CHAPTER IX
THE IMPENDING SUBJECTION OF MAN
"The Earth never tires.... Nature is rude and incomprehensible at first; Be not discouraged, keep on, there are divine things well envelop'd; I swear to you there are Divine Things more beautiful than words can tell."
_Walt Whitman._
I
In the long and painful history of man's more or less total failure to value and to honour woman for her greatest, her most vital and self-sacrificing part in human affairs, none has approached in obliquity his recent deplorable blunder of awarding her the suffrage and the right to sit in Parliament, as recognition of her War-services.
All the long ages of Mother-surrender, of quiet heroism and attainment, all the best, beautiful years of women's lives which the burden and sickness, the weariness, danger and anguish have devoured down the centuries, while the mothers were giving themselves to be the nation's bone and blood and brain, to nourish, cherish, and upbring it--All were passed over without word or sign.
Not for her long ages of devoted duty to the nation's sick and helpless, for rearing and safeguarding its priceless infant and child-life, for administering its homes--fashioning, cleansing, beautifying, contriving, making the utmost of its means and ends--Not for her inestimable services as man's good comrade and wise counseller, his love and friend and faithful help, in sorrow, evil and adversity; not even for her age-long, arduous labours and achievements in Religion, Charity, Reform. For none of these, her great intrinsic and eternal ministries to Life and to Humanity, has man now set her by him in the Van of Things.
But for filling shells and felling trees, for turning lathes and driving motors, ploughing fields and lighting street-lamps--all valuable duties, it is true, in the crisis we have passed through, and indispensable to carrying on the nation's business. Yet what a drop from the supreme and tender to the trite and banal, from the vital and essential to the merely incidental, is seen in this belated recompense.
Not woman, Generatrix of Humanity and inspiration of all that is fairest in Humanity, has been now honoured--but woman the bus-conductor, ticket-clipper, clerk and agricultural labourer, woman in breeches and workman's overall, woman whom German frightfulness had dislocated for a space from her high lot and labours; twisting her powers awry to fit a hideous revulsion of barbarism.
How, if the gods ever laugh at the fantastic tricks of poor mankind, they must now have laughed (or wept) over the opportunity that one sex had--and forfeited--to requite the other's finest merit.
How deeply-moving and far-reaching in its impulse and its inspiration would have been the tribute, had it been made in reverent gratitude to the mothers-of-men who had saved the world by mothering the men who saved the Empire--For achievement stamped with the high and unique quality of service that woman alone could have rendered. And not because, when tested by men's standards, she proved herself a worthy second-best in doing things that men have always done.
The gods must long have wept, I think, that men had thought so lightly of the women living every day beside them, surrendering their lives and powers, their interests, desires and individuation; toiling over cooking-pans and wash-tubs, tied for years to children's cots, for life to some or another person's sick-bed; smothering talents, impulse, hopes, impatiences, to find the soft and simple word; solacing, inspiring, making-believe above an aching spirit and a breaking heart that all was fair and well with the world. And, moreover, in every generation making these beautiful fictions ever a fraction more truth and less fiction. For the gods alone know how that kindlier, purer and more tender Home-environment which women have created in men's stony-hearted cities involves the most laborious, heart-wearing, complex and widest exercise of faculty of any human task.
Women themselves had long been tiring of it; stung to the soul and mortified by centuries of man's ingratitude--when not contempt. Nevertheless, where love and duty did not, chains of custom and tradition bound them faithful to their oars.
Till German Frightfulness releasing them, the cry is now:
Since you can do something better and more profitable than merely to row the old Galley of Life--since you can do men's work, forsooth, come out into the market-place and help us pay our big War-Bill!
And yet--Whither will drift the Galley of Life when its rowers put their strength elsewhere?
II
In the haze of false sentiment exaggerating--not the value of masculine work done by the sex during War, because this was, of course, invaluable and indispensable, but exaggerating, absolutely, the values of this work as compared with the woman's work it had been doing previously, the decision to admit women to Parliament was a precipitate and an ill-considered measure, by no means innocent of party motive.
Threatening, as it does, a drastic sweep of all political, economic and every other difference between the standards, training, and employment of the sexes, it was pressed forward, nevertheless, not only with characteristic masculine failure to recognise the vital significance of the other sex in Human Things, but in utter blindness to social and racial consequences, immediate and remote, which make it possibly the most momentous decision ever arrived at in the history of human progress.
Showing how little it was known for the turning-point in our great destiny, the question was debated with unseemly levity, while less than half the parliamentary members troubled (or had hardihood) to record their votes; the abstention of the others proving which way blew the straws of their faint wills. And of those voting in favour, half, perhaps, did so (as some confessed) under intimidation of otherwise losing their seats. (What would be said of the soldier who should turn his back upon the enemy for fear of losing life even?)
No more than twenty-five found courage to say their "No's" like honest gentleman.
Yet far from Enfranchisement having been a burning need blazing in the hearts of women, their newly-awarded vote required to be spurred and whipped out of all but a small minority. Or coaxed from them by abandoning appeal on all the wider issues of Imperial and national policy, and, in so far as their interest was sought, by reducing the programme to personal and domestic issues--electric lighting in their parlours, hot-water taps in their kitchens, and so forth.
And here was seen, at once, the threat of a grave and an increasing diversion from that purely political outlook of men, which should be impersonal in issue, broad in enterprise. Not that the human and domestic side is a whit less momentous than the more abstract and national. But appealing to a different order of mind, it demands that different order of mind which characterises the woman-sex, to deal with it effectively.
The plea that women will acquire in time the masculine political view-point threatens, on the other hand, the loss in them of their own highly-specialised and invaluable interests, morale and qualities; which, being womanly of impulse and of trend, make for the individual welfare, happiness and elevation of the nation's members.
III
As with every other human function, there are two departments of politics. And the House of Commons represents man's.
It stands for all that is best accomplished politically by his highly-specialised order of brain; by his concrete energy and initiative, his justice and rationalism, his power of administration, and his uncompromising sternness--pitilessness, if need be--to deal with and to punish crime and aggression, national and international. It stands, in a word, for that virile outlook and the virile grip in Statesmanship which are indispensable to materialise a people's prosperity and to pioneer its progress. These are the functions of _men_. Just as the Army and Navy, Science and Commerce, are the functions of men. Because the male bent and intellect are those best fitted to raise these developments to their highest and most effective issues, just as the male physique and energy are best fitted to achieve these issues in material results.
Had anything been needed to emphasise the values of such virile characteristics in the administration of a nation's policy, the War furnished it. And the many blunders and vacillations marring the conduct of the War emphasised the lack of these invaluable masculine qualities in the concurrent House of Commons. Army, Navy, and Air-Services proved their manhood doughtily in their respective provinces. Had they been supplemented by an equally virile Statesmanship, the War, having begun, would have been brought to a speedy termination. In point of fact, it would never have begun.
If now, our British politics are already so lacking in the manly ability and grip indispensable to national permanence and progress, the presence of women in Parliament can but further emasculate these. It may be said that some women outside the House are more male of mind and mode (not to speak of muscle) than are some men inside. But this is reason, surely, for replacing these weak males by stronger ones, rather than for adulterating British statesmanship with Femaleness.
The presence of a masculine woman in a house--whether this be writ with a small or a capital letter--far from stiffening the manly calibre of weak men in it, only further enervates and paralyses them. To serve on a committee of mixed sex is to realise this.
Women should be represented in the counsels of the nation--but not in the councils of men. They should have a House of their own, wherein to foster the interests of women and children mainly, as well as to further The Humanities and The Moralities; which are, at the same time, woman's true political sphere and her chiefest concern--because she and the child most suffer from failures thereof. Thus, the House of Men would be relieved of problems their sex is unqualified to deal with. While more time and energy would be left them to dispose of affairs they are best fitted to administer.
As already pointed out, the all-potent factor of Sex intervening, members of neither sex are capable of doing their best work while in association with the other. Sex-rivalries are stirred, or sex-antagonisms. Either of which range the sexes on opposite sides; thus precluding amicable co-operation. Or they engender sex-ascendancy. Which, making one sex dominate or defer to the other, precludes intelligent co-operation. Through all, moreover, only too often run threads of intrigue, to entangle and hamper the powers of both.
British politics have notably declined since woman's incursion therein. British commerce, once supreme among the nations, has notably declined since women entered business-houses. Good and thorough work demands, beyond all things, undivided concentration of the powers upon it. And for nine persons out of ten, this concentration is impossible while in the presence of members of the opposite sex. And emphatically this is true of the male, since woman exercises a hypnotic, and, accordingly, an enervating influence upon him. Worse still, he poses for her: becoming meretricious and insincere. It is held by some that women in Parliament might elevate the codes and modes of latter-day politics, many of our best men withholding themselves therefrom because of bad odour imparted by self-seeking and unscrupulous politicians.
But let us keep our House of Commons a House of men, and make it representative of the nation's finest manhood. It is the first and foremost function of the sex, the way of national success and progress. And just as the presence of women would blunt the pioneering spirit and cripple the action of a party of Arctic explorers, so women in the House must blunt the enterprise and hamper the exploits of Statesmanship.
So far, the good sense alike of women as of men has declared against the innovation; rejecting, by large majorities, all but one of women Parliamentary candidates. It remains to be seen, however, whether men outside the House will later endorse the new departure, by electing members of the other sex to represent them. A thing impossible for one sex to do for the other, of course, seeing that not only do men and women arrive at their different conclusions by wholly different routes, but all questions bear wholly different values for them.
It may be argued that the existence of dual departments of politics, and dual points-of-view is argument for electing representatives of both sexes to The Commons. Not so, however. Each sex is specialist in its own domain. And an aurist wastes time, and most likely blunders, when he applies himself to treat eye-diseases. An oculist wastes time, and probably blunders, when delicate ear-operations are required of him.
Since by his dual constitution, moreover, man possesses, by inheritance from his mother, the quotum of woman-apprehension, foresight, and altruism required to present the woman-bent and view-point in his outlook and conduct of political and civic affairs, woman's personal intervention in these is as superfluous as it would be harmful.
Further, there are two orders of men: An order strictly male in trend and talent, and an order whose mentality is tinctured with a higher than average proportion of womanly conservatism, sympathy and intuition. And these two orders of male--typified, respectively, by the Conservative and the Radical parties--perpetually struggling to secure the measures prompted by their respective orders of mind, and intermittently gaining ascendancy, sustain a poise, or mean, between the unduly conservative and traditional, and the unduly radical and transitional in our political administration.
These two orders of mentality are found again in Youth and Age. All healthy and vigorous-minded young men are radical of bias; hot-headed, precipitate and intolerant of crusted orthodoxy, keen to demolish old institutions and established methods. While maturity makes for conservatism. It _knows_. And having learned by experience the values of institutions which have become institutions because of their values, it is prudent in its counsels of slow and stable reform, in its distrust of drastic, precipitate change, and, beyond all, in its wise misdoubtings of the world in general as being better than it is, and ripe, accordingly, for the best things.
For the present, there are numberless problems and questions of women's industrial employment, of children's employment, of the industrial supervision of young girls and their moral protection; problems of female drunkenness and prostitution, crimes of children, crimes against infants and children; questions of health, of the education and upbringing of the young, of dress and conduct, and of the general moral purification and the mental elevation of the Race--with all of which women are essentially qualified to deal; and the vital national importance whereof men have proved themselves as incapable of apprehending as they have shown themselves powerless to administer them.
The two classes of national problems, or the two departments into which most of these problems might be advantageously sub-classed, should be recognised as being the functions, respectively, of the one or of the other sex, and should be deputed for consideration to the House of Men or to the House of Women. With the result that in both, every problem of reform would be dealt with by the sex specialised by nature, by sympathy, and by training, best to understand and best to legislate for it.
As with The Lords, either House should have power to question or to reject the conclusions of the other.
We need urgently, indeed, such a House of Women to employ its native wisdom, its intuitive apprehension, and its moral and emotional impulse, and, moreover, to bring its experience and tact to bear upon a hundred-and-one tangled and neglected issues of moral and social reform. In order to remedy evils that have come, from long neglect, to be a cancer, slowly and surely sapping and vitiating our national life and endangering our racial supremacy.
IV
That women may do useful work in male departments of politics and economics is quite beside the question. Far more valuable work is needed and is possible from them in their own especial fields of aptitude. In these latter, moreover, they would be fostering, in place of sacrificing, that morale and those distinctive talents Nature has specialised in them. While their withdrawal _in toto_ from male political and economic functions would put men on their mettle, and stimulate their efforts and achievement therein.
Woman's influence, like that of Religion, is most potent when it is indirect and inspirational. Like the Church, when she exchanges her indirect and devotional ministrations for direct and material ones, temporal or militant, she destroys herself or the peoples she dominates. Or she destroys both.
It is common fallacy that so long as the world's work is done and its affairs tolerably well conducted, it is of no significance whatsoever by which sex these ends are attained.
Sight is lost of the intrinsic truth that Life exists for Man--not Man for Life; its purpose being the evolution of the human Species by way of the evolution of human Faculty. The world's work has no slightest value save as spur and instrument of human education. And the evolution of the dual orders of human Faculty having differentiated the human Species into two sexes, each representing a wholly different order of Faculty--obviously the perfection of both orders of Faculty and, accordingly, the further evolution of both sexes wherein these orders are respectively specialised, can be attained only by the exercise, by each order, of the rôle and the functions that best evoke its powers. If, therefore, the male sex repudiates its allotted rôle and functions, and forfeits, in consequence, the education of its distinctive talents and moral, by shelving its responsibilities upon the other sex, howsoever capable a substitute this other sex may prove itself, man acts as foolishly and fatuously as the schoolboy who shirks his schooling and the discipline thereof, by enlisting his capable sister to do his lessons for him.
It is, at the same time, man's duty and his privilege manfully to shoulder and ably to perform his own allotted part in Life's affairs. Evading this, or from a false conception of chivalry allowing woman to usurp a share therein, he degenerates inevitably; in default of his natural spur to development. Moreover he obliges--or connives at woman doing likewise, in respect of her allotted part.
That he has already grown so slack, his virile pride and enterprise have so far lapsed, as to reconcile him to woman's usurpation of his masculine functions and prerogatives should warn him of incipient dry-rot in him. As too, the portentous fact that had he not declined in physical and mental calibre, she could never so readily and efficiently have taken his place as we have seen her doing. So efficiently, indeed, that he will be hard put to it to regain and to retain his lost professional and industrial footing, by proving himself appreciably the better man.
As Dr. Havelock Ellis says, if they are to cope with the new Feminism, men must needs look to their laurels and produce a new Masculinism. For truly these weak-chinned, neurotic young men of the rising generation are no match at all for the heavy-jawed, sinewy, resolute young women Feminist aims and methods are giving us.
On every side, in politics, literature, journalism, oratory, commerce, even in scientific invention, women are swiftly coming up abreast of men, and threaten shortly to out-distance them.--And this upon their own ground.
On the other hand, the finer and more exquisite womanly qualities and aptitudes, the emotions and devotions; purity, sweetness, patience, forbearance, tenderness, lovingness and lovableness, together with the courtesies and graces, have fallen out of culture and are fast declining toward extinction. And this, in the measure of the mushroom-growth of masculine abilities and aims and bent, now substituted for them in the sex. With which decline of womanly characteristics, the religion and nobility, virility and chivalry, manly reverence and regard for women, wherewith the true mother illumines the souls of her sons, and which are man's response to the appeal of true woman, are waning rapidly also.
There is, in all men worth the name, an instinctive recognition that the world's most strenuous labours and the world's administration are their natural functions, and that upon their sex, accordingly, rests the responsibility alike of progress or decline in these directions.
This sense of responsibility is both stimulating and uplifting, in the degrees of its realisation and fulfilment. The yielding, by man, to the other sex, of masculine essential rights and obligations is, at the same time, a symptom in him of declining virility, physical and mental, and a cause inevitable of his further speedy decadence. The position yielded, and equality in all things ceded to woman, that pride in his sex, in himself, and in his work, which were his strongest incentives to progress, drop to ever lower grades. Until he comes at last to the state of the decadent savage, who keeps as many wives to work for him as their work for him enables him to keep.
