Part 15

[487] _ammazzáto_

[488] _regno_

[489] _nato_

[490] _basso_

[491] _corággio_

[492] _speriénza_

[493] _succédere_

[494] _períre_

[495] _palúde_

[496] _bárbaro_

[497] _sconfítta_

[498] _cagionáto_

[499] _perfídia_

[500] _nascostaménte_

[501] _congiuráre_

[502] _scelta_

[503] _soldatésca_

[504] _preso_

[505] _compágno_

[506] _govérno_

[507] _marciáre_

[508] _suscitáre_

[509] _ribellióne_

[510] _avanzaménto_

[511] _succedúto_

[512] _miserabilménte_

[513] _laceráto_

[514] _tiránno_

[515] _sollevársi_

[516] _luógo_

[517] _Trebéllio Pollióne_

[518] _marciáre_

[519] _Sciti_

[520] _preso_

[521] _Calcedónia_

[522] _abbruciáto_

[523] _témpio_

[524] _Efesino_

[525] _avanzáre_

[526] _inquietava assai_

[527] _orientále_

[528] _frontiere_

[529] _fare_

[530] _prigioniéro_

[531] _trattáre_

[532] _schiávo_

[533] _montáre_

[534] _cavállo_

[535] _porre_

[536] _piéde_

[537] _collo_

[538] _abbassársi_

[539] _a questo effétto_

[540] _fare_

[541] _scorticáre_

[542] _saláre_

[543] _vittória_

[544] _succédere_

[545] _Palmiriáni_

[546] _sposáto_

[547] _coraggiosaménte_

[548] _rispígnere_

[549] _dare il guasto_

[550] _confíne_

[551] _Intanto_

[552] _abbandonáto_

[553] _lussúria_

[554] _dissolutézza_

[555] _lasciáre_

[556] _laceráre in pezzi_

[557] _tiránno_

[558] _presa_

[559] _recuperaménto_

[560] _dopo la sconfítta_

[561] _mandáto_

[562] _signóre_

[563] _caténa_

[564] _vergógna_

[565] _trionfare_

[566] _vincere_

[567] _assassináto_

[568] _cugíno_

[569] _moglie_

[570] _donna_

[571] _ánimo virile_

[572] _intrapréndere_

[573] _Miláno_

[574] _succédere_

[575] _frugale_

[576] _moderáto_

[577] _serviziévole_

[578] _uccíso_

[579] _fortunáto_

[580] _Goti_

[581] _uccídere_

[582] _affondáre_

[583] _nave_

[584] _distrútto_

[585] _Emimónzio_

[586] _fame_

[587] _pestilénza_

[588] _moríre_

[589] _peste_

[590] _usurpáre_

[591] _scegliere_

[592] _bassa náscita_

[593] _annoveráto_

[594] _glorióso_

[595] _crudéle_

[596] _soggiogáre_

[597] _ricevúto_

[598] _segnaláto_

[599] _sconfítta_

[600] _veníre_

[601] _méttere_

[602] _senatóre_

[603] _ampliáre_

[604] _muro_

[605] _verso l’oriénte_

[606] _Tétrico_

[607] _condúrre_

[608] _triónfo_

[609] _Aurélio Vittóre_

[610] _portáre_

[611] _diadéma_

[612] _capo_

[613] _servírsi_

[614] _giója_

[615] _panno_

[616] _oro_

[617] _tolto di vita_

[618] _Nestéo_

[619] _notáro_

[620] _secretário_

[621] _Cenofrúrio_

[622] _tra_

[623] _Bisánzio_

[624] _morte_

[625] _interrégno_

[626] _cagionáto_

[627] _dispúta_

[628] _scelta_

[629] _scelto_

[630] _eccellénte_

[631] _costúme_

[632] _capáce_

[633] _govérno_

[634] _discéso_

[635] _istórico_

[636] _moríre_

[637] _febbre_

[638] _succédere_

[639] _innalzáto_

[640] _pluralità_

[641] _si apri le vene a morte_

[642] _nato_

[643] _soldáto_

[644] _intátta probitá_

[645] _súbito che_

[646] _fatto_

[647] _puníre_

[648] _éssere complíce_

[649] _marciare_

[650] _Gállia_

[651] _ricuperáre_

