Part 1

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected but accents are retained as printed: inconsistently. The exception is the replacement of A’ with Á, and so on.

EXERCISES UPON THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF ITALIAN SPEECH

WITH REFERENCES TO _VENERONI’S GRAMMAR:_

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE ROMAN HISTORY, INTENDED AT ONCE TO MAKE THE LEARNER ACQUAINTED WITH HISTORY, AND THE IDIOM OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.

By F. BOTTARELLI, A. M.

The EIGHTH EDITION, carefully revised and corrected.

By G. B. ROLANDI.

_LONDON:_ PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD; LONGMAN, HURST, REES ORME & BROWN; SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; G. & W. B. WHITTAKER; T. BOOSEY & SONS; AND J. BOOKER. 1822.

Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterboro’-court, Fleet-street, London.

_PREFACE._

Amidst the laudable endeavours for the advancement of the Italian language, it is surprising that an easy and expeditious method of teaching it has been, in a great measure, neglected; and that beginners have hitherto been left without proper assistance. Under this impression, I have composed these EXERCISES upon the Syntax of VENERONI’S _Italian Grammar_; with what success I have executed the task, must be submitted to the decision of qualified and impartial judges.

These Exercises comprehend all the difficulties, and idiomatical expressions of the Italian language; the rules and exceptions of which are exemplified after such a method, that a learner cannot fail to become master of that language who has carefully gone through them once or twice.

The examples are of three sorts; the first, immediately following the rule, are short: as nothing farther is designed by them, than to illustrate that particular rule. The second sort are longer, and in them, not only the rule to which they refer, is exemplified, but also the foregoing ones are again brought into practice, the better to imprint them on the memory: since, were it not for this contrivance, learners would forget one rule, while they were learning another; the examples of the third kind, contain all the preceding, and some of the subsequent rules promiscuously; and for these reasons, are not to be attempted, until the student has gone twice at least, through the former part (for I think it advisable they should go through it more than once).

The radical Italian words are interlined, a thing very useful and requisite in a work of this nature, as well to save the trouble of consulting Dictionaries, as to prevent the use of improper terms, and wrong spelling, otherwise unavoidable; and those who wish to learn the Italian language, will thereby be enabled to make a much quicker progress than they could possibly do by the tedious task of searching a Dictionary for the words they require.

I have frequently omitted such words as had been often mentioned before, presuming there was no occasion for such repetition; and in order to excite attention in learners, that they might recollect what they had learned, and exert both their memory and judgment, or, on memory failing them, have recourse to a Dictionary, as a last resource. For these reasons, in the latter part of the Exercises, there are scarcely any Italian words but _nouns_ and _verbs_, all the other parts of speech having already been gone through.

There is added, by way of Appendix, an Abridgment of the Roman History. As history is one of the most easy and entertaining parts of literature, and as that of the ancient Romans is absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the Classics, I hope this addition will prove highly beneficial to young beginners.

* * * * *

_N. B. Great pains have been taken to render this new Edition of BOTTARELLI’S ITALIAN EXERCISES more perfect than any hitherto published. In order to facilitate the Italian pronunciation, the words have been accented according to the plan of VENERONI’S GRAMMAR; the references to VENERONI have been compared, and carefully corrected, and many new ones added, together with several Notes and Remarks. All obsolete and improper phrases have been expunged; and the Chronology of the Roman History has been improved by the addition of DATES to each respective chapter: in short, on account of the many additions, alterations, and improvements, this edition may almost be considered as a new book, and a worthy companion of the celebrated Grammar of VENERONI.

⁂ _A new Edition of the KEY to these EXERCISES is just published._

ITALIAN EXERCISES.

ON THE ACCIDENCE OF VERBS.

_Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, page 88.]

I love, thou acquirest, he respects, we salute, you speak, ye pass, am-áre acquist-áre rispett-áre salut-áre parl-áre pass-áre they walk. spasseggi-áre.

I did call, thou didst prattle, he did command, we did begin, chiam-áre ciarl-áre comand-áre cominci-áre you did buy, they did confess. compr-áre confess-áre.

