viii. A characteristic decree of the Venetian Senate, showing the

popularity of this pilgrimage abroad, authorizes on Aug. 3, 1402, Lorenzo Contarini, captain of the Venetian galleys setting sail for Flanders, to visit St. Thomas’s shrine, in accomplishment of a vow, to go thither and return in one day while the galleys would be at Sandwich, but not to sleep away from his vessel. “Calendar of Venetian State papers relating to English Affairs,” ed. Rawdon Brown, Rolls series, 1864, I, 42.

[495] Garnier, ibid. pp. 210 ff.

[496] The original charter of Louis VII has disappeared, but the confirmation by his son still exists. It reads: “Noverint igitur universi, presentes pariter et futuri, quod intuitu beati martiris quondam Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi, ad cujus tumulum pro salute anime et sanitate corporis impetranda, pater noster in multa devotione fuerat profectus, conventui monachorum Sancte Trinitatis ibidem Deo servientium centum modios vini, ad mensuram Parisiensem, singulis annis tempore vendemiarum, in castellaria Pissiaci accipiendos, in elemosynam concessit . . . quod factum patris nostri ne aliqua possit oblivione deleri et aliqua malignantium invidia violari, manu nostre confirmationis apposita, precipimus immutabiliter custodiri.” Given at Nantes, year 1180. Text, facsimile and comment in “Archæologia Cantiana,” vol. IV, 1861, p. 127.

“Muids” (modii) were of a different sort, according to places; those “of the Paris measurement” contained 270 of our litres and were therefore quite goodly casks.

[497] Berners’ Froissart, ed. Ker, I, p. 393.

[498] On the extraordinary voyage of the “basileus and autocrator” and his stay of four years away from his besieged capital, see Schlumberger, “Un Empereur de Byzance à Paris et à Londres,” “Revue des Deux Mondes,” Dec. 15, 1915.

[499] Wilkins, “Concilia Magnæ Britanniæ,” vol. iii, 1737, p. 847. On the discovery in 1888 of bones supposed to be those of the archbishop, see Canon A. J. Mason’s “What became of the Bones of St. Thomas? A contribution to his fifteenth Jubilee,” London, 1920.

[500] 2 Ed. VI, “Miscellaneous Writings of Thomas Cranmer,” Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846, p. 147.

[501] “Piers Plowman,” ed. Skeat, Text C, pass. 1, l. 51.

[502] Printed in “The Academy,” Nov. 17, 1883, p. 331.

[503] “The Examination of Master William Thorpe,” 1407, Arber’s “Engl. Garner,” vi, 84. Cf. “Anecdotes . . . tirées . . . d’Etienne de Bourbon, XIII^e siècle,” ed. Lecoy de la Marche, “Sextus titulus, De Peregrinatione.”

[504] See Appendix XVII, p. 446. On Reynard, the date, composition and sources of this work, see Léon Foulet, “Le Roman de Renard,” Paris, 1914.

[505] “A Dialoge or communication of two persons, deuysyd and set forthe in the laten tonge, by the noble and famose clarke, Desiderius Erasmus, intituled ye pylgremage of pure deuotyon. Newly translatyd into Englishe.” London (1540?), 16º.

[506] “A Dyaloge of syr Thomas More knyghte . . . wherin be treatyd dyuers maters, as of the veneration and worshyp of ymagys and relyques, praying to sayntys, and goyng on pylgrymage, wyth many othere thyngys touchyng the pestylent sect of Luther and Tyndale.” London, 1529, 4º.

[507] “The sermon . . . made . . . to the conuocation of the clergy” (28 Henry VIII), in “Frutefvll sermons preached by the right reverend father and constant martyr of Jesus Christ, M. Hugh Latymer.” London, 1571, p. 10.

[508] Ordinance for the state of the wardrobe and the account of the household, June, 1323. “King Edward II’s Household and Wardrobe Ordinances,” ed. Furnivall, Chaucer Society, 1876, p. 62.

[509] In the continuation of Chaucer’s tales, the Knight is represented interpreting to his son the strong and weak points in the continuous wall at Canterbury, and discussing whether it was proof against gunshot:

“And a-poyntid to his sone the perell and the dout, Ffor shot of arbalast and of bowe, and eke for shot of gonne.”

