Part 26
Historical: Method in Economics, 20 Development of Private Property, 20 Basis of Socialism, 26 “Historical Basis of Socialism” (Hyndman’s work), 27
“History”: “Of Agriculture and Prices”, 32 “Of the 18th Century”, 34 “Of Private Bill Legislation”, 38 “Of the Reform Bill”, 31
Hobbes, Thomas, 160
Hobhouse, Lord, 171, 175
Hobhouse, Sir John Cam, 68
Homestead Law, 126
Hospital, The, 18
House of Commons, 181
House of Lords, Abolition of, 170
Household Suffrage, 34
Huddersfield, 46
Human Life, Disregard of Capital for, 146
Hume, David, 38, 161
Huxley, Professor, 53
Hyndman, H. M., 27, 169
Hypocrisy, 5, 158
Ibsen, Henrik, 134
Icaria, 28
Idleness, Association of prosperity with, 5
Idlers: their fate under Socialism, 151
Illth, 18
Illusions, Economic, 161
Immigration, Pauper, 125, 173
Improvement in Production, 6 Effect of unforeseen, 8
Incentive to Labor: Under Socialism, 151 Under Leasehold system, 171
Income Tax, 130, 150, 167 An instrument of expropriation, 176 “Rent of ability” recoverable by, 181
Independent Weaver, Transformation of the, 59
India, Conquest of, under Clive and Warren Hastings, 60, 71
Indifference, Law of, 11
Individualism: Outbreak of, 37 Abandonment of, 54 The change to Socialism from, 137 Confusedly opposed to Socialism, 96 Its moralization, 97, 102 Anti-Social manifestation, 104 Protestant form of, 114 Abolished in production, 116
Industrial Organization, Centralization of, 147, 181
Industrial Remuneration Conference, 54
Industrial Revolution, 33-35, 41, 56, 136, 159 Attitude of parties during, 189
Industrialism, Evil effects of, 67
Industry: Under Socialism, 136 Nationalization of, 43 As virtue or vice, 106, 108 Disgraceful for women, 108 _La grande industrie_, 185
Inequality, 1 Mischief of, 20 Sense of it lost in contemplation of equality before God, 23
Inferior soils, Resort to, 3
Ingram, J. K., 80
Injustices produced by private appropriation of land, 5
Insanity, Definition of, 97, 100
Inspection of Industry, 43
Institutions, History of, 103
Insurance: National, 23 Municipal, 47
Insurrectionism, 165, 176
Intellectual Revolt, The, 185
Interest, 16 Fall in the current rate often mistaken for a tendency in Interest to disappear, 17 Mr. Goschen’s operation for securing to the community the advantage of the fall in the current rate, 17 A tribute, 105, 114
Interest, Class, 103
International Morality in the Middle Ages, 157
International Trade the dominant factor in foreign policy, 72, 181
Invention, Consequences of, 146
Inventor, The first, 6
Iron Industry, 60
Jevons, W. Stanley, 162
Joint Stock Companies: Development of, 43, 78 Not objects of public sympathy, 138
Joseph the Second, 30
Kaye of Bury, 33
Kingsley, Charles, 39, 41, 79
Kitchens: Separate, 122 Public, 134
Kropotkin, Peter, 61, 160
Labor: Mouth honor to, 5 In the market as a commodity, 9 Displaced by machinery, 63 Fruits of, 104 Municipal organization of, 140, 174 Labor colonies, 147 Beginning of State organization of, 175
Laborer and Employer, 137 (See also PROLETARIAN.)
_Laisser-faire_, 36, 38, 39, 51, 70, 160
Lancashire, Old, 57 Expansion of, 65 Weavers’ grievances, 72
Land, Rent of, 3-5 Point at which it becomes a close monopoly, 7 Powers of the County Councils to hold, 139 Nationalization of, 47, 172
Landlord, What he costs, 14
Landed Interest, Its policy, 187
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 57, 162
Law of Indifference, 11, 12
“ “ Rent (See also RENT), 4, 53, 161
“Leaseholds Enfranchisement”, 51, 174
Leaseholds: Origin of, 8 Confiscation at expiry of, 171
Lecky, W. J., 34, 71, 73
Leclaire and Godin, Experiments of, 151
Leed, 33, 38, 47
Legislation: Breakdown of mediæval, 160 (See also FACTORY LEGISLATION.)
