Chapter 2

Chap. 3. _That the Colour of Bodies depends chiefly on the disposition of the Superficial parts, and partly upon the Variety of the Texture of the Object_ (21.) _The former of these are confirm'd by several Persons_ (22.) _and two Instances, the first of the Steel mention'd before, the second of melted Lead_ (23, 24.) _of which last several Observables are noted_ (25.) _A third Instance is added of the Porousness of the appearing smooth Surface of Cork_ (26, 27.) _And that the same kind of Porousness may be also in the other Colour'd Bodies; And of what kind of Figures, the Superficial reflecting Particles of them may be_ (28.) _and of what Bulks, and closeness of Position_ (29.) _How much these may conduce to the Generation of Colour instanc'd in the Whiteness of Froth, and in the mixtures of Dry colour'd Powders_ (30.) _A further explication of the Variety that may be in the Superficial parts of Colour'd Bodies, that may cause that Effect, by an example drawn from the Surface of the Earth_ (31.) _An Apology for that gross Comparison_ (32.) _That the appearances of the Superficial asperities may be Varied from the position of the Eye, and several Instances given of such appearances_ (33, 34, 35.) _That the appearance of the Superficial particles may be Varied also by their Motion, confirm'd by an Instance of the smoaking Liquor_ (35.) _especially if the Superficial parts be of such a Nature as to appear divers in several Postures, explain'd by the variety of Colours exhibited by the shaken Leaves of some Plants_ (36.) _and by changeable Taffities_ (37, 38, 39.) _The Authors wish that the Variety of Colours in Mother of Pearl were examin'd with a_ Microscope (40.) _And his Conjectures, that possibly good_ Microscopes _might discover those Superficial inequalities to be Real, which we now only imagine with his reasons drawn partly from the Discoveries of the_ Telescope, _and_ Microscope (41.) _And partly also from the Prodigiously strange example of a Blind man that could feel Colours_ (42.) _whose History is Related_ (43, 44, 45.) _The Authors conjecture and thoughts of it_ (46, 47, 48, 49.) _and several Conclusions and Corollaries drawn from it about the Nature of Blackness and Black Bodies_ (50, 51, 52.) _and about the Asperities of several other Colour'd Bodies_ (53.) _And from these, and some premis'd Considerations, are propos'd some Conjectures; That the reason of the several Phænomena of Colours, afterwards to be met with, depends upon the Disposition of the Seen parts of the Object_ (54.) _That Liquors may alter the Colours of each other, and of other Bodies, first by their Insinuating themselves into the Pores, and filling them, whence the Asperity of the Surface of a Body becomes alter'd, explicated with some Instances_ (55, 56.) _Next by removing those Bodies, which before hindred the appearance of the Genuine Colour, confirm'd by several examples_ (57) _Thirdly, by making a Fissure or Separation either in the Contiguous or Continued Particles of a Body_ (58.) _Fourthly, by a Union or Conjunction of the formerly separated Particles; Illustrated with divers Instances of precipitated Bodies_ (59.) _Fifthly, by Dislocating the parts, and putting them both into other Orders and Postures, which is Illustrated with Instances_ (60, 61.) _Sixthly, by Motion, which is explain'd_ (62.) _And lastly, and chiefly, by the Union of the Saline Bodies, with the Superficial parts of another Body, whereby both their Bigness and Shape must necessarily be alter'd_ (63, 64.) _Explain'd by Experiments_ (65, 66.) _That the Colour of Bodies may be Chang'd by the concurrence of two or more of these ways_ (67.) _And besides all these, Eight Reflective causes of Colours, there may be in Transparent Bodies several Refractive_ (68, 69) _Why the Author thinks the Nature of Colours deserves yet a further Inquiry_ (69.) _First for that the little Motes of Dust exhibited very lovely Colours in a darkned Room, whilst in a convenient posture to the Eye, which in other Postures and Lights they did not_ (70.) _And that though the smaller Parts of some Colour'd Bodies are Transparent, yet of others they are not, so that the first Doubt's, whether the Superficial parts create those Colours, and the second, whether there be any Refraction at all in the later_ (71, 72, 73.) _A famous Controversie among Philosophers, about the Nature of Colour decided_. (74. 75.)