“The Tale of Beryn,” ed. Furnivall and Stone, E.E.T.S., 1909, p. 9.

[510] C. Roach Smith has described a number of them in his “Collectanea Antiqua,” London, 1848, vol. i. p. 81, and vol. ii. p. 43. He has given drawings of many which had been “discovered chiefly in the bed of the Thames, and in making the approaches to new London Bridge.” See also “Guide to mediæval room, British Museum,” 1907, p. 69; Heath, “Pilgrim Life,” 1911, ch. VI. A specimen is given below, p. 418.

[511] “Tale of Beryn,” _ibid._ p. 7.

[512] Among the ornaments worn by Chaucer’s pardoner was a “vernicle” on his cap, as may be seen above in the plate, p. 336. Sir Thomas More, in his “Dialogue,” describes as follows the vernicle represented on pilgrims’ medals: How, says he, can it be maintained that Christ blames images, “where he lykyd to leve the holy vernacle, thexpresse ymage also of hys blessid vysage, as a token to remain in honour among such as lovyd hym from ye tyme of hys bytter passyon hytherto, whych as it was by the myracle of hys blessid holy hand expressed and lefte in ye sudari: so hath yt bene by lyke myracle in that thyn corruptyble cloth kepte and preservyd uncorrupted thys xv. C. yere freshe and well perceyved, to ye inwarde cumforte, spyrytuall reioysyng and grete encreace of fervoure and devocyon in the harts of good crysten people” (Sig. B. iii.).

[513] Most of them mentioned by Garnier in his “Vie de Saint Thomas,” where, after stating that men of all sorts flocked to Canterbury, he adds (ed. Hippeau, p. 205):

“Et anpules raportent en signe del veiage, Mès de Jerusalem en est la croix portée, Et de Rochemadur Marie en plum getée, De Saint Jame la scale, qui en plun est muée; Or à Deus saint Thomas cele ampule donée, Qui est par tut le mund chérie et honorée.”

[514] “Guide du pélerin à Rocamadour,” by M. le Chanoine Laporte, Rocamadour, 1862, chap. viii.

[515] “Les louenges du roy Louys xij^e. de ce nom, nouvellement composées par maistre Claude de Seyssel, docteur en tous droits.” Paris, 1508, sign. f. iii.

[516] Skeat’s edition, Text C, pass. i. l. 47.

[517] See the drawing of this ring in vol. viii. of the “Archæological Journal,” p. 360. The long stick, or pilgrim’s staff, and the bag or “scrip” were the characteristic signs of pilgrims. In the romance of King Horn, the hero meets on his road a _palmer_, and to disguise himself changes clothes with him; in this transformation the author only points out the chief particulars, that is to say, the staff and the bag. “Horn took burdon and scrippe.” (“King Horn, with fragments of Floris and Blauncheflur,” ed. by J. H. Lumby, Early English Text Society, 1866.) We have seen above, p. 362, that Reynard on his way to Rome took just the same implements.

[518] Statute 12 Rich. II, cap 7.

[519] Statute 5 Rich. II, st. 1, c. 2. Restrictions on pilgrimage-making existed also in France. See an ordinance of Charles VI, February 27, 1399, prohibiting pilgrimages to Rome. “Recueil d’Isambert,” vol. vi. p. 843.

[520] “Rolls of Parliament,” 13 Rich. II, vol. iii. p. 275, and statute 1, cap. 20 of 13 Rich. II.

[521] As to the number of pilgrimages, their origin, and history, see the “Dictionnaire géographique, historique, descriptif, archéologique des pélerinages anciens et modernes,” by L. de Sivry and M. de Champagnac, Paris, 1850, 2 vols. 8vo, forming vols. xliii. and xliv. of Migne’s “Encyclopédie théologique.”

[522] Ripert-Monclar, “Bullaire du Pont d’Avignon,” 1912.

[523] Statute 4 Ed. III, c. 8.

[524] Petition of the Calais burgesses, “Rolls of Parliament,” vol. iii. p. 500, 4 Henry IV, A.D. 1402. In Dover too, on the opposite shore, there was such a house, the inventory of which has been printed: Walcott, “Inventories of St. Mary’s Hospital or Maison-Dieu, Dover,” London, 1869. In the diary of his travels, during the sixteenth century, the Greek Nicander Nucius observes that the town of Dover seemed to be made almost entirely of inns and hotels. “The Travels of Nicander Nucius of Corcyra,” Camden Society, 1841.

