Part 1
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Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
The oe_ligature has been replaced by [oe].
FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS
* * * * *
THE OUTDOOR WORLD SERIES.
THE OUTDOOR WORLD; or, the Young Collector's Handbook. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 18 Plates (16 of which are coloured), and 549 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (BRITISH). By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 12 coloured Plates and 241 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 coloured Plates and 331 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations from Drawings by PATTEN WILSON and from Photographs. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
THE SEA SHORE. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 Plates in colour and over 300 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
BRITISH BIRDS. By W.H. HUDSON. With a Chapter on Structure and Classification by FRANK E. BEDDARD, F.R.S. With 16 Plates (8 of which are coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6_s._ net.
COUNTRY PASTIMES FOR BOYS. By P. ANDERSON GRAHAM. With 252 Illustrations from Drawings and Photographs. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 3_s._ net.
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, and Calcutta.
* * * * *
FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS
by
W. S. FURNEAUX
Author of 'The Outdoor World' 'British Butterflies and Moths' 'Life in Ponds and Streams' 'The Sea Shore' etc.
With Eight Plates in Colour, and Numerous Illustrations by Patten Wilson, and Photographs from Nature by the Author
Longmans, Green, and Co. 39 Paternoster Row, London New York, Bombay, and Calcutta 1909
All rights reserved
PREFACE
This additional volume to the young naturalist's 'Outdoor World Series' is an attempt to provide a guide to the study of our wild plants, shrubs and trees--a guide which, though comparatively free from technical terms and expressions, shall yet be strictly correct and scientific.
The leading feature of the book is the arrangement of the plants and trees according to their seasons, habitats and habits; an arrangement which will undoubtedly be of the greatest assistance to the lover of wild flowers during his work in the field, and also while examining and identifying his gathered specimens at home.
A large portion of the space has necessarily been allotted to the descriptions of plants, several hundreds of which have been included, and a large proportion of these illustrated; but not a little has been devoted to an attempt to create an interest in some of those wonderful habits which lead us to look upon plants as living beings with attractions even more engrossing than their beautiful forms and colours.
It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the sea shore.
The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration.
W. S. F.
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION--GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF FLOWERS 1
II. THE POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS 25
III. CLIMBING PLANTS 30
IV. EARLY SPRING 39
V. WOODS AND THICKETS IN SPRING 48
VI. THE SPRING-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS OF WOODS, THICKETS, AND HEDGEROWS 61
VII. WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING 81
VIII. MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SPRING 108
IX. BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING 123
X. WOODS AND THICKETS IN SUMMER 130
XI. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER 151
XII. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER--COMPOSITE FLOWERS 175
XIII. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER--_continued_ 190
XIV. MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SUMMER 211
XV. BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES--SUMMER 236
XVI. ON HEATH, DOWN, AND MOOR 257
XVII. IN THE CORN FIELD 281
XVIII. ON THE CHALK 296
XIX. BY THE RIVER SIDE 312
