Part 32

In many conditions where the nervous system can have influence a miracle is very difficult of proof from the context. There can, of course, be evident miracles in the cure of some nervous disorders, supposing the diagnosis to be certain. The sudden cure of advanced paresis would be as much a miracle as the sudden replacing of a lost femur. Commonly, however, in neuroses if there is an apparently miraculous healing or similar effect, the supernatural quality can not be established. Suppose Bernadette reported that she had seen the Blessed Virgin at Lourdes: the only safe thing to do in such a case is to deny the apparition until it has been proved. Suppose, secondly, that a patient who has been confined to bed for years by an hysterical paralysis, believed in the reality of the vision, had himself carried to Lourdes, and while at prayer there he suddenly stood up cured. That effect would prove neither the reality of the vision nor the supernatural quality of the cure; nor would it disprove either. We simply can not judge the case, because exactly the same effect has happened hundreds of times from purely natural impressions. If that same paralytic were lying in his bed at home and you set the house afire he would jump up and run.

If the patient, however, had been bedridden with a paralysis caused by certain degeneration of nervous tissue, and he were cured in the manner described, that effect would be supernatural, miraculous; always provided there is no error in the medical diagnosis.

There is a genuine diabetes and a pseudodiabetes. The latter condition may be diagnosed as true diabetes by a number of physicians, but it is only a symptom of hysteria. If the pseudodiabetes is suddenly cured, this cure may or may not be miraculous, but no one can say which is the truth; the probability is a hundred to one that the cure is altogether natural. There was a flourishing Christian Science congregation established in the west recently upon "miraculous" cure of a case of pseudodiabetes, which some ignorant physicians had called true diabetes, notwithstanding the fact that Christian Science does not believe in either diabetes or false diabetes.

We must not, then, call every strange event miraculous; nor, what is worse, are we rashly to make the supernatural a matter to be explained away loftily by the impudence of half science. A Belgian priest named Hahn wrote a monograph {352} to the effect that the ecstatic conditions observed in the life of Saint Teresa were autohypnotic, and he succeeded in drawing upon himself the undivided attention of the Congregation of the Index and a serious disturbance of his peace of mind. He became a martyr to science. We all like to be "liberal," impartial; but from the religious Mugwump _libera nos, Domine!_ Autohypnosis is always a mark of degeneracy in the natural order, and to call the ecstacy of a saint autohypnosis not only takes all worth from the manifestation, but the assertion is also untrue. There is a vast difference between the intense intellectual contemplation of a great saint in ecstacy, which leaves the person unconscious of the body and its surroundings, and the cataleptic trance of a neurotic patient who may mimic the saint.

Hypnotic or autohypnotic stigmata, and by stigmata here is meant bleeding from the hands, feet, and side, would be degeneracy of the mind and body in the natural order. Moreover, no clearly established cases are known, because conditions like those of Louise Lateau are by no means certainly physical from all points of view, as they would be if they occurred in an ordinary hysteric. In hypnosis or autohypnosis the subject's mind and body are degenerate; in sanctity, where at times may be displayed certain effects that resemble autohypnosis, there is always a sound mind. A saint may have an unsound, neurotic body, but a crazy "saint" or an hysterical "saint" is no better than any other lunatic or hysteric, and certainly anything but a saint. If a saint has stigmata, these external marks might come (1) miraculously, as a gratuitous sign of divine favour; (2) as an effect of natural, intense contemplation of the Passion of our Lord, producing these bleedings in a sound body; or (3) as an effect of a rational, intense contemplation of the same Passion, acting, more easily, on a neurotic body.

Scientific theorising on this matter is necessarily sterile, because such an investigation is only half material for science,--physical science. Science is not a bad thing in itself, especially when it minds its own business and keeps its place below stairs; but it never sympathises with sanctity, and there is no deep knowledge without sympathy. Fact-grinding made Darwin "nauseate Shakspere." Science can not see in the dark as genius and sanctity see, and if it does see in the dark it is no longer science but genius working on a scientific object. As Professor William James said: "Science taken in its essence should stand only for a method, and not for any special beliefs, yet, as habitually taken by its {353} votaries, Science has come to be identified with a certain fixed general belief, the belief that the deeper order of Nature is mechanical exclusively, and that non-mechanical categories are irrational ways of conceiving and explaining even such a thing as human life." Science should recognise its own limitations and not meddle in attempted explanations of the inexplicable. Therefore, what of the stigmata of the saints from a scientific point of view? There is no scientific point of view.