[652] _potére_

[653] _barbáro_

[654] _ammazzáre_

[655] _riduzióne_

[656] _Gállia_

[657] _Illírico_

[658] _soggiogáre_

[659] _chiamáto_

[660] _Geti_

[661] _Levánte_

[662] _attaccáre_

[663] _Persiáno_

[664] _sconfítto_

[665] _preso_

[666] _uccíso_

[667] _ritórna_

[668] _Sírmio_

[669] _odiáre_

[670] _severità_

[671] _succédere_

[672] _regno_

[673] _successo_

[674] _nato_

[675] _Narbóna_

[676] _súbito_

[677] _fare_

[678] _Césare_

[679] _mandáto_

[680] _aver cura_

[681] _marciáre_

[682] _Levánte_

[683] _ridótto_

[684] _Tesifóne_

[685] _ammazzato_

[686] _fúlmine_

[687] _regnáto_

[688] _afflítto_

[689] _contrarre_

[690] _debolezza_

[691] _ócchio_

[692] _piangere_

[693] _ucciso_

[694] _arte_

[695] _suócero_

[696] _rassomigliáre_

[697] _colpévole_

[698] _sorta_

[699] _scelleratezza_

[700] _perciò_

[701] _odióso_

[702] _stato_

[703] _gente_

[704] _tradíto_

[705] _Margo_

[706] _ammazzáto_

[707] _morto_

[708] _accettáre_

[709] _pórpora_

[710] _offérto_

[711] _bassi parenti_

[712] _Dalmázia_

[713] _si dice che_

[714] _schiávo_

[715] _Anulino_

[716] _bravo_

[717] _pigliáre_

[718] _giuraménto_

[719] _Assembléa_

[720] _éssere cómplíce_

[721] _uccídere_

[722] _mano_

[723] _adempíre_

[724] _profezía_

[725] _cignále_

[726] _ogni volta che_

[727] _incontráre_

[728] _solére_

[729] _trováto_

[730] _sopprímere_

[731] _Villano_

[732] _rivólta_

[733] _chiamársi_

[734] _Massimiáno Erculío_

[735] _mandáre_

[736] _a questo effétto_

[737] _seguénte_

[738] _impadroníto_

[739] _Brettágna_

[740] _Egítto_

[741] _preténdere_

[742] _Levánte_

[743] _pronto_

[744] _attaccáre_

[745] _desoláto_

[746] _Quinquegenziáni_

[747] _spingere_

[748] _creáre_

[749] _nato_

[750] _cognomináto_

[751] _Armentário_

[752] _pastóre_

[753] _dare_

[754] _accordáre_

[755] _andáre_

[756] _preso_

[757] _assédio_

[758] _ammazzáto_

[759] _Alétto_

[760] _rivólta_

[761] _ridótto_

[762] _sconfitto_

[763] _alteraménte_

[764] _ricevúto_

[765] _emendáre_

[766] _disgrázia_

[767] _sconfiggere_

[768] _fare_

[769] _moglie_

[770] _sorélla_

[771] _figliuólo_

[772] _onorataménte_

[773] _spléndido_

[774] _triónfo_

[775] _rinunziáre_

[776] _autorità_

[777] _spontaneaménte_

[778] _ritirársi_

[779] _dispósto_

[780] _autorità_

[781] _collega_

[782] _inclinazióne_

[783] _succédere_

[784] _Costánzo Cloro_

[785] _Galério Massimiáno Armentário_

[786] _proclamáto_

[787] _nipóte_

[788] _dichiaráto_

[789] _spartíre_

[790] _tenérsi_

[791] _último_

[792] _lasciáre_

[793] _Illírico_

[794] _Levánte_

[795] _governatóre_

[796] _collocáre_

CHAP. X.

(_Of Rome_, 1044--_Of Christ_, 304.)

Constantius Chlorus having [1]enjoyed his [2]dignity one year, or as most [3]will have it, two years, [4]died at York. He was [5]mild and [6]civil in his [7]disposition; he would [8]suffer no [9]enquiry to be made after the [10]Christians, and [11]preferred such of his [12]servants as he [13]knew to be of that [14]profession before the [15]rest.