The spirit and pride of Sex are normal and inspiring, and are the expression of that impulse which has directed, in both sexes, the contrary trend of both. No man of mettle feels ever again the same zest or spur to achievement in a rôle that has become equally woman's. Arrogance? Possibly. But wholesome and energising. Defect of that pride in his man's mission which inspired Drake, Columbus, Nelson, Cæsar, Shakespeare, Newton, to great conquest. Without it, man ceases to be man. That it is a factor to be reckoned with, was proved by the recent election, which was signalised by being woman's first authorised entry into the political arena--and was characterised by nothing so much as by man's indifference, even his neglect to record his vote. And that it is a factor to be reckoned with, is further and seriously proved by the slackness and diminished zest and output of masculine Labour, since the other sex has invaded the field.
Woman, for her part, is characterised by a similar spirit and pride of her sex. Equally she loses it when men intrude upon her province. And this Sex-pride and spirit in her would be nobly intensified and uplifted to ever higher levels of expression and attainment, were she but assured of the fine quality and issues of those woman-faculties and functions, by way of which it is her privilege first to create Life, and afterwards to minister to it.
A potent factor in man's impotence to hold his own either in moral or achievement, when pitted directly against the other sex, is that power many women exercise of recruiting their vital forces from those of persons--and of men, particularly--in association with them. The highest levels of work and inspiration are the product of _reserve_ and surplus forces. When these are depleted, only languid and lower-grade aims and capacities are possible.
The extent to which over-worked women may impair the health and constitutional vigour of men associated with them in work was strikingly shown during the changed conditions of War. Surrounded by over-wrought girls and women, who kept themselves going by stimulus of nervous excitement, of strong tea or more dangerous drugs, many men, co-workers or heads of departments, became neurasthenic wrecks. Others lapsed to the condition of infirm old men. The like was seen in fathers and husbands of such over-wrought War-workers. And nervous depletion occasioned by working-wives has doubtless much to do with the inanition and depression now crippling our industrial output.
I may be charged with holding a brief for the Enemy-sex. If so, it is not only because man's cause is woman's, but, moreover, because his present disposition to surrender his prerogatives all round shows him dangerously blind to the truth of woman's power; misdirection whereof from its natural channels menaces not only him, but woman herself, and the Race. _Find the woman!_ said the French cynic. Jestingly: because he no more than other men had gauged the profundity of the saying, in all its deep and vast biological phenomena and implications.
Our national survival stands in jeopardy already, indeed, from the lower-grade males--narrow-brained neurotics or feeble-brained neurasthenics--whom latter-day women are producing yearly in tens of thousands. And the deplorable truth of this degeneracy is overlooked, because no more than a fractional number of our doctors distinguish between The Normal and The Average. With the result, that comparing an abnormal with others more abnormal, they declare the less abnormal satisfactory. Of the fine physique, the vital health and faculty, the zest and joy of living which characterise true Normality--and which are the birthright of every human being--only the few have any conception.
It is significant that the sole ancient civilisations now surviving, India and China, have never hazarded their chances of survival by emancipating their women. On the other hand, because their women are in bondage, personally and psychologically, and because their women's vital powers are exhausted by laborious and de-sexing occupations, the moral and material progress of these peoples is at low ebb.
V
Recruiting statistics have shown us the Damocles-sword of Decadence suspended by a hair above our heads; have shown us our great people so riddled with disease, defect and abnormality, that nearly _half our manhood was declared_ unfitted for man's elementary duty of fighting for his country (55·9 per cent. only being classed in Grade I.). All that our centuries of evolutionary progress have achieved for us, all that the Race has achieved for itself by faculty and enterprise, integrity and industry, threatens now to be sacrificed to a Feminist fanaticism, which, denying to woman any more vital or tender human faculties or offices than those of man, has increasingly repudiated all else for her than rights to pit her wits and muscles against his.
England has long been, and has once again proved herself supreme among the nations. Because England, more than any other land, had freed her women from the more laborious industrial employments; leaving them, in consequence, more vital power to put into the making of a splendid Race, fine of body, stable of character; the men of it charged with virile energy and enterprise, the women house-proud, home-abiding; faithful wives and admirable mothers.
Recruiting statistics have valuably emphasised the truth that in those localities where women are most employed in labour, there disease and degeneracy are most rampant. Significantly it was shown that colliery-districts and the Universities (the latter with about 80 per cent. of Grade I. men), were conspicuous in providing the greatest number of men qualified for military service. Why? Because neither the mothers of men enrolled in Universities, nor, for the most part, those of colliery-districts, are employed industrially.
While, on the other hand, the health and physique of cotton-mill operatives proved so "alarmingly low" that of 184 weavers and spinners only 57 could even be passed for Army-training. Of 290 examined, only 57 men of one cotton-spinning town were graded I.; only 64 were graded II., while 169 were graded III. and IV.
Again, _Why_? Because, unlike colliery-districts where the standard of health was notably good, in cotton-towns where physique and health were "alarmingly low" the vast majority of wives and mothers are employed in factories. It is important, moreover, to note that in such gradings of men for military service, even those classed first were by no means necessarily normal or vigorous. On the contrary, many passed were later shown defective, by breakdown under stress of military discipline.
Further, that so many as 20 _per cent._ of the young manhood of our highest culture were disqualified for Grade I. is a serious circumstance.
Mr. Lloyd George has said regarding this most vital question: "The next great lesson of the war is that if Britain has to be thoroughly equipped to meet any emergencies, the State must take a more constant and a more intelligent interest in the health and fitness of the people. If the Empire is to be equal to its task, the men and women who make up the Empire must be equal to it. The number of B2 and C3 men is prodigious. I asked the Minister of National Service how many more men could we have put into the fighting ranks if the health of the country had been properly looked after. I staggered at the reply: '_At least a million_.' A virile race has been wasted by neglect and want of forethought, and it is a danger to the State and to the Empire. I solemnly warn my fellow countrymen that you cannot maintain an A1 Empire with a C3 population."
This estimate of abnormality, by reason of a million of the nation's young manhood disqualified by definite disease, defect or degeneracy, is far below the mark. Because owing to the urgent need for fighting men, the standard of fitness was compulsorily low. And the estimate takes no account of the huge number of such low-grade "Fit," who succumbed in death or incapacitation to the strain of military training, or to the vicissitudes of active service.
The _British Medical Journal_ has published figures showing that of 2,080,709 men examined by Medical Boards--the men constituting "a fair sample of the male population between the ages of 18 and 43, and a smaller proportion of the more fit between 43 and 51"--_only 1 in 3 could be classed in Grade I_. That is, out of every 150 members of our British manhood in its best years of life, _only 50 were up to the mark in health and normality_.
The _Journal_ comments on "this mass of physical inefficiency, with all its concomitant human misery, and direct loss to the country."
Sir Auckland Geddes, addressing the Federation of British Industries, stated that "_appalling facts about the health of the nation have been disclosed in reports of medical examinations carried out by recruiting authorities_." One of the most startling and disquieting of these disclosures was that of hundreds of thousands of our men, between the ages of 18 and 43, dying of tuberculosis.
Despite all this, however, because our authorities fear to face the truth and the drastic economic upheaval involved in the prohibition of all young wives and mothers from the stress of breadwinning, attempt is being made to shelve the whole blame of this appalling state of national health upon faulty industrial and hygienic conditions; too long hours of work, imperfect ventilation, bad housing, inferior cooking, poor wages, and so forth. All factors, of course, but only contributory to the great vital one. And in order to placate the public conscience, reforms in these directions are promised. Excellent and sadly needed reforms, it is true--in so far as they go; but bound to failure because they will not go to the root of things. They will be tried, no doubt, in our promised Reconstruction-scheme. But being palliative merely, further holocausts of human life and faculty and happiness will be sacrificed in the experiment.
Sooner or later--and Heaven send it be sooner lest it come too late!--the truth must be confronted, and the crisis met. The further the Feminism now threatening our downfall secures footing, however, and more and more diverts the nation's life-resources into merely economic channels, more and more squanders them in abnormal ambitions and output, the more deeply-rooted and more desperate will have become the cancer of our national decadence. And incalculably the more difficult and dangerous will be the task of its eradication.
The reform should have come while _man_ still held the reins securely in his grasp--ere Feminism had entrenched itself and its deforming aims and powers behind an enfranchised woman-sex; to intimidate and out-number his own. Because women in general, misled by these false standards, and, moreover, deteriorated by de-sexing training, become every year less and less disposed toward home and family-life; less and less willing to burden themselves with the duties and sacrifices indispensable to the proper fulfilment of wife and motherhood. And now, more than ever, when they are still further to be pitted against men in the industrial struggle, woman-instincts and aptitudes will become ever more warped and enfeebled in them.
The Danger menacing us is the graver because, while Disease is the expression of a healthy vital conscience protesting, in terms of pain and disability, against conditions, environmental or personal, adverse to normal states of health and development (and to which the healthy living organism declines therefore to conform), Degeneracy is characterised by a vital conscience of so low an order that it conforms and adapts the type, without pain or protest, to conditions perversive of healthy normality and of further evolutionary advance.
There comes a stage, accordingly, in Racial decline, when the Racial vital conscience no longer rebels, in terms of Disease, but conforms, in terms of Degeneracy, to artificial, abnormal and evil conditions of living, environmental and personal. And then as happened to those mighty civilisations snuffed out before us--the major portion of the community having lapsed from health and normality into decadent states of mind and body, vice and corruption become its Normal both of mind and body. Evil and chaos run riot. Till Nature, defied and transgressed at every turn, opens the vials of her wrath, and pours forth her microbic myriads to sow death and destruction wholesale.
Thus she sweeps from the board of Life another great Race--that had failed.
VI
Already, there are disquieting signs that the physical disease and abnormality among us have engendered such degrees of mental and of moral aberration as may lead at any hour to grave disruption. Below the quiet order of our British constitution are heard, from time to time, the rumble of chaotic and disintegrating forces. With growing frequency, the shriek of anarchy shrills. Red flags break. We shall be truly fortunate if we succeed in bridging over, without more or less serious upheaval, the critical gap between War and Peace.
Woman is Nature's peacemaker and welder. She it is who, in the home, knits the loose ends of the multiple incongruous and turbulent human elements into social unities--families, friendly communities, townships and peoples--by her annealing powers of affection and sympathy, of charity and intuitive understanding.
"_Keep the Home-fires burning!_" sang our soldiers. No considerations of The British Constitution, the London Stock Exchange, or Worshipful Civic Company, fired them to heroism, spurred them to victory. But for the Home-fires burning in suburban villas, in four-roomed cottages or two-room lodgings--as equally in hereditary mansions--it was, our gallants dared and died, and reaped their glorious triumph.
My father, an early and an earnest advocate of Female enfranchisement, used to counsel Lord Beaconsfield that to enfranchise women would be to establish the Conservative party for a century, at least. Because nine out of ten women were, in those days, Conservative.
Since then, Feminism has been active, however. Less by way of direct propaganda of anarchy or Bolshevism, be it said, than by fostering that masculine bent and spirit of material unrest and discontent which destroy in women all the finer, fairer ideals and attributes of their intrinsic womanhood, and those self-denying ordinances which so sweeten and dignify the humblest tasks as to content the doers of them with the inspiring sense that they are worth the while. With the result that nothing so characterises the great mass of latter-day working women as a smouldering irrational and intemperate Socialism. And the Socialism of working-women (as, too, of the majority of working-men) is based on total ignorance of the impracticability and evil of making for universal equality in a vast Scheme of Things, the values and the ultimate successes whereof depend absolutely on preserving those highly-specialised diversities and inequalities, alike of faculty and bent, into which Life, with its countless degrees of evolutionary development, has progressively graded living creatures, brute and human. The innumerable orders and classes of our sociology are as inevitable as they are invaluable. Because they serve for stages of faculty and avocation upon that biological gradient of Ascent by which we climb.
As was pointed out earlier in this book, woman, although passive and reposeful of inherence, is variable and unstable of temperament; her powers being eternally at ebb and flux, in order that she may be the medium of those evolutionary mutations which engender human progress. A nature truly perilous when too great dominance is permitted the sex in affairs so momentous as those of State-administration, upon the firm stability and permanence whereof depend so many destinies. Because this evolutionary impulsiveness of hers is dangerously liable to express itself in irresponsible, chaotic and anarchical outbreaks. As history shows, wreckage of many once mighty, but now extinct, civilisations set in when the males thereof weakly, or basely, surrendered their manhood's rights of rule to a sex disqualified by its native non-conformability to rule in national and international policies.
Should women ever come to exercise political power identical with man's, they would be liable to subvert the whole national and international administration of their country on an impulse. Not solely from craving for novelty, but, too, as result of their inherent bent toward forward and precipitate movement, and their implicit faith in change as being necessarily _reform_.
Nations in which the feminine element is strong betray the native fickleness thereof in perpetual change of Ministry--even in frequent revolution. This element of instability is Ireland's curse, the flaw in her people's splendid Celtic faculty.
In view of the stern and strenuous and narrowly-rationalistic creed and claims of Feminism, as too of the steel-brained, steel-willed fighting women leading it, men may scoff, with sense of false security, at odds of danger from feminine weakness and fickleness in Feminist ranks. They scoffed just so at the menace of Prussianism--whereof Feminism is the female rendering.
It must always be remembered, moreover, that the civic and political privileges ceded to Woman, the Feminist, are ceded alike to that freakish, irresponsible creature Woman, the Femininist, who, to counterbalance the decline of woman-quality in those others of her sex, adds to her number and her freakishness as those others wax in number and in stern determination. And in a House of Commons of mixed sex, Feminists would find, to their undoing, that here as elsewhere the Ultra-Feminines would speedily outnumber and out-power themselves. The Movement, inaugurated in all the stern and sterile sex-insensibility of the Feminist code, would soon be dry-rotten and corrupt with the weaknesses bred of Effeminacy.
Nor should it be forgotten that the present Feminist leaders it was who, by their dangerous Bolshevist tactics of Militant Suffragism, proclaimed the anarchy seething in themselves and their adherents.
So long as there survives within the breast of man a spark of that Chivalry which has been both the inspiring and impelling power of his virile development, he can neither meet, nor can he treat with woman upon equal terms.
Always the aspects of her in capacities of mother, wife or love (or mistress) must intervene to disarm, and to incapacitate him from exerting his full strength against her. Whether her appeal to him be sacred or profane, accordingly--that of woman at her best or at her worst--always so long as he is man, her highest and most tender (as her basest) appeal will be by way of those woman-Unfitnesses which in every age have served as highest incentive of his Fitnesses; that he might win, safeguard and cherish her. This chivalrous instinct it was, in part--for behind it lurked the recognition of more than half a nation suffering from the wrong of Unenfranchisement--which disarmed and paralysed his action in respect of those same Suffragist outbreaks. And so long as he is man, will he be similarly disarmed and dangerously inhibited from meeting and from battling successfully with woman.
History repeats itself. And if men suppose that they have seen the last of female Militancy, and overlook the menacing truth that their own incapacity to cope with this must increase inevitably in direct proportion to woman's waxing power, they are blind, indeed, to dangerous breakers ahead.
Having sown the fickle wind of woman's variability, they are like to reap the whirlwind in her inherent non-conformability; a difficult and parlous factor such as they have never previously encountered in political and industrial administration. Such non-conformability as is seen at an extreme in the anarchy of revolutions; in which women, having lost control and balance, plunge deeper and deeper into excesses, without power, it would seem, of recoil. While men reach a maximum, recover poise, and then setting about to re-constitute order out of chaos, more often than not evolve a higher form of order than had previously obtained.
VII
Secure in their traditional superior strength, however, and with characteristic complacency in this relation, men have no suspicion of the sex-antagonism--hatred even--seething against them in Feminism. And this far from having been annealed or softened, has been, on the contrary, greatly aggravated by the concessions and new privileges lately accorded the sex.
Strange to say, the chief talk of extremist women in their new War-capacities was bitterest grievance and hostility against the male, because, although installed in masculine positions, they were denied rights identical with his; of rank and recognition, of responsibility and pay. That they held these capacities temporarily merely, and as novices and amateurs, while men held theirs as experts, for long service or for superior values by right of masculine abilities, had no weight whatsoever. Never in all her days of so-called subjection has woman been so loud and denunciatory of the injustices of The Oppressor, of his conspiracies and crimes against her, as since she has been yielded a number of those rights which Feminism claims.