[525] See Prof. J. W. Hales’ letter to _The Academy_ of April 22, 1882, p. 287. A view of the old church, of which very little now remains, could be seen, Mr. Enlart writes me, in a picture by Van der Meulen, but it was destroyed by the Germans in one of their air raids during the late Great War, when they shelled the Museum.

[526] This relic so greatly attracted the English that they had founded in the cathedral a chapel of “Notre Dame Englesque” (Sancta Maria Anglica), and the leopards of England, writes Prof. Enlart, are still to be seen in the stained glass.

[527] Halliwell’s edition, 1866, p. 108.

[528] See the remarkable articles by Emile Male, on “L’Art du Moyen Age et les Pélerinages,” in the “Revue de Paris,” 1920; in the number of Feb. 15, an article on “Les Routes de France et d’Espagne.”

[529] Text B, p. xii. l. 37.

[530] A. B. Caillau, “Histoire critique et religieuse de Notre Dame de Roc-Amadour,” Paris, 1834, pp. 73 ff.

[531] Berners’ Froissart, vol. i. ch. cclviii.

[532] William Wey, in the fifteenth century, notices the large number of English ships at “Grwne” (Coruña), the usual port of landing for Compostela: “In porto Grwne erant de Anglicis, Wallicis, Hibernicis, Normannis, Francis, Britonnibus et aliis LXXX^{ta} naves cum topcastellis et quatuor sine topcastellis; numerus navium Anglicarum erat XXX^{ij}.” He notes the words and music of a song sung by little Spanish boys, dancing before pilgrims and offering good wishes, in exchange for which they hoped to get some small coin. “Itineraries,” Roxburghe Club, 1857, pp. 154, 156.

[533] “Fœdera,” ed. 1704, vol. vii. p. 468, 17 Rich. II.

[534] “Fœdera,” 12 Hen. VI, 1434, vol. x. pp. 567–569.

[535] “The Stacions of Rome and the Pilgrim’s Sea Voyage,” ed. Furnivall, Early English Text Society, 1867, p. 47. This complaint on the Compostela pilgrimage is of the fifteenth century. On the Compostela sanctuary and on the propagation of certain artistic notions through the influx of pilgrims, see the before quoted article by E. Male, “Revue de Paris,” Feb. 1920.

[536] “The Paston Letters,” ed. Jas. Gairdner, vol. i. p. 48. Letter of Margaret Paston of September 28, 1443.

[537] Especially noteworthy in this respect at the present day is the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, near Mantua (in which the famous author of the “Cortegiano,” Baldassare Castiglione, is buried), where life-size, realistic wax figures, wearing real garments or armour, form a continuous series above the arches on both sides of the nave. Each scene commemorates a miraculous intervention of the Virgin: innocents saved at the moment of their execution, the halter breaking, the axe stopped, etc. The “custode” also directs attention to a stuffed animal, dangling from the roof, and which he describes as a “crocodilo” which used to desolate the country.

[538] “The Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry,” translated from the French, ed. Thomas Wright, Early English Text Society, 1868, p. 70. The original French is of the fourteenth century.

[539] “Miracles de Nostre Dame,” collected by Jean Miélot, ed. G. F. Warner, Roxburghe Club, 1885, p. 58. This version of the tale is of the fifteenth century, but the story itself is much older.

[540] i.e. St. Catherine of Mount Sinai.

[541] William Wey, in the fifteenth century, thus mentions the catacombs: “Item ibi est una spelunca nuncupata Sancti Kalixti cimiterium, et qui eam pertransit cum devocione, illi indulgentur omnia sua peccata. Et ibi multa corpora sanctorum sunt, que nullus hominum numerare nequit nisi solus Deus,” “The Itineraries of William Wey,” Roxburghe Club, 1857, p. 146. Wey, like the author of the poem, sometimes mentions prodigious numbers of bodies of martyrs; at the church called Scala Celi, “sunt ossa sanctorum decem millia militum;” in one single part of St. Peter’s at Rome, are “Petronella et xiii millia sanctorum martyrum.”

