Part 3

He whom you saw yesterday, is my sister’s lover. vedére jéri éssere sorélla amánte.

He whom God loves, is very happy. Dio amáre felíce.

She whom you see, is my eldest brother’s mistress. vedére primogénito fratéllo innamoráta.

She whom I have recommended to you, is modest. avére raccomandáre modésto.

She whom I loved most, is married. amáre il più maritáre.

I saw to-day the gentleman with whom we dined yesterday. vedére oggi signóre [1] pranzáre jéri.

Here is the lady for whom I have great respect. Ecco signóra avére grande rispétto.

Let us go and see the lady with whom we played at cards andáre [2] vedere giuocáre carta in the country the other day. campágna altro giórno.

The gentleman with whom we were the other day is very ill. signóre éssere altro giórno ammaláto.

There is the horse for which I offered twenty guineas. cavállo esibire venti ghinéa.

Shew me the watch for which you gave forty pounds. mostráre oriuólo dare quaránta lire.

There is the sword for which I offered six guineas. spada esibíre sei ghinéa.

[1] We put _quale_ after the prepositions, speaking of reasonable creatures. See _Gram._ p. 72.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 205, on verbs of motion.

_When between two Verbs there is a Noun, or a Pronoun, we put generally che after the first Verb._

I thought you could speak Italian better than you do.[1] crédere parláre Italiáno méglio

I fancy you are not yet twenty years old. immaginársi [2]avére ancóra venti anni.

I hope you will not refuse me the favour to recommend me to speráre ricusáre favóre raccomandáre your friends in town. vostro amíco città.

My uncle told me yesterday you were not well, but I am very glad to find zio dire jéri [3]stare bene ma rallegrársi trováre you are better to-day. méglio oggi.

You promised to write to me last week, but I am very sorry prométtere scrívere passáto settimána ma rincréscere to observe you have forgot me. vedére che vi siete scordato di me.

[1] Render, _than you do not_.

[2] We use the verb _avére_ instead of _éssere_, speaking of age. _Ex._ How old are you? _Quanti anni avete?_

[3] The verb _stare_ must be used instead of _éssere_, in speaking of health.

_We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb._

I desired but one favour from you,[1] and you refused it me. chiédere favóre ricusáre.

If you would give me but one guinea at once, you would oblige me dare ghinéa alla volta obbligáre infinitely. infinitaménte.

When one has but little money, one ought to spend accordingly. quando[2] avére poco danáro dovére spéndere in conseguénza.

I ask you but what others give me. domandáre altro dare.

You do nothing but laugh and play. fare [3] rídere giuocáre.

He does nothing but eat and drink. mangiáre bere.

When others laugh, you do nothing but cry. altro rídere fare piángere.

[1] _Non vi chiési che un favóre._

[2] _When one has but_, &c. must be rendered by _quando non si ha che_, &c.

[3] _You do nothing but_, &c. render it by, _non fate altro che_.

_On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that._

I went yesterday to your house to see you, but your man told me venire jéri casa vedére ma servitore dire you were not within. éssere

Indeed I was there almost all the afternoon; at what time did you come? in verità quasi tutto dopo pranzo che ora veníre?

I went there at six o’clock. sei

He was in the right to tell you that I was not within, for I was gone [1]avére dire éssere andáre to visit a few friends in the square. visitáre alcúno amíco piázza.

My brother and sister are gone into the country. fratéllo sorélla andáre campagna.

When did they go, I wish to know? quando vorréi sapére?

They went yesterday morning. andáre jéri mattína.

Is it long since you saw our regiment? [2] vedére reggiménto?

It is two months, if I remember well. due mese se ricordáre bene.

How long is it since you left France? éssere lasciáre Fráncia?

It is five and twenty years, or thereabouts. cinque venti anno incírca.

[1] To be in the right, is, _avere ragione_.

[2] Long, _molto tempo_, or _un pezzo_.

_How to express some of it, or some of them._ [See GRAMMAR p. 215.]

You have three horses, lend me one of them. avére tre cavállo prestátemene uno.

I have but two, one for myself, and the other for my man. avére due me servitore.

I thought you had three (of them). crédere avére tre.

To shew you that I have but two (of them), come with me into the stable, far vedére avére due veníre meco stalla and you will not see any more (of them). vedére più.

I do not doubt it at all, I believe you. dubitáre[1] crédere.

I see very fine flowers in your garden, give me some. vedére bello fióre giardíno dare

I have not many, but what there are, are at your service. avére molto ma quel [2] servízio.

I have but fifteen or sixteen, as you see. quindici sedici vedére.

