Part 11

After Saturninus, Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, but [282]favouring the senate, being [283]desirous to [284]restore them to their [285]ancient [286]splendor, and to [287]put the [288]execution of their laws into their [289]hands, which C. Gracchus had [290]divided [291]between them and the [292]knights, he passed the same Agrarian laws, and put the [293]allies in [294]hopes of the [295]freedom of the city; which [296]being not able to [297]bring about, he [298]fell under an universal [299]odium, and was [300]stabbed, nobody [301]knew how, in the year 663.

After this, the Romans were [302]engaged in two most [303]difficult and terrible wars, almost at the same time; one in Italy, and the other without. That was [304]called the [305]Social or [306]Marsic war, because the Marsi had been the first [307]beginners of it; for all the [308]Latins, and most of the people of Italy, being [309]disgusted, that they who were [310]sharers in all the [311]hardships and [312]dangers of the war, should be [313]excluded from the [314]honours and [315]dignities of the [316]state; and being [317]frustrated in the hopes of [318]obtaining the [319]freedom of the city by Drusus, [320]endeavoured to [321]compass that by [322]force of arms, which they could not obtain [323]by fair means. They first [324]attempted in the Latin [325]Feriæ, to [326]assassinate both the consuls, Philip and Cæsar; but the [327]matter being [328]discovered, they [329]openly [330]revolted, [331]massacred Q. Servilius the proconsul, [332]Fonteius and all the Romans at [333]Asculum. After this the war was [334]carried on with [335]various [336]success. Cn. [337]Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the [338]Great, [339]distinguished himself upon this [340]occasion. He [341]forced the Vestini and Peligni to [342]submission, and [343]triumphed upon that [344]account. [345]Likewise L. Sylla Cæsar, the consul’s [346]lieutenant, did, by his great successes against the enemy, [347]obtain the [348]consulship, in which he [349]made an end of the war.

Soon after [350]broke out a war between the Romans and [351]Mithridates, who having [352]taken off Ariarthes, king of Cappadocia, his [353]sister’s [354]husband, together with his son of the same [355]name, had [356]seized upon the kingdom; but being forced to [357]forego what he had [358]unjustly got, Ariobarzanes was [359]nominated king of Cappadocia by the senate, but forced out of his [360]dominions by Mithridates, and [361]restored by Sylla. After this he was once more [362]driven out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, [363]as was likewise Nicomedes out of Bithynia. But both [364]recovered their dominions again by a [365]decree of the senate; which Mithridates being [366]offended at, he [367]invaded Cappadocia and Bithynia, [368]routed the Roman armies, [369]massacred all the Italians, [370]throughout Asia in one day; and [371]reduced Macedon, [372]Thrace, [373]Greece, and [374]Athens. The consul Sylla [375]marching against him, [376]took Athens, and having [377]defeated his generals, forced him to a peace upon the [378]conditions of his [379]quitting Asia, Bithynia, and Cappadocia.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _incirca_