Feminists will say this is because complete equality in all things has not yet been granted--has yet to be fought for. The truth is, however, that the interests and functions of men fail wholly to satisfy the wholly dissimilar natures of women. But until they have realised this--the true reason of their discontent--an ever-increasing number of women will continue to make these their coveted goal, and to chafe with anger and bitterest resentment against the other sex for denying them full measure of things--without intrinsic value for them.
* * * * *
It needs no saying by me, that, apart from the Feminist extremist faction, the Woman's Movement includes a number of the sex characterised by the noblest ideals and impulse, as by the finest achievements; their creed and aims being pure of self-seeking or materialist ambitions for themselves or for their kin. And these it is to whom we owe it, that, amid the clamour and the combat of those others, the spirit of true Womanhood, devoted, wise and altruistic, is making itself felt everywhere in modern thought and modern progress. Such women for the most part discredit Feminism, in many cases directly oppose both its doctrine and practice.
VIII
The huge numerical preponderance of women must, of itself, presently swamp all masculine power and initiative in State affairs unless the political functions of the sexes be separated. Thenceforward, _Vox populi_ must be the voice of Woman--man's having ceased to be heard.
And man's chiefest menace lies, be it reiterated to the point of tedium, in that momentous fact of the biological investment in woman, of the Racial Trustfund. For this is, at the same time, his sole heritage and that of the nation. And not only does it constitute her the custodian of Human Life and Faculty but it makes her arbitress as well of man's and of the nation's destiny.
In yielding his House of Parliament, man has surrendered not only his highest and most characteristic prerogative, but he has yielded the last exclusive stronghold of his manhood. An entrenchment indispensable to his difficult task of holding his own against a sex overwhelmingly superior in number, and chartered, by right of womanhood, with time-honoured baffling privileges which handicap and defeat him at all turns. A sex Nature has armoured with charms, moreover, and with weaknesses for his disarming; by appeal, on the one hand, to his chivalry, on the other, to his senses.
Entrenched in his last stronghold, he stood some chance of exerting his allotted dominance in life's affairs. All his strongholds invaded, he stands none.
For the rest, it can only be said that men who should reject their own, and elect members of the opposite sex to represent them in Parliament, would by that vote alone of non-confidence in the ability or the good faith of their kind, proclaim the human male a pitiful failure in species; an order without specialisation of brain, of character, or of moral, to give it essential values in Human concerns.
Woman, on the other hand, would stand acclaimed a Super-Being. One not only highly-specialised by God and Nature, as creatrix of the Race, and endowed with gifts to be the Racial nurse and guide and teacher, but, added to these most vital of human capacities, she would stand accredited by man with such superior qualifications also for the administration of the State as to lead him to adjudge her his superior in this capacity likewise. While her still further pre-eminence is now to be emphasised by pitting her on equal terms against the male, in all the Arts and Crafts, the professions and the businesses.
Truly--poor Super-Being that she is to be--burdened and spent by her super-tax of faculties and functions, she will need, indeed, to break into the Racial Trust-Fund, in order to equip herself for these her multifarious exactions. Because not only will it be her affliction to produce the Race and mother it, but she must provide for it too; moreover, must doctor it, play lawyer, parson and accountant to it; paint its pictures, mould its statuary, plan its architecture, build its houses, compose its music, blow its trumpets, beat its drums; and, over and beyond all these, must administer its politics, and serve it presently, no doubt, as Premier, Primate and Chancellor.
While it must be merely a matter of brief time, when, to her other tasks, will be added the manning of its Army, its Navy and Air-Services, and the serving of its guns.
Should Feminist aims be realised--and already they are more than half-won--it will be a case, truly, of _Exit Man!_
Rejected on all counts, as possessing no intrinsic sex-values, to offset woman's vital and pre-eminent one of the creation of Life (for his biological part in this is so slight and brief as to be unworthy of note were it not indispensable, and will be insignificant, indeed, when he no longer serves as highly-specialised agent and artificer of the Racial faculty); possessing no distinctive qualities and no obligations of fatherhood, to protect and to provide for offspring, and thereby to offset woman's vital and important one of nurturing and rearing this; no more than woman's equal (if that) in the Sciences and Arts, in Politics and Commerce--Truly no alternative will be left him save to retire, abased, into the dim background of the Human Pageant; a self-admitted failure, without place or standing, by virile and exclusive right and power of body, brain and office.
IX
A more inspiring picture presents itself, however.
Of a Manhood, worthy of its racial and national traditions, waking timely to a recognition of its manhood's powers and duties, and, having emancipated itself from woman's rule in all beside her natural province, reinstating its supremacy in every virile field and function; and thus re-shouldering bravely its allotted burdens in Labour, Faculty and Administration.
Of a Womanhood re-finding itself also, and finding itself and its natural lot upon a fairer and a nobler plane--the plane of Life, as ever, but illumined now by broader outlook, and instinct with higher understanding.
And these two working for the common good, of our Anglo-Saxon Race, recruited by their sympathetic impulse and reciprocal achievement, having been set, in course of a few generations, upon routes of such a Human Renaissance as should carry it forward to fulfilment of its splendid destiny.
In this New Human Dispensation would be a House of Women to serve as a second--a balancing and an uplifting--wing to the House of Men.
Thus in the national as in the natural life, The Sexes would be most effectively operating and co-operating; travelling each along its own inherent and allotted lines, employing each its own intrinsic powers and fulfilling its intrinsic functions, apart from, but abreast of and in continual touch with the other; inspiring, fortifying, supplementing and complementing the attributes, the trend and the achievements, each of each.
* * * * *
Said Mazzini, "_Man and Woman are the two human Wings that lift the soul toward the Ideal we are destined to attain_." And the value and the effectiveness of these two human, as of other wings, lie in the degree to which, although they work in unison, _they move in different areas_; apart from and independent, each of the other; balancing and correlating, but, nevertheless, each sustaining its own side of the body, Vital and Social.
APPENDIX
FURTHER EVIDENCES IN SUPPORT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND MENDELIAN PROPOSITIONS ADVANCED IN BOOK I.
I
_The Male is the impelling force in Physical Development, or Adaptation to environment_
Scientific stock-breeding supplies valuable practical examples of applied Genetics, or the Science of Heredity.
Although artificial, in the sense that the creatures of the Stock-yard are not mated by law of Natural Selection, nor are they bred or reared under normal environmental conditions, the circumstance that breeders are breeding for special characteristics, and mate the parents with a view to the transmission and the accentuation of such, provides important indications regarding hereditary influence and its determinant factors.
Mr. Horace G. Regnart, who has done much to establish Stock-breeding on a scientific basis, kindly furnishes me with the following interesting and suggestive data:
"We Breeders pay more attention to the bull because he can sire fifty calves yearly; while the cow can produce only one. One can afford to pay a thousand guineas for a bull, whereas one cannot afford fifty cows at the same price. And the purchase of a first-class bull is the cheapest way of getting a good herd. The history of practically every great herd is the history of some particular bull. As we say, '_a bull is half the herd_.' It is equally true to say that every great bull is the son of a great cow. With one highly-prepotent bull we can raise a high-class herd, even if we start with second-rate females; while a bad bull will ruin the best herd in the county. It is for this reason that we 'put all our money' on the bull."
All of which supports my theory that the male is the impelling agency in Adaptation to Environment, or evolutionary development on the plane of physics, and that such progressive development is achieved by way of the male traits being Dominant upon this plane, and manifesting, accordingly, in the physical terms of stature and muscle and force-production.
The male being the determinant agent in the physical characteristics of size and flesh and nervous energy--for which breeders of Live-stock are making--the bull is "half the herd." "With one highly-prepotent bull," a high-class herd may be raised, even though inaugurated with second-rate females. Whilst "a bad bull will ruin the best herd in the county." Akin to which is the circumstance that, in two generations, the improvement which occurs in the offspring of a New Forest pony-mare when mated with a horse, lapses; the descendants reverting to the type of the New Forest pony.
If, however, the male, being the agent of Adaptation, determines progressive development in the direction of such physical traits as further fit species to its material environment, the female it is, that, being the agency of the Evolution of Life (and of the equipment of species in terms of Life, accordingly) supplies offspring with the Vital potential of living cells and vital organs--heart, lungs, digestive and assimilative organs and functions--which, by engendering the multiple functions and vital processes of Life, _sustain_ the existence and the powers of the organism in relation to environment. The female, moreover, provides it with the Vital potential of reproductive organs for the transmission of types ever further evolved and adapted, in terms both of Life and Adaptation.
The male thus broadly sketches out the lines and supplies the initiative of structural development. The female supplements the sketch with the structural potential of living cells, whereby structural development is achieved; as too with the vital potential of organs whereby living organisation is sustained and transmitted.
The great sire, bull or man, generates the great daughter. But since Life is earlier in origin and precedes Development, the great mother it must be who first _engenders_ the great son. Because, as I have already pointed out, Life and Reproductive-Energy must exist in the potential before they can evolve upon the plane of personal development. In other words, function precedes structure. The potential of both function and structure must precede the _development_ of either on the plane of Life.
Woman, accordingly, is Creatrix of the Race, because in her the Race becomes potential. Man is Artificer of the Race, however, because from him the Race receives its powers of concrete development.
For progressive evolutionary advance, therefore, every new generation of females must contribute a new complement of Vital potential, equal in potence to the new complement of Developmental initiative which the new generation of males contribute, and by way of which the female Vital potential is differentiated into further concrete powers. Fruitless for one parent to supply a finer complement than the other is able to render in terms, respectively, of Life or Development. The female potential must be adequate to energise the male powers of differentiation. The male powers must be adequate to differentiate the female potential.
II
_The female supplies the Typal and Vital Potentials of Adaptation_
To Mr. Regnart, I am indebted for the following further data, which seem further to support my view:
"Ursula Raglan was a Beef-cow that milked heavily. To a Beef-bull, she produced Gainford Champion--a great bull. While to a Dairy-bull, she produced the dam of Priceless Princess--about the best Dairy-cow that ever looked through a halter."
Here we find the Vital-potential indispensable to the equipment of great offspring, proved great in the mother, by her Female vital-function of lactation. While her respective bull-mates appear as the determinant factors which differentiate this Vital potential in offspring, respectively, into the Beef-traits (stature and muscle, that is) or the Milking-traits (Vital function, that is). The very term "Dairy-bull," signifying a male with power to transmit to female descendants the purely Female trait of milking, is evidence, in itself, of a female trait, derived by a male from his mother, passing into the potential, and lying dormant, or Recessive, for a generation, in his male organisation, and then emerging again in his daughter.
The great bull is sire of a great cow--_because he was son of a great cow_. And he is a great bull because he received from his dam a great female Vital-potential, for differentiation into greatness of the male traits that characterise great males. And in his turn, he may sire a cow greater than his mother, because in passing on to his daughter the great female Vital-potential of his mother, he passes on a female potential of greatness to which his own male inherence of greatness has added a further power of Differentiation. This increased _Male_ power of differentiation, descending in the female line, however, manifests in traits of increased _Female_ functioning--the function of milking, that is.
The daughter inherits thus from her father the Female potential of her paternal grandmother, with new power of Male differentiation acquired by its residence during a generation (so to speak) in a male organisation. Which new power, when reawakened to function in a female organism, manifests in a further degree of Femaleness.
Male development having progressed along lines of increasing brain- and nervous power, which the female has ever further inherited, Female development has progressed along lines of such increasing brain-power as has enabled her to transform her native simple and undifferentiated Femaleness into ever further developed and more complex Female _traits_, or functional and nervous characteristics.
While, on the other hand, since Female evolution has proceeded along lines of increasing Life, or Vital Power, which the male has ever further inherited this increasing Vital power it has been that has served as _potential_ for the evolution of his Maleness in terms of higher brain- and nervous power.
The great cow is mother of a great bull _because she was daughter of a great sire_. And she was a great cow because she received from her sire a great male complement of developmental power, which imparted to her Recessive, and undifferentiated Femaleness, further power of functioning as female characteristics. And she may mother a son greater even than her sire because the great male Developmental impetus of her father becomes in her a greater Vital potential; which, descending in the male line, engenders further power for the further differentiation of male characteristics.
III
_Evolution of Species and evolution of the Individual occur on different planes_
The Evolution of Species progresses in every generation by way of each Sex having derived from the other Sex a new and opposite potential to engender, in every alternate generation, the further evolution of its Sex-traits along its own (and contrary) lines.
It may be considered therefore that Type, or Species, evolves to higher inherences by way of progressive divergences of Sex-characteristics. While the Evolution of the individual progresses in every generation in proportion as parents of both sexes had mated, in the previous generation, with such members of the opposite sex as were best fitted to supply, in the gametes contributed to offspring, complements which, by union with their own, so matched and supplemented their own as to have quickened and energised the development of offspring to the fullest and the most efficient issues. In any line, however, a strain of greatness or of other inherence descends in alternating succession, now in the female, now in the male line; receding now into the potential, and then evolving in development. So that while the Individual normally evolves in every generation, the Type evolves only in alternate generations.
The evolution of Type, or Species, is the intrinsic function of the spontaneous Evolution of Life into two orders of Sex. It occurs on a wholly different plane from that of the evolution of the Individual. But by way of his, or her, complement to the biological constitution of offspring, members of both sexes contribute alike to the evolution of _Species_ and to that of the _Individual_--according as such complement enhances the power of the traits of the opposite Sex to manifest, and further to evolve in offspring.
The intensification in the one sex of its own inherences stimulates a proportional intensification of the opposite inherences in the other Sex, both as regards the evolution of the Type and of the Individual. The phenomenon would seem to be akin to that increase of one electrical potential evoking a proportional increase of the other electrical potential, to complement it. When one sex fails to supply its due potential, or complement, to the other, the evolution both of Type and Individual receives a check.
And because the evolution of Type is achieved by the Germ-plasm derived from a parent of one sex obtaining new increment from being invested in the organisation of offspring of the opposite sex, it is not until the new Typal-inherence of this Germ-plasm is revivified again in the organisation of a member of the Sex from which the plasm was derived, that such new impulse manifests. Hence the phenomenon of characteristics being transmitted from parents to offspring of opposite sex. So that daughters of normal womanly organisation reproduce the Typal characteristics of their fathers' maternal line; while in sons of normal male organisation those of their mothers' paternal line emerge.
Hence too, the reversion of offspring of hybrid plants to the types,--pure Dominant and pure Recessive--of their grandparents.
IV
_Progressive segregation of Male and Female traits in opposite sides of body ever further intensifies and differentiates their intrinsic qualities_
The biological constitution of humans and of the other higher organisms differentiating them into two opposite symmetrical sides, in which, as development rises higher in the scale, the Dominance, or Maleness, in them is ever further and more perfectly segregated from the Recessiveness, or Femaleness, in them, secures the progressive intensification, respectively, of Maleness or of Femaleness in them, by ever further ranging the factors, or traits, of these on opposite sides of the biological equation; and by thus more effectively centralising the powers, according to sex, in one or the other side thereof.
Mendel's peas, not thus differentiated into two sides, are bi-sexual and self-fertilising. Of the original stock, that order in which Dominant traits are prepotent is differentiating toward a male _genus_, however. While the Recessives are differentiating toward a female _genus_. Although regarded as "pure" Dominants and "pure" Recessives, they are nevertheless hybrids in respect of Sex. Being self-fertilising, both Dominants and Recessives are of low power, alike for reproduction and development. Because the Dominance, or Male developmental power, of the Recessives being inhibited by the Recessiveness, or Femaleness, in them, is of low Vigour. While the Recessiveness, or Female vital power in the Dominants being unduly expended by the Dominance, or Maleness, in them, is of low Vitality. The male sex-cells of the self-fertilising Dominants thus fertilise female sex-cells of low vitality. While the female sex-cells of the self-fertilising Recessives are fertilised by male sex-cells of low vigour.