XX. ON WALLS, ROCKS, AND STONY PLACES 318
XXI. FIELD AND WAYSIDE IN AUTUMN 328
XXII. AUTUMN IN THE WOODS 331
XXIII. PARASITIC PLANTS 340
XXIV. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 350
LIST OF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR HABITATS AND HABITS 359
LIST OF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORDERS AND GENERA 373
GLOSSARIAL INDEX 381
COLOURED PLATES
I. SPRING FLOWERS OF THE WOODS _Frontispiece_
1. Green Hellebore
2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-Bane
3. Lady's Slipper
4. Sand Garlic
5. Wild Hyacinth
6. Wood Melic Grass
II. FLOWERS OF THE WOODS _To face p._ 130
1. Great Valerian
2. Foxglove
3. Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard
4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower
5. Broad-leaved Helleborine
6. Hairy Brome-grass
III. FLOWERS OF THE WAYSIDE _To face p._ 150
1. Round-leaved Crane's-bill
2. Black Horehound
3. Evergreen Alkanet
4. Bristly Ox-tongue
5. Red Bartsia
6. Annual Meadow Grass
7. Hemlock Stork's-bill
IV. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD _To face p._ 210
1. Rough Cock's-foot Grass
2. Lucerne
3. Crimson Clover
4. Blue-Bottle
5. Common Vetch
6. Meadow Clary
V. FLOWERS OF BOGS AND MARSHES _To face p._ 236
1. Marsh Gentian
2. Marsh Marigold
3. Marsh Orchis
4. Marsh Mallow
5. Marsh Vetchling
6. Marsh St. John's-wort
7. Bog Pimpernel
VI. FLOWERS OF DOWN, HEATH, AND MOOR _To face p._ 256
1. Musk Thistle
2. Clustered Bell-flower
3. Spiny Rest Harrow
4. Hairy Hawkbit
5. Sheep's-bit
6. Spotted Orchis
7. Heath Rush
VII. FLOWERS OF THE CORN-FIELD _To face p._ 280
1. Long Smooth-headed Poppy
2. Field Scabious
3. Corn Cockle
4. Corn Marigold
5. Flax
6. Corn Pheasant's-eye
VIII. FLOWERS OF CHALKY SOILS _To face p._ 296
1. Red Valerian
2. Narrow-leaved Flax
3. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch
4. Spiked Speedwell
5. Pasque Flower
6. Bee Orchis
7. Yellow Oat Grass
_Erratum._--On Plate VI, _for_ 'Spring Rest Harrow' _read_ 'Spiny Rest Harrow.'
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS
PAGE
Forms of Roots 2
Running underground stem of Solomon's Seal 4
Arrangement of Leaves 5
Leaf of Pansy with two large Stipules 5
Margins of Leaves 6
Various Forms of Simple Leaves 7
Forms of Compound Leaves 7
Forms of Inflorescence 8
Longitudinal Section through the flower of the Buttercup 10
Inferior and Superior Ovary 11
Unisexual Flowers of the Nettle 11
Dehiscent Fruits 12
THE POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS
Pollen Cells throwing out their Tubes 25
CLIMBING PLANTS
Prickles of the Wild Rose 31
Ivy, showing the Rootlets or Suckers 32
Stem of the Bindweed, twining to the left 34
Stem of the Hop, twining to the right 35
EARLY SPRING
Trees in Winter or Early Spring
1. Hazel; 2. Ash; 3. Oak; 4. Lime 41
5. Birch; 6. Poplar; 7. Beech; 8. Alder 43
Twig of Lime in Spring, showing the Deciduous, Scaly Stipules 45
Seedling of the Beech 46
WOODS AND THICKETS IN SPRING
The Daffodil 48
The Wood Anemone 49
The Goldilocks 50
The Wild Columbine 51
The Dog Violet 52
The Wood Sorrel 53
The Sweet Woodruff 54
The Lesser Periwinkle 55
The Bugle 56
The Broad-leaved Garlic 57
The Star of Bethlehem 58
The Hairy Sedge 59
SPRING-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS
The Barberry 62
The Spindle Tree 63
The Wild Cherry 65
The Crab Apple 67
The Mountain Ash 68
The Spurge Laurel 70
The Elm in Flower 71
The Oak in Flower 72
The Beech in Fruit 73
The Scots Pine, with Cones 78
The Yew in Fruit 79
WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING
The Shepherd's Purse 82
The Scurvy Grass 83
The Common Whitlow Grass 83
The Yellow Rocket 84
The Procumbent Pearlwort 86
The Greater Stitchwort 87
The Chickweed 88
The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed 89
The Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 90
The Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill 91
The Herb Robert 92
The Grass Vetchling 93
The Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil 94
The Moschatel 95
The White Bryony 96
The Wild Beaked Parsley 97