Chap. 4. _The controversie stated about Real and Emphatical Colours_ (75, 76.) _That the great Disparity between them seems to be, partly their Duration in the same state, and partly, that Genuine Colours are produc'd in Opacous Bodies by Reflection, and Emphatical in Transparent by Refraction_ (78.) _but that this is not to be taken in too large a Sense, the Cautionary instance of Froth is alleged and insisted on_ (78, 79.) _That the Duration is not a sufficient Characteristick, exemplify'd by the duration of Froth, and other Emphatical Colours, and the suddain fading of Flowers, and other Bodies of Real ones_ (80.) _That the position of the Eye is not necessary to the discerning Emphatical Colours, shew'd by the seeing white Froth, or an Iris cast on the Wall by a Prism, in what place of the Room soever the Eye be_ (81.) _which proceeds from the specular Reflection of the Wall_ (82.) _that Emphatical Colours may be Compounded, and that the present Discourse is not much concern'd, whether there be, or be not made a distinction between Real and Emphatical Colours_. (83.)

Chap. 5. _Six Hypotheses about Colour recited_ (84, 85) _Why the Author cannot more fully Speak of any of these_ (86.) _nor Acquiesce in them_ (87, 88.) _What_ Pyrophilus _is to expect in this Treatise_ (88, 89.) _What Hypothesis of Light and Colour the Author most inclines too_ (90.) _Why he thinks neither that nor any other sufficient; and what his Difficulties are, that make him decline all Hypotheses, and to think it very difficult to stick to any._ (91, 92.)

* * * * *

Part the Second.

_Of the Nature of Whiteness and Blackness,_

CHAP. I.

_The reason why the Author chose the Explication of Whiteness and Blackness_ (93.) _Wherein_ Democritus _thought amiss of these_ (94.) Gassendus _his Opinion about them_ (95.) _What the Author approves, and a more full Explication of White, makinig it a Multiplicity of Light or Reflections_ (96, 97.) _Confirm'd first by the Whiteness of the_ Meridian _Sun, observ'd in Water_ (98.) _and of a piece of Iron glowing Hot_ (99.) _Secondly, by the Offensiveness of Snow to the Travellers eyes, confirm'd by an example of a Person that has Travell'd much in Russia_ (100.) _and by an Observation out of_ Olaus Magnus (100.) _and that the Snow does inlighten and clear the Air in the Night, confirm'd by the Mosco Physician, and Captain_ James (101.) _But that Snow has no inherent Light, prov'd by Experience_ (102.) _Thirdly, by the great store of Reflections, from white Bodies observ'd in a darkned Room, and by their unaptness to be Kindled by a Burning-glass_ (103.) _Fourthly, the Specularness of White Bodies is confirm'd by the Reflections in a dark Room from other Bodies_ (104.) _and by the appearance of a River, which both to the Eye and in a darkned Room appear'd White_ (105, 106.) _Fifthly, by the Whiteness of distill'd_ Mercury, _and that of the_ Galaxie (107, 108.) _and by the Whiteness of Froth, rais'd from whites of Eggs beaten; that this Whiteness comes not from the Air, shew'd by Experiments_ (109, 110.) _where occasionally the Whiteness of Distill'd Oyls, Hot water, &c. are shew'd_ (111.) _That it seems not necessary the Reflecting Surfaces should be Sphærical, confirm'd by Experiments_ (112, 113.) _Sixthly, by the Whiteness of the Powders of transparent Bodies_ (114.) _Seventhly, by the Experiment of Whitening and Burnishing Silver._ (115, 116.)