In cross-breeding, the conditions cease not only to be those of self-fertilising, but they cease, moreover, to be those of the close inbreeding of self-fertilisation. In the "hybrids" obtained by crossing the higher-vigoured male sex-cells of the "pure" Dominants with the higher-vitalised female sex-cells of the "pure" Recessives, the Dominants--because Dominance is prepotent for exterior characteristics--submerge the external traits of the Recessives, which are prepotent for vital and internal functioning. Such Dominants are a bi-sexual species in which the male is prepotent. And to be male, means that they have expended, in terms of structural development, a great proportion of the female Vital power inherent in them; thus masking the Recessive female traits in them, as regards exterior characteristics. But since reproductive power inheres in these Recessive traits, these traits are preserved in the sex-cells, equally with the Dominant traits. The plants being not only bi-sexual, but self-fertilising also, the sex-cells must obviously be bi-sexual too; in order to provide the organism with factors both of life and development. Every sex-cell is a hybrid cell, therefore; bearing both Dominant and Recessive traits. But, like their parents, in some, the Dominant, in others, the Recessive traits are prepotent. And the Dominant sex-cells mating with Dominants, the Recessives with Recessives, the original types of so-called "pure" Dominants and "pure" Recessives reappear in the third generation.
V
_Self-fertilising organism is a female organism with a male organism differentiated in it_
Because the female represents the Life-potential of species and the Vital potential of organisms, a self-fertilising plant or creature must be regarded as a female organism, with a male organism of Adaptation, or Differentiation, developed in it. This male organism energises both its developmental and its functioning power, and fertilises it; although the _potential_ of structure, of growth, of function and of reproduction are engendered in the female organism. The female is the root-stock or parent-stem of all species, therefore.
If Dominance is Maleness, and Recessiveness is Femaleness, and if Dominance energises structural development while Recessiveness engenders reproduction, a Dominant self-fertilising plant is a female plant, with a male plant of superior Dominance differentiated in it. While a Recessive self-fertilising plant is a female plant of superior Recessiveness, with a male plant of inferior Dominance differentiated in it. In crossing stock of superior Dominance with stock of superior Recessiveness, the Dominant prevails over the Recessive in the general structural traits of the resulting "hybrid," but not in its reproductive inherence. The new hybrids being male in inherence, nothing is added to the female reproductive, or Vital, potential in them. The root-stock transmits to its sex-cells therefore just as its grandmother did--Recessives of her type, and Dominants of the type of the Dominant male engrafted on her, of the male grandfather of this third generation, that is. Hence reversion.
VI
_Sterility of offspring of alien species proves evolution of Species and of Individual are independent phenomena_
The fact that dog and wolf, when mated, breed fertile species, proves them sprung from the same root-stock. While the hybrid offspring of different species are sterile. Showing such an intrinsic incompatability of the alien complements in the zygote as, while operating as no bar to their immediate union and their development into a complete hybrid individual, nevertheless bars the incorporation of the alien breed in the Vital potential of stock.
Such sterility in the offspring of creatures of different species is weighty evidence that the Evolution of Type, or Species, and the Evolution of the Individual are wholly independent phenomena; occurring upon wholly different planes, and involving wholly different principles and sets of processes. In the mating of alien species, the two sex-cells, although of dissimilar species-inherence, unite nevertheless and develop in the maternal environment into a living entity of mongrel order. But the Germ-plasm contained in the gamete of one species will not germinate in the alien environment of an organism of alien species. No potential, either Vital or of Differentiation, is engendered, therefore, for production of offspring. Hence sterility results. The potential of a living individual is seen thus to belong to a wholly different plane of phenomena from the potential of Stock. Conditions which do not annul the powers of life and of function in the one, quench life and function in the other with the seal of sterility.
VII
_Possible explanation of "Sports"_
Mr. Regnart says: "We often meet with Sports. Second- and third-rate parents may produce an exceptionally fine individual, but such animals are always failures to breed from. The law of Filial Regression comes into operation. Our aim is to find families that have produced a large number of fine animals--we know then that we are on safe ground."
In these cases, it would seem that the "fine individual" results from so singularly harmonious and successful a complementing and fructifying of the parental halves in offspring as conduce to develop the best points of both; doubtless, too, to eliminate or to annul weak or faulty factors of either parental strain. Neither of such inferior-grade parents transmitting a fine _lineal_ potential, however, the exceptional fineness of the individual is not inherent in the Germ-plasm he or she transmits to offspring. The fine characteristics of such "Sports" are not transmissible, therefore, to descendants.
Proof again of two planes of Life and Evolution, that of Species and that of the Individual. Moral, too, of the importance of fine selection in mating, since the harmonious mating of second- or third-rate parents may produce finer offspring than are born of ill-assorted matings of two finer breeds of parent.
The case is recorded of a pony about the size of a Shetland pony, which was the offspring of pedigree Shire-parents on both sides, _both parents being over 17 hands_. The most striking feature about the animal was that there was nothing of the _horse_-type about him--he was a perfect example of _pony_.
Shire horses are typical examples of Vigour, or developmental power, expressed in terms of stature, muscle and nervous energy. And for so long as the breeding for these characteristics was supplemented in terms of vital organs and vital functioning, by an equivalent maternal complement of Vital potential, to sustain the constitutional expenditure involved in stature, muscular equipment, and nervous energy, the breed improved in these particulars. Pushed beyond this limit, by introducing into stock further strains of Vigour, or developmental initiative, without simultaneously providing the indispensable equivalents of these in increasing Vital potentials, all at once the balance toppled, and reversion to inferior type resulted.
An excessive proportion of the Vital power of these two Pedigree Shires of great stature and great strength had been expended in the achievement of such great stature and great strength, and in the equipment of digestive and assimilative organs required to sustain these. But little had remained, accordingly, for Reproductive investments. Hence reversion in the de-vitalised stock.
One conceives of the counterpoise in Stock, of Male and Female complements, as being akin to that of the opposite and complementary curves of an arch. So long as equipoise is sustained by the perfect balance of the contrary curves, so long each re-inforces the other to support a heavy superstructure of development. Lopsidedness of either curve leads to collapse.
VIII
_Vigour is Male. Vitability is Female_
"Vigour," which breeders regard as a potent factor in heredity, is commonly confounded with Vital Power, or Vitability; although the two would seem to be diametrically opposite in cause, in nature and effect.
An athlete, in so-called "condition," is in the prime of Vigour; his muscular and nervous powers being at high levels of structure and of functioning. His Vital powers are proportionally at low ebb, however; as is proved by his notable lack of recuperative power in illness. He is bad subject, indeed, in respect of progress and recovery from disease.
Feeble-minded persons possess but little Vigour of brain or of body, yet their Vital power, as shown in healthy organic functioning and vitativeness, is often extraordinary. Vigour is an expression of nervous energy, and is generated by the brain. Vitability is Life-power, and results from vital organs efficient both in structure and in processes. It is engendered in the Reproductive System; which may be regarded as the power-house of Life and vital function.
_Vigour_ is the power of Differentiation, or Individuation, of an organism, structural and functional, physical and mental, in terms of its relation to environment. _Vitability_ is the intensification of the individualism and of the functioning of an organism in terms of Life-power.
Vigour, being katabolic, a male and a Dominant trait, manifests in man (as in plants) as Tallness, or the expenditure of vital energy upon the material plane, in growth and stature; as too in functional initiative and activity, both physical and mental, on the material plane.
Vitability, being anabolic, a female and a Recessive trait, manifests as Dwarfness, or the conservation of vital energy upon the material plane, in respect of growth and stature; as too in weakness, or inhibition of vigour and activity, both physical and mental.
The male trait of Vigour makes men larger, stronger, hardier, and more resistant to disease than women are. The female trait of Vitability makes women healthier, more charged with vital power and temperament, more recuperative from disease, and longer-lived than men. The complementary inherences of Vigour and Vitability, derived respectively from the two parents, and supplementing one another in offspring, endow him or her with fine form and structure, healthy vital organs and efficient function, power of Life and nervous energy.
In the normal male, Vigour dominates Vitability; the maternal potential of Vitability being differentiated in him into its male equivalent. While in the normal female, Vigour recedes within the Female traits of vital power and healthy functioning, endurance and womanly faculty.
The opposite modes of Vigour and Vitality are well shown in disease. In vigorous men, disease may assume the type known as "sthenic"; occasioning such violent re-activity, or rebellion, of the system, and such consequent severity of symptoms as speedily exhaust the resources, and tend to fatal ending. While Vital power, being anabolic and conservative, meets the foe passively, and instead of wasting, economises the forces by moderation of symptoms; bending to the course and processes of sickness, and making thereby for recovery. Because of the lesser vitability of their cells, disease in men tends toward structural, or organic deteriorations. While disease in normal women is more often functional, merely.
In masculine women, disease is prone, as in men, to structural degenerations. Masculine women are very liable to cancer; a liability they transmit as heritage to offspring of both sexes. Hence the increasing masculinity of latter-day women has entailed upon the race an increased liability to cancer and to other structural degeneration. This liability has assumed such grave proportions as to occur in children even, showing in the abnormal growths, "adenoids" now so prevalent as to have become "the normal" of modern childhood.
IX
_The living body is a highly-vitalised Vegetative organism with a highly-specialised Cerebro-nervous organism differentiated in it_
Professor Cuvier said, "The nervous system is, at bottom, the whole animal; the other systems are there only to serve it."
Professor Bergson amplifies the statement:
"A higher organism is essentially a sensori-motor system installed on systems of digestion, respiration, circulation, secretion, etc., whose function it is to repair, cleanse and protect it, to create an unvarying, internal environment for it, and above all to produce its potential energy for conversion into locomotive movement."
In both statements, is recognition of the Dual differentiation of the body into an organism of Life which functions in relation to its own intrinsic being, and an organism of Consciousness which functions in relation to exterior environment. That in death from starvation, the brain and the nerves remain almost unimpaired, while all the other organs and tissues lose weight, their cells undergoing profound degenerative changes, is further indication of two distinct and separate departments of development and processes in every animal existence.
As in its Mendelian phenomena of the Segregation of its Contrasting Traits, and the Dominance and Recessiveness of these in constitution and heredity, so, in its living organisation, the human body is extraordinarily and in a number of ways essentially plant-like. The brain and the nervous system may be regarded, indeed, as a highly-differentiated Cerebro-Nervous organism grafted upon a simpler Vital, and vegetative body, from which, as from a soil, it draws its life and energy: and from which, as age advances, it gradually withdraws the power of further sustaining its existence.
This Cerebro-Nervous graft perishes only because the Vegetative body on which it is installed has come to the end of its power to sustain the life of the Nervous organism picketed upon it.
The close resemblances in structure and in processes between the Cells of vegetable and animal organisms, when taken in conjunction with a number of other biological indications, justify the conclusion that living bodies are actually vegetative organisms to which have been super-added, by progressive evolutionary differentiations, faculties of Motion and of Consciousness.
(Plants are recognised as possessing rudimentary consciousness. While Growth is a mode of Motion.)
The trunk, which contains the respiratory, circulatory, nutritive and reproductive organs represents the Vitative, or Vegetative, system. The brain with its tributary spinal cord and spinal-nervous system represents the Sensori-motor organism. While the limbs are highly-differentiated implements which the Cerebro-Nervous organism has developed in the Vitative organism; to serve it with means of locomotion and of action, for the achievement of intelligent purpose.
The lungs, with their ramifications of tubes and their air-cells, closely resemble the branches and leaves of a tree, which spread into and absorb from the atmosphere the oxygen whereby it lives. While the convoluted intestines are like the roots of a tree, absorbing nurture for it from environment.
The Vegetative organism, being the agency of Life, is female in origin and inherence.
The Cerebro-spinal organism, being the agency of Adaptation, is male in origin and inherence. In both, however, the inherences of the other sex are represented.
The body resembles thus a bi-sexual plant, its root-stock being female and Recessive, with a male Dominant and differentiating organism incorporated in it.
X
_Vegetative body has its own brain and nervous system and its (involuntary) muscles_
This Vegetative body has its own separate (organic) brain, in the Solar Plexus--or "Abdominal brain"--and its nervous system, in the intricate "Sympathetic" system of nerves; which, in addition to administering the nutrition of the body, is intimately and closely associated, in psychology, with the brain and with the spinal-nervous system of the Psychical organism. Itself subconscious, this organic brain nevertheless contributes vital impulse and colour to Consciousness.
It possesses also its own specialised system of muscles, the "Involuntary muscles"; which are not under control of the conscious brain and will, but operate automatically--by so-called reflex action. The motions they subtend are concerned with vital functions; nutrition, respiration, circulation, assimilation, elimination, reproduction.
The Vitative organism, being vegetative of growth and passive of mode, needs rest and sun and wind and air and water for its nurture and development. With that rising of the sap in the world of vegetation which occurs in spring, kindred processes occur within the human vegetative body. It responds to the re-creative forces of its mother-earth.
With every recurring Spring-tide, youth turns again to thoughts of love, because of this natural renaissance of its vitative resources, for purposes of re-creation--both of Cells and individuals.
Old age is a permanent winter of this plant-body. Summer suns revive but little more than flickerings of its vegetative pulsings. Although the psychical life, intellectual and nervous, may be still vigorous, the sap of the plant-body no longer rises, quick and warm and fructifying, to earth's perennial call.
This plant-like body with its plant-like fruiting Cells, it is, that when charged with the graces and magnetic potences of health and high nurture, supplies the pleasing personality found not seldom in sinners, while often conspicuously lacking in saints--a seeming anomaly which has gone far to discredit the virtues.
By way of it, human personality resembles a mystical flowering plant that breathes and feels and moves; and a fruiting plant that reproduces. The Cerebro-Nervous system animates and intelligises this beautiful vessel of flesh wherein it subsists.
The vigour of its Vegetative stock, supplementing brain and nervous system by fine structure, fine stature, organic vigour, native faculty, and reproductive power, has given the Anglo-Saxon race its world-wide rule. It is to this that its women have owed their shapely frames, their healthful constitutions and their loveliness; the warm tints of hair and skin, the fresh and flower-like complexions, and the fruit-like form and bloom of cheek for which they once were famed.
Rich personal charm and sweetness of healthful condition which are all too swiftly passing from our modern women, hag-ridden by a strenuousness that is wrecking the flower-body, with its vital joy and warmth, its grace of being and its bliss of sense, its temperamental thrill and colour.
* * * * *
The doctrine of Evolution is signally incomplete unless we realise it as a sequence of progressive developments, direct and without intermission, from the simplest forms of Elemental Matter to the highest, living orders of Creation--Mineral, Vegetable, Brute and Human being progressive stages in the evolution of Life and of Consciousness; graded by links so subtly and infinitesimally constituted as to belong equally to the kingdom below and to that above them.
The subject appears full of interest and suggestion, showing all the planes of Nature, from mineral to man, linked in an unbroken line by way of this half-vegetable body of flesh, with its roots in earth and its branches in Consciousness. No more than this briefest of mentions can be given here, however.
XI
_Mysterious "Internal Secretions"_
Biologists tell of Dual planes of operation in the processes of every organ of the body. Because some of these function on the external plane, in visible secretions or in other ways calculable by scientific methods, and they function, too, upon an Inner and occulted, plane; in the form of mysterious "Internal Secretions," the mode and nature whereof have long baffled and eluded the most intricate scientific appliances and intellections.
What is indicated if not an Inner, and Potential, plane of Life and vital processes--a _plane of Involution_, or Recession (centripetal)--whereon factors of environment, air, food, water and so forth are transformed by vital involutionary processes, into _potentials_ of living form and function? Which potentials remain latent, or Recessive, in the cells and glands secreting them, and available for transformation by evolutionary processes, into actualities of physical form and function on the Outer (centrifugal) plane of Life--the _plane of Evolution_.
And Life and health, together with normality of faculty and function, depend upon the perfect balance and co-ordination of these two contrary orders of factors and processes, which, I assume, are engendered, respectively, in the Male and the Female departments of living organisms of both sexes.
All the vital functions--Respiration, Circulation, Digestion, Reproduction--may be classed as Recessive functions, because they are characterised by a Recession, or withdrawal, from the Without to the Within. This is a phenomenon of the _Involution_ of Environment, for transformation thereof into potential Life, and potential Evolutionary output.
_Death_ is a centripetal withdrawal of the soul from the material Without to an Inner zone of Spiritual, or Potential, Being. And in due time, analogy assures us, having assimilated and transformed the resultant of a terrestrial existence into a new potential of Life, Life issues forth again, by the centrifugal impulse of re-Birth, to differentiate itself once more in living form upon the Outer plane. (_Re-incarnation_ is, obviously, the true interpretation of _Resurrection of the body_, which otherwise is scientifically impossible.)