You may take a dozen, if you please. potére pigliáre dozzina piacére.

What will you have me do with them? volére fare

You may give some to your daughters. dare vostro figlia.

Do they talk of the war in your town? [3]parláre guerra città?

They talk of it all over the island. tutto ísola.

And what do they think of our neighbours’ intentions? crédere vicíno intenzióne?

They know very little about them here. sapére poco quì.

[1] _Non ne dubito punto._

[2] See _Gram._ p. 151, on the conjugation of _there is_, &c.

[3] See _Gram._ p. 215, on _it is_, _they_, &c.

EXERCISES on the TENSES of the VERBS.

_The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present._

Sir, I come to have the honour to see you. Signóre veníre avére onóre vedére.

I am infinitely obliged to you for this favour. éssere infinitaménte obbligáre questo favóre.

How does the lady your mother do? [1]stare signóra madre

She is very well, sir, and presents her compliments to you. stáre beníssimo presentáre compliménto

I am her most humble servant, and am very glad to hear she is well. éssere úmile servo rallegrársi sentíre stare bene.

Will you come and walk with me in the garden? volére veníre spasseggiáre giardíno?

Pray excuse me, I cannot stay any longer. pregáre scusáre potére restáre

You are always in great haste when you come to see me. éssere sempre grande fretta veníre vedére.

I beg your pardon, sir, I have been here above an hour, and my sister mi perdoni quì circa ora sorélla is all alone at home. tutto solo casa.

I am sorry you will not stay: I entreat you to present my most [2]dispiacére volére rimanére supplicáre presentáre humble respects to the lady your mother. úmile rispétto signóra madre.

[1] When we inquire after any body’s health, we make use of the verb _stare_, instead of _fare_, or _éssere_.

[2] An impersonal verb; _mi dispiáce che non vogliáte rimanére_.

_The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted._

Sir, we were speaking of you, when you came in. Signóre parláre quando entrare.

What were you saying of me, ladies? che dire signóra?

We were saying that when you were in France, among the ladies, you were dire quando éssere Fráncia fra dame éssere the most gallant, the most courteous, and the most complaisant gentleman galánte cortése compiacente signóre in the world. mondo.

I did not think, ladies, I was so happy as to be the subject of pensáre signora avere la fortuna éssere soggétto your conversation; and what do you think I am now? conversazióne crédere

We believe that you are still very civil, and very complaisant; crédere éssere ancóra civíle compiacénte but not so gallant as you were then. ma galánte éssere.

Louis the XIVth was one of the greatest kings in the world; he was Luígi [1] grande Re mondo a lover of fine sciences, he did not love flatterers, neither did he amatóre bello léttera amáre adulatóre always follow his own inclinations; and if he could not get sempre seguíre inclinazióne e se guadagnáre the victory over his enemies by the force of his arms, he would get it vittória nemíco forza arma ottenére by the number of his louis d’ors; in a word, he was a great politician. número luígi d’oro in somma grande politíco.

[1] We also make use of the imperfect tense, when we speak in time past of the habitual qualities and actions of any person alive or dead.

_The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past._

Where did you go yesterday, that you were not at home, when I went dove andáre jéri éssere quando veníre to see you? vedére?

I went to see Mr. N. who is not well. andáre vedére il signór stare

Did you meet with any company there? trováre compagnía

Yes, sir, I met with his uncle and three of his sisters. zio tre sorélla.

What was the subject of your conversation? quale éssere soggetto conversazíone?

We spoke of many different things. parláre molto differénte cosa.

Did you speak Italian with them? Italiáno

Yes, all our conversation was in Italian. TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

Did they say you speak it well? dire bene?

They said nothing about it. niente

Did they not ask you of whom you learn? domandáre chi imparáre?

Yes, I told them I was learning of you. TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.

The emperor, Julius Cæsar, after he had conquered Britain, imperatóre Giúlio Césare dopo conquistáre Brettágna built a tower at London, but he continued not there; he appointed [1]edificáre torre Londra restáre constituíre rulers in his stead, and returned from London to Rome. governatóre vece ritornáre Londra Roma.

Henry the VIIIth, king of England, regarded not the bulls and Enrico ottávo Re Inghilterra badáre bolla threatenings which came from Italy; he violently shook off mináccia veníre Italia violenteménte scuótere the papal power, though he retained the Roman religion. papále potére ritenére Románo religióne.

[1] We also make use of the perfect definite, when we speak of the transactions of persons who are dead.