[2] _Lusitáni_

[3] _Spagna_

[4] _báttere_

[5] _ignominiosaménte_

[6] _sotto_

[7] _condótta_

[8] _Viriato_

[9] _cacciatóre_

[10] _diventáre_

[11] _ladro di strada_

[12] _sconfíggere_

[13] _armáta_

[14] _più volte_

[15] _sconfítta_

[16] _memorábile_

[17] _altro_

[18] _rotto_

[19] _truppa_

[20] _Vetílio_

[21] _pretóre_

[22] _fare_

[23] _méttere_

[24] _morte_

[25] _Appiáno_

[26] _solo_

[27] _vinto_

[28] _soffríre_

[29] _fato_

[30] _fortunáto_

[31] _contro_

[32] _C. Lelio_

[33] _Quinto Fabio Mássimo_

[34] _sconfíggere_

[35] _Q. Servílio Cepióne_

[36] _vilménte_

[37] _fare_

[38] _assassináre_

[39] _uffiziále_

[40] _corrótto_

[41] _a questo effétto_

[42] _disonóre_

[43] _nome_

[44] _pericolóso_

[45] _accendérsi_

[46] _ricevúto_

[47] _Segidénsi_

[48] _alleáto_

[49] _scampáto_

[50] _mano_

[51] _comandáto_

[52] _consegnáre_

[53] _rifuggiáto_

[54] _cédere_

[55] _arma_

[56] _ricusáre_

[57] _benchè_

[58] _inferióre_

[59] _número_

[60] _forza_

[61] _fare_

[62] _valente_

[63] _resisténza_

[64] _anno_

[65] _armáta_

[66] _M. Popílio_

[67] _tagliata fuori_

[68] _seguénte_

[69] _trenta_

[70] _mila_

[71] _sconfitto_

[72] _disastro_

[73] _seguíto_

[74] _vergognóso_

[75] _pace_

[76] _ricusáre_

[77] _ratificáre_

[78] _perciò_

[79] _consegnáto_

[80] _ricévere_

[81] _alla fine_

[82] _vinto_

[83] _battáglia campále_

[84] _distrútto_

[85] _rinchiúso_

[86] _muro_

[87] _ridótto_

[88] _estréma disperazióne_

[89] _uccidérsi_

[90] _spianáto_

[91] _sollevazióne_

[92] _fondaziòne_

[93] _mentre_

[94] _ancóra_

[95] _Achei_

[96] _conquistáto_

[97] _Andrísco_

[98] _uómo_

[99] _bassa nascita_

[100] _preténdere_

[101] _Filíppo_

[102] _Perséo_

[103] _impadroníto_

[104] _Q. Cecílio Metéllo_

[105] _macéllo_

[106] _de’ suoí_

[107] _quindi_

[108] _cognóme_

[109] _Macedónico_

[110] _impegnáto_

[111] _Numantíno_

[112] _ribellióne_

[113] _schiávo_

[114] _Sirio_

[115] _che si chiamáva Euno_

[116] _fingere_

[117] _divíno_

[118] _ispirazióne_

[119] _invitáre_

[120] _arma_

[121] _libertà_

[122] _come se fosse_

[123] _órdine_

[124] _nume_

[125] _leváto_

[126] _poderóso_

[127] _armáta_

[128] _compósto_

[129] _vincere_

[130] _alla fine_

[131] _sconfítto_

[132] _Euméne_

[133] _Frígia_

[134] _zio_

[135] _morto_

[136] _governáto_

[137] _regno_

[138] _curatóre_

[139] _regnáre_

[140] _erede_

[141] _Aristónico_

[142] _cortigiana_

[143] _avendo a male_

[144] _impadronírsi_

[145] _tagliáre a pezzi_

[146] _vìnto_

[147] _termináto_

[148] _seguénte_

[149] _malincónico_

[150] _morte_

[151] _trováto_

[152] _letto_

[153] _sospétto_

[154] _avvelenáto_

[155] _moglie_

[156] _fare_

[157] _erede_

[158] _formidabile_

[159] _sedizióne_

[160] _tribúno_

[161] _popolo_

[162] _legge Agrária_

[163] _nissúno_

[164] _possédere_

[165] _júgero_

[166] _terra_

[167] _propórre_

[168] _danáro_

[169] _spartíre_

[170] _pariménte_

[171] _sollecitáre_

[172] _tribunáto_

[173] _inquietáto_

[174] _cosa_

[175] _órdine_

[176] _uccíso_

[177] _Campidóglio_

[178] _dove_

[179] _fuggíto_

[180] _salvézza_

[181] _fratéllo_

[182] _proseguíre_

[183] _diségno_

[184] _uccíso_

[185] _insiéme_

[186] _Galli_

[187] _di là dall’Alpi_

[188] _principiáre_

[189] _Allobrógi_

[190] _soggiogáre_

[191] _víncere_

[192] _battáglia_

[193] _veníre_

[194] _soddisfáre_