Winter withdrawal, or Involution, of the sap of Vegetation from the outer plane of functioning to the inner plane of potential Life, whereby it derives such new increment of Vital potential as, with the outgoing of sap again in the renaissance of spring, evolves in increased growth and new foliage, is further example of the principle and processes of Dominance and Recessiveness--of the female Vital impulse and the male Developmental impetus, operating in an eternal tidal rhythm of ebb and flow.
XII
_Dual planes of Mentality: Outer and Material, Inner and Occult_
As in the Domain of Life and vital processes, so in the Domain of Consciousness and nervous processes, there are two planes of function; an Inner and occulted plane of Mind, or potential Consciousness, and an Outer plane of material Consciousness; representing respectively afferent (or centripetal) and efferent (or outgoing) nervous currents.
Faculty and sense may be regarded as having developed in one direction along lines of the telescope, with increasing capability to horizon the Without; while they have developed simultaneously along lines of the microscope, to reveal an Invisible Within.
The Senses, which adapt man's Consciousness to environment by the functions of Sight, Hearing, Touch, Taste, Smell, have become, with evolutionary development, so increasingly sensitised in response to The Without as ever further to have set him in rapport with the world exterior. While, at the same time, so have they become sensitised in response to The Within, as ever further to have deepened and quickened his apprehension of an occulted Interior plane. Faculty has acquired thus, simultaneously with its increasing power of focusing the Outer and Objective, an increasing power so to invert its focus as to penetrate ever more deeply into the Inner and Subjective, alike of man's own constitution and that of environment.
These two contrary, but co-operative, modes of mentality are, respectively, Intellection and Intuition--Male and Female modes of mind.
XIII
_Differentiation of the Zygote, or Mated Sex-cell_
I have described, throughout, the right side of the human body as the male-side--that in which the Male-traits of Humanity are specialised in the individual; the left as the woman-side, that in which the Woman-traits of Humanity are centred.
But the modes of constitution, as of inheritance, are more complex, of course, than that one parent supplies the potential of one side, the other parent that of the other side.
As regards inheritance, the maternal ovum comprises, I believe, the potential of the whole body, with the exception of the brain, the spinal-cord and the spinal nerves. But because the mother is descended from parents of both sex, and possesses, therefore, both Male and Female elements, the ovum must contain (as must every other cell) both male and female factors. These, it is conceivable, are grouped, by contrary polarities, into two areas, or hemispheres; an upper and a lower. Of these the upper is Male in inherency. It comprises the potentials of shoulders and spinal column which are fulcra of action, and of lungs and heart which are the _energising_ organs of Life. The lower hemisphere of the ovum is Female in inherency. It comprises the potentials of the pelvis, which is the cradle of Maternity, of the reproductive organs, which engender Life and the emotions, and of the digestive and assimilative organs, which engender vital processes.
So too, because the male parent is likewise descended from parents of opposite sex, his contribution to offspring must also contain both male and female factors. But while the mother supplies, in the ovum, the potential of the whole body--face and head, trunk, limbs and vital organs, the father contributes the potential of the brain, the spinal cord and the spinal nerves only, which adapt the organism, by way of form and Consciousness, to environment. The limbs, which adapt it, by way of Motion, to environment, may be regarded as differentiations primarily of the brain and nervous system.
The ovum is spheroidal; the sperm-cell rectilinear (following the rule that the line of Maleness is a straight one; that of Femaleness, a curve). And as in the spheroidal ovum, the factors of the opposite sexes, grouped into two areas, separate it into hemispheres of opposite sex-inherency, so in the rectilinear sperm-cell, we may surmise the factors of the two sexes to be grouped lengthwise, and to separate it thus into a male side and a female side. Such a sperm-cell penetrating the ovum, and developing laterally, further differentiates this into anterior, posterior and lateral areas. The two lateral developments of this potential brain and spinal cord and nerves eventually constitute the right and the left brain-hemispheres, and differentiate the body into right and left sides.
The left brain-hemisphere, with its half of the spinal cord and nerves, is derived from the _male_ side of the sperm-cell; while the right brain-hemisphere, with its half of the spinal cord and spinal nerves, is derived from the _female_ side (by inheritance) of the sperm cell.
Weismann describes the Germ-Plasm as being transmitted in the female line solely, from ovum of mother to that of daughter.
This supports the above view; namely, that the Germ-Plasm proper is inherent in the ovum, in which it exists in potential, or undifferentiated, form, and that it becomes differentiated (in both sexes) into a right and a left-reproductive gland of contrary sex-inherence, by differentiative power of the dual-sexed sperm-cell. The re-polarisation of the fertilised ovum, which is visible beneath the microscope, would seem to represent this differentiative process.
Since the microcosm is as the macrocosm, the Dual constitution must be repeated in every living cell of the body; the cell-plasma representing the vegetative system, the cell-nucleus representing the cerebro-nervous system. Possibly the nucleolus is the Supra- and Subconscious element.
XIV
_Inorganic Matter is Dual and Hermaphrodite. Life breaks up this Neuter counterpoise, and progressively unlocks and segregates, and thus reveals and specialises the inherent attributes of Sex_
Phenomena of Duality characterise not Living Matter only, but Inorganic Matter too. The elemental atom is never found manifesting singly, but always as two atoms coupled together, in the form of "the molecule"; these mated atoms being of opposite electrical potential.
And since Living Matter has evolved out of Inorganic Matter--what is to be inferred but that the duality of the living cell is the evolution, on the plane of Life, of the duality of the chemical molecule?
Further, that the duality of living forms in terms of sex-characteristics is the evolution, on the plane of Living Faculty, of the duality alike of the living cell and of the chemical molecule; the two sexes representing, respectively, the contrary inherences of all these dualities, specialised and ever further intensifying in the contrary trends of the opposite Sex-traits of Male and Female.
The elemental molecule is seen thus to be hybrid, or hermaphrodite, in constitution, precisely as the living cell and the living body are. While that both living cells and inorganic crystals reproduce, proves factors of Sex differentiated and functioning in them.
The inertia of Matter is due to the hermaphrodite state; its contrary Sex-impulses interlocking and nullifying one another. Life breaks up this neuter state of equipoise, by increasingly segregating the dual-sex-inherences and evolving each along its own intrinsic trend; thereby engendering between their dual factors fructifying interoperations which result in the motions of Growth and other vital processes.
Growth is a phenomenon of Reproduction. Living cells increase their substance by germination of their bi-sexual elements. Attaining maturity, a cell divides into two cells, each of which by way of similar processes develops into a mature cell.
And since for all Change, two (or more) contrary impulses are necessary, and since Reproduction is a function of Sex, what is to be inferred but that Evolution and Growth and all other phenomena of living cells result from oppositions, co-operations and correlations of the contrary impetus and processes of two orders of sex-factors present therein? By way alone of their bi-sexuality, are cells, both animal and vegetable, able to reproduce the cell-offspring required by living organisms for processes of growth, of function and repair.
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WOMAN AND LABOUR
By OLIVE SCHREINER
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WOMAN AND MARRIAGE
A HANDBOOK
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With a Preface by DR. MARY SCHARLIEB, and an Introduction by Mrs. S. A. BARNETT
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The direct purpose of this book is to explain very simply something of the structure and the use of parenthood, and to show the possibilities which arise from it--in short, to help women, and men too--in the understanding of themselves. It endeavours to increase intelligence on the subject of child-life by letting a clear light shine on those everyday matters of birth and life which are so often furtively wrapped in a mysterious and wholly distorting gloom.
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CONTENTS
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY pages 1 to 8 TRAVEL & DESCRIPTION " 8 " 9 POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY & ECONOMICS " 10 " 13 BELLES LETTRES " 14 " 16 POETRY AND DRAMA " 17 MISCELLANEOUS " 18 FICTION " 19 to 21 NEW EDITIONS AND IMPRESSIONS " 22 " 27
Life and Letters of Silvanus Phillips Thompson, F.R.S. By JANE S. THOMPSON and HELEN G. THOMPSON. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920).
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This is a straightforward and somewhat intimate account of the career of a man of great and varied gifts. Born into the family of a simple Quaker schoolmaster of York his extraordinary energy and devotion to science carried him into the foremost ranks of physicists, an acknowledged leader in electro-technology and optics. Both as popular lecturer and as trainer of technical college students his skill was unrivalled, and wheresoever he went his enthusiasm for men and things won him friendships, alike in his own country and abroad. Many of the letters describe experiences on his journeys, others adventures of the antiquarian in the pursuit of sixteenth and seventeenth century scientific literature, and yet others tell of battles for truth in some field or other.
The book contains appreciations of his works as original investigator, teacher, writer, artist, and "prophet," and indirectly testifies to the warmth of personal regard which the frank geniality of his nature won for him in many spheres.
All and Sundry: More Uncensored Celebrities. By E. T. RAYMOND, Author of "Uncensored Celebrities." Demy 8vo, cloth.
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Few books this year have attracted more attention or been more widely read than Mr. E. T. Raymond's "Uncensored Celebrities," a work as caustic as it was impartial. In his new work Mr. Raymond does not limit himself to political personalities only, but includes figures in the Church, such as the Bishop of London and Dean Inge; in literature, Mr. G. K. Chesterton, Mr. Hilaire Belloc, and Mr. Rudyard Kipling; in journalism, Mr. Harold Begbie, Mr. T. P. O'Connor, and Mr. Leo Maxse; in art and music, Mr. Frank Brangwyn and Sir Thomas Beecham. Mr. Raymond includes also character sketches of President Wilson, M. Georges Clemenceau, the Duke of Somerset, Viscount Chaplin, Viscount Esher, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Ernle, Mr. Speaker, and many other prominent people. Wider in range than "Uncensored Celebrities" and equally brilliant, this work may be expected to appeal to even a larger public than its remarkable predecessor.
The Life of John Payne. By THOMAS WRIGHT, Author of "The Life of William Cowper," etc. With 18 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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Few great authors appeal more to the imagination than John Payne, the hero of "The John Payne Society," who shrank from the lime-light of "interviewing." Recognised as a true poet by Swinburne, he was probably the most skilful translator of the nineteenth century, for we owe to him a version of Villon's poems which is itself a poetic work of consummate art, the first complete translation of the "Arabian Nights," the first complete verse rendering of Omar Khayyam's quatrains, to say nothing of translations of "The Decameron," etc. Among his friends were Swinburne, Sir Richard Burton, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Arthur O'Shaughnessy, French authors such as Victor Hugo, Banville, and Mallarmé, and the artist who ventured to depict "God with eyes turned inward upon His own glory." Mr. Wright by an extraordinary exercise of tact and sympathy was able to pass the barrier which shut Payne off from anybody who sought to know the man behind the books. For twelve years before Payne's death in 1916 he was his most intimate friend, and as, during all that time, he had in view the writing of Payne's Life he lost next to none of his opportunities for obtaining at first hand the facts and opinions needed for his work. Moreover, Payne made him a present of a MS. autobiography and supplied him with valuable material from his letter-files. Mr. Wright was, in fact, Payne's Boswell, and no life which may be written hereafter can have the weight and interest of this vivid book, much of which gives us the sound of Payne's own voice.
A History of Modern Colloquial English. By HENRY CECIL WYLD, B. Litt. (Oxon.), Baines Professor of English Language and Philology at the University of Liverpool. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
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The book deals more particularly with the changes that have taken place during the last five hundred years in the spoken forms of English. The development of English pronunciation and the changes in grammatical usage are dealt with in considerable detail, and there is a chapter on idiomatic colloquialisms, modes of greeting, forms of address in society, conventional and individual methods of beginning and ending private letters, expletives, etc. The main part of the book is based almost entirely upon new material collected from the prose and poetical literature, and also from Letters, Diaries and Wills written during the five centuries following the death of Chaucer. A sketch is given of the chief peculiarities of the English dialects from about 1150, to the end of the 14th century, and special chapters are devoted to a general account of the languages of the 15th, 16th, and 17th and 18th centuries respectively. Many questions of general interest are dealt with, such as the rise of a common literary form of English, and its relation to the various spoken dialects; the recognition of a standard form of spoken English, and its variations from age to age, and among different social classes. The various types of English are illustrated by copious examples from the writings of all the periods under consideration. This will be a work of much interest for the intelligent general reader as well as for the scholar. Professor Wyld is the author of many well-known and widely read books of which this ought to prove not the least popular.
Zanzibar: Past and Present. By MAJOR FRANCIS B. PEARCE, C.M.G. (British Resident in Zanzibar), With a Map and 32 pages Illustrations. Super Royal 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
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This important work deals with the past and present history of Zanzibar. From the earliest times this island, owing to its commanding position off the coast of Africa, controlled the great trade-routes which traversed the Continent from the Indian to the Atlantic Oceans, and it has remained to the present day the Metropolis of the East African Region. It has known many over-lords, and the author, who is His Majesty's Representative in Zanzibar, traces the story of this romantic island-kingdom down the centuries. The close association of this African island with ancient and mediæval Arabia is demonstrated, and the advent of the old Persian colonists to its shores explained. Coming to later times such names as Vasco da Gama and Sir James Lancaster, that famous Elizabethan sea-captain, are met with; until leaving beaten tracks, the author introduces the reader to the hoary kingdom of Oman, whence came those princes of the Arabian desert, who subdued to their sway the rich spice-island of Zanzibar, and the adjacent territories of Central Africa. Modern Zanzibar is fully dealt with, and the enlightened Prince who occupies the throne of Zanzibar to-day is introduced to the reader in a personal interview. The latter portion of the work is devoted to descriptions of the ruined Arab and Persian stone-built towns--the very names of which are now forgotten--which until cleared by the author, lay mouldering in the forests of Zanzibar and Pemba. The text is elucidated by a series of beautiful photographs and by specially prepared maps.
This volume must be regarded as the standard work on the Sultanate of Zanzibar.
The Canadians in France, 1915-1918 By CAPT. HARWOOD STEELE, M.C., late Headquarters Staff, 2nd Canadian Division. With Maps. Demy 8vo. (Spring, 1920.)
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Captain Steele, who is already favourably known as the author of the spirited volume of poems entitled "Cleared for Action," here recounts the deeds of the famous force sent by Canada to take part in the Great War. What St. Julien, Ypres, St. Eloi, the Somme, Passchaendaele, Lens, Vimy, Amiens, Cambrai and Mons, 1918 mean in the glorious record of the Allies will be fully understood by the reader of this book.
This is the first complete record of the achievements of the Canadian divisions to be published. Captain Steele served three years in France, and participated in most of the important engagements in which the Canadians took part.
Drake, Nelson and Napoleon: Studies. By SIR WALTER RUNCIMAN, Bart., Author of "The Tragedy of St. Helena," etc. Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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In this work Sir Walter Runciman deals first with Drake and what he calls the Fleet Tradition, of which he regards Drake, the greatest Elizabethan sailor, as the indubitable founder; next the author deals at considerable length with Nelson, his relations with Lady Hamilton, and the various heroic achievements which have immortalised his name. From Nelson the author passes on to Napoleon, and shows how his career and policy have had a vital relation to the World War. As himself a sailor of the old wooden-ships period, Sir Walter is able to handle with special knowledge and intimacy the technique of the seafaring exploits of Nelson; and Sir Walter's analysis of the character of Nelson, a combination of vanity, childishness, statesmanlike ability, and incomparable seamanship and courage, is singularly well conceived.
Bolingbroke and Walpole. By the Rt. Hon. J. M. ROBERTSON, Author of "Shakespeare and Chapman," "The Economics of Progress," etc., etc. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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Many years ago, in his "Introduction to English Politics" (recast as "The Evolution of States"), Mr. Robertson proposed to continue that survey in a series of studies of the leading English politicians, from Bolingbroke to Gladstone. Taking up the long suspended plan, he has now produced a volume on the two leading statesmen of an important period, approaching its problems through their respective actions. The aim is to present political history at once in its national and its personal aspects, treating the personalities of politicians as important forces, but studying at the same time the whole intellectual environment. A special feature of the volume intended to be developed in those which may follow is a long chapter in "The Social Evolution," setting forth the nation's progress, from generation to generation, in commerce, industry, morals, education, literature, art, science, and well-being.
