volume vi, p. 246, note 50), which he here calls Mount Washington,

although later giving it the title of Mount Adams (see our volume xxix, note 32--Farnham). Lewis and Clark made a similar mistake--see _Original Journals_, iii, p. 135. What our traveller saw was the present Mount Adams, for which see note 225, below.--ED.

[226] All early travellers speak of the attempts of the Indians, in their designation of the neighborhood, to express the sound of the falling waters. Lewis and Clark speak of it as "tumm;" according to Ross (our volume vii, p. 133), it was "Lowhum." The Shutes (Des Chutes) is another name for the Great Falls of the Columbia.--ED.

[227] The ordinary meaning of the word "dalles" is paving stones; but by the Canadian French it was also used to indicate a channel which carried off the waters dammed above--hence any form of confined, swiftly-flowing waters. Lewis and Clark spoke of these chasms through which the Columbia rushes as the Long and Short Narrows; by Farnham's time the term "Dalles" had become the ordinary appellation.--ED.

[228] For the Chinook see Franchère's _Narrative_ in our volume vi, p. 240, note 40.--ED.

[229] Mount Adams (9570 feet) is one of the volcanic peaks of the Cascade Range in Klickitat County, Washington, about thirty miles east of Mount St. Helens. Both these volcanoes were in a state of eruption in 1842-43.--ED.

[230] For Daniel Lee see Townsend's _Narrative_ in our volume xxi, p. 138, note 13. H. K. W. Perkins came out to re-inforce the Methodist mission in September, 1837, and not long afterwards married Elvira Johnson, who had preceded him a few months. They joined with Daniel Lee in establing the Dalles mission in 1838, where they labored with varying success until about 1845, then returning to the "states." Mrs. Whitman spent the winter of 1842-43 at this mission, during her husband's absence. The mission house was located on the south bank of the river, just below the Long Narrows, near an Indian village called Kaclasco; the station was named Wascopum. See p. 388, note 208, in De Smet's _Letters_, our volume xxvii.--ED.

[231] Farnham has not exaggerated the bad reputation of the Indians at the Dalles. Lewis and Clark felt that they owed their lives at this point to the strength of their party, and came nearer to having a skirmish with the natives of that locality than elsewhere on the Columbia waters. See also Ross's _Oregon Settlers_ in our volume vii, pp. 126-131, and Franchère's _Narrative_, in our volume vi, pp. 274-276.--ED.

[232] Daniel G. Brinton, _Myths of the New World_ (Philadelphia, 1896), p. 298, considers that belief in transmigration is but little known among North American Indians. What traces may be found are due to totemic influence, and probably relate to reversion to the primitive spirit represented by the clan animal, rather than to transmigration into living animals. This statement of Farnham's would appear to have been suggested by totem poles near the graves.--ED.

[233] The well-known Sepulchre Island, known in the native tongue as "Memaloose" (the abode of the dead). Many of the islands in the Columbia were used for burial; this in particular; about three miles below the mouth of Klickitat River, was noted by Lewis and Clark, who found erected thereupon thirteen large box-tombs--see _Original Journals_, iii, p. 170; iv, p. 283. In 1884 this island became the place of sepulchre for an Oregon pioneer, Vic Trevitt, whose monument has become a prominent landmark.--ED.

[234] The Indians held in great reverence the tombs and the bones therein contained, and were quick to take vengeance for any spoliation. The flattened skulls always were an object of curiosity to whites, and many were surreptitiously carried away by the latter. See Townsend's experience in our volume xxi, pp. 338, 339.--ED.

[235] Either one of the _Phocidæ_, or the _Zalophus californianus_, well known on the Pacific coast; both of these are hair seals.--ED.

[236] For this region, now known as South Park, see _ante_, p. 199, note 123.--ED.

[237] The Cascades, with their portage path, were to all early travellers the best-known features of the lower Columbia. See Lewis and Clark, _Original Journals_, iii, pp. 179-185; Ross's _Oregon Settlers_ in our volume vii, pp. 121-125; and Townsend's _Narrative_ in our