I confirmed, thou didst deliver, he preserved, we considered, conferm-áre consegn-áre preserv-áre consider-áre you advised, they contended. consigli-áre contrast-áre.

I have declined, thou hast courted, he has cured, we have crowned, declin-áre corteggi-áre cur-áre coron-áre you have dedicated, they have supped. [1]dedic-áre cen-áre.

I had wished, thou hadst declared, he had dispensed, desider-áre dichiar-áre dispens-áre we had assembled, you had undeceived, they had wasted. radun-áre disingann-áre scialacqu-áre.

I will expect, thou shalt arrive, he will assault, we will assure, aspett-áre arriv-áre assalt-áre assicur-áre you will wish, they shall increase. augur-áre aument-áre.

Dance, let him change, let us walk, sing ye, let them certify. ball-áre cambi-áre passeggi-áre cant-áre [2]certific-áre.

That I may fast, that thou mayest besiege, that he may ride, digiun-áre assedi-áre [2]cavalc-áre that we may punish, that you may pass, that they may cause. [2]castig-áre pass-áre cagion-áre.

That I might caress, that thou mightest burn, that he might stoop, accarezz-áre abbruci-áre [2]abbass-ársi that we might accept, that you might embrace, that they might mend. accett-áre abbracci-áre accomod-áre.

I should accompany, thou shouldst accuse, he should baptize, accompagn-áre accus-áre battezz-áre we should mistrust, you should venture, they should administer. [3]diffid-ársi [2]arrisic-áre amministr-áre.

That I may have lamented, that thou mayest have invented, lament-áre invent-áre that he may have governed, that we may have tamed, govern-áre addimestic-áre that you may have asked, that they may have experienced. domand-áre speriment-áre.

That I might have formed, that thou mightest have taken away, form-áre lev-áre that he might have sent, that we might have prepared, mand-áre prepar-áre that you might have deprived, that they might have resembled. priv-áre rassomigli-áre.

I should have prolonged, thou shouldst have tried, [2]prolung-áre prov-áre he should have remedied, we should have refused, rimedi-áre rifiut-áre you should have carried back again, they should have prayed. riport-áre [2]preg-áre.

I shall or will have warmed, thou shalt have transferred, riscald-áre trasport-áre he shall have judged, we shall have fortified, [4]giudic-áre [4]fortific-áre you shall have inflamed, they shall have failed. infiamm-áre [4]manc-áre.

[1] Verbs ending in _care_ and _gare_, introduce _h_ before _e_ and _i_: wherefore, you must here write _certifichino_, not _certificino_. See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, page 92.

[2] See _Gram._ p. 92.

[3] _Abbassarsi_ is for _abbassare-si_, see _Gram._ p. 148.

[4] See page 92.

_Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 95.]

I believe, thou receivest, he sees, we repeat, you beat, they drink. créd-ere ricév-ere ved-ére ripét-ere bátt-ere bév-ere.

I did yield up, thou didst owe, he did cleave, we did groan, céd-ere dov-ére fénd-ere gém-ere you did feed, they did hang up. pásc-ere appénd-ere.

I enjoyed, thou pressedst, he reaped, we shone, you repeated, god-ére prém-ere miét-ere rilúc-ere ripét-ere they sat down. sed-ére.

I have sold, thou hast crept along, he has shrieked, we have feared, vénd-ere sérp-ere stríd-ere tem-ére you have beaten, they have received. bátt-ere ricév-ere.

_The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular._ [See GRAM. p. 111.]

I had fallen, thou hadst pleased, he had held, we had grieved, [1]cad-ére piac-ére ten-ére [1][2]dol-érsi you had appeared, they had pleased. par-ére piac-ére.

I shall or will persuade, thou shalt lie down, he shall be able, persuad-ére giac-ére pot-ére we shall remain, you shall know, they shall be accustomed. riman-ére sap-ére [1][3]sol-ére.

Be silent, let him see, let us hold, be ye pleased, tac-ére ved-ére ten-ére compiac-érsi let them fall again. ricad-ére.