Seen from a Railway Platform. By WILLIAM VINCENT. Crown 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
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Mr. Vincent must from his early years have cultivated his faculty of observation, and he has a marvellous memory for what he has seen or heard. His recollections start from the early 'sixties, when, as a boy, he got a situation as bookstall clerk, from which position he rose to be bookstall manager in various parts of the country. His experiences as bookstall manager on a railway platform, with its continuously shifting crowds and contacts with various idiosyncracies, are highly interesting, but he recalls many events that have happened in his time away from the bookstall, the notorious Heenan fight, the remarkable exhibition of the "Great Eastern" and others. He gives curious accounts of the early railway carriages, the treatment of the third-class passenger and much other lore concerning railway travel in the now distant days. Altogether, Mr. Vincent has produced a valuable volume of reminiscences.
Life of Liza Lehmann. By Herself. With a Coloured Frontispiece and 16 pp. Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Shortly before her death, Madame Liza Lehmann completed a volume of Reminiscences. A charming and gifted woman her life was spent in artistic and literary surroundings. She was the daughter of an artist, Rudolf Lehmann, the wife of another, Herbert Bedford, one of her sisters being Mrs. Barry Pain, and her cousins including Muriel Ménie Dowie ("The Girl in the Carpathians") and Mr. R. C. Lehmann, of "Punch." Her memories include a dinner with Verdi, conversations with Jenny Lind, anecdotes of Edward VII, Brahms, Mme. Clara Butt, and other celebrities. As the composer of "A Persian Garden," she became world-renowned, and her self-revelation is not less interesting than her tit-bits about other artists.
Men and Manner in Parliament. By SIR HENRY LUCY. With a Biographical Note and about 32 Illustrations. Large Crown 8vo.
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As "Member for the Chiltern Hundreds" Sir Henry Lucy published an interesting volume on the Parliament of 1874. The book has been long out of print, but it again came "on the tapis" as it seemed to the publisher so thoroughly worth bringing to life again. It is recorded in the authorised Life of President Wilson that study of the articles on their original publication in the "Gentleman's Magazine" directed his career into the field of politics. He wrote to the author apropos this book: "I shall always think of you as one of my instructors." The book is essentially a connected series of character-sketches written in the well-known witty manner of the famous _Punch_ diarist. Gladstone, "Dizzy," Dilke, Bright, Auberon Herbert, Roebuck, Sir Stafford Northcote, etc., are some of the leading figures, and lesser-known M.P.'s resume a vigorous vitality, thanks to Sir Henry's magic pen.
Anglo-American Relations, 1861-1865. By BROUGHAM VILLIERS & W. H. CHESSON. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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This book deals with the causes of friction and misunderstandings between Great Britain and the United States during the trying years of the Civil War. The reasons which, for a time, gave prominence to the Southern sympathies of the British ruling classes, while rendering almost inarticulate the far deeper feeling for the Cause of Union and Emancipation among the masses of our people, are examined and explained. Such dramatic incidents as the Trent affair, the launching of the "Alabama," and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation are dealt with from the point of view of their effect upon opinion in this country as illustrated by contemporary correspondence and literature. Interesting facts, now almost forgotten, of the movements inaugurated by the English friends of the North to explain to our people the true issues at stake in the conflict are reproduced, and an attempt is made to estimate the influence of the controversies of the time on the subsequent relations of the English-speaking peoples.
Mr. W. H. Chesson, grandson of George Thompson, the anti-slavery orator, who was William Lloyd Garrison's bosom friend, contributes a chapter which attempts to convey an impression of the influence of Transatlantic problems upon English oratory and the writings of public men.
Woodrow Wilson: An interpretation. By A. MAURICE LOW, Author of "The American People: A Study in National Psychology," with a Portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Mr. A. Maurice Low has long been recognised as, next to Lord Bryce, the most acute, discriminating, and well-informed of the English critics of America. His long residence in that country and his exhaustive study of certain phases of American life have given him a background for the interpretation of their political life.
Mr. Low has written this interpretation of President Wilson "because the man to-day who occupies the largest place in the world's thought is almost as little understood by his own people as he is by the peoples of other countries, and still remains an enigma," but his point of view as an interpreter is that of a contemporary foreign observer who, while having the benefit of long residence in the United States and an intimate knowledge of its people and politics, may justly claim a detached point of view and to be uninfluenced by personal or political considerations.
Peace-Making at Paris. By SISLEY HUDDLESTON. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Mr. Huddleston has been one of the most independent commentators of the proceedings at the Paris Conference, with a keen sense of the realities, and his despatches have, in the phrase of one of our best-known authors, made him "easily the best" of the Paris correspondents. This book aims at giving a broad account of the seven months which followed the Armistice; but the writer has a point of view and has not told the story of these memorable days objectively, such as might have been done by any compiler with the aid of the newspapers. A resident in Paris, he has lived close to the heart of the Conference, and throws a vivid light on certain events which it is of the utmost importance to understand. Thus the famous "moderation interview," which was followed by the telegram of protest from 370 M.P.'s and the return to Westminster of the Prime Minister, who made the most sensational speech of his career, came from his pen. The attitude of Mr. Wilson is specially studied; his apotheosis and the waning of his star and his apparent lapse from "Wilsonianism" is explained. There is shown the dramatic clash of ideas. Special attention is devoted to the strange and changing policy in Russia, and some extremely curious episodes are revealed. This is not merely a timely publication, but the volume is likely to preserve for many years its place as the most illuminating piece of work about the two hundred odd days in Paris. It is certain to raise many controversies, and it is one of those books which it is indispensable to read.
Letters of Anne Gilchrist and Walt Whitman. Edited with an Introduction by THOMAS B. HARNED (One of Walt Whitman's Literary Executors). Cloth.
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Anne Gilchrist, a charming woman of rare literary culture and intelligence, who was born in 1828 and died in 1885, was Whitman's first notable female eulogist in England, her essay on him being a valuable piece of pioneer-criticism. Admiration in her case became identified with love; in the 'seventies she wrote Whitman ardent love letters, the contents of which would have surprised any literary man less acquainted than he was to heroic candour. Whitman was not insensible to the affectionate feelings of Mrs. Gilchrist (her husband died in 1861), and his share of their correspondence is of considerable interest to students of "Leaves of Grass."
Breaking the Hindenburg Line: The Story of the 46th (North Midland) Division. By RAYMOND E. PRIESTLEY, Author of "Antarctic Adventure." Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression.)
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Written by a member of the Division for his comrades and their relatives and friends, the book is first of all intended to place on record for the North Midland people the deeds of their men during the weeks which crowned four years of steadfast endeavour during the Great War.
It has, however, a wider significance, and thus deserves a wider circulation. The North Midland county regiments were composed mainly of miners, machinists, operatives and agriculturists: men without military traditions or militant desires. The last men to take to war without an all-compelling reason.
The Transvaal Surrounded. By W. J. LEYDS, Litt.D., Author of "The First Annexation of the Transvaal." With Maps. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
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This work is a continuation of "The First Annexation of the Transvaal" by the same author, and like the previous volume is based chiefly on British documents, Blue Books, and other official records. References are given to these, and the reader can form his own opinion from them. To find his way through the overwhelming mass of documents is only possible for the man who for long years drew up and signed most of the papers issued by his Government. For the official records accessible to the historian are incomplete; they must be supplemented by the archives of the Republic. Only when this has been done--as it has now by one who knows--will the history of the relations between England and the Boers be freed from falsehood and slander.
Modern Japan: Its Political, Military and Industrial Development. By WILLIAM MONTGOMERY MCGOVERN, Ph.D., M.R.A.D., F.R.A.I., M.J.S., etc. Lecturer on Japanese, School of Oriental Studies (Unv. of Lond.), Priest of the Nishi, Hongwaryi, Kyoto, Japan, (Spring, 1920.)
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Unlike the book of casual impressions by the tourist or globe-trotter or a tedious work of reference for the library, Mr. McGovern's book on "Modern Japan," gives for the average educated man an interesting description of the evolution of Japan as a modern world Power, and describes the gradual triumphs over innumerable obstacles which she accomplished. The book relates how the Restoration of 1867 was carried out by a small coterie of ex-Samurai, in whose hands, or in that of their successors, political power has ever since remained. We see portrayed the perfecting of the Bureaucratic machine, the general, political and institutional history, the stimulation of militarism and Imperialism, and centralised industry. It is a vivid account of the real Japan of to-day, and of the process by which it has become so. Though comprehensible to the non-technical reader, yet the most careful student of Far Eastern affairs will find much of value in the acute analysis of the Japanese nation. The author is one who has resided for years in Japan, was largely educated there, who was in the Japanese Government service, and who, by his fluent knowledge of the language, was in intimate contact with all the leading statesmen of to-day. Furthermore his position as priest of the great Buddhist temple of Kyoto brought him in touch with phases of Japanese life most unusual for a European. While neither pro nor anti-Japanese, he has delineated the extraordinary efficiency of the machine of State (so largely modelled on Germany), while, at the same time, he has pointed out certain dangers inherent in its autocratic bureaucracy.
_TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION_
Byways in Southern Tuscany. By KATHERINE HOOKER. With 60 full-page Illustrations, besides sketches in the text and a removable Frontispiece, the end papers being a coloured map of Southern Tuscany by Porter Garnett. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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In addition to its absorbing historic interest this book has the claim of recording the impressions of a vivacious and observant lady who describes what she has seen in modern Tuscany from San Galgano to Sorano.
Those who like books which conjure up beautiful historic places and fascinating romances of real life will be sure to enjoy this handsome volume. Among the stories related by the author is the harrowing one of Nello Pannocchieschi told by Dante, the scene of which is the ill-famed Maremma, mentioned in a proverb as a district where "You grow rich in a year, but die in six months."
The Romantic Roussillon: In the French Pyrenees. By ISABEL SAVORY. With Illustrations by M. LANDSEER MACKENZIE. Super Royal 8vo.
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This book is written for a double purpose: to reveal to lovers of sculpture the beauties of certain Romanesque work hitherto hidden in remote corners of the Pyrenees, and to suggest to travellers the attractions of a little country formerly known as the Roussillon, which now forms part of the Pyrénées Orientales.
Well off the beaten track, though within easy reach of London, it should appeal to lovers of fine scenery and to students of Romanesque and mediæval architecture.
Miss Isabel Savory, author of "The Tail of the Peacock" and "A Sportswoman in India," has explored every inch of it. Each chapter is a witness to the writer's research in the Library at Perpignan, coupled with a graphic description of the country from an artistic point of view, and lively portraits of the Catalam as he exists to-day.
Miss Muriel Landseer MacKenzie, sculptor and great-niece of Sir Edwin Landseer, gives a series of pencil drawings of which the collotype process makes faithful reproductions. Apart from their own merit, they represent subjects of which apparently no records exist, details of Byzantine and Romanesque architecture discovered in neglected abbeys, old churches, and ruins in the hills.
At the end of the book there is a map and a few practical notes for travellers which indicate that prices are moderate, and that there are good roads for motorists, though the country is pre-eminently adapted for those who like the informality of the knapsack and the mountain path.
In the Wilds of South America: Six Years of Exploration in Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil. By LEO E. MILLER, of the American Museum of Natural History. First Lieutenant in the United States Aviation Corps. With 48 Full-page Illustrations and with maps. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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This volume represents a series of almost continuous explorations hardly ever paralleled in the huge areas traversed. The author is a distinguished field naturalist--one of those who accompanied Colonel Roosevelt on his famous South American expedition--and his first object in his wanderings over 150,000 miles of territory was the observation of wild life; but hardly second was that of exploration. The result is a wonderfully informative, impressive, and often thrilling narrative in which savage peoples and all but unknown animals largely figure, which forms an infinitely readable book and one of rare value for geographers, naturalists, and other scientific men.
Millions from Waste. By Frederick A. TALBOT, Author of "The Oil Conquest of the World," "All About Inventions and Discoveries," "Moving Pictures; How they are Made and Worked," "Practical Cinematography," "The Building of a Great Canadian Railway," etc., etc., etc. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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In this book, Mr. Frederick A. Talbot, whose many volumes dealing with invention, science, and industry in a popular manner have achieved such a successful vogue, introduces us to what may very appropriately be described as a fairyland of successful endeavour in a little known field. The present work does not aim at being a treatise upon the whole subject, because it is far too vast to be covered within the covers of a single volume. He takes us, as it were, into the less frequented, yet more readily accessible by-ways, where exceptional opportunities occur for one and all sections of the community to contribute to one of the greatest economic issues of the day.
Every industry, every home, contributes to the waste problem; each incurs a certain proportion of residue which it cannot use. This circumstance, combined with the knowledge that it is our duty to discover a commercial use for such by-products, has been responsible for many happy stories of success achieved during voyages of discovery which the author duly records.
Mr. Talbot does not confine himself to a mere recital of the so-called waste products. He describes how their recovery and exploitations may be profitably conducted, so that the present volume is of decided practical value. He treats of the fertility of thought displayed by the inventor, chemist, and engineer in the evolution of simple ways and means to turn despised materials into indispensable articles of commerce. Many of the appliances are of a striking and highly ingenious character and cannot fail to excite interest.
The Nations and the League. By Various Writers. With an Introductory Chapter by Sir GEORGE PAISH. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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This important work presents the views of eminent men of different nationalities upon one of the most burning questions of the day. French views are supplied by M. Léon Bourgeois, President of the Association Française pour la Société des Nations, and the famous French barrister, M. André Mater, whose historical account of experiments already made in International Leagues, is of high interest. The President of Columbia University, Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, supplies an essay on Patriotism in which this noble quality is rightly adjusted to a larger idea of human brotherhood than has formerly been connected with it. Sir Sidney Low presents a British view, and Messrs. Louis Strauss and A. Heringa contribute Dutch and Belgian views respectively. Mr. Johan Castberg, President of the Norwegian Odelsting, and the celebrated explorer, Dr. Nansen, write for Norway, and the Germans have a spokesman in Professor Lujo Brentano, of Munich. Sir George Paish brings his long experience and expert knowledge to bear on the economic questions that confront the League.
Local Development Law: A Survey of the Powers of Local Authorities in Regard to Housing, Roads, Buildings, Lands and Town Planning. By H. C. DOWDALL, Barrister-at-Law, Lecturer on Town Planning Law in the University of Liverpool and Legal Member of the Town Planning Institute. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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This book, which incorporates the important legislation just passed on the subject, has been written at the request of architects and surveyors as well as lawyers, council clerks, and councillors, who have complained that they have been unable to find the kind of information which it supplies in a brief, comprehensive, and intelligible form.
For the law of housing, roads, parks, open spaces, allotments, public buildings, town planning, private Bill procedure, compensation, and kindred matters bearing on the public control of land and the use of land for public purposes is contained in many large volumes through which even a skilled lawyer finds his way with difficulty. Mr. Dowdall's work deals with all these subjects systematically and fully, almost in the form of a code, but it is held together and enlivened by a certain measure of historical and illustrative matter, and avoids unnecessary detail by giving references through which the fullest information is made readily accessible to those who desire it, but perhaps do not know where to look for it.
The author is of opinion that local authorities are often imperfectly aware of the full range and scope of the powers which they enjoy, or of the manner in which they might be co-ordinated and brought to bear upon what is, after all, the single and indivisible problem of town planning and town improvement.
My Italian Year. Observations and Reflections in Italy, 1917-18. By JOSEPH COLLINS. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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In the latter part of 1917 the author was assigned to military duty in Italy. The nature of his duties brought him in close contact with Italians in every walk of life and every part of the kingdom. Italy was not previously unknown to him, as he had made already frequent visits. He presents a study of the Italian temperament, describes the different social classes, gives a study of the governmental machine, describes various sights and monuments (not at all in the tourist manner), and altogether writes a very original book. The author has been trained by a life of observation, examination and deduction, as the work itself clearly shows. He writes with lucidity and charm, and though, as he says, he has been since childhood a lover of Italy, he writes with great impartiality of certain features of the Italian people. Despite the fact that the war enters the book to a certain extent, its main interest is by no means the war, but the fascinating study it presents of the Italian character, ways and manners, and of Italy generally.
Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. By W. TROTTER. New Library Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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PRESS OPINIONS OF THE FIRST EDITION.
"An exceedingly original essay on individual and social psychology."--THE NEW STATESMAN.
"It is a balanced and inspiring study of one of the prime factors of human advance."--THE TIMES.
"The main purpose of Mr. Trotter's book, which may be commended both for its logic and its circumspection, is to suggest that the science of psychology is not a mass of dreary and indefinite generalities, but if studied in relation to other branches of biology, a guide in the actual affairs of life, enabling the human mind to foretell the course of human action."--DAILY TELEGRAPH.