Constantine, his son, [16]began his [17]reign in the year of Christ 306, being 32 or 33 years of age, [18]born of [19]Helen of Bithynia, whom, most [20]authors say, was not, but some, that she was, the [21]lawful [22]wife of Constantius, though of [23]mean [24]birth.

At Rome, [25]Maxentius, the son of [26]Herculius, was [27]proclaimed emperor, by the [28]prætorian [29]bands: he, at first, to [30]gain the [31]people, [32]seemed to [33]favour the [34]Christians; but [35]presently after [36]wallowed in all [37]manner of [38]wickedness and [39]cruelty. Galerius Maximianus [40]sent Severus against him, who, being [41]forsaken by his men, [42]fled to Ravenna; Galerius, upon this, [43]marching for Rome, with his [44]army, was [45]likewise forsaken by his men, and went into [46]Illyricum, where he [47]made Licinius Cæsar. Upon which Herculius [48]being now in hopes of [49]recovering the empire which he had [50]quitted against his [51]will, [52]returned from Lucania to Rome, and [53]advised [54]Dioclesian, [55]living at Carnus in Pannonia, by his [56]letters to him, to [57]do the like, which he [58]refused. He [59]trepanned Severus by [60]perjury, and [61]slew him. Then [62]laying a plot for his son, he was [63]forced to [64]fly from Rome to Constantine in Gaul, to whom he [65]gave his daughter Faustina in [66]marriage. But some time after, having [67]entered into a [68]wicked [69]design against his [70]son-in-law, Constantine, (which was [71]discovered by his daughter), he [72]fled to [73]Marseilles, and there [74]suffered the [75]punishment of his [76]treachery. About this time, Galerius Maximianus [77]died and was by his son-in-law Maxentius [78]enrolled amongst the [79]gods.

In the year 312, [80]Constantine [81]marched against [82]Maxentius, and was [83]encouraged to it by the [84]prodigy of a [85]cross he [86]saw in the [87]heavens. Having [88]passed the [89]Alps, and [90]defeated his generals near Verona, he [91]routed Maxentius himself not far from Rome, who [92]flying over a [93]bridge he had [94]laid upon the [95]Tyber, it [96]broke under him, and he was [97]drowned.

[98]Affairs being [99]settled in the city, Constantine in his [100]way to Germany, at Milan [101]married his sister [102]Constantia to Licinius, who had now been [103]made emperor. The same year Galericus Maximinus, a cruel [104]enemy of the [105]Christians, [106]undertaking a war against both the emperors, was [107]beaten by Licinius in [108]Illyricum, and [109]fled into Asia, where he [110]died a [111]horrible death at Tarsus in Cilicia. Nor did the [112]agreement betwixt the two [113]princes [114]last long; their first [115]rencounter was at Cibalis, a town in Pannonia; after which they had another [116]battle in the [117]plains of Mardia; in both which the [118]Licinians were [119]entirely defeated. At last a [120]peace was [121]made, and the empire again [122]divided.

In the year 324, Licinius [123]taking up arms against Constantine, [124]upon a pretence that he [125]went beyond his [126]bounds, and had [127]broken into his [128]dominions, received a great [129]overthrow near Hadrianople. [130]From thence flying into [131]Byzantium, he was again [132]defeated by [133]sea; and being [134]routed in another [135]battle near [136]Chalcedon, he was [137]taken prisoner by Constantine, from whom he [138]procured his life by the [139]interposition of his sister, and was [140]banished to [141]Thessalonica, where, [142]endeavouring to make a new [143]insurrection, he was [144]put to death.

After this, [145]Crispus Cæsar, his son, by a former [146]wife Minervina, a [147]youth of an [148]extraordinary [149]genius, was put to death upon [150]suspicion of [151]attempting to [152]seduce his [153]step-mother; and the year [154]following, Fausta, being [155]found [156]guilty of [157]falsely [158]accusing him, was [159]suffocated in a hot [160]bath, by [161]order of her [162]husband Constantine.

In this emperor’s time, Byzantium was [163]rebuilt, and [164]enriched with the [165]spoils of almost the whole [166]world; so that it [167]equalled Rome, and [168]took its [169]name from its [170]restorer, being [171]called [172]Constantinople.

After this, having [173]subdued the [174]Sarmatians, and [175]disposed of them in several [176]places of the Roman [177]empire; Constantine died in the [178]suburbs of Nicomedia, where most [179]authors say he was [180]baptised a little before his [181]death.