[542] William Wey said of the church of the Holy Cross: “Item, ibi sunt duo ciphi, unus plenus sanguine Ihesu Cristi, and alter plenus lacte beate Marie Virginis,” “Itineraries,” p. 146. Those who drink at the three fountains which gushed out at the death of St. Paul are cured of all maladies; those who visit the church of St. Mary of the Annunciation will never be struck by lightning; at the church of St. Vivian there is “herba crescens quam ipsa plantavit et valet contra caducum morbum.” At the church of St. Sebastian is shown a foot-print of Jesus; and it is, in fact, still to be seen there at the present day. Ibid. pp. 143–148.

[543] In the Borghese chapel.

[544] “The Stacions of Rome,” fourteenth century, ed. F. J. Furnivall, Early English Text Society, 1867. Another version of the “Stacions,” with variants, was printed by the same in “Political, Religious, and Love Poems,” Early English Text Society, 1866, p. 113. See in this last volume notes by W. M. Rossetti on the “Stacions,” pp. xxi–xlviii, paralleling the information furnished by the English author with that given by the Italian Francino, who wrote on the same subject in 1600, and whose numbers are much less exaggerated. Mr. Rossetti states also what is still shown at Rome of the relics named in the “Stacions.”

The Saint Luke legend appears in a somewhat different form in William Wey, according to whom the saint was about to paint when he fell asleep, and the angels made the picture for him, “Itineraries,” p. 143. A similar legend is attached to the great wooden crucifix of Byzantine workmanship, called in the middle ages the “Saint Vou” (the Holy Face, _vultus_), at Lucca, begun by Nicodemus after the Ascension, and miraculously finished during his sleep. Bédier, “Légendes épiques,” 1908, II. 210.

[545] “Ye Solace of Pilgrimes, a description of Rome _circa_ A.D. 1450, by John Capgrave,” ed. Mills and Bannister, Oxford, 1911, 4º.

[546] As well as that of the author of the poem. This immensely popular work of unknown date was in existence anyhow in the XIIth century. See “Mirabilia Urbis Romæ, the Marvels of Rome,” with notes by F. M. Nichols, London, 1889.

[547] “Le Saint Voyage de Jhérusalem du Seigneur d’Anglure,” ed. Bonnardot and Longnon, “Société des Anciens Textes Français,” 1878, pp. 3, 4.

[548] On the normal cost of such journeys (from Rouen to St. James of Compostela, in 1377, 343 fr. of our present money), see d’Avenel, “Histoire économique,” vi. 621.

[549] Toulmin Smith, “English Gilds,” pp. 157, 177, 180, 182, 231.

[550] Devon’s “Issues of the Exchequer,” 1837, p. 159.

[551] Mandate from the Archbishop of York, Feb. 1, 1351–2, in Raine, “Historical Papers from the Northern Registers,” p. 402.

[552] “Chronica monasterii de Melsa,” ed. E. A. Bond, 1868, vol. iii. p. 88, Rolls Series. The Abbot declares that Clement VI replied to the reproaches of his confessor as to his bad life: “Quod facimus modo facimus consilio medicorum.” About his theory of the “treasury,” see _supra_, p. 314. The Pontiff, Pierre Rogier, a Frenchman, of great learning and extraordinary memory, of knightly manners, fond of festivities and amusements, had been an opponent of Edward III in the matter of benefices, which may have still increased the Abbot’s animosity. His decision as to the angels was inserted in his bull on jubilees, which were to recur every fifty years instead of every century; it concerns pilgrims coming to the jubilee.

[553] “In which year (1350) there came into England certain penitents, noblemen and foreigners, who beat their bare bodies very sharply, to the effusion of blood, now weeping, now singing; yet, as was said, they did this too unadvisedly, being without licence from the apostolic see.” Walsingham, “Historia Anglicana,” Rolls Series, vol. 1. p. 275. See also Robert de Avesbury, “Hist. Edwardi Tertii,” ed. Hearne, Oxford, 1720, p. 179. The flagellants whipped themselves with knotted cords furnished with nails, they prostrated themselves to the ground singing, with their arms extended cross-wise.

[554] The flagellants were condemned by Clement VI in 1349; he ordered the archbishops, bishops, &c., to have them imprisoned. Labbe, “Sacrosancta Concilia,” Florence ed., vol. xxv. col. 1153.