[195] _rilegáto_

[196] _província_

[197] _colónia_

[198] _mandáto_

[199] _quasi_

[200] _perpetuamente_

[201] _spesso_

[202] _fieramente percosso_

[203] _terríbile_

[204] _marciáre_

[205] _potére_

[206] _ottenére_

[207] _sito_

[208] _stabilírsi_

[209] _méttere in rotta_

[210] _sconfítto_

[211] _rotta_

[212] _memorábile_

[213] _altro_

[214] _saccheggiáre_

[215] _Tolósa_

[216] _paése_

[217] _portáre via_

[218] _libbra_

[219] _oro_

[220] _argénto_

[221] _pagáre_

[222] _sacrilégio_

[223] _totále_

[224] _distruzióne_

[225] _uccíso_

[226] _battáglia_

[227] _alleáto_

[228] _ottánta_

[229] _servitóre_

[230] _seguíre_

[231] _campo_

[232] _sessánta_

[233] _Ambróni_

[234] _distrutto_

[235] _fatto_

[236] _prigioniéro_

[237] _unitaménte_

[238] _facéndosi strada tra_

[239] _Nórico_

[240] _uccídere_

[241] _vittória_

[242] _coronare_

[243] _glória_

[244] _acquistáre_

[245] _intrapréso_

[246] _priváto_

[247] _cugíno_

[248] _nipotíno_

[249] _vita_

[250] _regno_

[251] _sostenere_

[252] _abbassáto_

[253] _finalménte_

[254] _affátto_

[255] _soggiogáto_

[256] _consegnato_

[257] _fuggíto per scampo_

[258] _condótto_

[259] _adornáre_

[260] _triónfo_

[261] _messo_

[262] _prigióne_

[263] _felíce_

[264] _progrésso_

[265] _império_

[266] _al di fuóri_

[267] _interrótto_

[268] _frequénte_

[269] _vergognóso_

[270] _disórdine_

[271] _nel paése_

[272] _cagionáto_

[273] _fatto_

[274] _passáre_

[275] _spartíre_

[276] _scacciáre_

[277] _esiliáre_

[278] _oppórre_

[279] _uccíso_

[280] _richiamáto_

[281] _esílio_

[282] _favoreggiáre_

[283] _desideróso_

[284] _restituíre_

[285] _antíco_

[286] _splendóre_

[287] _méttere_

[288] _esecuzióne_

[289] _mano_

[290] _spartíto_

[291] _fra_

[292] _cavaliére_

[293] _alleáto_

[294] _speránza_

[295] _cittadinanza romana_

[296] _non potére_

[297] _effettuáre_

[298] _incórrere_

[299] _ódio_

[300] _pugnaláto_

[301] _sapére_

[302] _impegnáto_

[303] _faticóso_

[304] _chiamáto_

[305] _Sociále_

[306] _Mársico_

[307] _autóre_

[308] _Latíno_

[309] _disgustáto_

[310] _dividere_

[311] _fatíca_

[312] _perícolo_

[313] _esclúso_

[314] _onóre_

[315] _dignità_

[316] _stato_

[317] _deluso_

[318] _ottenére_

[319] _libertà_

[320] _procuráre_

[321] _spuntáre_

[322] _forza_

[323] _colle buóne_

[324] _tentáre_

[325] _Férie_

[326] _assassináre_

[327] _cosa_

[328] _scopérto_

[329] _apertaménte_

[330] _rivoltársi_

[331] _uccídere_

[332] _Fontéjo_

[333] _Ascolo_

[334] _continuáto_

[335] _vario_

[336] _succésso_

[337] _Pompeo Strabóne_

[338] _magno_

[339] _distínguersi_

[340] _occasióne_

[341] _forzáre_

[342] _obbediénza_

[343] _trionfáre_

[344] _cagióne_

[345] _pariménte_

[346] _luogotenénte_

[347] _ottenére_

[348] _consoláto_

[349] _termináre_

[350] _accendérsi_

[351] _Mitridáte_

[352] _uccíso_

[353] _sorélla_

[354] _maríto_

[355] _nome_

[356] _impossessáto_

[357] _abbandonáre_

[358] _ingiustaménte_

[359] _nomináto_

[360] _domínio_

[361] _ristabilíto_

[362] _scacciáto_

[363] _come pure lo fu_

[364] _ricuperáre_

[365] _decréto_

[366] _offéso_

[367] _invádere_

[368] _sconfíggere_

[369] _uccídere_

[370] _per tutta_

[371] _sottoporre_

[372] _Trácia_

[373] _Grécia_

[374] _Aténe_

[375] _marciáre_

[376] _pigliáre_

[377] _sconfíggere_

[378] _patto_

[379] _abbandonáre_

CHAP. VII.