Leveling-down action of Private Property, 14
Levi, Leone, 54
Liberal and Radical Union in favor of County Councils holding land, 47, 138
Libraries, Public, 134
Liberal Party, Its policy on Socialism, 190-192
Liberty and Equality, 53, 157
Liberty and Property Defence League, 47
Lincoln, Abraham: The moral of his assassination, 74
Liverpool, Growth of, 33
Lloyd, Henry D., on “Lords of Industry”, 83
Local: Improvement Acts, 41 Self-Government, 171 Government Boards dealings with the unemployed, 174 Government Board of the future, 181
Lodging Houses, Municipal, 47
London: Facts concerning, 181 The County Council, 181 Extraordinary proportions reached by Economic Rent in, 171 Liberal and Radical Union, 47, 138 London and Southwestern Railway shareholders, 78
“Looking Backward”, 145
Louis XVI, 56
Lying, As vice or virtue, 107
Machinery: Shoemaking by, 61 Agriculture by, 62 Displacement of hand labor by, 63 Progress of, 138, 146 Substitution for hand labor in disagreeable employments, 145 Chimney Sweeping by, 146
Maine, Sir Henry, 29, 54
Malthus, Rev. T. R., 32, 39, 162
Man as producer and exchanger, 12
“Man _versus_ the State”, 47
Management, Profits of industrial, 179
Managers, Qualifications and present value of industrial, 179-80
Manchester, 33, 38, 46
Manchester School, 74, 168 Its advocacy of Protection, 176
Manners, Lady Janette on “Are Rich Landowners Idle?”, 109
Manorial Rights, 32, 38 Mills, 38
Manors, 2, 32, 38
Marginal Utility (See FINAL UTILITY).
Margin of Cultivation, 2, 5 Obligation of private competitors to charge the full cost of production at, 178-9
Markets: Effect on rent of proximity to, 3 The fight for foreign, 74, 181
Marriage, Contract of, 131
Marshall, Alfred, and Mary Paley--Definition of rent, 4
Marx, Karl, 36, 162, 169
Matthew, Guild of St., 39
Maurice, F. Denison, 39, 41, 79
Meliorism, 24
Men, Traffic in, 9
Mercantile System, 38
Method of Criticism on Moral Basis, 95
Metœci in Athens, 125
Middle Ages: Social Organization in the, 157
Middle Class: Its callousness, 73 Its moral ideas, 108-110 Its misunderstandings of Socialism, 164 Its dread of mob violence, 175
Militant organization of the working class for forcible revolution, 182, 184
Militarism and immigration, 125
Military Service, 131 Empires of the Continent, 125
Mill, James, 29, 33
Mill, John Stuart, 4, 31, 39, 41, 50, 52, 168
Milk Exchange of New York, 88
Milton, John, Proposal as to schools, 134
Mines: Their horrors before the legislation initiated by Lord Ashley, 61 Nationalization of, 150 Mines Regulation Acts, 41
Minor poetry, Socialist provision for the publication of, 144
Mirabeau, 60
Missionaries, 181
Mistakes exposed by Socialism: That Society is no more than the sum of its units, 3, 50 That Private Property encourages industry, 6 That Private Property establishes healthy incentive, 6 That Private Property distributes wealth according to exertion, 6 That Rent does not enter into price, 14 That Exchange Value is a measure of true wealth, 19 That “the poor ye shall have always with you”, 24 That riots, regicide and bloodshed make Revolutions, 56, 166
Mob Violence, Middle-class dread of, 175
Molesworth, W. N., 31
Money, Function of, 10
Monopolies, 14 And Democracy, 89 Necessity for protecting the Postmaster’s, 168
Moral Basis of Socialism, 93 Habits and their origin, 98 Education of the Individual, 102 And of Society, 115
Moralists, Foolish, 6
Morality, 94 Relativity of, 96 Recognizable only in Society, 97 Conventional, 98, 100, 106, 108 Natural, 101, 109 Practical, 103 Class, 5, 23, 108, 109, 110, 159 Elementary conditions of, 113 Developed conditions of, 115, 116 Socialistic, 117 Medieval, 137, 158 Elizabethan, 159
“Morals and Health Act” (1802), 41, 160
More, Sir Thomas, 160
Morley, Right Hon. John, 47, 182, 192, 193
Motors, Influence of new, 33
Municipal: Corporations Act, 34 Action, 46 Socialism, 46, 175 Debt, 47 Development, 49 Prestige of Municipal Employment, 177
Municipalities, Growth of, 33, 35, 45, 46, 47 (See also COUNTY COUNCILS.)