That I may have, that thou mayest owe, that he may fall, avére dov-ére cad-ére that we may lie down, that you may be able, that they may grieve. giac-ére pot-ére dol-érsi.

That I might appear, that thou mightest lie down, that he might please, par-ére giac-ére piac-ére that we might persuade, that you might be able, that they might know. persuad-ére pot-ére sap-ére.

I should be silent, thou shouldst be accustomed, he should be worth, tac-ére [4]sol-ére val-ére we should hold, you should see, they should be willing. ten-ére ved-ére vol-ére.

For a full conjugation of all the verbs in _ere_, see VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 95.

[1] Combined with _essere_ and not _avere_, in the compound tenses.

[2] See page 148.

[3] See page 122.

[4] With _essere_.

_Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 102.]

I hear, thou followest, he opens, we boil, you consent, they convert. sent-íre segu-íre apr-íre boll-íre consent-íre convert-íre.

I did cover, thou didst sow, he did sleep, we did fly, you did lie, [1]copr-íre cuc-íre dorm-íre fugg-íre ment-íre they did die. [1]mor-íre.

I departed, thou didst suffer, he repented, we ascended, you served, part-íre [1]soffr-íre pent-írsi sal-íre serv-íre they went out. sort-íre.

I have dressed, thou hast heard, he has consented, we have slept, vest-íre ud-íre consent-íre dorm-íre you have covered, they have boiled. copr-íre boll-íre.

[1] _Coprire_, _morire_, and _soffrire_, though regular in every other respect, make in the participle passive, _coperto_, _morto_, and _soferto_.

_The following Verbs in ire are irregular._[1] [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 144.]

I had appeared, thou hadst uttered, he had buried, we had dared, compar-íre profer-íre seppell-íre ard-íre you had abolished, they had understood. abol-íre cap-íre.

I shall or will abhor, thou shalt enrich, he shall blush, abbor-íre arricch-íre arross-íre we shall banish, you shall whiten, they shall pity. band-íre bianch-íre compat-íre.

Conceive thou, let him digest, let us finish, approve ye, concep-íre diger-íre fin-íre grad-íre let them bloom. fior-íre.

That I may suffer, that thou mayest grow mad, that he may languish, pat-íre impazz-íre langu-íre that we may dispatch, that you may unite, that they may obey. sped-íre un-íre obbed-íre.

That I might colour, that thou mightest flourish, that he might sharpen, color-íre fior-íre inacerb-íre that we might animate, that you might harden, that they might bellow. anim-áre indur-íre mugg-íre.

I would strike, thou wouldst banish, he would abhor, we would abolish, colp-íre band-íre abborr-íre abbol-íre you would enrich, they would comprehend. arricch-íre cap-íre.

For the formation of compound tenses, see VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 77, 82, and 88.

[1] They make _isco_ in the present and corresponding tenses; as _comparisco_, _proferisco_, &c. instead of _comparo_, _profero_, &c.

_Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons._ [See GRAMMAR, p. 125, and the following.]

I belong, thou kindlest, he takes, we perceive, you kill, they burn. apparten-ére accénd-ere prénd-ere accorg-érsi uccíd-ere árd-ere.

I did hide, thou didst oppress, he did sprinkle, we did divide, nascónd-ere opprím-ere aspérg-ere divíd-ere you did absolve, they did absorb. assólv-ere assórb-ere.

I assumed, thou offeredst, he demanded, we plucked up, you shut, [1]assúm-ere porg-ere richiéd-ere divell-ere chiud-ere they engraved. incid-ere.

I have granted, thou hast run, he has decided, we have believed, conced-ere corr-ere decid-ere cred-ere you have boiled, they have decided. cuoc-ere decid-ere.

I had deluded, thou hadst oppressed, he had defended, we had expressed, delud-ere opprim-ere difend-ere esprim-ere you had sprinkled, they had known. asperg-ere sap-ére.

I shall, or will grieve, thou shalt erect, he shall exclude, dol-érsi erg-ere esclud-ere we shall require, you shall expel, they shall extinguish. esig-ere espell-ere estingu-ere.