_(Of the World, 3966--Of Rome, 666.)_

Marius, [1]though now [2]broken with [3]age and years, yet being very [4]ambitious of getting [5]employed against Mithridates, could not [6]bear with patience the [7]bestowing that [8]province upon Sylla. [9]Wherefore he [10]prevailed by the [11]means of C. Sulpicius, the tribune of the people, to have it [12]taken from Sylla, and bestowed upon himself. At which Sylla being [13]enraged, [14]seized upon the city, and having [15]slain Sulpicius, [16]obliged Marius to [17]fly. In his [18]absence, Cinna the consul, making a [19]disturbance, was [20]driven out of the city, and being [21]joined by Marius, Carbo, and Sertorius, [22]assaulted Rome; which, having [23]taken, [24]he put a great many of the Romans [25]to the sword. Marius [26]died a natural death the year following.

Sylla having made peace with Mithridates, [27]returned into Italy, and [28]made an end of the civil war in two years time, by the [29]defeat of Carbo, Norbanus, young Marius, and others; and being [30]declared [31]dictator, [32]took off a great many of Marius’s party by means of a [33]proscription. Q. Sertorius [34]retired into Farther Spain, where he [35]held out for some years very [36]valiantly.

Sylla having in the year 675 [37]laid down the [38]dictatorship, died the year following of the [39]lousy [40]disease, in the sixtieth year of his [41]age. After his death, Lepidus the consul, [42]endeavouring to [43]annul the [44]acts of Sylla, was [45]forced out of the city by his [46]colleague Catulus. And the year following [47]advancing up to the city with an [48]army, he was defeated by the same Catulus and Cn. Pompey, and [49]fled into [50]Sardinia, where he [51]fell ill and died. The same Pompey being [52]sent into Spain against Sertorius, [53]performed no important things; but the latter being [54]treacherously [55]slain by his own people, he [56]easily [57]recovered that province in the year 681.

In the mean time the war with Mithridates [58]broke out again, while Sylla was yet living; and after Sylla’s death, Mithridates having [59]entered into an [60]alliance with Sertorius, [61]seized by force of arms upon Bithynia, which Nicomedes at his death in 679, had [62]left to the Roman people. L. Lucullus consul, in 680, [63]went against him, and being very [64]successful both by [65]sea and [66]land, he [67]obliged him to fly, first into [68]Pontus, and soon after to [69]Tigranes in Armenia. Lucullus [70]conquered Pontus, and defeated both the kings who [71]engaged him with an army of two hundred thousand [72]foot and sixty thousand [73]horse, in the year of the city 685. After this, Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, and [74]Nisibis, two very great cities, were [75]taken. But this excellent general being [76]forsaken by his men, was [77]obliged to [78]leave the [79]fruit of his [80]toil and [81]victories to Cn. Pompey, in the year 688. He having [82]forced Tigranes to [83]surrender, obliged him to be [84]satisfied with Armenia; and whilst he [85]pursued Mithridates, he [86]added the [87]Iberians and [88]Albanians to the Roman empire, in the year 689. [89]Finally, Mithridates, in the year 691, being [90]every where [91]beaten, [92]thought of [93]flying into [94]Gaul, but being [95]discouraged by the [96]revolt of his son [97]Pharnaces and the army, he [98]slew himself.

Whilst the war with Mithridates was [99]warmly [100]carried on, there [101]broke out another with the [102]slaves, in the year of the city 681. One [103]Spartacus Ænomanus, and [104]Crixus, [105]gladiators, having [106]broken up a [107]school of gladiators at Capua, [108]belonging to Lentulus, and [109]assembled an army of [110]desperadoes, [111]routed the Roman armies several times, but at last were [112]vanquished by Crassus the prætor, and Pompey, in the year 685.

Pompey [113]likewise [114]subdued the [115]pirates, who, at the [116]instigation of Mithridates, [117]infested the seas, having an [118]extraordinary [119]commission [120]for that purpose by the [121]Gabinian law. Whilst Pompey was [122]enlarging the Roman empire [123]abroad, the [124]head of the empire was in no small [125]danger from a [126]conspiracy which [127]Cataline, [128]Lentulus the prætor, [129]Cethegus, and other senators, had [130]entered into, to [131]murder the consul [132]Cicero, and to [133]burn and [134]plunder the city. But their [135]designs were [136]prevented by the [137]vigilance of the consul. Catiline being [138]forced out of the city, [139]repaired to the army, which some of his [140]accomplices had [141]collected. Lentulus, and the rest of the [142]ringleaders of the [143]plot were put to death. This [144]happened in the year 691, and the following year Cataline was [145]defeated by [146]Petreius [147]Antony the proconsul’s [148]lieutenant, and [149]slain in the [150]fight.

