Part 19
The permanence of things is undoubtedly an inference. We find by experience that effects which are produced by causes acting before our very eyes are at other times produced by their causes in our absence: the fire burns in my absence as well as in my presence. Obviously, therefore, the thing which produces its effects when I have no sensations of it must be different from those sensations; and it must be an existing thing, otherwise its effects will be effects produced by a non-existent cause. To say that the unobserved cause in these cases is a possibility of sensation does not mend matters. A possible sensation is a sensation which, as a matter of fact, does not exist and never did. It is a piece of pure imagination; and consequently on this theory the whole past history of the universe is imaginary. Neither are matters mended by denying that there are such things as "causes," and affirming that we only know "invariable and unconditional antecedents." How can a possible sensation, that is, an event which did not take place, precede one which does take place? How can an imagination of my mind have preceded the existence of my mind?
Perhaps it may be said that if Mill's Psychological Theory of Mind and Matter is not satisfactory, neither is the theory of the direct apprehension of reality wholly consistent with itself. It affirms the direct apprehension of reality, yet on examination the direct apprehension turns out to be an inference. Thus: things must have an existence different from our sensations because they produce their effects, and therefore exist, in our absence.
The reply is simple. Unless we believed the effects, which we do perceive, to be real things, we should not infer the causes, which we do not perceive, to be real either. Common sense believes that things _continue_ to exist when we turn our eyes away: their existence beyond the range of observation is an inference from their existence in our observation. Their inferred permanence is deduced from their observed independence.
INDEX
A
Abstraction: 193, 198, 199, 203, 242, 255
Action: 65, 68, 70
Adaptation: 21, 25-30, 186, 204, 206, 219, 221, 252 (_see_ Environment)
Agnosticism: 36, 165-76, 202, 218, 237
Anthropomorphism: 51, 52, 55
Ape and tiger, The: 28, 30, 31, 40, 276
Appearance: 67, 266 (_see_ Purpose)
Apprehension: 57, 58, 63-70, 295
Approximation to the ideal: 206, 208, 213, 222, 229, 252, 256 (_see_ Ideals, Progress, Purpose)
Art, Artist: 207, 209, 244
Assumption: 164-180, 185, 187, 188, 191-6, 221, 222
B
Becoming: 78
Being: 78
Belief: 215, 221 (_see_ Will to believe)
Berkeley, Bp.: 62, 63, 289-95
Bernard, Claude: 90
Biology: 94, 96, 249-51
C
Causation, Law of: 106 (_see_ Universal causation)
Causes: 79, 117, 181, 194, 196, 197, 208-10, 224, 244
Chance: 258, 259, 260
Chemical combination: 89, 90, 92, 98
Chemistry: 86, 94
Chess: 163-83, 268
Common consciousness of mankind: 164, 196, 197, 208, 244
Common experience of mankind: 74
Common faith of mankind: 165-72, 184-202, 204, 222, 223, 229, 246, 247
Common sense: 78, 81, 164-8, 173, 229, 249, 253, 289
Comparative method: 7 --Sciences: 105
Conscience: 52, 84
Consciousness: 63-5, 70, 84, 166, 182, 198, 201, 253 (_see_ States of consciousness)