_The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted._

I am very glad to see you, for your brother rallegrársi vedére fratello told me you were gone to France. dire

’Tis true I was resolved to go there, if my father had given me vero risólvere andáre [1] padre avére dare money enough to make that journey. danáro fare viággio.

Had he given you leave to go there? avére dáre licénza andáre?

Yes, and he gave me fifty guineas to make my journey. si dare cinquánta ghinéa fare viággio.

If he had given me thirty more, I should have gone to Paris [2] avére dare trenta essere andáre Parígi to pass the summer. passáre estáte.

If you had come to see me, I would have lent you some. veníre vedére avére prestáre

I am much obliged to you for it. éssere molto obbligáto

When you had a mind to go to France, were you resolved quando pensare andáre Fráncia risólvere to set out without taking leave of your friends? partíre senza licenziársi amíco?

No, sir, I had already taken leave of several. no signóre essere digià licenziársi da molto.

Very well, but you had forgotten me. beníssimo ma scordársi.

I am sorry you have so bad an opinion of me. dispiacére cattívo opinióne

[1] _Gram._ p. 206, on _if_ before that tense.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 206, on the particle _if_ before the imperfect indicative.

_On the Future, or time to come._

When will you go into the country? quando andáre campágna?

I believe I shall go there to-morrow. crédere andáre dománi.

Will you stay long there? restáre un pezzo?

No, sir, I shall stay but two or three weeks. due o tre settimána.

How will you spend your time when you are there? passáre tempo quando[1] éssere

I’ll go and see my friends, and I will divert myself with andáre vedére amíco divertíre those who receive me kindly. [2]ricévere corteseménte.

Will you not carry some books with you? portáre libro

No, for I am sure while I am there, I shall have no time to read. perchè sicúro mentre[3] avére tempo léggere.

You will forget all your Italian. scordársi tutto Italiano.

I am certain I shall not, for I will not stay long there. certo di no restáre molto

When once you are there, your friends will not permit you to leave them una volta[4] éssere amíco permettere lasciáre so soon. così presto.

You shall see that I’ll be here next Sunday, and that my friends vedére éssere quì próssimo Doménica amíco will not have so much power over me as you think. avére tanto potére pensáre.

What will you bring me from the country? portáre campágna?

I’ll bring you some partridges, a hare, and some pheasants. portáre perníce lepre fagiáno.

I shall be obliged to you for them. éssere obbligáto

[1] _When you are there_, render, _when you shall be there_.

[2] _Ricevere_, must be in the future, third person plural.

[3] Render, _while I shall be there_, mentre starò là.

[4] Render, _when once you shall be there_, quando una volta ci saréte.

_On the Imperative, or Mood that commands._

Go from me to my lady; present my respects to her: give her this andáre signóra presentáre rispétto dare questo letter, and bring me an answer; should she not be at home, stay léttera portáre rispósta éssere casa restáre till she comes back. ritornáre.

Speak Italian with me, pronounce well, begin again, read softly, parláre Italiáno meco pronunziáre ricominciáre leggere adágio repeat your lesson, go. ripétere lezióne coraggio.

On the Construction of VERBS.

_The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case._

You have a son who has the finest qualities in the world; he has avére figlio bello qualità mondo avére a sweet countenance, a great deal of civility, and very obliging piacévole fisonomia molto civiltà cortése manners; in short, he has the love of every body, and maniera affetto tutto you are happy in having such a son. éssere fortunato

A man is very happy who has the fear of God and the love of his uómo molto felíce timóre Dio amóre neighbours, though he should not have the riches of fortune. prossimo [1]benchè richézza fortúna.

Those who have wealth, and have no charity for the poor, shall not avére [2]richézza carità povero share God’s mercy. partecipáre Dio misericordia.

A man that has wit, and no behaviour, is despicable. uómo spírito condótta sprezzábile.

I have scholars who have sense, and are diligent; but I have others who scoláro giudizio éssere diligénte altro che are dull, and very idle. ottusi pigro.

If you have good manners, civility and complaisance, you will be loved avére buóno maniera civiltà compiacénza éssere amáto by every body. tutto.

[1] _Benchè_ governs the subjunctive mood.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 211, on the articles _del_, _dello_, _della_, &c.

_Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one._

I was very cold when I came, but am very warm now. avére freddo veníre avére caldo adesso.

You eat as if you were not hungry. mangiáre come se avére fame.

I beg your pardon, I eat heartily; for I was very hungry. domandáre perdóno mangiáre di buón gusto avére molto appetito.

Are you not thirsty yet? avére sete ancóra?