The whole [151]world being now almost [152]subdued, the Roman empire was [153]arrived to that [154]grandeur, that it could [155]hardly [156]extend itself farther. No [157]outward [158]force was [159]sufficient to [160]ruin it; it [161]fell by its own [162]power, which was [163]occasioned by the [164]ambition of the [165]leading men, and the civil [166]contests that [167]arose from thence.

C. Cæsar, after the time of his [168]prætorship in the city was [169]expired, [170]obtained the province of Lusitania; and by the great feats he [171]performed there, [172]deserved well the honor of a [173]triumph; but [174]postponed the [175]hopes of that to the [176]consular [177]dignity; for which, [178]while he made all [179]possible [180]interest, Pompey [181]united with Cæsar and Crassus, while Lucullus and some others of the [182]grandees, [183]opposing his [184]acts, which he [185]desired might be [186]ratified by the senate. Thus Cæsar [187]gained the [188]consulship in the year 695, in which he [189]established the acts of Pompey by the senate, and [190]divided the [191]public [192]lands in Campania amongst the [193]citizens. He [194]married his daughter Julia to Pompey, and [195]took Calphurnia, the daughter of [196]Piso [197]as a wife. Having by these [198]arts, and a [199]boundless [200]generosity, [201]gained the [202]favor of all [203]ranks and [204]degrees of men, he [205]procured the province of Gaul, which he [206]governed for nine years; during which time he [207]reduced all Gaul, that is [208]comprehended within the [209]Pyrenean mountains, the [210]Alps, the Rhone, and the [211]Rhine, in the [212]form of a province, and [213]imposed a [214]yearly [215]tribute upon it. He was the first of all the Romans that [216]attacked the [217]Germans [218]beyond the Rhine. He likewise [219]visited the [220]Britons, where [221]none before him had ever [222]come. In this [223]interval, in the year 698, he [224]entered into an [225]association with Pompey and Crassus; by [226]virtue of which he was to have Gaul [227]continued to him. Pompey was to have [228]Spain, and Crassus Syria, in order to a war against the [229]Parthians; to which he [230]accordingly [231]went in the year 699, and the third year after, [232]perished most [233]miserably, with the greater [234]part of his army; after which the Parthians made an [235]irruption into Syria, but were [236]bravely [237]repulsed by Cassius.

After the death of Crassus, Pompey not being able to [238]endure an [239]equal, nor Cæsar a [240]superior, the civil war broke out. Pompey’s [241]party [242]endeavouring to [243]take away from Cæsar both his army and province, as soon as the time of his [244]government should [245]expire; whilst Cæsar’s on the other [246]hand were for [247]treating Pompey [248]in like manner. At last in the year 705, in the [249]consulship of C. Claudius Marcellus, and L. Cornelius Lentulus, the senate, by a [250]vote, obliged Cæsar to [251]disband his army by a certain day. Antonius and Cassius, tribunes of the people, [252]interposing their [253]authority in vain, [254]left the town, and [255]repaired to Cæsar, who [256]advancing his army towards the city, [257]struck such a [258]consternation into Pompey and the rest, that [259]leaving the city [260]without much ado, and [261]shortly after Italy, they [262]passed over into [263]Greece. Cæsar went to Spain, where he [264]vanquished Petreius and Afranius, and [265]forced their armies to [266]surrender [267]prisoners of war. In his [268]return he [269]took [270]Marseilles, and after that was made dictator, to which [271]office he was [272]chosen four times, and at last had it [273]given him for [274]life.

In the year 706, Pompey being [275]defeated by Cæsar in the [276]fields of [277]Pharsalia, went to [278]Egypt, where he was slain by the [279]order of [280]Ptolemy, in the 59th year of his [281]age. Hither Cæsar [282]likewise [283]came the following year, and after a very [284]dangerous [285]rencounter, which he [286]happily [287]accomplished, [288]delivered the [289]kingdom of Egypt to Cleopatra and her brother. In the year following he vanquished Scipio and Cato, with king Juba, in Africa. Cato [290]laid violent hands upon himself at Utica. The year that [291]followed was [292]remarkable for the [293]correction of the [294]calendar and the year. The same year likewise he [295]conquered Pompey’s sons; and the year after was [296]stabbed in the [297]senate house, by a [298]conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius, and some others, in the 56th year of his age.

