Part 2

Clubmosses are sometimes called “living fossils.” Many deposits of the continental United States are formed from giant relatives of these plants. The name “clubmoss” is derived from the spore-bearing bodies, which are club-shaped. Most abundant is the nodding clubmoss but at least three other species may be found in the Kilauea and Haleakala sections.

Degener (2) reports that the Hawaiians used the wawaeiole (“rat’s foot”) as a relief for rheumatism, the sufferer bathing in water in which the plants had been boiled for about three hours.

(62-63) MOA OR PIPI

The _Psilotum_ is a primitive plant, of which two species are found in the Hawaiian Islands. One is the MOA, which usually grows on the ground and has stems which fork many times near the ends. The second, the PIPI, often grows upon the trunks of trees and ferns. This species normally grows perpendicular to the trunk, then curves abruptly earthward like the tail of a horse. Degener (2, p. 18) states that the MOA was used by the Hawaiians in making a medicine for treatment of a fungus disease, as an emetic, and that the spores were used as a powder to relieve chafing from the malo, or loincloth.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FERNS DESCRIBED HEREIN

(Numbers follow common names in the captions. Because of numerous recent studies of ferns, various name changes have been necessary, and on some names there is still disagreement. The following list adopts mainly the nomenclature of the GENERA FILICUM by Prof. Edwin B. Copeland, 1947. The indented names are ones which have been used for the same plants in the past.)

FAMILY OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

(1) _Ophioglossum petiolatum_ Hooker (2) _Ophioglossum nudicaule_ Linnaeus fils (3) _Ophioglossum pendulum_ esp. _falcatum_ (Presl) Clausen (LAUKAHI) _O. falcatum_ (Presl) Fowler _O. pendulum_ L. _Ophioderma falcatum_ Degener

FAMILY GLEICHENIACEAE

(4) _Dicranopteris emarginata_ (Brackenridge) Robinson (ULUHE) _D. sandwicensis_ Degener _Gleichenia emarginata_ (Brackenridge) Robinson

FAMILY HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

(5) _Hymenophyllum obtusum_ Hooker and Arnott (PALAILAULII) _Sphaerocionium obtusum_ (H.&A.) Copeland (6) _Hymenophyllum lanceolatum_ Hooker and Arnott (PALAIHINAHINA) _Sphaerocionium lanceolatum_ (H.&A.) Copeland (7) _Hymenophyllum recurvum_ Gaudichaud (OHIAKU) _Mecodium recurvum_ (Gaud.) Copeland (8) _Trichomanes davallioides_ Gaudichaud (KILAU) _Vandenboschia davallioides_ (Gaud.) Copeland

FAMILY PTERIDACEAE

(9) _Cibotium Chamissoi_ Kaulfuss (HAPU III) _C. Menziesii_ Hooker (10) _Cibotium splendens_ (Gaudichaud) Krajina (HAPUU) _C. Chamissoi_ Kaulfuss (11) _Cibotium glaucum_ (Smith) Hooker and Arnott (HAPUU) (12) _Cibotium hawaiiense_ Nakai and Ogura (MEU) _Cibotium St. Johnii_ Krajina (13) _Microlepia setosa_ (Smith) Alston (PALAPALAI) _M. strigosa_ (Thunberg) Presl (14) _Sphenomeris chusana_ (Linnaeus) Copeland (PALAA) _Stenoloma chinensis_ (L.) Beddome _Odontosoria chinensis_ (L.) J. Smith _Microlepia tenuifolia_ Mettenius (15) _Pteridium aquilinum_ (L.) Kuhn (KILAU, BRACKEN) _Pteris aquilina_ L. (16) _Pteris cretica_ Linnaeus (OWALII) (17) _Pteris excelsa_ Gaudichaud (WAIMAKANUI) (18) _Pteris vittata_ Linnaeus (KILAUOPUEO) _Pteris longifolia_ L. (19) _Coniogramme pilosa_ (Brackenridge) Hieronymus (LOULU) _Gymnogramme javanica_ Hillebrand (20) _Pellaea ternifolia_ (Cavanilles) Link (LAUKAHI) (21) _Doryopteris decora_ Brackenridge (LANCE FERN) (22) _Pityrogramma calomelanos_ (Linnaeus) Link (SILVER FERN) _Ceropteris ochracea_ (Presl) Robinson (23) _Adiantum cuneatum_ Langsdorff and Fischer (IWAIWA, MAIDENHAIR)