Chap. 2. _A Recital of some Opinions about Blackness, and which the Author inclines to_ (117.) _which he further insists on and explicates_ (118, 119.) _and shews for what reasons he imbrac'd that Hypothesis_ (120.) _First, from the contrary Nature of Whiteness and Blackness, White reflecting most Beams outwards, Black should reflect most inward_ (120.) _Next, from the Black appearance of all Bodies, when Shadow'd; And the manner how this paucity of Reflection outwards is caus'd, is further explicated, by shewing that the Superficial parts may be Conical and Pyramical_ (121.) _This and other Considerations formerly deliver'd, Illustrated by Experiments with black and white Marble_ (122, 123.) _Thirdly, from the Black appearance of Holes in white Linnen, and from the appearance of Velvet stroak'd several ways, and from an Observation of Carrots_ (124, 125.) _Fourthly, from the small Reflection from Black in a darkned Room_ (125, 126.) _Fifthly, from the Experiment of a Checker'd Tile expos'd to the Sun-beams_ (127.) _which is to be preferr'd before a Similar Experiment try'd in_ Italy, _with black and white Marble_ (128.) _Some other congruous Observations_ (129.) _Sixthly, from the Roasting black'd Eggs in the Sun_ (130.) _Seventhly, by the Observation of the Blind man lately mention'd, and of another mention'd by_ Bartholine (130.) _That notwithstanding all these Reasons, the Author is not absolutely Positive, but remains yet a Seeker after the true Nature of Whiteness and Blackness._ (131, 132.)

Experiments _in Consort, touching_ Whiteness _and_ Blackness.

_The first_ Experiment, _with a Solution of Sublimate, made White with Spirit of Urine_, &c. (133, 134.)

_The second_ Experiment, _with an Infusion of Galls, made Black with Vitriol_, &c. (135, 136.) _further Discours'd of_ (137.)

_The third_ Experiment, _of the Blacking of Hartshorn, and Ivory, and Tartar, and by a further Calcination making them White_ (138, 139.)

_The fourth_ Experiment, _limiting the_ Chymist's _principle_, Adusta nigra sed perusta alba, _by several Instances of Calcin'd Alabaster, Lead, Antimony, Vitriol, and by the Testimony of_ Bellonius, _about the white Charcoles of_ Oxy-cædar, _and by that of_ Camphire. (140, 141, 142.) _That which follows about Inks was misplac'd by an Errour of the Printer, for it belongs to what has been formerly said of Galls_ (142, 143.)

_The fifth_ Experiment, _of the black Smoak of Camphire_ (144.)

_The sixth_ Experiment, _of a black_ Caput Mortuum, _of Oyl of Vitriol, with Oyl of Worm-word, and also with Oyl of Winter-Savory_ (145.)

_The seventh_ Experiment, _of whitening Wax_ (146.)

_The eighth_ Experiment, _with Tin-glass, and Sublimate_ (147, 148.)

_The ninth_ Experiment, _of a Black powder of Gold in the bottom of_ Aqua-fortis, _and of the Blacking of Refin'd Gold and Silver_ (148, 149.)

_The tenth_ Experiment, _of the staining Hair, Skin, Ivory_, &c. _Black, with Crystals of Silver_ (150, 151.)

_The eleventh_ Experiment, _about the Blackness of the Skin, and Hair of_ Negroes, _and Inhabitants of Hot Climates. Several Objections are made, and the whole Matter more fully discours'd and stated from several notable Histories and Observations_ (from the 151 to the 167.)

_The twelfth_ Experiment, _of the white Powders, afforded by Precipitating several Bodies, as Crabs Eyes, Minium, Coral, Silver, Lead, Tin, Quick-silver, Tin-glass, Antimony, Benzoin, and Resinous Gumms out of Spirit of Wine_, &c. _but this is not Universal, since other Bodies, as Gold, Antimony, Quick-silver_, &c. _may be Precipitated of other Colours_ (168, 169, 170.)

_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _of Changing the Blackness of some Bodies into other Colours_ (171, 172.) _and of Whitening what would be Minium, and Copper, with Tin, and of Copper with Arsnick, which with Coppilling again Vanishes; of covering the Colour of that of_ 1/3 _of Gold with_ 2/3 _of Silver melted in a Mass together_ (173, 174)

_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _of turning the black Body of Horn into a White immediately with Scraping, without changing the Substantial form, or without the Intervention of Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury_ (176.)

_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _contains several Instances against the Opinion of the_ Chymists _that Sulphur_ Adust _is the cause of Blackness, and the whole Matter is fully discuss'd and stated_ (from 176 to 184)

Part the Third.

