Chapter 15

Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering to each end: fusiform.

Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of each segment of the pygidium.

Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines.

Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine.

Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: = fusulus.

Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines.

Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles.

Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called spines, spurs or heels.

Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules.

Spinules: little spines.

Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae.

Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters the tracheae:= stigmata.

Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first pleural area.

Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: = stigmatal.

Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin.

Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.}

Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium.

Spirignath: = spiritrompe.

Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.

Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into the muscle fibres thereof.

Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter.

Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize them.

Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.

Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge.

Spoon: = bouton; q.v.

Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v.

Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform processes at or near the end of tibia:.

Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in Trichoptera.

Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal Lepidoptera.

Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.).

Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently constant to be useful in classification.

Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera, and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior.

Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: = "plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell.

Squamiform: having a scale-like form.

Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales.

Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula.

Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.

Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.: any one period in the development of an insect.

Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc.

Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v.

Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines.

Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other Notodontid larvae.

Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v.

Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg, which starts a series of agamic summer generations.

Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head.

Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted.

Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax.

Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement.

Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind.

Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum, extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice.

Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v.

Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be widely separated.

Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.

Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.

Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura below the sternopleural suture.

Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the sternopleura.

Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.

Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g. plant lice, etc.

Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of thorax, between the coxal cavities.

Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages.

Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on the primaries of Hesperidae.

Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths.

Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v.

Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or stigmata.

Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers

Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera.

Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head, partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others.

Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle.

Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera see sagittae.

S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths just before the outer margin.

S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths.

Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to super-family: not used at present.

Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v.

Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive juices are poured = chylific ventricle.

Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.

Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop.

Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures.

Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].

Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords.

Stratified: arranged or made up in layers.

Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.

Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal impressed line.

Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines.

Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or roughened surfaces.

Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or the noise produced by it.

Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae}

Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is strigae}

Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus.

Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v.

Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, with sharp bristles: = hispid.

Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line.

Strigulated: with numerous strigulae.

Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines.

Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground.

Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor (Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the terminal segments of abdomen.

Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth structures in Diptera and Hemiptera.

Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, like the antenna in some Diptera.

Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae.

Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case; as the pupa of some Diptera.

Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.

Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate, may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline.

Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved.

Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v.

Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical lobe of the side piece.

Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only.

Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite club-shaped.

Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery.

Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.

Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.).

Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 (Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first radial 1 (Comst.).

Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on the basal side of the first antecubital.

Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius.

Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.): s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius 3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).

Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.).

Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in Orthoptera.

Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf.

Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata.

Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the lateral.

Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other characters.

Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented.

Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex.

Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae.

Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.

Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin.

Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present.

Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped.

Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and bearing the galea or outer lobe.

Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, thick scope.

Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in Orthoptera.

Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not sufficient for generic separation; opinionative.

Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum.

Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position.

Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v.

Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in bees.

Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within the margin but close to it.

Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and the 1st strong vein.

Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).

Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin; composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 (Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).

Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series.

Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum.

Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula supporting the mentum.

Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is attached to the head.

Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.).

Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae; also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and thus = pseudo-pupa.

Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.

Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes.

Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head ganglia.

Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera.

Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of a narrow waist.

Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids.

Sub-parallel: nearly parallel.

Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax: constant.

Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.

Sub-servate: denticulate.

Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division.

Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly.

Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars = subspiracular.

Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical.

Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.

Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle.

Subtus: beneath; at the under surface.

Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip.

Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of Odonata and Ephemerida.

Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate.

Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral.

Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains the spiracles.

Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi.

Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance.

Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food = pharyngeal pump.

Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae, used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices.

Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly present except in some Lepidoptera.

Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.

Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.

Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but this is disputed.

Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color.

Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.

Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus.

Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed lines.

Sulciform: resembling a sulcus.

Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation.

Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].

Superans: exceeding in size and length.

Superciliary: placed above the eyes.

Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot.

Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea: sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder when both terms are employed.

Superficies: the upper surface.

Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia.

Superior wings: the primaries; q.v.

Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in Thysanura.

Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head.

Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.

Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures.

Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first thoracic segment.

Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera.

Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some moths.

Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v.

Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present.

Supra-: over; above.

Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar depression.

Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove.

Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove.

Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above the root of the wings.

Supra-anal: situated above the anus.

Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus.

Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both: see anal operculum.

Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above the brain in bees.

Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus.

Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.

Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick commissure; - the brain.

Supra-orbital: situated above the eye.

Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart.

Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly.

Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines.

Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular space.

Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle, occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: hyper-trigonal space.

Suranal: = supra-anal.

Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra- anal tergite of a caterpillar.

Sursum: directed upwardly.

Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail only: see succincti.

Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and other internal structures in place.

Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis.

Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera.

Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight impressed line is visible.

Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a new colony.

Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion.

Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae.

Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.

Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas.

Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation among ants and other insects.