Melt thou, let him drive in, let us feign, break ye, let them reflect. fond-ere figg-ere fing-ere frang-ere riflett-ere.

That I may lie down, that thou mayest fry, that he may join, giac-ére frigg-ere giung-ere that she may imprint, that we may hang up, that you may see, imprim-ere append-ere ved-ére that they may include. includ-ere.

That I might soak, that thou mightest intrude, that he might read, intrid-ere intrud-ere legg-ere that we might put, that you might bite, that they might plunge. mett-ere mord-ere immerg-ere.

I would move, thou wouldst milk, he would conceal, we would neglect, muov-ere mung-ere nascond-ere neglig-ere you would foresee, they would hurt (morally). preved-ére nuoc-ere.

That I may have offended, that thou mayest have oppressed, offend-ere opprim-ere that he may have struck, that we may have lost, percuot-ere perd-ere that you may have pleased, that they may have wept. piac-ére piang-ere.

That I might have painted, that thou mightest have presented, diping-ere porg-ere that he might have curtailed, that we might have taken, precid-ere prend-ere that you might have presumed, that they might have protected. presum-ere protegg-ere.

I should have sat down, thou shouldest have returned, sed-ére rend-ere he should have reduced, we should have laughed, ridur-re rid-ere you should have answered, they should have suspended. rispond-ere sospend-ere.

When I shall have scattered, thou shalt have shaken, he shall have risen, sparg-ere scuot-ere sorg-ere we shall have killed, you shall have conquered, they shall have lived. uccid-ere vinc-ere viv-ere.

[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in _ere_, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as _pórgere_, _richiédere_, &c.

_On the RULES of the ITALIAN SYNTAX, with References to VENERONI’S Grammar._

_On the ORDER of WORDS._ [See GRAM. p. 196.]

I write three hours every day. scrívere tre [1]ora ogni [2]giôrno.

Thou art too troublesome to my friends. éssere [3]troppo molésto amíco.

He speaks like a Roman orator. parláre come Románo [4]oratóre.

We go out of town every Spring. andáre fuóri [5]città ogni primavéra.

You shew your probity very plainly. mostráre probità molto [6]chiaraménte.

They think it is very fine weather [7]to walk out. pensáre [8]fare [9]bello tempo spasseggiáre.

I was extremely glad to see him again. [10]rallegrársi estremaménte rivedére.

Thou wert generously rewarded. essere generosaménte ricompensáre.

He bought many things to send abroad. compráre molto cosa mandáre fuóri del paese.

We encouraged all arts and trades. incoraggire [11]tutto arte mestiére.

You baffled their wicked designs. sconcertáre scelleráto diségno.

They tempted our faithful subjects. tentáre fedéle suddito.

I have enriched his numerous family. avére arricchíre [12]numeróso famíglia.

Thou hast many accounts to settle. molto conto regoláre.

He has renewed his promises to us. rinnováre proméssa

We have seen the chief curiosities. vedére principále curiosità.

You have examined them carefully. esamináre attentaménte.

They have declared their last will. dichiaráre último volontà.

I had resolved to get rid of them. [13]risólversi disfársi

Thou hadst determined to say it plainly. determináre dire schiettaménte.

He had fixed on that sort of diversion. fissáre quello sorta divertiménto.

We had sworn to love each other eternally. giuráre amársi eternaménte.

You had forsaken his acquaintance. abbandonáre conoscénza.

They had implored the king’s clemency. imploráre Re cleménza.

I shall ever commend prudent people. sempre lodáre prudente gente.

Thou shalt publish this news every where. spárgere nuóva da per tutto.

He will return from France next week. ritornáre Fráncia próssimo settimána.

We shall travel day and night till we arrive. viaggiáre giórno e notte finchè [14]arriváre.

You will do yourself immortal honor. fare immortále onóre.

They will disgrace their noble family. disonoráre nóbile famíglia.

Bring me that bottle and a glass. [15]portáre bottiglia bicchiére.

Let him gather all his things, and then go. radunáre tutto roba poi andáre.