AUSTIN ÓMALLEY.

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{355}

INDEX

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{357}

INDEX

A

Abdominal pregnancy, 5. Abortion, 22, 48; causes of, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53; in puerperal pneumonia, 151; tubal, 6.

_Abortus_, 19, 20, 49. Acephalus, 75. Actinomyces, visits in, 183. Acute indigestion in the aged, 154. Addison's disease, death in, 155; symptoms of, 156. Adipocere, 7. Aertnys on ectopic gestation, 26, 27. Aggressor, 18, 19. Agoraphobia, 296. Air-space, 204. Alcohol, effects on the mind, 109; in proprietary medicines, 93; in snake-poisoning, 118; in typhoid fever, 118.

Alcoholic amnesia, 110; climacteric, 108; delusions, 109, 110; insanity, 107, 105, 109; liquors, 108; poisoning, 107, 109, 110; pseudo-paranoia, 109.

Alcoholism, 105; and cirrhosis of the liver, 156; and coma, 138; and conjugal infidelity, 109; and epilepsy, 256; and idiocy, 113; and imbecility, 112, 114; and marriage, 111, 126; and pneumonia, 151; and surgical operations, 163; and the will, 111; causes of, 108; children in, 112; complicating disease, 162; temperance societies, 112.

Amateur medical advice, 89. Ambulatory epilepsy, 261. Amenorrhoea, 241. Amnesia and epilepsy, 263. Ampullar pregnancy, 5. Amputations, uterine, 65. Anaesthesia in mania, 227. _Anatomia genitalium mulieris_, 331. Androgynia, 340. Aneurism, causes of, 155; death in, 155.

Angina pectoris, death in, 142. Anointing in smallpox, 177. Anopheles mosquito, 186. Anthrax, visits in, 184. Antitoxin, 171, 195. Aortic valvular disease, death in, 140. Apoplexy, 143; and fainting, 145; hard arteries and, 144; short neck and, 146; symptoms of, 144; the third stroke in, 146; treatment in, 145; vertigo and, 144.

Appendicitis, peritonitis in, 153; prognosis in, 153.

Apraxia, 263. Aristotle, his determinants of morality, 14. Arteries in apoplexy, 146. Arteriosclerosis and apoplexy, 144. Aspects of intoxication, 105. Aspermia, 343. Asomata, 75. Assassins of presidents, 302. _Atresia vaginae et impotentia_, 333. Autohypnosis, 130. Autositic monsters, 75. Azoospermia, 343.

B

Bacteria, 168; kinds of, 169; specific causes of disease, 169.

Baptism in ectopic gestation, 83; of monsters, 87.

Barber's itch, contagiousness, 198. Barkers, 237. Beer, percentage of alcohol in, 108. Beriberi, visits in, 184. Bibliography of hypnotism, 117. Bichloride of mercury, a disinfectant, 191. Black death, 184; mortality of, 184.

Black fevers, 160. Bleeders, 124. Blood brought out by suggestion, 349. Bloody sweat, 347; and hypnosis, 349; cases of, 348.

Books and infection, 195; disinfection of, 190. Borgess on the Lateau case, 350. Brain tumours, 148; and syphilis, 322; symptoms of, 148.

Breeding places of mosquitoes, 186. Breuss' ovum, 73. {356} Brick in buildings, 203. Broad ligament, 3. Broad-ligament pregnancy, 5. Bromides and epilepsy, 98. Bubonic plague, mortality in, 185; transmission of, 185; visits in, 184.

Building materials, 203. Building sites, 202. Burns, death in, 156.

C

Caesarean section, 41, 42, 51, 55; and sepsis, 56, 57; indications for, 55; statistics of, 55.

Cancer complicating pregnancy, 44; death in, 158.

Canonical law on impotence, 326. Carbonic add in the air, 206. Cardiac massage, 165. _Carentia ovariorum_, 334. Carpets, disinfection of, 194. Cases of ectopic gestation, 22. _Castratio et impotentia,_ 342. Catarrh and proprietary drugs, 100 Cathartics, 100. _Causae impotentiae mulieris,_ 332. Cats and diphtheria, 195. Cells, 69. Cellular activity and death, 164. Centrosome, 70. Cerebrospinal meningitis, 148, 182. Cerebral neurasthenia, 230. Chickenpox, 197. Children of drunkards, 112; suicide of, 308.