Continuity, The law of: 18, 104, 121, 133, 200, 201, 271
Cosmic process: 17, 21, 22, 26, 28-30, 32-5, 51, 53, 60, 81, 222, 224, 284-6, 288 (cf. Ethical process)
D
Darwin: 7, 261
Demonology: 191
Design: 138, 140, 264, 267
Diversity of Nature: 125, 126, 132, 133 (cf. Uniformity of Nature)
Divine Providence: 36, 37 (_see_ Purpose, Divine)
E
Environment: 25, 28, 219, 221, 222, 232, 252, 263 (_see_ Adaptation), (social) 228, 280
Ethical process, The: 28, 31, 33-5, 47, 48, 60, 191, 219, 221, 286, 287 (cf. Cosmic process)
Ethics: 87
Evidence: 138-62, 188, 189, 190, 191, 198, 199, 218, 253
Evil: 226, 227, 228, 287, 288
Existence, Actual and potential: 292, 293
Experience: 6, 64, 67, 145, 146, 153, 192, 197, 198, 202, 222, 223, 251, 253, 256, 261 --(spiritual): 199, 206, 226
Explanation: 75, 126, 241 (_see also_ Science)
F
Faith: 14, 16, 39, 81, 142, 143, 151-65, 185, 186, 187, 198, 203-37, 246, 247, 273
Faith of science: 188, 198, 287
First principles: 94
Fraser, Professor: 289
Freedom: 108, 120-37, 168, 179, 184-96, 218, 224, 227, 247, 252, 261 (cf. Necessity, Will)
French Revolution: 4
G
Golden Age: 3
H
Happiness: 24, 30
Homogeneous, Instability of: 98
Human nature (_see_ Uniformity)
Huxley, Professor: 24, 28, 30, 33, 39, 120, 144, 149-59, 173, 204, 205, 208, 213, 219, 247, 286-8
I
Idealism: 38-59 --(subjective): 57, 62, 63, 64, 289-95
Ideals: 30-2, 34, 41, 54, 74, 164-84, 194, 195, 204-36, 241-73, 280 (_see_ Moral ideal, Truth)
Identity: 201
Illusion: 17, 22, 23-5, 44, 45, 47, 57, 60, 65, 74, 112, 136, 164, 165, 227, 243, 246, 247, 256, 260
Independence: 201
Inhumanity: 33
Instinct: 236
Interaction: 68
K
Kirchoff: 80
Knowledge: 70, 96
L
Life: 88, 94, 182
Lotze: 82
M
Materialism: 17
Matter and Mind: 85, 88, 94, 133, 134 (psychological theory of), 295
Matter and Motion: 15, 17, 19-21, 32, 35, 36-49, 100, 140, 168, 180 --The redistribution of: 72-99
Mechanical composition: 89, 92, 98
Mechanical theory, The: 79-93, 181, 182, 205, 209, 211
Mertz, Dr.: 80
Metaphysics: 79, 82, 83, 84, 107-13, 123, 254 (cf. Philosophy)
Mill, J. S.: 63, 75, 76, 84, 89, 90, 149, 239, 292, 293, 295
Mind: 84 --(_see_ Matter)
Miracles: 188, 190
Moral consciousness: 50, 198, 204, 206
Moral ideal: 43, 184, 185, 191, 193, 205, 221, 242, 244 (_see_ Ideals)
Moral judgment: 41
Moral laws: 43, 48, 196, 200, 201, 226
Moral obligation: 189, 198, 200, 209
Morality: 19, 34, 49, 50, 56, 69, 74, 159, 161, 162, 181, 186, 191, 218, 221, 223, 225, 243, 244
Mythology: 3
N
Nature: 53 --Cosmic: 37 --Ethical: 33, 37 --Laws of: 76 --Uniformity of: 102-35, 144-50, 152, 161, 165-77, 187, 202, 215, 220, 226, 272
Necessity: 17, 100-137, 164, 178, 179, 182, 190, 191, 240, 247, 259, 260, 263 --Metaphysical: 112, 113, 116, 126, 257 --Scientific: 112 (_see also_ Freedom, Will)
O
Object (of desire): 56, 58 --(material): 61, 70, 74, 81, 100, 102, 103, 171-5, 184-203
Objective truth: 35, 41, 200
Obligation, Moral: 12
Optimism: 1-13, 15-18, 20, 21, 30, 74, 164-8, 185-203, 223, 247
Organism, Animal: 10, 11, 12 --Social: 10, 266, 267, 268 (_see_ Society)
Origin: 209, 212
P
Perception: 61, 62, 65 (_see_ Sensations)
Permanence: 63, 200, 289, 291-5
Personality: 52, 53, 66
Pessimism: 24-37, 39, 43-7, 74, 164, 168, 187-96, 247, 273