Nabob, The appearance in English social life of the, 33
Napoleon: “The career is open to the talented”, 7 “A nation of shopkeepers”, 71
Nasmyth, James, invents the steam-hammer, 60
National Insurance, 23
National Liberal Federation, 48
“National Review, The”, 109
Nationalization of Rent, 22, 47 It results if unaccompanied by Socialistic organization of labor, 172 Inter-municipal rent, 181 Rent of ability, 179-80 (See also PROGRESS AND POVERTY.)
Nature: Caprices of, 3, 7 “Red in tooth and claw”, 23 Unmorality of, 24 The cause of Society, 98
Newspapers under Socialism, 144
New Hampshire, 121
New Motors, Influence of, 33
New River Company, 124
New York Legislature--Committee on Trusts, 86
Newcommen, Thomas, 33
Nexus, The social, 30, 32, 50
Oastler, Richard, 68
O’Connor, Fergus, 169
Oldest Families--Tradition of their superiority, 5
Oldham, 46
Olivier, Sydney, 93
Omnipotence and Benevolence, The Dilemma of, 23
Optimism: rebuked by Science, 24 The individual economists and their, 161
Organism, The Social, 50
Outlook, The political, 184
Over-population, 17
Owen, Robert, 40, 79, 121, 174
Painters, Gains of fashionable, 179
Paley, Rev. William, 39, 40
Palmerston, Chinese policy of Lord, 74
_Panem et Circenses_, 172
Parasitism, Economic, 107
Parliaments, Annual, 170
Parks, Public, 187-8
Parties, State and fundamental differences of, 120, 132
Patent rights, 155
Patronage in the public service, 165 Effect of appointments by, 165
Pauper Labor, How to deal with, 140
Payment of representatives, 170
Peasant Proprietorship, 50
Period of Anarchy, 35
Perpetual pension, Privately appropriated Rent is of the nature of a, 4
Pessimism, 23, 200
Peterloo, 34
Philanthropy, Futility of, 167
“Philosophic Radicalism,” 40, 167
Physical force, 136, 166, 184 Advocated by Lord Bramwell, 175
Physicians, Gains of fashionable, 179
Piracy and the Slave Trade in the 16th century, 158
Pitt, William: His motives, 72
Piener, E. von, 69
Plebeians in ancient Rome, 125
Plato, 111
Police: Conduct of Socialists charged upon by the, 100 Recent action of the ex-Chief Commissioner of, 174
Political: Tendencies, 48, 186 Reform, 51, 192 “Political Science Quarterly,” 28, 79 Economy (See POLITICAL ECONOMY).
Political Economy, 2 Basis of Socialism in, 1 Definition of Rent in treatises, 4 Theory apparently contradicted by history, 20 Untrustworthiness of abstract, 20 Its guns turned against Private Property, 24 Old school and new, 24 John Stuart Mill, 31, 50, 52 Ricardo, 162 Jevons, 162 Rise of modern, 39, 160 Perceived to be a _reductio ad absurdum_ of Private Property, 162 Present political parties and, 190
Poor Law: A Socialistic institution degraded, 114 Reform, 49 The old and the new, 167
Post Office: A Socialistic institution, 131 Socialization of the postal system, 139 Economy of collectivist charges exemplified by, 168
Population: Increase and its effects, 5, 15, 161, 174 Its control by public opinion, 182 (See also OVERPOPULATION.)
Press: Its liberty after the socialization of printing, 144 Clamor for bloodshed from the newspapers of the proprietary class, 175
Preston, 46 Its public debt, 127
Prices cannot be raised to compensate diminished profits, 177
Printing, Socialization of, 144
Private Property: Beginning of, 2 Its levelling-down action, 14 Injustice of, 20 Not now practicable in its integrity, 21 Its abrogation conceived as an attempt to empower everyone to rob everyone else, 22 Its revenue distinguished from earnings, 22 Composition of incomes derived from, 22 Institution of, 103 Conditions of its possibility, 104 Effect on sex relations, 110 Idea of, 111 Rights of, 138 Cheapens the laborer, 179 Tends to make the majority mere beasts of burden, 180 Process of extinction of, 181 The State and, 190 (See also PROPERTY.)