He [182]left by Fausta, the daughter of Maximianus, three children, [183]heirs of the empire, who [184]divided it amongst them. Constantine the [185]eldest had [186]Gaul, and all [187]beyond the [188]Alps. [189]Constans the [190]youngest had Rome, Italy, Africa, Sicily, and the [191]rest of the [192]islands, Illyricum, [193]Thracia, Macedonia, and [194]Greece. Constantius, the [195]second son, Asia, and the [196]East, with [197]Egypt.

But the brothers did not long [198]agree; four years after his father’s [199]death, Constantine making war upon his brother Constans, and [200]invading his [201]territories, was [202]slain near Aquileia. Constans himself was slain ten years after by [203]Magnentius’s general, Gaison, near the [204]Pyrænean mountains. Constantius was [205]engaged in a [206]dangerous war with this Magnentius. In the [207]battle [208]fought at Morsa in Pannonia, Constantius’s army was [209]worsted in the first [210]attack, but at last [211]came off [212]victorious. Two years after this, Magnentius slew himself at Lyons in [213]despair.

Gallus was [214]declared Cæsar, and [215]governor of the East; but [216]abusing his [217]authority, he was [218]sent for by Constantius, and [219]put to death in Illyricum. [220]Julian, his brother, was [221]saved by the [222]interposition of Eusebia, Constantius’s [223]wife, and sent to Athens to [224]study. He was afterwards [225]advanced to the [226]dignity of Cæsar, [227]married to the emperor’s sister [228]Helen, and was [229]made governor of [230]Gaul, where he was very [231]successful against the [232]Germans, [233]Franks, and [234]Alemans; he [235]sent the [236]king of the Alemans a [237]prisoner to Constantius at Rome, who [238]envying his [239]success, [240]endeavoured to [241]draw his soldiers from him, and [242]send them into the [243]East against the Persians. But they [244]proclaimed Julian emperor at [245]Paris, [246]whilst Constantius was [247]preparing for a war against the Persians. [248]As soon as he [249]understood this, he [250]marched against Julian, but died on the [251]road near Tarsus.

Julian, after the death of Constantius, was sole [252]master of the empire. He [253]killed, or [254]banished all the [255]friends of Constantius; [256]opened the [257]temples of the [258]idols, and [259]abjuring the [260]Christian [261]faith, was [262]consecrated [263]high-priest, [264]according to the [265]rites of the [266]pagan [267]religion. He made war against the Persians, and was [268]slain in it. They say that, when he [269]perceived his [270]wound to be [271]mortal, he [272]received the [273]blood in his [274]hand, and [275]threw it up [276]towards [277]heaven, with these [278]words: “Thou hast [279]conquered me, O [280]Galilæan!” [281]meaning [282]Christ, whose religion he had [283]abjured, and hence was called Julian the Apostate.

After the death of Julian, [284]Jovian, a [285]native of Pannonia, was [286]proclaimed emperor by the [287]soldiers. He [288]ordered the temples of the idols to be [289]shut up, and their [290]sacrifices to be [291]abolished. He made an [292]inglorious peace with Sapor, king of the Persians, for thirty years, by which he [293]yielded up Nisibis, and the greatest [294]part of Mesopotamia. He died in his [295]return to Constantinople, in the [296]confines of Galatea and Bithynia.

In the year of Christ 364, [297]Valentinian was [298]chosen emperor at Nice, and not long after [299]gave the [300]title of [301]Augustus to his brother [302]Valens; and [303]leaving him in the East, [304]came into the [305]West himself. He had a great many good [306]qualities, but was [307]particularly [308]famed for his [309]love of [310]justice. He made war against the Alemanni, [311]Saxons, Quadri, and other [312]nations. He [313]died in Pannonia, of an [314]apoplexy, in the 55th year of his [315]age, and the 12th of his [316]reign.