[555] Letter of the Archbishop of York to his official, “Historical Papers from the Northern Registers,” ed. Raine, pp. 397–399. The guilty were not worthless vagabonds; one has the title of _magister_, another is professor of civil law.

[556] “Nam quidam illorum credebant, ut asseritur, nullum Deum esse, nihil esse sacramentum altaris, nullam post mortem resurrectionem, sed ut jumentum moritur, ita et hominem finire.” “Historia Anglicana,” vol. ii. p. 12. Langland also complains of the scepticism of the nobles, who question the mysteries, and make these grave matters the subject of light conversation after meals. “Piers Plowman,” Text C, pass. xii. l. 35.

[557] “Les louenges du roy Louys xij.,” by Claude de Seyssel, Paris, 1508.

[558] “A Collection of the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England,” &c., printed by J. Nichols, London, 1780. Will of Humphrey Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, who died 1361, p. 54.

[559] She died November 4, 1360. Nichols, ibid. p. 29.

[560] From Bethleem, last quarter of the fourth century. Migne, “Patrologiæ Latinæ tomus XXII,” col. 582.

[561] “Epistola XLVI Paulæ et Eustochii (one of her daughters) ad Marcellam, De Sanctis Locis.” Migne, ibid., col. 483 ff. From Bethleem, same period.

[562] From Bethleem, same period. Migne, ibid. To Paulinus col. 580 ff.; to Desiderius, col. 493 ff.

[563] He and numerous companions had received the Cross at the hands of the Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1316, and the plan seemed for a time so near realization that nobles and villeins sold their lands and houses, to take part in the crusade. A plan thereof and a draft of the contract with the Marseilles shipowners has been published with excellent notes, by A. de Boislisle, “Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire de France,” 1872, pp. 230 and 246. The latest date suitable for the start is stated to be the middle of April. Full details are given as to the supplies of every sort, to be provided for the galleys, food and the rest: “panis biscoctus,” i.e. biscuit.

[564] Robert of Avesbury, “Historia Edwardi Tertii,” ed. Hearne, Oxford, 1720, pp. 63, 115.

[565] The single and last attempt on a grand scale was the ill-starred campaign against Sultan Bajazet which ended in the disaster and massacre of Nicopolis, September, 1396; on which and on all those latter-day attempts, see Delaville le Roulx, “La France en Orient au XIV^e Siècle,” Paris, 1886, 2 vols.

[566] Built on Cape Africa, hence her name in the chronicles of the time.

[567] Berners’ Froissart (Ker, v. 361), where, however, the following passage does not appear: “Et autres ménestrels faire leur mestier de pipes et de chalemelles et de naquaires, tant que du son et de la voix qui en yssoient la mer en retentissoit toute.”

[568] Berners’ Froissart, ed. Ker, 1902, vol. v, chap. 165, 167, 170. Cf. Delaville le Roulx, “La France en Orient au XIV^e Siècle,” Paris, 1886, chap. iv. At p. 14, vol. ii, a list of all the chief participants in this crusade.

[569] Langland speaks of the Saracens without cursing them; they might be saved, but for Mahomet who deceived them in anger at not being made pope; Christians ought to convert them; the pope makes indeed bishops of Nazareth, Nineveh, etc., but they take care never to visit their indocile flocks; let us not forget that “Jews, Gentiles and Saracens” are sincere in their beliefs. “Piers Plowman,” Text C, pass. xviii. ll. 123 ff.

[570] In his book is written (in French): “And know you that I would have put this little book into Latin for brevity, but because many understand Romance better than Latin, I have put it into Romance, that it be understood, and that the lords and knights and other noblemen who do not know Latin, or but little, and who have been beyond seas, may know and understand whether I speak truth or not.” Sloane MS. 1464, fol. 3, at the British Museum, a French MS. of the beginning of the fifteenth century.

[571] In his translation of Ralph Higden’s “Polychronicon,” ed. C. Babington, vol. ii. p. 161, Rolls Series.

[572] “La Manière de Langage,” ed. Paul Meyer, “Revue Critique,” vol. x., 1870, pp. 373, 382; dedication dated May 29, 1396.

[573] “Confessio Amantis,” “Complete Works,” ed. G. C. Macaulay, Oxford, 1899, ff. four vols., vol. iii. p. 253.