Boy-Work: Exploitation or Training? By the Rev. SPENCER J. GIBB, Author of "The Problem of Boy-Work," etc. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Mr. Spencer Gibb Is well known as a writer on the social and economic problems which arise from the employment of boys. His new book, is a systematic consideration of these problems, as the conclusion of the War has left them, and of the remedies which are being proposed. It seeks to co-ordinate these reforms so as to lead to a solution of the problem. But the book is of wider than merely economic and industrial interest. The problem as Mr. Gibb sees it is not only one of boy-work, but of the _boy at work_. He therefore examines, with close analysis and sympathetic knowledge, the psychology and physiology of the boy at the age of entering upon work and in the succeeding years, and traces the reaction of working conditions, not only upon his economic future, but upon his character.
The Land and the Soldier. By FREDERICK C. HOWE, Author of "The Only Possible Peace," etc. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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The author believes that this is the moment for extensive social and agricultural reconstruction: the large bodies of returning soldiers on the outlook for work gives an unparalleled opportunity for experiment toward this; and the war experience of the Government gained in financing and organising war industries and communities could be applied with great advantage and effect. The plan is based on the organisation of farm colonies somewhat after the Danish models, not on reclaimed or distant land, but upon land never properly cultivated, often near the large cities, and aims to connect with the communities thus formed the social advantages of, for instance, the garden villages of England. In fact, the author advances a broad and thoughtful programme, looking toward an extensive agricultural and social organisation, and based upon a long and careful study of experiments in this line in other times and countries as well as here.
It is a book that no one concerned with reconstruction can afford to neglect.
The Only Possible Peace. By FREDERICK C. HOWE, Author of "Privilege and Democracy," "The City," "The Hope of Democracy," etc. Large Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Under modern industrial conditions it is conflicts springing from economic forces that are mainly responsible for war forces that seek for control of other people's lands, territories, trade resources, or the land and water ways which control such economic opportunities. Mr. Howe's work, keeping these essential points in view, is an attempt to show how to anticipate and avoid war rather than how to provide means for the arbitration of disputes after they have arisen. Mr. Howe, a widely known student of economics and international questions, has here produced a book of the highest importance.
Nationalities in Hungary. By ANDRÉ DE HEVESY. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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This is a study of the many and various nationalities of which Hungary is composed, of their respective characters, and of the problems which confront these nationalities. The author advocates a sort of United States of Hungary, giving each nationality the fullest liberty of internal self-determination. Included in the work is an ethnographical map of Hungary which is of great assistance to the reader.
The New America. By FRANK DILNOT, Author of "Lloyd George: the Man and His Story," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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This volume presents in a series of short, vivacious sketches the impressions made on a trained observer from England of life in the United States during 1917 and 1918. Manners, outlook and temperament are dealt with appreciatively, and there is a good-humored analysis of how Americans eat, drink and amuse themselves. The chapters include "The Women of America," "American Hustle and Humour," "President Wilson at Close Quarters." There is an intimate character-sketch at first-hand of General Rush C. Hawkins, who raised and commanded the New York Zouaves in the Civil War, with a narrative of some of his conversations with Lincoln.
Home Rule Through Federal Devolution. By FREDERICK W. PIM. With an Introduction by FREDERIC HARRISON. Paper covers.
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The author assumes that there is a general consensus that extensive modifications of our existing legislative and administrative systems are urgently required, and that all indications seem to show that the present time offers an exceptional opportunity for dealing with them. He offers federal devolution as the solution of the Irish question. Mr. Frederic Harrison makes a valuable contribution to the pamphlet.
Bye Paths in Curio Collecting. By ARTHUR HAYDEN, Author of "Chats on Old Clocks," "Chats on Old Silver," etc. With a Frontispiece and 72 Full Page Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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The broad way of collecting is crowded with bargain-hunters. Competitors are keen and prices are high. All real collectors love peregrinations into the unknown, and have often stumbled upon quaint and long-forgotten objects which were once in everyday use, but are now relegated to the attic or the lumber-room. In furniture there are many objects not deemed desirable by the fashionable collector; in porcelain and earthenware there is still much that has not reached the noisy mart to be chaffered over as being rare. There are precious and beautiful things comparatively unsought and unconsidered. Modernity has forgotten many by-gone necessities. The tinder-box with its endless varieties has not escaped studious attention but it has not come into the forefront of collecting as has the ornate and bejewelled snuff-box with its more highly attractive appearance. Old Playing-Cards, Old Fans, Silhouettes, Patch-Boxes, Snuffers, Old Keys, Old Chests and Coffers, Earrings, Brass Table-Bells, Carved Watch-Stands, Curious Teapots, Tea-Caddies and Caddy-Spoons, Tobacco-Boxes, Tobacco-Stoppers, have their appeal to collectors who have specialised and have become experts--that is, have left the highway of collecting and pursued a delightful search in the bye-paths. This volume deals with these, among other subjects.
The author has drawn upon his notebooks for twenty-five years, and has opened to the reader a wonderful storehouse of miscellaneous information illuminated with a gallery of photographic reproductions. As a pleasant guide in the bye-paths of collecting, Mr. Hayden will fascinate those real collectors who love collecting for its own sake.
Shakespeare and the Welsh. By FREDERICK J. HARRIES. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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The author has dealt with his highly interesting subject in a manner both critical and attractive. Not only has he examined Shakespeare's knowledge of Welsh characteristics through a study of his Welsh characters, but he has also collected much valuable information regarding the Celtic sources from which Shakespeare drew his materials. The opportunities which probably presented themselves to the poet for studying Welshmen at first hand are suggested, and an endeavour is made to arrive at an explanation of Shakespeare's singularly sympathetic attitude toward the Welsh nation. What will strike the general reader most, perhaps, is the variety of topics which arise around Shakespeare's Celtic allusions, and a subject of great interest to the Welsh reader will be the claim that Shakespeare was descended through his paternal grandmother from the old Welsh kings. The claim is not a mere speculative one, for a pedigree is given. The work is unique in many respects, and should find a welcome not merely among Welshmen, but among all Shakespeare students.
My Commonplace Book. J.T. HACKETT. Dem 8vo, Cloth.
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The title of this bock, it is needless to say, does not mean that the contents are commonplace. It is a very rich collection of choice extracts from the verse and prose of famous writers, and writers who deserve to be famous. Swinburne is particularly well represented, as is seldom the case in anthologies. The arrangement of the book and the accuracy of the matter have been the subject of careful consideration.
Some Greek Masterpieces in Dramatic and Bucolic Poetry Thought into English Verse. By WILLIAM STEBBING, M.A., Hon. Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, and Fellow of King's College, London.
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The author, who is a scholar, presents in this volume an English verse anthology of two departments in Greek poetry. Among the passages and poems which he has rendered are the charge against Olympus by Prometheus, the "Hymn of the Furies," Iphigenia's appeals to her father and mother, "Hue and Cry after Cupid," etc. To convey the poet's thought has been the translator's purpose, and his versions are particularly intended for the reader who has classical tastes without having had a thorough classical education.
The Legend of Roncevaux. Adapted from "La Chanson de Roland," by SUSANNA H. ULOTH. With four illustrations by John Littlejohns, R.B.A. Small 4to, cloth.
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Of all the legends circulating round the name of Charlemagne none is more famous and popular than that of the Paladins Roland and Oliver. The poem known as "La Chanson de Roland" is the earliest epic in the French language, dating in all probability from a period not long after the conquest of England by William of Normandy and before the first Crusade. Mrs. Uloth has written a metrical and rhymed version of the most important part of the "Chanson," namely, the story of the treachery which led to the battle of Roncevaux, and the thrilling series of encounters which terminated in the heroic death of Oliver and the lonely and mystical death of Roland. There are not many rivals in the field, and her work should, therefore, command a good deal of interest. It may be added that Mr. John Littlejohns, who illustrates the work, has won a considerable reputation for originality and charm in drawing and painting.
The Collected Stories of Standish O'Grady. With an Introduction by Æ. First 3 volumes now issued. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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THE CUCULAIN CYCLE.
(1) The Coming of Cuculain. (2) In the Gates of the North. (3) The Triumph and Passing of Cuculain.
These three books contain the essential and most beautiful portions of Mr. Standish O'Grady's "Bardic History of Ireland," the work which proved to be the starting-point of Ireland's Literary Renaissance. That work has long been unobtainable, and is now offered for the first time in a convenient and popular form, which will enable every reader to make the acquaintance of the most striking figure in contemporary Anglo-Irish literature. The debt which a generation of brilliant poets and dramatists owe to the author of these Cuculain stories has well been described by one of his disciples, who wrote:--
"In the 'Bardic History of Ireland' he opened, with a heroic gesture, the doors which revealed to us in Ireland the giant lord of the Red Branch Knights and the Fianna. Though a prose writer, he may be called the last of the bards--a true comrade of Homer."
A NEW VOLUME OF THE TALBOT LITERARY STUDIES.
Irish Books and Irish People. By STEPHEN GWYNN, M.A. Crown 8vo, cloth
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Whatever Captain Gwynn writes is worth reading. He has a knowledge of the literary value of Irish books, and the complex personality of Irish possessed by few present-day writers, and he imparts his knowledge with that peculiar detached conviction of the hurler on the ditch. Whether one accepts or rejects the opinions expressed, they are always worthy of consideration, while the fine choice of language and beautiful literary style will well repay a second reading. Capt. Gwynn deals with such subjects as Novels of Irish Life, A Century of Irish Humour, Literature Among the Illiterates, Irish Education and Irish Character, Yesterday in Ireland, etc., etc.
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Swords and Flutes. Poems. By WILLIAM KEAN SEYMOUR. Crown 8vo, cloth. 4s. net.
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WHAT THE CRITICS SAY OF MR. SEYMOUR'S WORK.
"We recognise not so much audacity of experiment as a sound loyalty to the best standards of the past, and an almost acute appreciation of beauty both of vision and form.... Mr. Seymour's poetry is full of rich and multi-coloured pageantry, a sheer delight to the eye and imagination."--THE BOOKMAN.
"Mr. Seymour's verse is full of a haunting, fugitive sense of beauty, and owes allegiance to a school of lyric craftsmanship which is rapidly falling out of date. But it is something more than this. Mr. Seymour believes that poetry should not only beautify, but interpret life."--DAILY TELEGRAPH.
"The Measure" and "Down Stream." Two Plays. By GRAHAM RAWSON, Author of "Stroke of Marbot," etc. Crown 8vo. Paper Cover.
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"The Measure" is an amusing comedy of contemporary life, in a prologue and two acts, dealing with the adventures of two bachelors who become entangled in a family containing three daughters.
"Down Stream" is a one-act play whose action takes place in a supposititious country in South-Eastern Europe, where the King traps one of his Ministers neatly, and then deals with him in an unexpected fashion.
Of Mr. Rawson's previous volume ("The Stroke of Marbot," Fisher Unwin, 1917) the _Times_ said: "They are effective plays which should act well, and the stage directions are so given as to make them quite good reading for the study."
LATEST ADDITION TO THE TALBOT PRESS BOOKLETS
The Spoiled Buddha. An Eastern Play in two Acts. By HELEN WADDELL. Paper Covers.
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The play is about the Buddha, in the days before he became a god; and about Binzuru, who was his favourite disciple, and who might have become even as the Buddha, only that he saw a woman passing by, and desired her beauty and so fell from grace.
Songs of the Island Queen. By PEADAR MacTOMAIS. Paper Covers.
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"Those are songs of a dreamer of Eire, A scion of a race that is old --Of a race that is strong, A people begotten of freemen, Rocked on the cradle of song."
West African Forests and Forestry. By A. HAROLD UNWIN, D.Oec., M.Can.S.F.E. Author of "Future Forest Trees." With upwards of 150 Illustrations. Cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
£3 3s. NET. Inland Postage, 6d.
The author, late Senior Conservator of Forestry in Nigeria, having spent eleven years in West Africa in forestry work, has had exceptional experience. He starts by dealing in general with West African forests, then successively in geographical order, with the trees and forests of Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Ivory and Gold Coasts, Togo, Nigeria, and the British Sphere of the Cameroons. He supplies notes on timber trees both for export and local use, and gives throughout the botanical and vernacular names of indigenous trees. Dr. Unwin has also chapters on the oil beans, seeds and nuts of the West African forests; on the oil palm and palm kernel industry, and the question of the forest in relation to agriculture. The work is an elaborate one, marked by singular thoroughness in its execution.
Collected Fruits of Occult Teaching. By A. P. SINNETT. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
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Mr. Sinnett, who is one of the leading lights of Theosophy and one of the ablest exponents of reincarnation and the science of the evolution of races, embodies in this work the deeply interesting information which, as an occultist, he states he has derived about the human soul, its hereafter and other matters.
Much of the work is due to the teaching of the occult master with whom Mr. Sinnett claims to be in touch. It cannot be doubted that even the most sceptical reader will be thrilled and impressed by more than one of the chapters of this remarkable and fascinating book.
The Religion of a Doctor. By THOMAS BODLEY SCOTT, M.D., Author of "The Road to a Healthy Old Age." Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Dr. Scott, who is well known for his skill as a physician, offers here a sort of modern companion to the famous "Religio Medici." The essays in this interesting volume enable the reader to view the spiritual side of a contemplative man of science of our day.
Revelations of Monte Carlo Roulette. By J. COUSINS LAWRENCE. Crown 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
3s. 6d. NET. Inland Postage, 4d.
Mr. Lawrence has had an extensive experience in studying roulette playing at Monte Carlo, and the result is an accumulation of evidence supporting his accusation of unfair control on the part of the bank in the notorious Casino. The book is a full and descriptive account of the methods of croupiers in dealing with players, of the observation maintained by the officials over both croupiers and the players. The work is full of typical incidents, tragic and amusing, observed on the spot.
Blind Alley. By W. L. GEORGE. Author of "The Second Blooming," etc. Crown 8vo. (Second Impression.)
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"A powerful piece of work, and is at once a protest against the exploitation of youth by age and an attempted demonstration that war and all its activities are spiritual blind alleys from which we merely have to grope back to the position from which we started."--PALL MALL GAZETTE.
"It is an indictment in detail, a display of follies and festivities, a protest against the past stifling the future, a stirring of muddy depths."--MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.
"It strikes us being so far its author's high watermark."--DAILY CHRONICLE.
"We ate tempted to say that 'Blind Alley' is the greatest character study of the influence of the war we have read."--LADIES' FIELD.
Pink Roses. By GILBERT CANNAN. Author of "Mendel," "The Stucco House," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression.)
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"Character and atmosphere are the qualities of Mr. Gilbert Cannan's new novel, and they revel through its pages like a riot of pink roses.... Ruth Hobday symbolises the new generation, who have learnt in suffering what they will realise in joy. Mr. Cannan has done nothing better than the portrait of this splendid type of young womanhood. Indeed, we are inclined to doubt if he has ever done anything as good."--DAILY TELEGRAPH.
The Candidate's Progress. By J. A. FARRER. Crown 8vo, cloth, with a picture wrapper.
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This is a jeu d'esprit, a political skit which pokes fun pretty evenly at all parties, especially at so-called democratic representation as exemplified by a parliamentary election conducted largely by the cynical wiles of the election agent.
The Candidate (a Conservative), who tells the story in the first person, meets all the local elite and has patiently to listen to crusted Toryism; he gets heavy orthodox support from the Bishop and the Church, and is involved in expensive experiences in competing in philanthropy with the Liberal candidate. He finds it necessary to take elocution lessons; eventually, after incredible exertions, he gets in by five votes--but this is only part of an extravaganza which has the great merit of being founded largely on fact and the observation of a political expert who is also a master of irony.
Pirates of the Spring: A Novel. By FORREST REID. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Mr. Forrest Reid is one of those careful craftsmen who are not convinced of the absolute necessity of producing one or two full-length novels every year. Mr. Reid has always an interesting story to tell, and he is a master of style, tender and sensitive, yet powerfully effective. "Pirates of the Spring" is a fine example of Mr. Reid's work which will certainly enhance his literary reputation amongst discriminating readers who appreciate a good story well told.