Let us walk in the garden before dinner. spasseggiáre [16]giardíno avánti pranzo.

Go and meet all our friends on the road. andáre incontráre tutto amíco sulla strada.

Let them answer all my questions. [17]rispóndere dománda.

[1] Nouns ending in _a_, make the plural in _e_. Ex. _ora_, plur. _ore_.

[2] Those in _o_, make the plural in _i_, _giorno_, _giorni_.

[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.

[4] Subst. in _e_, make _i_ in the plural, _oratore_, _oratori_.

[5] See _Gram._ p. 44, on words in _tà_ indeclinable.

[6] See _Gram._ p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.

[7] _To_, must be translated by the word _per_.

[8] _Che fa_, as in French, _qu’il fait_.

[9] _Bello_ loses its last syllable, and makes _bel_. See _Gram._ p. 56.

[10] See _Gram._ p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

[11] See the declension of _tutto_, _Gram._ p. 73.

[12] See _Gram._ p. 53, on adjectives ending in _o_.

[13] _Risólvere_ makes in the part. passive _risolúto_.

[14] Must be the future tense.

[15] See _Gram._ p. 205.

[16] See the rules on the preposition _nello_, _nella_, p. 42.

[17] _Rispondere_ governs the dative case of the thing.

_On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 35, and 200.]

The study of belles lettres has always been recommended [1]studio belle léttere [2]éssere sempre stato raccomandáre to the youth of both sexes. [3]gioventù ambedúe sesso.

Great events and revolutions followed the death of Cæsar. grande evénto rivoluzióne seguíre morte Césare.

The fear of torments made him fly his country. timóre torménto fare fuggíre pátria.

Poland was for many years the seat of domestic divisions. Polónia éssere per molto anno seggio doméstico divisióne. Portugal is a despotic kingdom. Avarice is despicable. Portogállo despótico regno. Avarízia sprezzábile.

My lord the archbishop, visited all the clergy. signór arcivéscovo visitáre clero.

My lord the president, decreed it in his behalf. [4]signór presidénte decretáre favóre.

Madam the countess has ordered it. signóra contéssa comandáre.

The gentlemen are not yet come to see us. signóri éssere ancóra veníre vedére.

Women are very fair in the northern countries. donna molto bióndo settentrionále paése.

[1] _Lo_ before nouns beginning with an _s_, and followed by another consonant. See _Gram._ p. 36.

[2] _Essere_ instead of _avere_. See p. 84.

[3] Words in _ù_ are indeclinable. See p. 50.

[4] The article _il_ must be put before _signore_: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say _Monsignor_.

_The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo._ [See VENERONI’S GRAMMAR, p. 200.]

It is forbidden to do evil. éssere proibíre fare male.

It is not always convenient to speak the truth. sempre convenévole dire verità.

It is permitted to a sick person to complain. perméttere ammaláto [1]lamentársi.

It is not polite to interrupt any one who speaks. civíle interrómpere uno che parláre.

It is right to correct boys while they are young. giústo corréggere ragázzo mentre éssere gióvane.

It is a great satisfaction to people of feeling to hear that their grande soddisfazióne sensíbile gente sentíre friends are in perfect health. amico éssere perfétto salúte.

It is a great pleasure to see brothers well united together; but it is a gran piacére vedére fratéllo bene unito insiéme ma great grief to see them disagree. grande dispiacére vedére discórdia.

It is not always proper to correct children for the faults sempre convenévole corréggere ragázzo fallo they commit; but it is very necessary to make them sensible of them. comméttere ma molto necessário fare accórgersi

It is easy to give advice, but difficult to execute. fácile dare consíglio ma diffícile eseguíre.

It is easy to perceive you neglect your business. accórgersi trascuráre affáre.

It was ever commendable to study languages. sempre lodévole studiáre lingua.

[1] See _Veneroni’s Grammar_, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.

_On the SYNTAX of NOUNS._

[See GRAMMAR, p, 201.]

A dutiful child is a great comfort to his parents. obbediénte figliuólo grande consolazióne suo genitóre.