 288 ” method of detailing, 332 ” section, 331, 333, 355, 358 ” single gun, 331, 333, 359 ” use of percussion and time shrapnel for, 160 Rations, preparation of, 18 Ravines, passage of, 378 Rearguards, 264 Reconnaissance, 253, 280, 295 ” aerial, 246 ” by battery commander, 295 ” ” brigade commander, 281 ” object of, and general instructions, 380 ” reports, detail of, 386 Recruits, course of instruction, 12 ” training in the battery, 13 ” ” of, 10 Reference point, definition of, 289 ” ” laying out lines of fire on, 290 Refusers, causes and cure of, 128 Rein, right and left, 58 Reins, how to hold the, 76, 114 ” to lengthen or shorten the, 78, 115 Remounts, training of, 54 Reporting, training in, 388 Reports and sketches, 385 Reserve brigade commander, responsibility of, 9 ” special, training of, 22 Retirement, action of artillery in, 263 ” of battery in action, 361 Retraining awkward horses, 126 Reversing in narrow roads, 113 Revolver shooting, 101 Riding awkward horses, 126 ” first lessons to the recruit, 71 ” ” movements on horseback, 80 ” general instructions, 66 ” hints to instructors, 68 ” how to hold the reins, 76 ” ” rise in the stirrups, 80 ” mounting and dismounting, 73 ” over a fence, teaching recruit, 81 ” position in the saddle at attention, 79 ” preliminary training, 71 ” spurs in, use of, 89 ” the aids in, 67, 83 ” ” seat, 75 ” various exercises in, 89 ” with the rifle, 98 ” ” ” sword, 95 Rifle drill, general instructions, 44 ” exercises not to be performed at inspections, 44 ” riding with the, 98 ” saluting when carrying, 53 Rifling, definition and object of, 147 ” twist of, 147 Road spaces, 197

Saddle-fitting, 59 Saddlery, care of, 133 ” disposal of, 134, 135 ” miscellaneous details, 65 ” of ordnance mules, fitting of, 138 Saddling, 61 Salute, drivers’, 105 ” officers’, 97 Saluting, rules as to, 28 ” when carrying rifle, 53 ” ” leading horse, 73 Salvoes, when used, 325 School, attendance of recruits in, 12 Scouting, training of men at, 381 Searching and sweeping fire combined, 348 ” fire, 341 Searchlights, use of, 292 Section commander, duties of, in action, 308 ” ” qualifications for, 10 ” ” responsibility of, 10 ” control of fire, 322 ” fire, 323 ” ranging, 331, 333, 355, 358 ” training, 17 Sections, nomenclature and position of, 191 Semaphore signalling, 393 ” ” use of, 320 Shell during flight, forces acting on, 148 ” elongated, advantages of, 146 ” in the bore, forces acting on, 148 ” lyddite, 157 ” shrapnel, 157 ” star, 161 Shoeing of horses, 57 Shooting, causes of, affecting the accuracy of, 154, 166 ” effect on, when wheels not level, 153 Shrapnel bullets, 158 ” percussion, 160 ” shell, 157 ” time, 160 Sight, angle of, alteration in, 178 ” ” ” how found when target not visible from guns, 176 ” ” how measured, 176 ” clinometer, to be set level, 174 Sight, telescopic, when useful, 174 Sighting, principle of, 152 Sights, open, laying with, 173 Signal service, divisional, 237 Signallers, brigade and battery, 391 Signalling, abbreviations to be used in, 321 ” from aircraft, 239 ” ” the ground to aircraft, 239 ” use of, in control of fire, 320 Signals from and to aeroplanes, 328 ” used at mounted drill, 202 Single displacement, 186 ” gun ranging, 331, 333, 359 Sketches and reports, 385 Sketching, training in, 388 Slinging guns, 407 ” horses, 403 ” vehicles, 407 Soldierly spirit, development of, 7 Special reserve, training of, 22 Spurs, use of, in riding, 89 Squad drill, general instructions, 23, 35, 38 ” formation of, 12 ” instructors, selection of, 12 Staffs, method of engaging, 345 Star shell, 161 Sub-base, use of, 314 Subsections, numbering and position of, 191 Surprise, concealed manœuvre favours, 232 Sweeping and searching fire combined, 343 ” fire, 339, 342 Switch angle, method of obtaining, 189, 190 Sword, riding with the, 95 Syllabus of training, 409

Tables, range, 166 ” ” information in, 168 Tactical practice, schemes on which based, 20 ” situation, knowledge of, essential, 332 Tactics, battery, general instructions, 293 ” brigade ” ” , 280 Target, change of, 343 Targets, concealed, indication of by aircraft, 238 ” location of, from aircraft, 324 ” moving, deflection for, 179 ” ” use of direct laying against, 174 Telephone equipment, use of, 237 Telephones, 320, 393 Telescopic sight, when useful, 174 Territorial artillery, training of, 22 Time and percussion fuzes, 161 ” in marching, 30 ” of flight, 169 ” shrapnel, 160 Traces, position of, 107 Training, artillery of the overseas dominions, 22 ” battery, 17 ” brigade, 19 ” collective, 17 ” ” object of, 14 ” divisional artillery, 21 ” individual, 15 ” ” object of, 14 ” object and method of, 7 ” of recruits, 11 ” ” special reserve artillery, 22 ” ” territorial artillery, 22 ” responsibility for, 8 ” section, 17 ” syllabus of, 409 ” system of, 10 ” the young horse, 116 ” to be progressive and continuous, 14 ” with other arms important, 9 Trajectory, 151 Transport of artillery by rail, 401

Unhooking, 106 Unlimbering, 110

Vehicles, care of, 136 ” not to be parked in the open, 398 ” slinging of, 407 Villages, attack of, by artillery, 261, 344 ” defence of, 261 Visual signalling, 237, 239 ” training, 381

Wagon line, selection of position for, 305 ” loading a, 136 Wagons, care of, 136 Wheels, deflection due to difference in level of, 178 ” not level, effect on shooting, 153 Wheeling, mounted drill, 207 ” when driving, 108, 109 Whip, use of, 105, 115 Whistle, use of, 322 Wind, deflection for, 179 ” effect of, on shooting, 155 Wireless telegraphy, 239 Wood, attack on a, 345 ” fighting, artillery in, 259 Woods, advantage to be taken of, for concealment against aircraft, 231 ” use of mountain artillery in the defence of, 230 Wounded, disposal of, 363

Zone, to register a, 344 Zones, 282