_Concerning Promiscuous Experiments about Colours_.

Experiment the First.

_IN confirmation of a former Conjecture about the Generation of Colours from diversity of Reflections are set down several Observations made in a Darkned room_ (186, 187.)

Experiment _the second, That white Linnen seem'd Ting'd with the Red of Silk plac'd near it in a light Room_ (188,189.)

Experiment _the third, Of the Trajection of Light through Colour'd Papers_ (189, 190.)

Experiment _the fourth, Observations of a Prism in a dark Room_ (191, 192.)

Experiment _the fifth, Of the Refracting and Reflecting Prismatical Colours in a light Room_ (193.)

Experiment _the sixth, On the Vanishing of the_ Iris _of the Prism, upon the access of a greater adventitious Light_ (194.)

Experiment _the seventh, Of the appearances of the same Colour'd Papers by Candle-light_ (195, 196).

Experiment _the eighth, Of the Yellowness of the Flame of a Candle_ (197).

Experiment _the ninth, Of the Greenish Blew transparency of Leaf Gold_ (198).

Experiment _the tenth, Of the curious Tinctures afforded by_ Lignum Nephriticum (from 199 to 203). _Several trials for the Investigation of the Nature of it_ (from 204 to 206.) Kircher's _relation of this Wood set down, and examin'd_ (from 206 to 212). _A Corollary on this tenth_ Experiment, _shewing how it may be applicable for the Discovering, whether any Salt be of an Acid, or a Sulphureous, and Alcalizate Nature_ (from 213 to 216).

_The eleventh_ Experiment, _Of certain pieces of Glass that afforded this Variety of Colours; And of the way of so Tinging any Plate of Glass with Silver_ (from 216 to 219).

_The twelfth_ Experiment, _Of the Mixing and Tempering of Painters Pigments_ (219, 220, 221).

_The thirteenth_ Experiment, _Of compounding several Colours by Trajecting the Sun-beams through Ting'd Glasses_ (from 221 to 224).

_The fourteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Compounding of Real and Phantastical Colours, and the Results_ (224, 225, 226.) _as also the same of Phantastical Colours_ (226, 227.)

_The fifteenth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Trajected_ Iris _by a Colour'd Prism_ (228, 229.)

_The sixteenth_ Experiment, _Of the Red fumes of Spirit of_ Nitre, _and, the resembling Redness of the Horizontal Sun-beams_ (230, 231.)

_The seventeenth_ Experiment, _Of making a Green by nine Kinds of Compositions_ (from 231 to 236.) _And some Deductions from them against the necessity of recurring to Substantial forms and Hypostatical principles for the production of Colours_ (from 237 to 240.)

_The eighteenth_ Experiment, _Of several Compositions of Blew and Yellow which produce not a Green, and of the production of a Green by other Colours_ (241, 242.)

_The nineteenth_ Experiment, _contains several instances of producing Colours, without the alteration of any Hypostatical principle, by the Prism, Bubbles, and Feathers_ ( from 242 to 245.)

_The twentieth_ Experiment _Of turning the Blew of Violets into a Red by Acid Salts, and to a Green by Alcalizate (245, 246.) and the use of it for Investigating the Nature of Salts_ (247, 248.)

_The one and twentieth_ Experiment, _of the same Changes effected by the same means on the Blew Tinctures of Corn-flowers_ (249, 250.) _And some Restrictions to shew it not to be so general a propriety as one might imagine_ (251.)

_The twenty second_ Experiment, _of turning a Solution of Verdigrease into a Blew, with Alcalizate and Urinous Salts_ (252, 253, 254.)

_The twenty third_ Experiment, _of taking away the Colour of Roses with the Steams of Sulphur, and heightning them with the Steams Condens'd into Oyl of Sulphur_ per Campanam (254, 255.)

_The twenty fourth_ Experiment, _of Tinging a great quantity of Liquor with a very little Ting'd Substance, Instanced in_ Cochineel (from 255 to 257.)