Yes, sir, I am very thirsty, but I won’t drink yet; for if I drink si, signóre avére gran sete ma volére bere ancóra se bevére when I am hungry, it prevents me from eating. quando avére fame impedíre mangiáre.

How old is your uncle? quanto anno avére zio?

He is not yet seventy years old. avére ancóra settánta anno.

You surprise me, I thought he was eighty. sorpréndere crédere avére ottánta.

And you, sir, how old are you? e signóre anno avére?

I am not twenty yet. avére venti ancóra.

On the Verb Substantive _éssere_.

_The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case._

Our master is diligent; but I have been hitherto very idle; nostro maestro éssere diligénte éssere stato sinóra pigro I have done as the drones. avére fatto come cacchióne.

I have lost my parents’ love, who always provided all avére pérdere genitóre affetto che mi hanno sempre forníre things necessary for me: I have been unworthy of their care; but I will tutto necessário éssere stato indégno cura ma volére deserve to be called the most diligent of all our scholars meritáre éssere chiamáre diligénte tutto scoláro for the time to come. all’avveníre.

The lion is accounted the most generous of animals, because he is more leóne passáre per generóso animale perchè placable than the others. placábile altro.

The sanguinary minds of some men are more barbarous than wild beasts. sanguinário animo uómo éssere barbaro fíera Man is a creature of upright body: when he is old, his body bends Uómo creatúra dritto corpo quando vécchio corpo inchinársi towards the earth; and his soul ascends to heaven, which is his verso terra ánima ascéndere ciélo habitation for ever. dimóra.

How are you this morning? I am very well, thank you. come stare mattína? stare beníssimo grazie.

How do your father and mother do? [1]stare padre madre

I hope my father is well. He was well the last time I saw him, but speráre padre stare bene último volta vedére ma my mother has not been well these two or three days. madre éssere stato bene [2] due tre giórno And how are you, sir? stare signóre?

I should be well enough, if I had money. stare ene abbastanza [3]se avére danáro.

I hope your lady is well. speráre signóra stare bene.

She is perfectly well, at your service. stare perfettaménte bene servízio.

I am very glad to hear she is so well. rallegrársi sentíre stare così bene.

What weather is it to-day, I wish to know? [4] tempo fare oggi [5]volére sapére?

It is the finest weather in the world. bello mondo.

Is it hotter in Spain than in Italy? fare caldo Spagna Itália?

It is hotter there in summer, but it is very cold in winter. fare estáte ma fare freddo inverno.

If it is fine weather to-morrow, we will go in the country. fare bello tempo dománi andáre campágna.

I believe it will not be fine weather, for it is very dark crédere fare bello tempo perchè oscúro to-night. questa séra.

[1] When we inquire after any one’s health, we make use of the verb _stare_, instead of _fare_.

[2] These two or three days, _i. e. da due o tre giorni in quà_.

[3] If I had money, _Se avessi danari_, and not _avevo_.

[4] When we speak of the weather, we use the third person singular of the verb _fare_, instead of the verb _éssere_.

[5] Use the optative mood, and say, _vorrei_.

Personal Verbs governing a Genitive Case.

_The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive._

I have no pity on the misery of those, who being young and strong, avére pietà della miséria éssere gióvine forte love better to beg from door to door, than to work for their bread; amáre accattáre porta in che lavoráre per guadagnarsi pane but I pity much the blind, and old people, who are incapable of doing ma avére pietà ciéco i vecchi éssere incapáce fare any thing for their living. alcuna cosa vitto.

I pity my brother, I pity his folly, for he has wasted all avére pietà fratéllo pazzia perchè dilapidáre tutto the fortune my father left him. patrimonio padre lasciáre.

_The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive._

Men are often inclined to laugh at others’ misfortunes, uómo éssere spesso inclináto burlársi di altri disgrázia instead of having pity on them. in vece di avére pietà.

Those who call themselves Christians, and do not live according to quello che chiamársi Cristiáno non vívere secóndo their religion, mock God and his doctrine. religióne burlársi Iddío dottrína.

Do not jeer at others’ poverty, for you do not know how long burlársi altro povertà non sapére quanto tempo fortune will be favourable to you; and if you should become poor, fortúna éssere favorévole e se diventáre póvero every one would laugh at you. ognúno rídersi di.

It is a great mark of folly to laugh at every thing. éssere grande segno pazzía ridére di tutto.

_The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive._

If you repent sincerely for the fault you have committed, God will se pentírsi sinceraménte colpa avére commésso Iddío forgive you; for he does not love the death of a sinner, but he perdonáre perchè amáre morte peccátore will have him to repent of his sins. volére pentírsi peccáto.