Philosophy: 70, 74, 81, 163-70, 173, 174, 177, 225, 276
Political economy: 124, 270
Positive philosophy: 165, 168
Physiology: 90
Pre-history: 7
Primitive man: 7
Progress: 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 25-8, 30, 78, 164, 203-37, 222, 252, 254, 256, 270 (_see_ Approximation, Ideals)
Psychology: 83, 86, 87, 100
Purpose: 180, 181, 182, 192, 199, 209, 211, 212, 224, 226, 238-72, 280 --Divine: 181, 230, 235, 270 --Semblance of: 257, 266, 268
R
Reaction: 68
Reality, The Real: 17, 20, 35, 46-58, 60-71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 98, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 175, 184, 200, 201, 212, 214, 223, 226, 247, 295
Religion: 16, 18, 123, 142, 144, 148, 161, 162, 174, 181, 218, 223, 242, 243, 244, 273
Religious consciousness: 52, 196, 198, 199, 206
Retrogression: 26, 27, 32, 205, 206, 209, 219, 225
Revelation: 93, 94, 207, 213, 214, 245, 246 --Progressive, 178, 204, 208
S
Science: the base of optimism, 15 --not religion, 18 --is man's notion of what happens, 49 --and reality, 50-2, 59, 61, 72, 73 --finds reason, does not make it, 53, 68, 69 --ideal of, 54, 55, 220-2 --based on experience, 70, 223, 253 --purely descriptive, 75-80, 192 --imperfectly descriptive, 241 --mechanical theory of, 79-85 --assumptions of, 103-5, 169-83, 196 --describes sequences and co-existences, 105-8 --and necessity, 110, 113-18, 125, 126, 132 --and theory of design, 138-42, 267 --and faith, 143-62, 185, 223 --and positivism, 165 --is abstract, 194-6, 242 --incomplete as explanation, 232, 238-40 --laws of, 48, 108, 124, 240, 241, 242, 252
Self-determination: 128, 130, 131, 137, 171, 174, 178, 218, 261, 264
Self-will: 229
Sensations: 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 291, 292, 294 (_see_ Perception)
Sense-phenomena: 102, 103, 107, 134, 175, 198, 201
Seth, Professor: 78
Social contract: 278
Society (an organism): 9, 96, 250, 256, 265 (_see_ Organism)
Sociology: 8, 83, 90, 92, 96, 250, 251, 265
Space: 82, 85, 87, 94, 97, 102 (_see_ Matter and motion)
Spencer, Mr. H.: 9, 59, 66, 74, 77, 80, 94, 96, 205, 247, 265
States of consciousness: 57, 58, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 166 (_see_ Consciousness)
Struggle for existence: 10, 11, 13, 20, 25, 28, 29, 160, 249, 250, 251, 257, 270, 274, 276, 279
Survival of the fittest: 13, 20, 26, 32, 185, 186, 203, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, 251 --of the faithful: 160
T
Teleology: 205, 236 (_see_ Causes, Purpose)
Theology: 141, 146
Things: _see_ Objects
Truth: 40, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 208, 217, 220 (_see also_ Ideals)
U
Unfaith: 225
Uniformity of the Divine Nature: 202, 206, 229
Uniformity of human nature: 103, 105, 107, 118, 121, 202, 229, 272
Uniformity of Nature (_see_ Nature) --of necessity: 107, 111 --of will: 107, 111
Universal causation: 102, 107, 111, 119, 125, 135, 150 (_see_ Causation, Causes)
Unknowable, The: 18, 20-2, 35, 36, 37, 48, 57, 58, 61, 70, 72, 166, 247
Unreal, The: 70
V
Value: 233, 244
W
Waste: 235
Will: 97-9, 111-34, 158, 161, 162, 168, 172, 175, 182, 188, 190, 192, 201, 215-25, 255, 261, 264, 268 (cf. Freedom, Necessity)
Will to believe: 216, 222
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