Chorea, 51; and menstrual disorders, 243.

Chromatin, 70. Chromosomes, 70, 71. Circular insanity, 228. Circumstances m morality, 12. Cirrhosis of the liver, causes of, 156; death in, 156.

Classrooms, 204. Claustrophobia, 296. Clothes, disinfection of, 191. Cocaine, insanity from, 116; intoxication, 115, 116, 117.

Coeliotomy, 4. Colelithiasis, death in, 160. Coma and alcoholism, 138; and kidney disease, 138.

Composite monsters, 77. Compulsory vaccination, 175. Confluent smallpox, 172. Congenital syphilis, 313; statistics of, 313.

Conjugata vera, 55, 56, 57. Conjunctivitis, infectiousness of, 199. Coninck on impotence, 330. Consanguinity and monsters, 76. Conscience, 15. Constipation, 100. Contagion, 168. _Copula carnalis_, 331. Cornish jumpers, 237. Cough, physiology of, 91. _Convulsionnaires_, 237. Cranial asymmetry and crime, 272, 275. Craniopagus, 84. Craniotomy, 22, 28, 42, 55, 56, 58, 59; indications for, 58; mortality in, 59.

Cranks, 282. Crile's method of resuscitation, 166. Crime, suppression of, 278. Criminal types not a scientific fact, 271. Criminals, indeterminate sentence for, 279. Criminology and the habitual criminal, 271. Cross immunisation, 172. Cyclops, 75. Cysts complicating pregnancy, 40, 41. Cytoplasm, 70.

D

Dancing plague, 236. Death from alcohol, 162; from varicose veins, 159; in acute indigestion, 154; in Addison's disease, 155; in aneurism, 155; in appendicitis, 153; in burns, 156; in cancer, 158; in cirrhosis of the liver, 156; in colelithiasis, 160; in delirium tremens, 162; in dysentery, 155; in ear disease, 159; in gastric ulcer, 161; in hydrophobia, 161; in kidney diseases, 137; in the lymphatic diathesis, 157; in mania, 227; in pancreatitis, 160; in rheumatism, 153; in tetanus, 161; in tuberculosis, 158; moment of, 164; prognosis of, 136; resuscitation after apparent, 164; unexpected, 135.

Degeneration and criminals, 271. Degeneracy, symptoms of, 274. _De impedimento impotentia,_ 326. Dejecta, disinfection of, 192. De Lugo, on homicide, 18. Delirium tremens, 109; death in, 162.

Delusions in melancholia, 221. Dementia, 228. Dengue, visits in, 181. Dermoid cysts, 86. Desks in schools, 207. Desquamation after disease, 197. Destruction of infected articles, 194. Dicephali, examples of, 80, 81. Dicephalus, species of, 79, 80. {359} Diphtheria and domestic animals, 195; antitoxin, 103, 195; bacillus, persistence of, 192; cause of, 187; communication of, 187, 190; disinfection in, 190, 193; error in diagnosis of, 187; immunity against, 188; in a school, 196; precautions against, 190; visits in, 181.

Diprosopi, species of, 79. Dipsomania, 110; cured by hypnotism, 117.

Dipygi, 83. Diseases caused by bacteria, 169; caused by plasmodia, 169.

Disinfection by formalin, 193; by steam, 193; in diphtheria, 190; of carpets, 194; of clothing, 191; of dejecta, 192; of eating utensils, 192; of money, 194; of rooms, 193; of the body, 193.

Divorce and impotence, 326. Domestic animals and diphtheria, 195. Dormitories, 204. Double autositic monsters, 79. Draehms on the criminal, 272. Drainage, defects of, 203; of buildings, 203.

Drinking cups and infection, 195. Drunkenness, accountability in, 106. Dysmenorrhoea, 242; varieties of, 242.

Dysentery, death in, 155.

E

Ear disease and death, 159. Eclampsia, 52. Ecstacy of saints and hysterics, 352. Ectoderm, 73. Ectopic gestation, 1; baptism in, 11; children saved in, 30; difficult to diagnose, 8; location of, 1; medical treatment of, 10; opinions of physicians, 8, 9; statistics of, 33, 34; surgical operation for, 23.