Besides these [299]convulsions, with which the whole [300]world was [301]shattered, there were some less [302]disturbances [303]happened a little before. [304]Clodius Pulcher being [305]made tribune of the people, [306]banished Cicero, for having [307]condemned the [308]associates of Cataline to death without a [309]trial; which [310]calamity he [311]bore too [312]meanly, and [313]by no means [314]agreeable to the [315]dignity of his past life. But he was [316]recalled the year after by the [317]interposition of Pompey, and Lentulus the consul, and [318]received with the greatest [319]honor. The same Clodius [320]declared [321]Cyprus to [322]belong to the Roman people, and Cato being [323]sent to [324]take possession of it, Ptolemy, king of the [325]island, after first [326]throwing all his [327]money into the sea, [328]prevented his [329]disgrace by a [330]voluntary death. The senate [331]bestowed the [332]prætorship upon Cato at his [333]return, by a [334]vote of the house, without any [335]election; which honor he [336]refused, being [337]desirous to [338]obtain it rather by the [339]free [340]votes of the people. But he was [341]disappointed in his [342]hopes, and Vatinius was [343]preferred to him.

[344]Bribery [345]ruling in [346]all [347]elections, and the [348]candidates making a most [349]dismal [350]confusion, after a long [351]interregnum, Pompey was made consul, without a [352]colleague, a thing [353]wholly new, and never heard of before; in which office he made a [354]severe [355]inquiry into all other [356]misdemeanors, as likewise into the death of Clodius, whom Milo [357]killed the same year, and for which he was [358]banished.

After the death of Cæsar, Antony the consul so [359]inflamed the people by [360]a seditious [361]harangue, that they [362]burnt his [363]body [364]publicly, and [365]threatened to set fire, and [366]pull down the houses of the [367]assassins. Octavius Cæsar, the son of Accia [368]Julius’s sister, was his [369]adopted son by [370]will. He being [371]slighted by M. Antony, [372]raised an army of [373]veteran soldiers, and [374]opposed his [375]tyrannical [376]proceedings. Antonius [377]extorted from the people by force the province of Gaul, but his [378]passage there was opposed by D. Brutus at Modena, where he was [379]besieged by Antony.

In the [380]consulship of [381]Hirtius and Pansa, in the year of the city 711, at the [382]instigation of Cicero Antony was [383]declared [384]enemy, and a war [385]undertaken against him; when Octavius [386]joined in [387]commission with the consuls, with the [388]power of proconsul, being then about the 20th year of his age. There was a [389]dreadful and [390]bloody [391]battle [392]fought near Modena, in which all Cæsar’s [393]life-guards were slain; but Antony was routed, and the [394]siege [395]raised, yet both the consuls were killed.

In Macedon, Brutus [396]took off C. Antonius, M. Antony’s brother, who was [397]intriguing against him, and [398]got together a [399]formidable army. Upon which the senate [400]resolved by [401]degrees to [402]take down Octavius, [403]for fear of his [404]growing too [405]powerful; which he being [406]apprehensive of, [407]he entered into an [408]association with Antony and Lepidus; and [409]consequently they were all three made [410]commissioners [411]for settling the [412]republic. They having [413]divided the whole [414]empire into three parts, [415]proscribed a great many of the Romans, and amongst the rest M. [416]Tully Cicero, who, whilst he was [417]endeavouring to [418]make his escape into Greece, was killed by Pompilius, a [419]captain, whose [420]cause he had [421]pleaded in a capital [422]action. There was a [423]dreadful [424]havoc made in this [425]proscription. The [426]Epitome of Livy speaks of no less than an hundred and thirty senators; the same year, [427]gave [428]beginning to one of the finest cities of France, [429]Lyons.

The year following, Octavius and Antony [430]fought a battle with M. Brutus and the [431]principal of the [432]conspirators, near the city of Philippi. The [433]right [434]wings were [435]victorious on both [436]sides, and on both sides the [437]camps were [438]plundered. But Cassius, who was in the wing that was [439]routed, [440]giving up all for lost, [441]slew himself. Brutus, being [442]defeated in another [443]engagement, likewise put an end to his own life, being then thirty-seven years of age, and none of Cæsar’s [444]assassins [445]lived above three years after, being all [446]taken off by a [447]violent death, as [448]Suetonius says; some too [449]killed themselves with the same [450]dagger with which they had slain Cæsar.