[574] According to him, the English, who, as history shows, have certainly improved, are wanting in perseverance, “Et hinc secundum astronomos lunam habent planetam propriam, quæ in motu et lumine est magis instabilis.” “Fasciculi Zizaniorum,” ed. Shirley, p. 270, Rolls Series. Caxton later also considers the moon as _par excellence_ the planet of the English: “For we englysshe men ben born under the domynacyon of the mone, whiche is never stedfaste but ever waverynge.” Prologue to his “Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vyrgyle,” 1490.

[575] “Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden,” edited by C. Babington, 1869, vol. ii. pp. 166, 168, Rolls Series.

[576] He appears in John of Gaunt’s accounts: “Item à Esmon de Wyght esquier à monsire Johan de Haukewode, de nostre doun, lxvj s. viij.” “John of Gaunt’s Register,” ed. Armitage Smith, 1911, vol. ii. p. 299; no date, but of 1372, or shortly after.

[577] Rawdon Brown, “Calendar of State Papers relating to English Affairs . . . at Venice,” London, 1864, vol. i. pp. 24, 29; original in Latin.

[578] Rymer’s “Fœdera,” vol. v. p. 777; in Latin. As to Boucicaut and his more famous son, both marshals of France, see Delaville le Roulx, “La France en Orient, au XIV^e Siècle,” Paris, 1886, vol. i. pp. 160 ff. Such letters being delivered pretty frequently, were drawn up after a common form like our passports. See the one given by Rymer in vol. vii. p. 337, A.D. 1381. In November, 1392, the Earl of Derby, future Henry IV, was at Venice, and set out thence to go to the Holy Land. He had letters for the Republic from Albert IV, Duke of Austria, and the Great Council lent him a galley for his voyage. Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, also set out from Venice for Palestine, in February, 1398–9. He was the bearer of a letter from Richard II to the Venetian Senate. “Calendar of State Papers . . . at Venice,” ed. Rawdon Brown, p. lxxxi.

[579] “Historical Papers from the Northern Registers,” ed. Raine, Rolls Series, p. 425.

[580] “En celle malle fortune perdy nostre nafve l’un de ses tymons dont elle estoit gouvernée en partie, et fut renversée nostre voille par plusieurs fois en la marine, malgré tous les mariniers.” The darkness was complete, and they thought their end had come; but they were saved, reaching Cyprus where they had not intended to go. “Le Saint Voyage de Jérusalem du Seigneur d’Anglure,” ed. Bonnardot and Longnon, “Société des Anciens Textes Français,” Paris, 1878.

[581] “Chronique de Monstrelet,” bk. i. chap. viii.

[582] The voyages called “Mandeville’s Voiage and Travaile” were assuredly written in the fourteenth century in French, then were translated e.g. into Latin and English. Only the portion relating to Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, _may_ have been founded on a real journey. The article “Mandeville,” by Mr. E. B. Nicholson and Colonel Yule in “The Encyclopædia Britannica”; a paper, “Untersuchungen über Johann von Mandeville und die Quelle seiner Reiseschreibung,” Berlin, 1888 (printed in “Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde,” bd. xxiii. p. 177), and Mr. G. F. Warner’s “The Buke of John Maundevil,” being the travels of Sir John Mandeville, Kt. 1322–56, Roxb. Club, 1889, fol., with the French and English texts; the notice by the same on Mandeville in the “Dictionary of National Biography,” notices by H. Cordier in his “Bibliotheca Sinica” and in “Revue Critique,” Oct. 26, 1891, represent the actual state of the question. English text in modern spelling, ed. Pollard, London, 1900. Earliest dated MS., a French one in the National Library, Paris, A.D. 1371; the identification of Mandeville with Jean de Bourgogne, _alias_ “à la Barbe,” or “ad Barbam,” a physician of Liège, who died there in 1372, seems certain.

[583] “A Survey of Egypt and Syria undertaken in the year 1422, by Sir Gilbert de Lannoy, Kt., translated from a MS. in the Bodleian Library,” “Archæologia,” vol. xxi. pp. 281, 319, giving also the French original. Born in 1386, employed by the Duke of Burgundy, then by the King of England, Lannoy died in 1462.