Private Enterprise compared with Public, 168
Produce: Unjust division resulting from private appropriation of land, 5
Production: Improvements in, 6 Effect of unforeseen improvements in, 12 Conditions of production and exchange, 12 Associated, 121, 133
Profit, 6, 13 Sweater’s, 177 Most important form of “Rent of Ability,” 179 Effect of calculating it in net social welfare instead of individual pecuniary gain, 181
“Profit Sharing”, 151
Programme of Social Democracy, 182
Progress: Conditions of, 94 Rate of in politics, industry and thought, 186
“Progress and Poverty,” 23-5, 162, 169, 172
“Progress of Socialism,” 41
Proletarian: The first, 6 Predicament of landless, 8 End of his absorption by the land as tenant, 9 Sold into bondage, 10 Operation of the law of value on his position as a vendor of labor, 15 How the Democratic State will deal with him, 173 (See also PROLETARIAT.)
Proletariat: Origin of the, 6 Exploitation of, 17 Physical degradation of, 67 Type of, 105 Morals of, 110-13 So-called “intellectual,” 180 (See also PROLETARIAN.)
Property: Under Socialism, 119 Definition and economic analysis of, 120 (See also PRIVATE PROPERTY.)
Prosperity, Association of idleness with, 4
Prostitutes, their making, 112
Protection: Decay of, 73 In the Middle Ages, 158 Advocated by the Manchester School, 176
Proudhon, P. J., 162
Public Health Acts, 41
Public Opinion, 182
Purchasing Power--Pernicious effect of its unequal distribution, 19
Quit Rents, 8
Radicalism: Philosophic, 40 The modern Radical Programme, 48 Ordinary destructive variety, 164 Permeation of by Socialism, 196 Absorption of, 199 The land question and, 104
Railways: Requisites for making them under Capitalism, 16 Development of, 75 Socialization of, 139
Raphael’s pictures, 126
Ratepayer, How Socialism will first affect the, 177
Rates, Growth of, 46
Reactionary Legislation, Danger of, 92
Reform Bills, 34, 168
Regicide: Its victims, 84 Its futility, 136
Registration, Anomalous condition of voters’, 170
Regulation of Industry: Medieval, 37, 157-8 Modern (See FACTORY LEGISLATION).
Rent: Recognized and paid by worker to drone, 3 Definitions of economic rent by standard economists, 3, 4 Point at which rent ceases to be strictly “economic rent,” 8 Enters into price of all commodities except those produced at margin of cultivation, 13 Relation to cost of production, 13 Nationalization of, 21, 46, 182 Is common wealth, not individually earned, 22 Moral Aspect of, 104, 110, 113 Case of Birmingham and Warwick, 123 Law of, 161 Illustration of economic rent, 163 Urban, 171 Effect of municipal Socialism on, 177 How County Councils can manipulate, 178 Nationalizing inter-municipal, 181 Effect of Free Trade on agricultural, 190 Rent of ability, 7, 177 Industrial profit the most important form of, 179 Raised by Private Property, 179 May become negative, 180
Republicanism: Disappearance of militant Republicanism in England, 185
Residuum: Genesis of the, 113 Its appreciation of public hospitality, 114
Respectability, Falsehood of current, 24
Reward of Abstinence, 16 ” of effort in the cause of Socialism, 135
Revolt, The Intellectual, 40
Revolution: Middle class notions of, 56 Socialistic attempt to organize militant, 182 (See also INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and PHYSICAL FORCE.)