Effect of actions, 14, 15. Embryo, 4; development of, 73, 74.

Embryotomy, 58. Emmet on ectopic gestation, 8. End in morality, 13. Endoderm, 73. Epiblast, 73. Epidemic hysteria, 236, 237. Epilepsy, ambulatory form of, 261; and alcoholism, 256; and homicide, 253; and insanity, 253; and lapse of memory, 262; and religiosity, 254; and responsibility, 251; age at development, 258; examples of cases of, 259, 262; idiopathic form of, 257; irritability in, 253; masked or psychic, 252; notions of persecution in, 255; prognosis in, 257; symptoms of, 252; treatment of, 99, 258.

Epileptics and bromides, 98. Epileptiform convulsions, 256. Erlich's theory of immunity, 171. Erysipelas, visits in, 183. Eunuchs and impotence, 327. Eviratio, 339. Evisceration, 58. Exophthalmic goitre, 247. Extreme unction in smallpox, 177. Extrauterine pregnancy, 1, 154. Eye, diphtheria in the, 200; gonococci in the, 200; infections of the, 199.

Eyesight and schools, 208.

F

Fainting and apoplexy, 145. Fallopian tubes, 1, 2; rupture of, 5.

False angina pectoris, 142. Favus, contagiousness of, 198. Fecundation, 3. Fibroid tumours in pregnancy, 41. Fimbria ovarica, 2. Fission fungi, 168. Fission theory for composite monsters, 77, 78. Flat pelves, 56. Foetal blood, 67. Foetal death, causes of, 8; in ectopic gestation, 6.

Foetus, 4; anideus, 75; in utero, 67; when viable, 4.

Food in schools, 208. Formalin disinfection, 190, 193. Fractures of the skull, 147. Frigidity, 330. Fusion theory for monsters, 77.

G

Gall stones, 160. Gambling mania, 295. Gambler's paranoia, 295. Garfield's assassination, 303. Gastric ulcer, death in, 161. Gastritis, death in, 154. Gastrula, 73. Génicot on ectopic gestation, 21. _Genitalia maris_, 336. _Genitalia mulieris_, 331. Germinal vesicle, 72. Gestation, duration of, 3; ectopic, 1; term of, 4.

Glanders, visits in, 181. Glottis, oedema of the, 139. Gonorrhoea, 324; and ectopic gestation, 36; effects of, 315; and marriage, 315; and sterility, 325.

Goodell on ectopic gestation, 9. Grandeur, delusions of, 290. Granular eyelids, 200. Graves' disease, responsibility in, 246. Grief and melancholia, 215. Grippe, visits in, 181. Guiteau's insanity, 303. Gynandria, 340.

{360} H

Habitual criminals, 271. Haematocele, 6. Haematosalpynx, 6. Harelip, 123.

Heart disease and mania, 226; death in, 140; in pregnancy, 49; in typhoid fever, 152; pulse signification in, 141.

Heating of schools, 206. Hebephrenic melancholia, 309. Hebra's case of bloody sweat, 348. Hecker on the plague, 185. Hemiterata, 74. Hemophilia, 123. Heredity, 120; and acquired characteristics, 122; and melancholia, 216; circular insanity and, 228; in insanity, 224, 225; mania and, 224.

Hermaphrodites, 74. Heterotaxic monsters, 74. Hirst on ectopic gestation, 8. Holaind on ectopic gestation, 8; on self-defence, 18, 19.

Holy Office on abortion, 20, 49, 50, 51. Homesickness, melancholia and, 217. Homicide, 17, 18; direct, 17; indirect, 18, 43; morality of, 17, 18.

Homicidal mania, 300. Humoral pathology, 88. Huntingdon's chorea, 122. Hydramnios, 53. Hydrophobia, death in, 161. Hygiene in schools, 202. Hymen imperforabilis, 332. Hypnosis and bloody sweat, 345; and crime, 131, 132; and responsibility, 131; danger in, 130, 131; utility of, 130.

Hypnotism, 129; bibliography of, 117; in dipsomania, 117; in morphinism, 117.