[584] Sloane MS. 1464, fo. 3, British Museum.

[585] And a very large quantity, beginning as early as the fourth century (to which century belongs the “Itinerarium Burdigala Hierosolymam”), had preceded those. See, among others, “Itinera Hierosolymitana et Descriptiones Terræ Sancta,” ed. Tobler and Molinier, 1879, ff.; “Itinéraires à Jérusalem, rédigés en français aux XI^e, XII^e et XIII^e Siècles,” ed. Michelant and Raynaud, 1882, both works forming part of the publications of the “Société de l’Orient Latin.” One of the best among the older guide-books was due to the French monk Bernard in the year 870. The monk, who went by way of Egypt, is brief, accurate, matter of fact, as little emotional as possible, discards all wonders, and is often careful to add: “asseritur,” “dicitur.”

[586] “Le Saint Voyage de Jérusalem du Seigneur d’Anglure,” ed. Bonnardot and Longnon, 1878, p. 99.

[587] “The Itineraries of William Wey, Fellow of Eton College, to Jerusalem, A.D. 1458 and A.D. 1462, and to Saint James of Compostela, A.D. 1456.” London, 1857, Roxburghe Club, pp. 5, 6. In his first journey to Palestine, duly “consecratus ad modum peregrinorum,” Wey started from Venice with a band of 197 pilgrims embarked on two galleys. Born about 1407, a graduate of Oxford, Wey became after the last of his journeys an Augustinian monk at Edington, Wiltshire, and died there in 1476. He wrote his Itineraries “rogatus a devotis viris” (p. 56); the text in Latin, the “prevysyoun” for travellers in English.

[588] Pages 102–116. Such a map is exhibited in one of the glass cases of the Bodleian Library at Oxford. It is probable, but not quite sure, that this is really the map of William Wey, the one he calls “mappa mea” in his book. It has been reproduced in _fac-simile_: “Map of the Holy Land, illustrating the Itineraries of W. Wey, Roxburghe Club, 1867.” It is seven feet in length and sixteen and a half inches in breadth. See also: “De passagiis in Terram Sanctam,” edit. G. M. Thomas, Venice, 1879, folio, “Société de l’Orient Latin.” This work contains extracts from a “Chronologia magna,” compiled in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with maps and plans, one especially of Jerusalem and adjoining places.

[589] P. 95.

[590] “A good preuysyoun,” “Itineraries,” p. 4.

[591] “A good preuysyoun,” “Itineraries,” pp. 5, 6.

[592] Ibid. The same scramble for asses is going on even now in Palestine and Egypt, and modern “Saracens” are careful to ingratiate themselves with the traveller by addressing to him a few words in the language of his supposed nationality; one such at the foot of the Pyramids some years ago, would keep repeating to us, as a sesame for our purses, these three magic words: “Bonaparte, quarante siècles.” We had not, however, to deplore the disappearance of any “knyves and other smal thynges.”

[593] William Wey and his companions pay to the “Saracen lords” fifteen ducats: “Et sic in Terra Sancta fuimus xiij diebus, pro quibus solvimus pro conductu nostro dominis Saracenis xv ducatus.” But there were two rival sultans at war with each other, each claiming the Holy Land; and just as the pilgrims were about to leave, the one of those potentates whom they had not paid got the upper hand, and they had to give fifty ducats to his new governor of Jerusalem. “Itineraries,” p. 99. The second Boucicaut going around the holy places for the second time within a few months in 1389, is made by the Saracens to pay again. Delaville le Roulx, “La France en Orient,” i. 165.

[594] Ogier VIII, lord of Anglure, part of whose castle on the Aube river still remains, died about 1402. One of his companions held the pen for the troop during the journey and wrote the account of it entitled, in the MS. at the National Library, Paris: “Cy après s’ensuit le contenu du saint voyage de Jherusalem et le chemin pour aller à Saincte Catherine du Mont Synay et ainsi à Saint Anthoine et Saint Pol ès loingtains desers de Egipte,” 1395; best ed. the above quoted one by Bonnardot and Longnon.

[595] “Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundeville,” ed. Halliwell, 1866, p. 52.

APPENDIX

[596] The famous Hubert Walter (or Walter Hubert) who had accompanied King Richard to Palestine and crowned King John; archbishop from 1193 to 1205; for a number of years, as much the ruler of England as those kings themselves. His tomb in Canterbury Cathedral has been identified in our days.