FAMILY DAVALLIACEAE

(24) _Nephrolepis exaltata_ (Linnaeus) Schott (NIANIAU, COMMON SWORDFERN) (25) _Nephrolepis cordifolia_ (Linnaeus) Presl (NARROW SWORDFERN) (26) _Nephrolepis hirsutula_ (Forster) Presl (SCALY SWORDFERN)

FAMILY ASPIDIACEAE

(27) _Cyrtomium caryotideum_ (Wallich) Presl (KAAPEAPE) _Aspidium caryotideum_ Wallich _Phanerophlebia caryotidea_ (Wall.) Copeland (28) _Elaphoglossum aemulum_ (Kaulfuss) Brackenridge (EKAHA) _E. conforme_ (Swartz) Schott _Acrostichum conforme_ Swartz (29) _Elaphoglossum gorgoneum_ (Kaulfuss) Brackenridge (EKAHA) (30) _Elaphoglossum hirtum_ (Swartz) C. Christensen (EKAHA) _Acrostichum squamosum_ Hillebrand (31) _Elaphoglossum reticulatum_ (Kaulfuss) Gaudichaud (EKAHA) (32) _Dryopteris paleacea_ (Swartz) C. Christensen (LAUKAHI) _Aspidium filix-mas_ var. _parallelogrammum_ Kuntze (33) _Dryopteris glabra_ (Brackenridge) O. Kuntze (KILAU) _Aspidium glabrum_ (Brack.) Mettenius (34) _Lastrea globulifera_ Brackenridge (PALAPALAI O KAUMAAPUA) _Aspidium globuliferum_ (Brack.) Mann (35) _Cyclosorus cyatheoides_ (Kaulfuss) Farwell (KIKAWEO) _Dryopteris cyatheoides_ (Kaulf.) O. Kuntze _Aspidium cyatheoides_ Kaulf. (36) _Cyclosorus sandwicensis_ (Brackenridge) Copeland _Dryopteris stegnogrammoides_ (Baker) C. Christensen _Phegopteris polycarpa_ (Hooker & Arnott) C. Chr. (37) _Cyclosorus dentatus_ (Forskal) Ching _Dryopteris dentata_ (Forsk.) O. Kuntze (38) _Athyrium microphyllum_ (Smith) Alston (AKOLEA) _A. Poiretianum_ (Gaudichaud) Presl _Asplenium aspidioides_ Hillebrand _A. multisectum_ Brackenridge (39) _Athyrium sandwichianum_ Presl (HOIO) _Diplazium sandwichianum_ (Presl) Diels _Asplenium sandwichianum_ (Presl) Hooker

FAMILY BLENCHNACEAE

(40) _Sadleria cyatheoides_ Kaulfuss (AMAUMAU) (41) _Sadleria pallida_ Hooker & Arnott (AMAU) _S. Hillebrandii_ Robinson

FAMILY ASPLENIACEAE

(42) _Asplenium nidus_ Linnaeus (EKAHA, BIRDNEST FERN) _Neottopteris nidus_ (L.) J. Smith _Thamnopteris nidus_ Presl (43) _Asplenium contiguum_ Kaulfuss (44) _Asplenium rhipidoneuron_ Robinson (IWAIWA O KANE) _A. furcatum_ Hillebrand (45) _Asplenium lobulatum_ Mettenius (PIIPIILAU MANAMANA) _A. pseudofalcatum_ Hillebrand (46) _Asplenium Macraei_ Hooker and Greville _A. erectum_ Hillebrand (47) _Asplenium trichomanes_ Linnaeus (OWALII) _A. densum_ Brackenridge (48) _Asplenium unilaterale_ Lamarck (PAMOHO) _A. resectum_ Smith (49) _Asplenium adiantum-nigrum_ Linnaeus (IWAIWA)