Hypoblast, 73. Hypochondriacs, 287. Hysterectomy, 42. Hysteria, 235; and marriage, 239; causes of, 235; imitative form of, 236; in males, 235; major form of, 237; manifestations of, 235; minor forms of, 238; symptoms of, 238; treatment of, 239.

I

_Idée obsédante,_ 266. Idiocy and alcoholism, 113; and maternal impressions, 64.

Idiopathic insanity, 212 Imbecility and alcoholism, 112, 114; grades of, 114.

Imitative hysteria, 236, 237. Immunity to disease, 170, 171. Impetigo, contagiousness, 199. Impotence, American authorities on, 327; and American law, 326; canon law on, 326; definition, 327; definition by moralists, 329, 330; St. Alphonsus's definition, 328.

_Impotentia_ _atonica_, 340; _e morbis penis_, 341; _e vaginismo_, 332; _e venenis_, 340; _et aspermia_, 344; _et castratio_, 342; _et inseminatio_, 343; _et prolapsus_, 333; _et senectus_, 333; _et varicocele_, 342; _ex irritatione_, 341; _ex maleficio_, 337; _maris_, 336; _mulieris_, 331; _organica_, 341; _paralytica_, 340; _propter atresiam_, 333; _pychica_, 336, 337; _impotentiae definitio_, 344; _multeris causae_, 332.

Impregnation, 240. Impulse and responsibility, 266. Indeterminate sentence tor criminals, 279, 280. Infected patient, release of, 192. Infection, 168. Infectious diseases, 168; and mania, 226; in schools, 187.

Influenza, visits in, 181. Insanity, 212; alcoholic, 107; and crime, 274; and epilepsy, 253; and heredity, 224; and menstrual diseases, 243, 244; and religious vocations, 226; and sexuality, 226; diagnosis of, 106; from cocaine, 116; marriage and, 225; recurrence of, 213.

_Inseminatio_, 341. Interstitial tubal pregnancy, 5. Intoxicants, 105. Intrauterine hemorrhage, 53. Iodide of potassium and sarsaparilla, 96. Ischiopagi, 82. Isthmic ectopic pregnancy, 5. Italian school of criminology, 271. Itch, 198.

J

Jacksonian epilepsy, 257. Jews and the plague, 185.

K

Kelly on ectopic gestation, 5, 8. Kidney diseases and oedema, 139; coma in, 138; effect of heat and cold in, 138; fatality of, 137.

Kleptomania, 299. Konings on impotence, 329.

L

Laurent on criminals, 271. Law, St. Thomas's definition of, 16. Left-handedness and crime, 272. Lehmkuhl on abortion, 19; on ectopic gestation, 25; on impotence, 329.

Leprosy, contagiousness of, 183; visits in, 182.

Lice, 198. Lighting of schools, 205. Lincoln's assassination, 303. Life, beginning of, 3.

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Lithopoedion, 7. Lockjaw, 161. Locomotor ataxia, 312, 320; symptoms of, 321.

Lombroso's theory on criminals, 271. Louise Lateau, 350. Lungs, oedema of, 139. Lusk on ectopic gestation, 9. Lymphatic diathesis, 157.

M

MacDonald on criminals, 272. McKinley's assassination, 304. Magnan on criminal monomanias, 271. Mahomet a paranoiac, 291. Major hysteria, 237. Malaria, 186. Malta fever, 185. _Malum comitiale_, 251. Mammalian ovum, 69. Mania, 222; anaesthesia in, 227; after infectious diseases, 226; a potu, 109; causes of, 224; death in, 227; prognosis in, 227; symptoms of, 223.

Manouvrier on criminals, 272. Marriage, ends of, 328; and hysteria, 239; and insanity, 225; and venereal diseases, 311; Liguorian definition, 328.

_Maris impotentia_, 336. Masked epilepsy, 252. Massachusetts report on alcoholic tonics, 93. Mastrius on impotence, 330. _Masochismus_, 338; _symbolicus_, 339.

Maternal impressions, 60; and idiocy, 64.

Materially unjust aggressor, 19, 26. Means in morality, 14. Measles, disinfection after, 197. Mediaeval plagues, 185 Melancholia, 214; and grief, 215; autointoxication in, 217; causes of, 215; childbearing and, 217; delusions in, 221; heredity and, 216; in women, 217; predisposition to, 216; prognosis m, 220; recurrence of, 214; starving in, 222; suicide in, 218, 219; symptoms of, 218.