Ricardo, David, 4, 39, 162
Riches are not Wealth, 18
Rights of Man, Declaring the, 182
Rings, Growth of capitalist, 82, 127, 184
Ritchie, Right Hon. C. T., 138
Ritchie, D. G., 50
Rochdale Pioneers, 124
Roebuck, J. A., 39
Rogers, Professor Thorold E., 32
Rousseau, J. J., 39
Rural economy in 1750, 32
Russell, Lord John, announces finality, 167
Ruskin, John, 41
Russia’s industrial competition in the world market, 169
Rutland, Duchess of, on the hard work of country gentlemen, 109
Ryot, Suppression of Indian, 113
S. D. F. (Social Democratic Federation), 169
Sadler, Michael Thomas, 69
Salisbury, Rt. Hon., the Marquess of, 129
Satan: His moral activity, 106 Rehabilitation of, 114
“Saul”: Optimism as expressed in Robert Browning’s poem, 23
Saving: Capital the result of, 16 Savings of communities and of individuals, 123
Schools as they should be, 133
Scott, Sir Walter, Political types in “Rob Roy”, 71
Secretan, Eugène, 84
Seeley, J. R., 189
Self, Extension of, 101
Self-defence, Origin of the Noble Art, 100
“Self-help”, 19, 168
Seligman, E. R. A., 79
Servants, Domestic, 111, 172
Servantgalism an Effect of Capitalism, 111
Services, Property in, 130
Settlement, Law of, 31
Seven Years’ War, The, 60
Sewer Cleaning under Socialism, 145
Shaftesbury, Lord, 69
Shaftesbury Avenue, Land near, 127
Shakspere, Suggested Duke of, 132
Shaw, G. Bernard, 1, 157
Shelley, P. B., 100
Shoemaking by hand, 58 By machinery, 61
Shopkeeping, Joint-Stock, 80
Sidgwick, Henry, 4, 52, 130
Sidmouth, Lord, 34
Six Acts, The, 34
“Six Centuries of Work and Wages,” 32
Slave Trade, The, 158
Slavery, The White, 36
Slaves Released when not worth keeping, 15
Smiles, Samuel, 7
Smith, Adam, 32, 38
Societies: Failure of previous attempts to establish true, 20 Societies and Civilizations, 21 (See also SOCIETY.)
Society: Hypothesis that it is no more than the sum of its Units, 3, 50 The Matrix of Morality, 96 Evolution of Primitive, 96, 98, 101, 103, 112 Industrial, 104 Parasitic, 106-7 Fashionable, 107 (See also SOCIETIES.)
Soils, Resort to Inferior, 3
Somers, Robert, 80
Social: Utility Divorced from Exchange Value, 18 Character of Social Changes, 30 Evolution, 30, 44, 53 “Social Statics,” 36, 54 Health, 51 Organization, 51, 136 Instinct, 101, 109 Social Democratic Federation, 169 Social Democracy and Social Democrat. (See SOCIALISM and SOCIALIST.)
Socialism, 2, 22, 131, 163, 166, 182, 190, 194-95 Economic basis of, 1 Bearing of Economic Analysis of Individualism on, 22 Substitutes Meliorism for Pessimism, 24, 200 Historic Aspect, 26 “Socialism in England,” 27 Change in, 27, 119 Early or Utopian, 27, 30, 119, 136, 160, 164 Industrial Aspect, 56 The Capitalist and, 90 Moral Aspect, 93 Its Genesis, 96 New Conception of, 119 Property under, 119 Definition of pure, 131 Industry under, 136 Change from Individualism to, 137, 157 Local machinery of, 139, 169 Dirty Work under, 145 Transition to, 157 Practical difficulties of, 163 Honesty of, 164 Must be introduced gradually, 166 Solution of the Compensation difficulty, 175 Effect on Rent, 177 Friction caused by introduction of, 178 Outlook toward, 184 Prince Bismarck’s view of, 192 The Liberal Party and, 192 True and False, 193-4 Two views of the future of, 195 Practical politicians and, 196 (See also the Index Generally.)