FAMILY POLYPODIACEAE

(50) _Polypodium pellucidum_ Kaulfuss (AE) (The variety of exposed places is var. _vulcanicum_ Skotts.) (51) _Pleopeltis Thunbergiana Kaulfuss_ (EKAHA AKOLEA) _Polypodium lineare_ Thunberg

FAMILY GRAMMITIDACEAE

(52) _Grammitis Hookeri_ (Brackenridge) Copeland _Polypodium Hookeri_ Brackenridge (53) _Grammitis tenella_ Kaulfuss (KOLOKOLO) _Polypodium pseudogrammitis_ Gaudichaud (54) _Xiphopteris Saffordii_ (Maxon) Copeland (KIHI) _Polypodium Saffordii_ Maxon _P. serrulatum_ Hillebrand (55) _Amphoradenium hymenophylloides_ (Kaulfuss) Copeland (PAI) _Polypodium hymenophylloides_ Kaulfuss (56) _Amphoradenium sarmentosum_ (Brackenridge) Copeland _Polypodium sarmentosum_ Brackenridge (57) _Amphoradenium tamariscinum_ (Kaulfuss) Copeland (WAHINI NOHO MAUNA) _Polypodium tamariscinum_ Kaulfuss

FAMILY LYCOPODIACEAE

(58) _Lycopodium cernuum Linnaeus_ (WAWAEIOLE) (59) _Lycopodium phyllanthum_ Hooker & Arnott (WAWAEIOLE) _Lycopodium pachystachyon_ Spring (60) _Lycopodium polytrichoides_ Kaulfuss (WAWAEIOLE) (61) _Lycopodium venustulum_ Gaudichaud (WAWAEIOLE)

FAMILY PSILOTACEAE

(62) _Psilotum complanatum Swartz_ (MOA) (63) _Psilotum nudum_ (Linnaeus) Beauvois (PIPI) _Psilotum triquetrum_ Swartz

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Copeland, Edwin B. _Genera Filicum._ Waltham, Mass., 1947. (2) Degener, Otto. _Plants of Hawaii National Park._ Honolulu, 1930. (3) Fagerlund, Gunnar, and Arthur L. Mitchell. _A Checklist of the Plants Hawaii National Park, Kilauea-Mauna Loa Section._ Hawaii National Park, 1944. (4) Fowler, Robert. “Annotated List of Ferns of the Kilauea-Mauna Loa Section of Hawaii National Park.” _American Fern Journal_, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1940. (5) Hillebrand, W. F. _Flora of the Hawaiian Islands._ New York, 1888. (6) Wagner, W. H., Jr. “Ferns Naturalized in Hawaii.” _Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum_, Vol. XX, No. 8. Honolulu, 1950.

INDEX

A Adder’s tongue 17, 32, 37 _Adiantum_ 29, 34, 37 Ae 28, 36, 38 Akolea 29, 35, 38 Amau 7 Amaumau 7, 20-21 _Amphoradenium_ 18, 36, 38 _Asplenium_ 10, 13, 24, 35, 38 _Athyrium_ 29, 35, 38

B Bird nest fern 22, 35, 38 Bracken 13, 33, 37

C _Ceropteris_ 31, 33, 37 _Cibotium_ 4, 5, 37 Cliffbrake 12, 33, 38 Clubmoss 8, 36, 39 _Coniogramme_ 11, 33, 37 Cretan brake 26, 33, 37 _Cyclosorus_ 22, 31, 35, 38 _Cyrtomium_ 27, 34, 37

D _Dicranopteris_ 9, 32, 37 _Diplazium_ 30, 35, 38 Doryopteris 12, 33, 37 _Dryopteris_ 27, 34, 38

