Chapter 13

Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type.

Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below the apex:= media 1 (Comst.).

Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the prothorax, at or behind the middle.

Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont.

Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced through a prism.

Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic segment.

Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae.

Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the mouth of long-tongued bees.

Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon.

Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, overhanging portion of the head.

Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments.

Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment.

Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v.

Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise definable.

Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v.

Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in Nematinae.

Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles.

Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes.

Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.

Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat.

Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from.

Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form an angle with the thorax.

Profile: the outline as seen from the side.

Profound, Profundus: deep.

Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward.

Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment.

Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries.

Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs.

Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries.

Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.

Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera.

Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.

Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure.

Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera.

Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on pronotum.

Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax.

Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.

Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues are just beginning to build up.

Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously applied in this connection.

Propedes: = prolegs: q.v.

Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between pro- and mesothorax.

Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v.

Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax.

Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v.

Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles occur.

Propodeon: = propodeum.

Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median segment.

Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious.

Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward.

Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v.

Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini, sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera.

Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v.

Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum.

Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum.

Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v.

Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum.

Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae, to receive the antennae.

Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax.

Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax.

Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below.

Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between fore-legs in some Orthoptera.

Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the sternum front the pleural pieces.

Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax

Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs.

Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla.

Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata.

Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females.

Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg.

Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean.

Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax.

Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the original description is based.

Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the front coxa: see propleural bristles.

Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in certain Phasmid genera.

Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v.

Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax.

Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as "thorax" merely.

Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v.

Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle.

Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings.

Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used as Occiput.

Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries.

Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from the original type.

Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.

Protolog: the original description by words.

Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries.

Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated between costal cells and apical margin.

Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen.

Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v.

Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced.

Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles.

Protuberance: any elevation above the surface.

Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level.

Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard.

Proximad: toward the proximal end.

Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal.

Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front of the principal sulcus.

Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust.

Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue + purple lake].

Psammophilous: living in sandy places.

Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi.

Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v.

Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v.

Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v.

Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa.

Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.

Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some Insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others.

Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera.

Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated egg: a stem-mother.

Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which reproduce asexually through a number of generations.

Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread.

Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, which produces the true sexes.

Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation.

Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops.

Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing fold.

Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.

Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v.

Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v.

Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v.

Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847)

Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v.

Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound eyes of the living insects.

Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is so close to the thorax as to seem sessile.

Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.

Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice.

Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect.

Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the absent Malpighian tubules.

Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v.

Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and habits.

Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna.

Pterogostia: the wing veins.

Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure.

Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted.

Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of mesothorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond.

Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura.

Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma.

Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings.

Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera.

Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera.

Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v.

Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea.

Pterygostium: a wing vein.

Pterygote: wing bearing.

Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna.

Ptilota: winged insects.

Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down.

Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.

Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax.

Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of the abdominal rings: = connexivum.

Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in these appendages.

Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance.

Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus.

Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.

Pulvinatus: moderately convex.

Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures.

Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot.

Punctulatus: with small punctures.

Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle.

Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots.

Puniceus: carmine red [carmine].

Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis: a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see chrysalis.

Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the pupa is formed.

Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa.

Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces sexed individuals.

Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v.

Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa.

Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot.

Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre.

Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate.

Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate.

Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage.

Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade.

Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve].

Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference.

Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces.

Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the compound terminal segment.

Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence sometimes used in the plural - pygofers.

Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera.

Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera.

Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle.

Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no distinct gizzard.

Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an enlargement of the intestine.

Pylorus: the chylific ventricle.

Pyriform: shaped like a pear.

Q

Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four.

Quadrate: square or nearly so.

Quadrifarium: having four rows.

Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these two, and the lower part of arculus.

Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects.

Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete metamorphosis.

Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or maculation.

R

Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with subspecies.

Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form bunches or sacs.

Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral spines or other processes are inserted.

Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.

Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal ( subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.

Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by the radius or its branches.

Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1.

Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just below and parallel with media 2.

Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, = 2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.).

Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v.

Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre.

Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the head.

Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and usually closes the radial cell (Comst.).

Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward and downward.

Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega.

Rami -us: branches: a branch.

Ramification: the branching out in every direction.

Ramify: to branch out in every direction.

Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v.

Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches.

Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey.

Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v.

Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.}

Raptorial: formed for seizing prey.

Rare: seldom seen or found.

Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures.

Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily.

Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded.

Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera.

Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v.

Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line.

Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.

Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the abdomen of some male Hemiptera.

Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a lubricating material.

Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and serving as respiratory organs.

Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle.

Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle.

Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear body.

Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line.

Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the body:= cloaca.

Rectus: right or straight.

Recumbent: lying down; reclining.

Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.

Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein (Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction.

Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta when it recurves toward the base of the wing.

Recurved: bowed backward.

Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.

Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward.

Refracted: bent back as if broken.

Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body composed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the abdomen.

Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of youth.

Remote: further removed than distant.

Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that shape, found at the end of median cell in many moths.

Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening angles.

Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in Coleoptera.

Replicatile: capable of being folded back.

Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied to glands that secrete an offensive material.

Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.

Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back.

Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues and liberation of carbon dioxide from same.

Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area.

Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed.

Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any structureless membrane or layer.

Reticulate: like net-work.

Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell.

Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.

Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales serving to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far: in Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible.

Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the basilar or fenestrate membrane.

Retinophora: = retinula; q.v.

Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells between pigment cells and retina of the compound eye.

Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent.

Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted.

Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle.

Retroarcuate: curved backwards.

Retrocession: the going or moving backward.

Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated.

Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated by an obtuse hollow.

Reversed: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down or inside out: said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of secondaries projecting beyond those of primaries.

Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation.

Revolute: spirally rolled backward.

Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis.

Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the crystalline cone of an eye.

Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell.

Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male.

Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: q.v.: in Odonata, the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; q.v.

Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera q.v.

Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb.

Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse.

Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antenna are alike in both sexes and form a club at tip.

Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures.

Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville).

Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal sutures wanting: the weevils.

Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: q.v.

Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v.

Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak or rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets: Hemiptera in the broad sense.

Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of opposite conditions.

Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course.

Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges.

Rimose: full of cracks.

Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot.

Ringent: gaping.

Riparian: along the river or along shore.