_The twenty fifth_ Experiment, _of the more general use of Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts in the Tinctures of Vegetables, further Instanced in the Tincture of Privet Berries, and of the Flowers of Mesereon and Pease_ (from 257 to 259.) _An_ Annotation, _shewing that of the three Hypostatical principles, Salt according to_ Paracelsus _is the most active about Colours_ (from 259 to 261.) _Some things Precursory premis'd to three several Instances next following, against the fore-mention'd Operations of Salts_ (261, 262.)

_The twenty sixth_ Experiment, _containing Trials with Acid and Sulphureous Salts on the Red Tinctures of Clove-july-flowers, Buckthorn Berries, Red-Roses, Brasil_, &c. (262, 263.)

_The twenty seventh_ Experiment, _of the changes of the Colour of Jasmin flowers, and Snow drops, by Alcalizate and Sulphureous Salts_ (263, 264.)

_The twenty eighth_ Experiment, _of other differing Effects on Mary-golds, Prim-roses, and fresh Madder_ (265.) _with an Admonition, that these Salts may have differing Effects in the changing of the tinctures of divers other Vegetables_ (266, 267.)

_The twenty ninth_ Experiment, _of the differing Effects of these Salts on Ripe and Unripe Juices, instanced in Black-berries, and the Juices of Roses_ (from 267 to 270.) _Two reasons, why the Author added this twenty ninth_ Experiment, _the last of which is confirm'd by an Instance of Mr._ Parkinson, _consonant to the Confession of the Makers of such Colours_ (272.)

_The thirtieth_ Experiment, _of several changes in Colours by Digestion, exemplify'd by an_ Amalgam _of_ Gold _and_ Mercury _and by Spirit of Harts-horn. And (to such as believe it) by the changes of the_ Elixir.

_The thirty first_ Experiment, _shewing that most Tinctures drawn by Digestion Incline to a Red, instanc'd in_ Jalap, Guaicum, _Amber, Benzoin, Sulphur, Antimony_, &c. (276, 277.)

_The thirty second_ Experiment, _That some Reds with Diluting turn Yellow, others not, exemplify'd by the Tincture of_ Cochineel, _and by Balsam of_ Sulphur, _Tinctures of_ Amber, &c. (277, 278, 279.)

_The thirty third_ Experiment, _of a Red Tincture of_ Saccarum Saturni _and Oyl of_ Turpentine _made by Digestion_ (279.)

_The thirty fourth_ Experiment, _of drawing a Volatile red Tincture of Mercury_, _whose Steams were white, but it would Tinge the Skin black_ (279, 280.)

_The thirty fifth_ Experiment, _of a suddain way of making a Blood red Colour with Oyl of_ Vitriol, _and Oyl of_ Anniseeds, _two transparent Liquors_ (280, 281.)

_The thirty sixth_ Experiment, _of the Degenerating of several Colours exemplify'd in the last mention'd Blood red, and by Mr._ Parkinsons _relation of_ Turnsol, _by some Trials with the Juice of Buck-thorn Berries, and other Vegetables, to which several notable Considerations and Advertisements back'd with_ Experiments _are adjoyn'd_ (from 281 to 288.)

_The thirty seventh_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Colour of the Tinctures of_ Cochineel, _Red-cherries, and Brasil, with Acid and Sulphureous Salts, and divers Considerations thereon_ (from 288 to 290.)

_The thirty eighth_ Experiment, _About the Red fumes of some, and White of other distill'd Bodies, and of their Coalition for the most part into a transparent Liquor_ (290, 291.) _And of the various Colours of dry Sublimations, exemplify'd with several_ Experiments (292, 293, 294.)

_The thirty ninth_ Experiment, _Of Varying the Decoction of_ Balaustiums _with Acid and Urinous Salts_ (294, 295.) _Some_ Annotations _wherein two_ Experiments _of_ Gassendus _are Related, Examined, and Improv'd_ (from 295 to 302.)