Socialist Politics, 47 Programme, 48 Formation of party, 198
Socialists and the police, 100 Early (See UTOPIAN SOCIALISM). The _mot d’ordre_ for, 139 Social Democrats fall into line as a political party, 170 The Radical Press and, 195 Parliament and, 197 Future leader for, 199
Spencer, Herbert, 36, 41, 47, 58, 95, 160, 169
St. Matthew, Guild of, 39
Standard Oil Trust, 85
“Star, The,” 48
State: Social Democratic, 2 Functions under Socialism, 149 Corruption of the, 164 Whig conception of the, 165 Conception of the perfect, 165 Decentralization in the Social Democratic, 170 Private Property and the, 190 Attitude of parties towards the, 190 Idea and content of the, 191 The working-class and the, 191
Statistics and Statisticians, 173
Steam applied to cotton spinning, 59
Stuart, Professor James, 48
Subletting of Tenant Right, 5
Subsistence Wages, _Rationale_ of, 16
Sunday: Hypocrisies of church going, 5 The English, 133
Sunderland, 46
Supply and Demand: Action of, 8, 179 Value decreases with Supply, 10 Final effect on wage-labor, 16, 17
Sweating, How to defeat, 175
Sweeping Chimneys: Replacement of boy labor by machinery in, 146
Syndicate of Copper Cornerers, 84
Synthesis: The old, 31, 157 The new, 50
Talent, Career open to, 7
Taxation: Reform, 48 Of ground values, 171 Novel character of recent demands for, 172
Telegraphs, Socialization of, 139
Ten Hours’ Bill, The, 69
Tenant Rights: Perpetual, 4, 5, 6 Replaced by finite leases, 8
Tennyson, Alfred, 68
Test and Corporation Acts repealed, 34
Theatres, Communal, 135
Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, 29
Tory of fifty years ago, 188-9 Absorption of the party, 189
Tonquin, French policy in, 75
“Total Utility,” 11
Toynbee, Arnold, 33
Trade: Secrets of, 14 Discredit and rehabilitation of as a pursuit for the nobility and gentry, 108
Trade Unions, 48, 132, 168 Wages in, 141 Royal Commission (1869), 169
Trafalgar Square: The police in, 100, 174 The Fountains in, 107
Traffic in Men, 9
Tramways, Socialization of, 46, 139
Transition to Social Democracy, 157
Truck Acts, 41
Trusts, 14, 138, 143, 185
Tucker, Benjamin R., 160
Turgot, A. R. J., 161
Two-man power more than double One-man power, 3
Unemployed: Their existence a proof that the labor they could replace has no exchange value, 139 Social pressure created by the, 172
United States: Results of Individualism plus political liberty in the, 21 Declaration of Independence, 60 Growth of Monopoly in the, 78 Extent to which monopoly has gone in the, 82
Unskilled Labor, Fate of, 112
Unsocialism, 2
Utilitarian questioning and scientific answering, 23
Utilitarians, The, 38
Utility: Its relation to Value, 10 “Total Utility,” “Marginal,” or “Final Utility,” 11, 12 Divorce from Exchange Value, 19
Utopian Socialism, 27, 30, 119, 136, 160, 164
Valjean, Jean, 100
Value in Exchange, 9 Not explained by the money mechanism, 10 Man’s control over it consists in his power of regulating supply, 14 Divorced from social utility, 19 Theory of, 162
Voluntary Associations: Their legal position under Socialism, 124
Von Plener, E., 36
Vestrydom congenial to British mind, 182
Villiers, C. P., 39
Virtues conditioned by social evolution, 99, 100-6
Wages, 15 Subsistence level, 16 Adjustment, 148 Rise after 1840, 167 Apparently raised by Trade Unions, 168 Competition wages, 176 Socialistic wages, 147, 177-8
Walford’s Insurance Cyclopædia, 46
Walker, F. A., 4
Wallas, Graham, 119
Walpole, Sir Robert, 72
Warren, Sir Charles, 174
Wars for foreign markets, 75, 181, 182
Warwick compared with Birmingham, 123
Watt, James, 33
Watts, Isaac, on the cotton manufacture, 66
Waterloo Bridge, Socialization of, 133
Waterworks, Socialization of, 46, 139
Wealth: Divorced from Exchange Value, 19
Wealth: Distinguished from “Illth,” 19 “Wealth of Nations,” 32
Weaver, Extirpation of the hand-loom, 60, 72
Webb, Sidney, 26, 27, 99, 184
Westminster, Duke of, 173
Whig Philosophy, 164 Economics, 164 Disappearance of the, 188 The Whig of fifty years ago, 188-9
White Slavery, 36, 40
“White Terror, The,” 34
Whitman, Walt, 92
Wicksteed, P. H., 162
William the Silent, Assassination of, 76
Women: Effect of Property System on, 108-10 Outlawry of, 176 Economic independence of, 182
Worker and Drone, 3
Working class: Militant organization of, 183 The State and the, 190 Political superstitions of the, 192
Zeitgeist, Effect of the, 44
Transcriber’s Notes