His brother Valens [317]suppressed Procopius, a [318]relation of [319]Julian, who had [320]assumed the [321]purple at Constantinople. After which he made war with the [322]Goths; but upon the [323]suit of their king [324]Athanaricus, [325]granted them a [326]peace, in the year 369. Ten years after this, Athanaricus with Fritigernes, were [327]driven out of their [328]country by the [329]Huns, and were [330]kindly [331]received by Valens, and [332]settled with their Goths in [333]Thrace. They afterwards excited an [334]insurrection against the Romans, and Valens being [335]wounded in a [336]battle with them, near [337]Hadrianople, was [338]burnt [339]alive by the barbarians, in a [340]cottage he [341]fled to. He reigned fourteen years and four months.

The emperor Valentinian had two sons, [342]Gratian and Valentinian. The former he [343]declared Augustus in Gaul, in the year 367; and his other son was [344]immediately after the death of his father [345]advanced to the same [346]dignity by the soldiers, in the year 375, and the 10th year of his age. Gratian had an [347]aversion to [348]public [349]business. After the death of Valens, the Goths [350]over-running Thrace, and other [351]provinces of the Roman empire, not [352]being able alone to [353]bear the [354]burthen, he [355]sent for [356]Theodosius out of [357]Spain, and made him his [358]associate, who was then in the 33rd year of his age.

Theodosius having [359]conquered the barbarians, [360]restored the public [361]peace. At last the whole [362]nation of the Goths, with their king, [363]delivered themselves up to the Romans, to whom the emperor [364]assigned [365]lands. After these things, Maximus [366]seized the [367]government in [368]Britain, in the year 382; and having [369]fixed his imperial [370]seat at Triers, [371]basely killed Gratian at Lyons, after he had been [372]forsaken by his army; but Theodosius [373]revenged his death, and [374]likewise [375]re-established Valentinian the [376]younger, who had been [377]obliged to [378]quit Italy. This [379]happened in the year 388, in which he [380]overthrew and killed Maximus near Aquileia. Theodosius had all the [381]accomplishments [382]becoming a Christian emperor: [383]inferior to none of the [384]foregoing or [385]following princes; a [386]consummate general, never [387]undertaking any war but such as was [388]necessary; of [389]singular [390]clemency and [391]humanity, yet a little [392]inclined to [393]passion.

In the year 391, Eugenius, [394]supported by the [395]power of Arbogastes, [396]set up for emperor, and in the following year, Valentinian was slain at Vienne in Gaul, by the same Arbogastes. Two years after, [397]Eugenius was [398]routed, [399]taken prisoner, and put to [400]death by Theodosius. Arbogastes was his own [401]executioner. The year following, 395, this excellent emperor died at Milan, after a reign of sixteen years.

Theodosius [402]left two sons, [403]Arcadius and [404]Honorius; to the [405]former he [406]gave the [407]East, to the [408]latter the [409]West. Arcadius, [410]immediately after his father’s death, [411]married Eudoxia, which [412]match was [413]brought about by Eutropius, [414]for fear of his [415]taking to wife Ruffinus’s daughter. This Ruffinus in the East, and Stilicho in the West, were at that time two men of the greatest [416]eminence and [417]power in the empire. Stilicho, after the death of Theodosius, [418]laying claim to the [419]management of both the Eastern and Western empires, and [420]marching [421]Eastward, Ruffinus [422]endeavoured [423]to hinder him, by [424]posting his [425]troops in all the [426]passages into [427]Greece, and [428]sent for Alaricus, king of the Goths, who [429]over-ran Greece, but was [430]defeated by Stilicho. At last, Ruffinus was [431]slain by the [432]soldiers, the same year in which Theodosius died. After his death, Eutropius [433]became very intimate with Arcadius, but was at last [434]disgraced and slain, in the very year in which he was [435]consul. In 403, died Arcadius, a prince of a [436]peaceable, but [437]indolent [438]temper, and too much [439]governed by his [440]wife. He left the [441]guardianship of his son, by [442]will, to Jezdegirdes, king of the [443]Persians, who [444]faithfully [445]executed that [446]trust, and [447]committed the [448]care of his [449]ward to Antiochus, a very [450]learned man, who [451]threatened to make war upon any that should [452]offer to [453]disturb him.