The Garden Beaked Parsley 98
The Goutweed 99
The Crosswort 100
The Colt's-foot in Early Spring 101
The Germander Speedwell 101
The White Dead Nettle 102
The Yellow Pimpernel 103
The Dog's Mercury 104
The Black Bryony 105
The Wild Arum 106
MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SPRING
The Field Pennycress 109
The Wild Pansy 110
The Ragged Robin 111
The Purple Clover 114
The Daisy 115
The Butterbur 117
The Yellow Rattle 118
The Henbit Dead Nettle 119
The Cowslip 120
The Fox-tail Grass 121
BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING
The Marsh Potentil 124
The Golden Saxifrage 125
The Marsh Valerian 126
The Marsh Trefoil 127
The Marsh Lousewort 127
The Yellow Flag 128
WOODS AND THICKETS IN SUMMER
The Large-flowered St. John's-wort 131
The Common St. John's-wort 132
The Dyer's Greenweed 133
The Sweet Milk Vetch 134
The Wild Raspberry 135
The Rose Bay Willow Herb 136
The Dogwood 137
The Wood Sanicle 138
The Alexanders 139
The Elder 140
The Guelder Rose 141
The Saw-wort 143
The Ivy-leaved Bell-flower 145
Twigs of Holly 146
The Privet 147
The Millet Grass 148
The Bearded Wheat 148
The Slender False Brome 149
WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER
The Wild Clematis 152
The Hedge Mustard 152
The Felix Weed 153
The Dyer's Weed 154
The Deptford Pink 155
The Red Campion 156
The Common Mallow 157
The Musk Mallow 158
The Bloody Crane's-bill 159
The Fruit of the Stork's-bill 160
The Hemlock Stork's-bill 161
The Bird's-foot Trefoil 162
The Herb Bennet or Geum 163
The Dog Rose 164
The Silver Weed 164
The Agrimony 165
The Orpine or Livelong 167
The Fool's Parsley 168
The Wild Parsnip 169
The Cow Parsnip or Hogweed 170
The Honeysuckle 171
The Great Hedge Bedstraw 172
The Teasel 173
Teasel Heads 174
Flower Head of the Marigold 176
Florets of a Composite Flower 176
The Yellow Goat's-beard 177
The Hawkweed Picris 178
The Prickly Lettuce 179
The Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle 180
The Smooth Hawk's-beard 181
The Nipplewort 182
The Burdock 183
The Spear Thistle 184
The Creeping Thistle 185
The Tansy 186
The Wormwood 187
The Ragwort 188
The Scentless Mayweed 189
The Yarrow or Milfoil 189
The Rampion Bell-flower 191
The Great Bindweed 192
The Henbane 193
The Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet 194
The Deadly Nightshade 195
The Yellow Toadflax 196
The Vervein 197
The Balm 198
The Hedge Woundwort 199
The Gromwell 201
The Hound's-tongue 202
The White Goosefoot 203
The Spotted Persicaria 205
The Curled Dock 207
The Great Nettle 208
The Canary Grass 209
MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SUMMER
The Gold of Pleasure 212
The Bladder Campion 213
The White Campion 214
The Kidney Vetch 215
The Common Melilot 216
The Lady's Mantle 217
The Meadow Sweet 219
The Burnet Saxifrage 220
The Wild Carrot 221
The Devil's-bit Scabious 222
The Rough Hawkbit 223
The Autumnal Hawkbit 224
The Meadow Thistle 225
The Black Knapweed 226
The Great Knapweed 226
The Common Fleabane 227
The Ox-eye Daisy 228
The Sneezewort 229
The Small Bindweed 230
Section of the Flower of Salvia 231
The Self-heal 231
The Ribwort Plantain 232
The Butterfly Orchis 233
The Cat's-tail Grass 233
The Meadow Barley 233
The Rye Grass or Darnel 234
The Sheep's Fescue 234
BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES--SUMMER
The Lesser Spearwort 237
The Great Hairy Willow Herb 238
The Purple Loosestrife 239
The Water Hemlock 241
The Common Water Dropwort 242
The Marsh Thistle 243
The Brooklime 244
The Water Figwort 245
The Gipsy wort 246
The Round-leaved Mint 247
The Forget-me-not 248
The Water Pepper or Biting Persicaria 249
The Bog Asphodel 251
The Common Rush 252
The Shining-fruited Jointed Rush 253
The Common Sedge 254
The Marsh Sedge 255
HEATH, DOWN, AND MOOR
The Milkwort 258
The Broom 259
The Furze or Gorse 260
The Tormentil 261
The Smooth Heath Bedstraw 264
The Dwarf Thistle 265
The Carline Thistle 267
The Common Chamomile 268
The Harebell 269
The Cross-leaved Heath 270
The Bell Heather or Fine-leaved Heath 271
The Eyebright 273
The Wild Thyme 275
The Autumnal Lady's Tresses 276