Membranous croup, 187. Memory and alcoholism, 110. Memory in epilepsy, 263. Mendel and heredity, 120, 128. Meningitis, 148. Menopause, 240, 242; and responsibility, 249.

Menorrhagia, 241. Menstrual diseases, 240; and insanity, 243.

Menstruation, 3, 240; beginning of, 240; derangements of, 241; process of, 240.

Mental defects and pregnancy, 63. Mental diseases and spiritual direction, 211. Mesoblast, 73. Mesoderm, 73. Metamorphosis sexualis, 340. Metrorrhagia, 241. Middle ear disease, 159. Minor hysteria, 238. Miracles and the nervous diseases, 351. Miracles, physical proof of, 351. Miscarriage, 48. Misophobia, 296. Mitotic division of cells, 70. Moment of death, 164. Money, disinfection of, 194. Monomanias, 292, 299. Monsters, 69; aetiology of, 76; composite, 77; double autositic, 79; produced artificially, 76.

Morality, circumstances in, 12; determinants of, 12, 13, 105; end in, 13, 15; general laws in, 15; means in, 14; object in, 12, 15; will in, 13.

Morphinism, 115; causes of, 115; effects of, 115.

Morula, 73. Mosquitoes as disease-carriers, 186. _Mulieris impotentia_, 331. Mumps, 199.

N

Narrow pelves, 55. Nephritis, responsibility in, 246. Nervous school-children, 208. Nervous strain and syphilis, 324. Neuralgic dysmenorrhoea, 242. Neurasthenia, 230; causes of, 233; and responsibility, 248; sexual form of, 232; spinal form of, 232; symptoms of, 230; traumatic form of, 233; treatment of, 233; types of, 231.

Neurotic dysmenorrhoea, 242. Neurotic superiors, 248. Newspapers and suicide, 132, 133. Nietzsche, 285.

O

Object in morality, 12. Obsession, 266. Obstructive dysmenorrhoea, 242. Oedema in kidney diseases, 139; of the glottis, 139.

Oil-stocks in smallpox visits, 177. Oligospermia, 343. Omphalopagus, 84. Omphalositic monsters, 75. Omphalosites, origin of, 76. Operation in ectopic gestation, 23. Ophthalmia, 200; neonatorum, 200.

Opisthotonos, 237. Ovarian pregnancy, 5. _Ovariorum carentia_, 334.

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Ovary, anatomy of, 2. Ovulation, 3, 240. Ovum, 2, 3, 69, 72; arrest of, in tube, 4; segmentation-nucleus of, 3.

P

Pancreatitis, death in, 160. Paracephalus, 75. Paralysis from syphilis, 322. Paramimia, 309. Paranoia, 220, 282; and suicide, 306; erotica, 291; occurrence of, 285; of tramps, 297; persecution and, 288; querulans, 293; religiosa, 290; responsibility in, 301; signification of, 283, 284; special forms of, 292; stages of, 286; symptoms of, 284, 285, 286.

Parasitic monsters, 85. Paresis and syphilis, 319; symptoms of, 319.

Pathological micro-organisms, 168. Pelvic tumours in pregnancy, 40. Perforation of the intestines, 152. Peritonitis in typhoid fever, 152. Pernicious vomiting, 53. _Persécuteurs persécutés_, 290. Persecution and paranoia, 288. Peterson on paranoia, 284. Peters' ovum, 73. Phobias, 295. Physical exercise in schools, 209. _Pigritia indurata_, 296. Placenta, 6, 23, 24, 67; praevia, 53.

Plague, 185. Pneumococcic meningitis, 148. Pneumonia, alcoholism and, 151; in pregnancy, 150; prognosis in, 150; visits in, 182; walking cases of, 151.

Pooley on bloody sweat, 347. Porrigo, 199. Porro operation, 50. Pregnancy, ampullar, 5; extrauterine, 1; in broad ligament, 5; interstitial, 5; isthmic, 5; pneumonia in, 150; term of, 3; tubo-abdominal,5; tubo-ovarian, 5.

Premature labour, 48. Prepotency, 71. Price on ectopic gestation, 9. Priest in infectious diseases, 168. Primitive trace, 74. Probabilism, 15; and law, 16; constituents of, 16.