In the West, the [454]frequent [455]invasions of the barbarians were almost [456]fatal to the Roman [457]state. Radagisus, king of the Goths, with four, or as [458]others [459]say, two hundred thousand men, [460]invaded Italy, who were very [461]happily [462]cut off by Stilicho, the general himself being [463]taken and [464]slain. After Alaricus, a king of the [465]Goths, having [466]laid [467]Greece waste, and [468]continued a long time in [469]Epirus, at the [470]instigation of Stilicho, who was [471]desirous to [472]take [473]Illyricum from Arcadius, in order to [474]annex it to the [475]dominions of Honorius, afterwards [476]penetrated into Italy. To [477]get rid of him, Honorius [478]gave him [479]Spain and Gaul to [480]live in, himself not being in a condition to [481]keep those [482]provinces. As Alaricus was [483]marching thither, Saul, a [484]pagan general, whom Stilicho had [485]placed at the [486]head of an army, [487]falling upon the Barbarians, was [488]defeated by them. This [489]success so [490]elevated Alaricus, that [491]quitting his [492]former [493]design, he [494]over-ran Italy, and [495]took Rome: but before this, Stilicho was [496]put to death by the [497]order of Honorius. For, after the death of Theodosius, [498]designing to get the empire to himself and to make his son [499]Eucherius, who was a [500]pagan, and an enemy to the [501]Christians, emperor; the better to [502]accomplish his [503]design, he [504]resolved to [505]throw all into [506]confusion. [507]Wherefore he sent for the Barbarians to [508]ravage the empire, and [509]let the Alans, the Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, loose upon France and Spain. His [510]relation to the emperor [511]encouraged him in it; for he had Serena, the daughter of Theodosius’s brother, in [512]marriage, and had [513]disposed of the two daughters he had by her, first, [514]Mary, and after her death, [515]Termantia, in marriage to Honorius. But these [516]intrigues being [517]discovered by [518]Olympius, in the year of Christ 408, he was slain by the [519]hands of [520]Heraclius. The year following, Eucherius was [521]put to death, with his mother Serena. After Stilicho was [522]taken off, Alaricus was [523]desirous to [524]come to an [525]accommodation with Honorius, but was [526]foolishly [527]rejected. Wherefore, with a [528]body of [529]Goths, and [530]Huns, in [531]conjunction with his wife’s brother [532]Athaulfus, he [533]laid siege to Rome, and [534]carried it in the year 410. The [535]plunder of it he [536]gave to his soldiers, but with orders that all such as [537]fled to the [538]churches, [539]especially those of [540]Peter and [541]Paul, should have [542]quarter given them. He then [543]went to [544]Rhegium, in order to [545]pass over into Sicily and Africa, but there [546]died. He was [547]succeeded by Athaulfus, who [548]plundered Rome again, [549]carried off Placidia the emperor’s sister, and [550]married her.

During this [551]storm in Italy, the same [552]calamity [553]fell upon Gaul and Spain. The Alans, Vandals, Suevans, [554]laid waste Gaul, passed the [555]Pyrenæan mountains, and [556]made themselves [557]masters of Spain in the year 409. The Vandals and Suevans [558]seized upon Galæcia; the Alans, Lusitania and the [559]province of [560]Carthage; the [561]Silingans, which was another [562]branch of the Vandals, Bœtica.

After the [563]breaking in of the Goths in 410, [564]divers [565]pretenders to the empire [566]started up in [567]several [568]places. First Attalus was [569]made emperor, by the [570]senate, at the [571]command of Alaricus. He [572]proudly [573]rejected Honorius, who [574]offered by his [575]ambassadors to [576]receive him as his [577]partner in the empire, but was [578]obliged by Alaricus to [579]return to a [580]private [581]condition, and was afterwards [582]put up and [583]down again several times. At length, [584]renewing his [585]pretensions in Gaul, but not being [586]supported by the [587]Goths, he was [588]taken [589]prisoner, and [590]put into the [591]hands of Honorius, who [592]spared his [593]life, but [594]cut off one of his hands.

[595]Martius Gratianus, and Constantine in [596]Britain, [597]usurped the [598]supreme [599]power, and were [600]taken off. [601]Jovin and [602]Sebastian, two brothers, then [603]pretended to the empire; but were [604]taken and [605]slain by [606]Athaulfus, king of the Goths. [607]Heraclianus was set up in Africa, and [608]venturing over into Italy against Honorius, was [609]routed by Marinus at [610]Utriculum; and [611]returning into Africa, was slain at [612]Carthage.