By Strange Paths: A Novel. By ANNIE M. P. SMITHSON. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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Miss Smithson's former novel, "Her Irish Heritage," achieved a success seldom accorded to first ventures, and "By Strange Paths" is certain to be equally popular. Miss Smithson is a nurse by profession, and her pictures of the unseen side of hospital life are drawn with the sure touch of knowledge and experience. Her characters are familiar because they are real, and the human notes of gladness and sadness run through the story as "a melody in tune."
Tales That Were Told. By SEUMAS MACMANUS. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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These are stories that are truly different real Irish folk tales, with the scent of the turf smoke still on them, and qualities of humanness, fancy and humour which make them of irresistible appeal. A delightful book for young and old, written with that touch of genius which brought a poor Donegal schoolmaster into the front rank of Irish authors.
The Whale and the Grasshopper. By SEUMAS J. O'BRIEN. With frontispiece and cover design by JOHN KEATINGS, A.R.H.A. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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A curious title of a curious book of curious stories that a curious reader will simply revel in.
Mr. Seumas O'Brien is one of the younger school of Irish writers who has taken American readers by storm, and this unique collection of short stories comes to us by way of Boston and Dublin. Regarding the stories, the "Boston Transcript" says:--
"One new short stories writer has appeared this year whose published stories open a new field to fiction and have a human richness of feeling and imagination rare in our sophisticated literature. In Seumas O'Brien I believe that America has found a new humorist of popular sympathies, a rare observer and philosopher whose very absurdities have a persuasive philosophy of their own."
_FIRST POPULAR EDITION._
GREATHEART
By ETHEL M. DELL.
Crown 8vo, cloth. With a Striking Picture Wrapper, printed in three colours. (Fifth Impression.)
3s. 6d. NET. Inland Postage 6d.
"We think Miss Dell's many admirers will consider her present novel the best she has written."--PALL MALL GAZETTE.
"Miss Dell's huge circle of admirers will revel in this latest example of her skill in incident and plot. It goes with an unfaltering swing from start to finish."--SHEFFIELD TELEGRAPH.
"The novel is full of tense situations and highly wrought emotions. Whoever begins it will not put it down until it is finished."--THE SCOTSMAN.
A NEW POPULAR EDITION OF THE SEQUEL TO "THE SHULAMITE."
THE WOMAN DEBORAH By ALICE AND CLAUDE ASKEW.
New Impression, Re-set. Crown 8vo, cloth, with a Striking Picture Wrapper, printed in three colours.
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Alice and Claude Askew's South African Novel, "The Shulamite," is one of the most popular of successful novels. The sequel, "The Woman Deborah"--an equally striking piece of work--has long been unobtainable. This new impression will find many new readers for both books.
Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs. By RAYMOND UNWIN. With many Illustrations, Maps and Plans. Crown 4to, cloth. (Sixth Impression.)
31s. 6d. NET. Inland Postage, 6d.
"Few men in England have had so much experience of town-planning as Mr. Unwin has had.... His is the first English handbook on the subject.... It is not too technical for the general reader, and it deserves a wide public."--MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.
The Evolution of Modern Germany. New and revised edition. By W. HARBUTT DAWSON. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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"A book so well known needs no recommendation, and those who have the earlier edition will assuredly desire to get the new one. It is essential as a work of reference."--THE NEW WORLD.
Richard Cobden: The International Man. By J. A. HOBSON. With a Photogravure Frontispiece, and 8 other Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression.)
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"Mr. Hobson has produced one of those rare books which it is difficult to read through, because they are too interesting. It continually lures one into reflection; one puts it down on one's knees and wanders away straight out of the text down some pleasant (and sometimes unpleasant) path of speculation.... Almost every page testifies to Cobden's soundness of judgment in the sphere of international policy."--NEW STATESMAN.
Tropic Days. By E. J. BANFIELD, Author of "The Confessions of a Beachcombe," etc. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression.)
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"The plant and bird life of a tiny Pacific island are described with care and charm, and in a number of revealing chapters the characters and habits of the very primitive natives who are Mr. Banfield's neighbours are explained. To the naturalist the abundant illustrations of rare growths will be a treasure."--THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.
Shakespeare's Workmanship. By SIR ARTHUR QUILLER-COUCH, M.A., Litt.D., King Edward VII. Professor of English Literature in the University of Cambridge. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Third Impression.)
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"Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch's analysis of Shakespeare's craftsmanship goes direct to the principles of dramatic construction; and if ever the poetic drama seriously revives in England it is more than likely that this book will be found to have had a hand in the revival."--WESTMINSTER GAZETTE.
The Soul of Denmark, By SHAW DESMOND. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Third Impression.)
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"This book is the result of nearly four years' residence in Denmark; and conveys a full and intimate picture of the Dane and his life as he impressed the author."--THE TIMES.
Old and New Masters. By Robert Lynd. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression.)
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"A book of essays full of charm, insight and sympathy, and of the transmitted enthusiasm that is the basis of all good criticism."--DAILY NEWS.
"This is a fascinating volume, and has the right quality of literary criticism."--SUNDAY TIMES.
Through Lapland with Skis and Reindeer. By FRANK HEDGES BUTLER, F.R.G.S. With 4 Maps and 65 Illustrations Demy 8vo, cloth. (Third Impression, Re-set.)
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"It is at once a fascinating story of travel, a practical guide book, and a storehouse of interesting information on the manners, customs, and folklore of a little-known people."--WORLD'S WORK.
Uncensored Celebrities. By E.T. RAYMOND Large Crown 8vo, cloth, (Fourth Impression.)
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"Some exceedingly frank portraits of public men are contained in a book with the curious title of 'Uncensored Celebrities,' which Messrs. Fisher Unwin publish. The author, Mr. E. T. Raymond, is mercilessly careful to explain in his preface that the work is 'not meant for the hero-worshipper."--EVENING STANDARD.
"No book of personal studies of recent years has given so much food for thought, and in spite of its frankness it is always fair. Mr. Raymond has succeeded in revealing men without taking sides.... Here we have clear vision, sane opinion, and a very useful sense of humour, not always free from acid."--NATIONAL NEWS.
A Short History of France. By MARY DUCLAUX. With 4 Maps. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Fourth Impression.)
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"Mme. Duclaux is a true literary artist; and no one, we venture to say, even among the writers of her adopted nation, the home of brilliant literature, was better fitted for the exact task she has here set herself and so charmingly fulfilled.... One of the chief merits of the book, which makes it valuable for all persons, and they are legion in these days, who wish really to understand France, is Mme. Duclaux's penetrating knowledge of the French character."--THE SPECTATOR.
The Wonders of Instinct: Chapters in the Psychology of Insects. By J. H. FABRE. Translated by ALEXANDER TEIXERA DE MATTOS and BERNARD MIALL. With 16 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Third Impression.)
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"Nothing has ever been written in the literature of natural history more fascinating than the essays of J. H. Fabre."--DAILY NEWS.
Six Centuries of Work and Wages: The History of English Labour. By JAMES E. THOROLD ROGERS. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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"Professor Thorold Rogers' works on political economy possess a permanent value as a storehouse of data on that branch of the science in which he specialised, and it may almost be said, made his own."--WESTMINSTER REVIEW.
Poems. By W. B. YEATS. With a Photogravure Frontispiece. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Eighth Impression.)
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"Mr. Yeats is the only one among the younger English poets who has the whole poetical temperament.... It is this continuously poetical quality of mind that seems to me to distinguish Mr. Yeats from the many men of talent, and to place him among the few men of genius."--Mr. Arthur Symons in the SATURDAY REVIEW.
The Economic Interpretation of History. By JAMES E. THOROLD ROGERS. Special Library Edition. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. (Eighth Impression.)
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"Professor Thorold Rogers clothed the bare bones of political economy with the living tissue of life when he fascinated his generation with the 'Economic Interpretation of History' ... an unrivalled survey of the inter-action of economic motive, social growth and political history."--CHRISTIAN WORLD.
How France is Governed. By RAYMOND POINCARE. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. (Fifth Impression.)
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"A most interesting and valuable account of the whole framework of French administration ... packed with information not easily obtained elsewhere, and conveyed in language of remarkable and attractive simplicity."--THE SPECTATOR.
The Life of Girolamo Savonarola. By PROFESSOR PASQUALE VILLARI. Special Library Edition. Illustrated. Large Crown 8vo, cloth. (Eleventh Impression.)
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"The most interesting religious biography that we know of in modern times."--SPECTATOR.
"A book which is not likely to be forgotten."--ATHENÆUM.
Rural Housing. By WILLIAM G. SAVAGE, M.D. (Lond.), B.Sc., D.P.H. New edition, with a new chapter on the After War Problems. With 32 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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"This is a practical book, by a man who has had good opportunities of mastering his subject. He begins with a sketch of the Law; goes on to discuss the housing question as it stands now; then gives detailed advice on the construction of new cottages, and ends with an essay on the economics of the housing problem."--THE ECONOMIST.
Woman and Marriage. A Handbook. By MARGARET STEPHENS. (Fifth Impression.) Crown 8vo, cloth.
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THE SPECTATOR says "Woman and Marriage is an outspoken book which should be carefully read by those for whom it is written. It is not a book for boys and girls; it is a physiological handbook, thoroughly well written, orderly, wholesome and practical.... We commend this work to all who want a full account in simple words of the physical facts of married life. All the difficulties of the subject are handled fearlessly, gravely and reverently in this book, and as it must be kept out of the reach of mere curiosity, so it deserves thoughtful study by those of us whose lives it touches."
Lures of Life. By JOSEPH LUCAS, Author of "Our Villa in Italy." Crown 8vo, cloth. (Second Impression, Re-set.)
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"A stylist and moralist whose 'lures' range from religion and the magic of words to old furniture and plate, nice people and the new democracy."--BOOK MONTHLY.
"There is an epicurian touch about the book whose author loves ease and leisure, old furniture and Italian villas and gardens."--THE FRIEND.
Our Villa in Italy. By JOSEPH LUCAS (Second Edition.) Illustrated. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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"Mr. Lucas has written a book which will delight every English lover of Italy.... Many an agreeable story do we find in these simple, well-written pages so full of the lure of Florence, and, indeed, of all Italy."--THE GUARDIAN.
The Road to a Healthy Old Age. By T. BODLEY SCOTT, M.R.C.S. (Eng.). Second Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. (Third Impression.)
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"In this book an attempt is made to demonstrate both to the medical profession and the laity that premature decay, physical and mental, may within limits be prevented.... We have perused the book with pleasure, and cordially recommend it to our readers."--MEDICAL TIMES.
The Works of Augustus Jessopp, D.D. Uniform Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth.
4s. 6d. NET. each Inland Postage 6d.
"We doubt if such an account of English village life, its bad and good sides, its specialities, its humours, and the odd, knarled characters it produces has ever been published.... Full of thought, but fuller yet of a subtle humorousness which is not Addison's or Lamb's, but something as separate and almost as attractive."--THE SPECTATOR.
List of Volumes:
ARCADY: FOR BETTER, FOR WORSE. BEFORE THE GREAT PILLAGE. THE COMING OF THE FRIARS. RANDOM ROAMING, AND OTHER PAPERS. STUDIES BY A RECLUSE. THE TRIALS OF A COUNTRY PARSON.
Dreams, By OLIVE SCHREINER, Author of "Woman and Labour," "The Story of an African Farm," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth.
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"Written in exquisite prose they have the essential qualities of poetry, and are, indeed, poems in prose."--ATHENÆUM.
"The book is distinctly one of genius."--BRITISH WEEKLY.
"Stops," or, How to Punctuate, a Practical Handbook for Writers and Students. By PAUL ALLARDYCE. (Eighteenth Impression.) Cloth.
2s. 0d. NET. Inland Postage 3d.
"A boon to authors, journalists, printers, teachers, and all whose occupations bring them into contact with printing and writing."--PITMAN'S PHONETIC JOURNAL.
The Irish Song Book. With Original Irish Airs. Edited by ALFRED PERCEVAL GRAVES. Paper covers. (Thirteenth Impression.)
2s. 0d. NET. Inland Postage 3d.
"A collection of national airs, untrimmed, unadorned, unaccompanied, fresh with the fragrant lyrical poesie of a people who honoured their bards as they honoured their kings."--CAMBRIDGE MAGAZINE.
The Life of Lamartine. By H. REMSEN WHITEHOUSE. With many Illustrations. Two volumes. Demy 8vo, cloth.
42s. 0d. NET. Inland Postage, 8d.
Vagabonding Down the Andes. By HARRY A. FRANCK, Author of "A Vagabond Journey Around the World," etc. With a Map and 176 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Second Impres.)
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Public Speaking and Debate. A Manual for Advocates and Agitators. By GEORGE JACOB HOLYOAKE. Crown 8vo, cloth. (Fifteenth Impression.)
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"It is eminently readable; full of good advice to public speakers and debaters, and rich in capital stories."--THE NEW AGE.
"To the aspiring young orator this is a most practical and informing work."--REYNOLD'S NEWSPAPER.
_WESSELY'S DICTIONARIES._ Pocket Size (6-1/4 by 4-1/4 inches). Cloth, 4s. net each.
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Wessely's Dictionaries are not only convenient in size, low in price, and thoroughly up-to-date, but also remarkably complete. They are not mere dictionaries of technical terms, or of conversational phrases, but combine the advantages of both; and they also contain useful lists of geographical and Christian names which differ according to the languages, and tables showing the conjugation of irregular verbs. The type is very clear, and in all respects the dictionaries are admirably adapted to the needs both of students and of travellers.
LIST OF VOLUMES.
English-French and French-English Dictionary. English-German and German-English Dictionary. English-Italian and Italian-English Dictionary. English-Spanish and Spanish-English Dictionary. English-Swedish and Swedish-English Dictionary. Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary.
Spanish America: Its Romance, Reality and Future. By C. R. ENOCK, Author of "The Andes and the Amazon," "Peru," "Mexico," "Ecuador." Illustrated and with Map. 2 vols. Demy 8vo, cloth. (Spring, 1920.)
30s. 0d. NET. Inland Postage. 9d.
Starting with the various States of Central America, Mr. Enock then describes ancient and modern Mexico, then takes the reader successively along the Pacific Coast, the Cordillera of the Andes, enters the land of the Spanish Main, conducts the reader along the Amazon Valley, gives a special chapter to Brazil and another to the River Plate and Pampas. Thus all the States of Central and South America are covered. The work is topographical, descriptive, and historical; it describes the people and the cities, the flora and fauna, the varied resources of South America, its trade, railways, its characteristics generally, and suggests the possible future of this vast, and, as yet, it may be almost said, unexplored region with its infinitude of opportunities for enterprise. Mr. Enock has written several volumes in the "South American Series"; he is one of the best-known and most authoritative writers on South America. Here he has written a volume which is not only most valuably informative, but in such a manner as to form entertaining reading for all classes of readers.
_THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES._ Illustrated. Demy 8vo, cloth.
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1. CHILE. By G. F. Scott Elliott, F.R.G.S. (5th Impression.)
2. PERU. By C. Reginald Enock, F.R.G.S. (4th Impression.)
3. MEXICO. By C. Reginald Enock. F.R.G.S. (5th Impression.)
4. ARGENTINA. By W. A. Hirst. (5th Impression.)
5. BRAZIL. By Pierre Denis. (3rd Impression.)
6. URUGUAY. By W. H. Koebel. (3rd Impression.)
7. GUIANA: British, French and Dutch. By James Rodway.
8. VENEZUELA. By Leonard V. Dalton, B.Sc. (3rd Impression.)
9. LATIN AMERICA: Its Rise and Progress. By F. Garcia Calderon. With a Preface by Raymond Poincaré, President of France. (5th Impression.)
10. COLOMBIA. By Phanor J. Eder, A.B., LL.B. (3rd Impression.)
11. ECUADOR. By C. Reginald Enock. F.R.G.S. (2nd Impression.)
12. BOLIVIA. By Paul Wallé.
13. PARAGUAY. By W. H. Koebel. (2nd Impression.)
14. CENTRAL AMERICA. By W. H. Koebel.
_THE STORY OF THE NATIONS._
With Maps and many other Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth.
NEW AND REVISED EDITION.
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Japan. By DAVID MURRAY, Ph.D., LL.D. with a new chapter on Japan as a Great Power, by JOSEPH LONGFORD, B.A., Emeritus Professor of Japanese, King's College, London, and 35 Illustrations and Maps.
Edition
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