E Ekaha 22, 23, 34, 38 Ekaha akolea 18, 36, 38 _Elaphoglossum_ 23, 34, 38 Epiphytes 18

F False staghorn 9, 32, 37

G _Gleichenia_ 9, 32, 37 Gold fern 31, 33, 37 _Grammitis_ 18, 36, 38

H Hapu iii 4, 5, 37 Hapuu 4, 5, 37 Haleakala 3, 15 Hawaii National Park 3 Hoi 30, 35, 38 _Hymenophyllum_ 18, 32, 37

I Indusium 34 Iwaiwa 24, 35, 38 Iwaiwa O Kane 25, 35, 38

K Kaapeape 27, 34, 37 Kapa cloth 7 Keanakakoi Crater 7 Kihi 18, 36, 38 Kikaweo 30, 38 Kilau 13, 18, 32, 33, 37 Kilauea 3 Kipuka Puaulu 33, 34 Koa 3 Kolokolo 28, 36, 38

L Lance fern 12, 33, 37 Laukahi 12, 27, 33, 34, 37, 38 Loulu 11, 33, 38 _Lycopodium_ 8, 36, 39

M Maidenhair 29, 34, 37 Maidenhair spleenwort 13, 35, 38 Makaopuhi Crater 6, 32 Maui’s paddle 23, 34, 38 Mauna Loa 3 Meu 4, 5, 37 _Microlepia_ 23, 32, 37 Moa 14, 36, 39 Mother of ohia 4

N Napau Crate 6 National Park Service 3 _Neottopteris_ 22, 35, 38 _Nephrolepis_ 16, 34, 37 _Nianiau_ 16, 34, 37

O _Odontosoria_ 14, 32, 37 Ohiaku 18, 32, 37 _Ophioderma_ 17, 32, 37 _Ophioglossum_ 17, 32, 37 Owalii 13, 26, 33, 35, 37, 38

P Pai 18, 36, 38 Palaa 9, 14, 32, 37 Palaihinahina 18, 32, 37 Palailaulii 18, 32, 37 Palapalai 11, 23, 32, 34, 37, 38 Pamoho 10, 35, 38 _Pellaea_ 12, 33, 38 Pellucid polpody 28, 36, 38 Piipiilau manamana 25, 35, 38 Pinnae 33 Pipi 14, 36, 39 _Pityrogramma_ 31, 33, 37 _Polypodium_ 18, 28, 36, 38 _Psilotum_ 14, 36, 39 _Pteridium_ 13, 33, 37 _Pteris_ 26, 33, 37 Pulu 4, 6 Pulu Factory 6, 8

S _Sadleria_ 7, 20-21 Silverfern 31, 33, 37 _Spenomeris_ 14, 32, 37 Spores 3 Staghorn, false 9, 32, 37 _Stenoloma_ 14, 32, 37 Sword fern 16, 34, 37

T Thurston Lava Tube 10, 33, 34 Tree fern 2, 4, 5, 37 _Trichomanes_ 18, 32, 37

U Uluhe 9, 32, 37

W Wahini noho mauna 18, 36, 38 Waimakanui 26, 33, 37 Wawaeiole 8, 36, 39

X _Xiphopteris_ 18, 36, 38

THE PURPOSES OF THE HAWAII NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION Hawaii National Park, Hawaii

Formed for the purpose of cooperating with the National Park Service by assisting the Naturalist Department of Hawaii National Park in the development of a better public understanding of the volcanology, geology, plant life, history, and related interests in Hawaii National Park and surrounding areas, the Association aids in the development of the Hawaii National Park Museum and library, offers publications, motion and still colored pictures of volcanoes and natural history of this area for sale to park visitors, and cooperates in the publication of Hawaii Nature Notes.

Revenue derived from the activities of the Hawaii Natural History Association is devoted entirely to the purposes outlined above. Any person interested in furthering these purposes may become a member upon payment of one dollar. Gifts and donations are accepted for museum or library development, or general use.

Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Added captions (derived from the text, and enclosed in {brackets}) to several illustrations.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.