_The fortieth_ Experiment, _Of the no less Strange than Pleasant changes made with a Solution of Sublimate_ (from 301 to 306.) _The difference between a Chymical axd Philosophical Solution of a_ Phænomenon (307, 308.) _The Authors Chymical Explication of the_ Phænomena, _confirm d by several_ Experiments _made on_ Mercury, _with several Saline Liquors_ (from 308 to 310.) _An Improvement of the fortieth_ Experiment, _by a fresh Decoction of_ Antimony _in a_ Lixivium (311, 312, 313.) _Reflections on the tenth, twentieth, and fortieth_ Experiments, _compar'd together, shewing a way with this Tincture of Sublimate to distinguish whether any Saline Body to be examin'd be of a Urinous or Alcalizate Nature_ (from 314 to 317.) _The Examination of Spirit of_ Sal-armoniack, _and Spirit of_ Oak _by these Principles_ (from 316 to 319.) _That the Author knows ways of making highly Operative Saline bodies, that produce none of the before mention'd effects_ (319, 320.) _Some notable_ Experiments _about Solutions and Precipitations of Gold and Silver_ (320, 321.)

_The one and fortieth_ Experiment, _Of Depriving a deep Blew Solution of Copper of its Colour_ (322.) _to which is adjoyn'd the Discolouring or making Transparent a Solution of Verdigrease, &c. and another of Restoring or Increasing it_ (322, 323.)

_The forty second_ Experiment, _Of changing a Milk white Precipitate of_ Mercury _into a Yellow, by Affusion of fair Water, with several Considerations thereon_ (from 323 to 326.)

_The forty third_ Experiment, _Of Extracting a Green Solution with fair Water out of imperfectly Calcin'd Vitriol_ (327.)

_The forty fourth_ Experiment, _Of the Deepning and Diluting of several Tinctures, by the Affusions of Liquors, and by Conical Glasses that contain'd them, Exemplify'd in the Tinctures of_ Cochineel, Brasil, Verdigrease, Glass, Litmus, _of which last on this occasion several pleasant_ Phænomena _are related_ (from 328 to 335.) _To which are adjoyn'd certain Cautional Corollaries_ (335, 336.) _The Waterdrinker and some of his Legerdemain tricks related._(337.)

_The forty fifth_ Experiment, _Of the turning Rhenish and White Wine into a lovely Green, with a preparation of Steel _(338, 339.) _Some further Trial made about these Tinctures, and a Similar_ Experiment _of_ Olaus Wormius (340.)

_The forty sixth_ Experiment, _Of the Internal Colour of Metalls exhibited by Calcination_ (341, 342, 343.) Annotation _the first, That several degrees of Fire may disclose a differing Colour_ (343.) Annotation _the second, That the Glasses of Metalls may exhibit also other Kinds of Colours_ (344.) Annotation _the third, That Minerals by several degrees of Fire may disclose several Colours_(345).

Experiment _the forty seventh, Of the Internal Colours of Metalls disclos'd by their Dissolutions in several_ Menstruums (from 345 to 350.) Annotation _the first, The Authors Apology for Recording some already known_ Experiments, _without mentioning their Authors_ (from 350 to 352.) Annotation _the second, That some Minerals also by Dissolutions in_ Menstruums _may exhibit divers Colours_. Annotation _the third, That Metalls disclose other Colours by Precipitations, instanc'd in_ Mercury (from 353 to 355.)

_The forty eighth_ Experiment, _Of Tinging Glass Blew with Leaf Silver, and with Calcin'd Copper, and White with Putty_ (from 355 to 358.) Annotation _the first, That this white Glass is the Basis of Ammels_ (358.) Annotion _the second, That Colour'd Glasses may be Compounded like Colour'd Liquors in Dying Fats_ (359.) Annotation _the third, Of Tinging Glass with Minerel Substances, and of trying what Metalls they contain by this means_ (from 360 to 362.) Annotation _the fourth, That Metalls may be Ting'd by Mineralls_ (362, 363.) Annotation _the fifth, Of making several Kinds of Amauses or Counterfeit Stones_ (from 363 to 365.) Annotation _the sixth, Of the Scarlet Dye, of the Stains of dissolv'd Gold and Silver_ (366, 367) _Of the Greenness of Salt Beef, and Redness of Neats Tongues from Salts; of Gilding Silver with Bathe Water_ (368, 369.) _And Tinging the Nails and Skin with_ Alcanna (369)