[597] _Creteyne_, increase, rising flood; in French, _crue_

[598] A “movable” part, just for the passage of masts.

{449}

INDEX

Aaron’s rod, 386

Aberystwith, 77

Abingdon fair, 250

Abinger, 273

_Abjuratio Regni_, 168, ff.

Acre, 408

Adam and Eve, 287, 289

_Adscriptio Glebæ_, 261

Adventure seekers, 181, 200, 406, 419

Agincourt, 244

Alchemists, 335

Aldenby, Agnes of, 155

Aleaume, St., of Burgos, 344

Ale, of various sorts, 251

Alehouses, 17, 133 ff., 136 ff.

Alexander, romance of, 195, 199

Aliand, W., 434

Alreton, 126

Amadas, romance of, 196

“Amants Magnifiques,” Molière’s les, 336

Amiens, 118, relics at, 365, 371

Amundeville, John d’, 166

Ampilforde, Th., a mason, 54 ff.

Anchorites, 142

“Ancient Mariner,” 148

Andover, 250

Angerville, Richard d’, or de Bury, 324, 440

Anglure, Ogier VIII, lord of, his journey to Palestine, 389, 405, 409, 413 ff., to Egypt, 415

Anglure-sur-Aube, 415, 417, 418

Animals, performing, 217

Anne of Bohemia, Queen, 229

Anson, major, 233

Anthony, St., 415

Appleton, friar W. de, a physician, 187

Apprentices, in sanctuary, 170 ff.

Apulia, 184

Archers, the King’s, 104

Ardennes, forest of, 184

Arewe, J. S., a crossbowman, 65

Aristotle, 10

Armenians, 395

Arthur, King, 195, 197, 224

Articles of the Eyre, 120

Articles of the View, 112

_Articuli Cleri_, 120, 168

Arundel, Archbishop Thos., 20, 134, 321, on pilgrimages, 359 ff.; 439

Arundel, Earl of, 150, 205

Ascham, Roger, 347

Asses, the usual mount in Palestine, 413

Assisi, 293

Aswardeby, 429

Athelstan, King, 165, 328

Atkinson, J. C., 14, 77

Aufrike, i.e. Mahdia, 398 ff.

Aumbresbury, 197

Auray, battle of, 339

Austria, Albert IV, Duke of, 405

Autolycus, 193, 235, 252 ff.

Avenel, Viscount d’, on travelling in France, 86, 126, 202, 229, 389

Avesbury, Rob. d’, 392, 398

Avignon, 32, 33, 36, 371

Avon, bridges on the, 53 ff., 79

Avranches, 352

Aylesbury, 81

Ayremynne, Rich. de, 118

Bacon, Francis, 173, on friars, 311

Bacon, Roger, 295

Bailiff, 111, 151, 431

Bajazet, 398

Baker, John le, M.P., 264

Baker, Oliver, 14

Ball, John, 19, 20, 212, 215, 285, his views, 286 ff., Froissart and 289; 290, 293

Ball, W. W. R., 129

Barbers, company of, 189

Barclay, Alexander, 123

{450}

Bardi, the, 232

Barking, Abbess of, 40

Barncastle, 54

Bartholomew fair, 250, 251

Barton, 426, 433

Bateman, S., 122

Bath, 30

Battle Abbey, 121

Bears and bearwards, 18, 206, 216, 222, 236

Beauty powder, 192

Becket, Thos., 349 ff.; _see_ Thomas, St.

Bedford Bridge, 60

Bédier, Joseph, 202, on pilgrimages, 344; 387

Beds, 125 ff.

Beer, 133, 251

Beggars, blind, 18, 182; 19, 20, 181, students as, 236, 276; 252, labourers as, 269 ff., to cease wandering, 275, friars as, 294, 302

Beirut, 408, 409

Belleforest, F. de, 49

Belloc, Hilaire, 352

Bernard, a Fr. monk, 409

Berri, Duke de, 231

Berwick, 65 ff.

Bethleem, 386, 395, 396, 416

Beverley, sanctuary at, 159, 163 ff., its minstrels, 206, 211; 347, 426

Billingham, 36

Billings, R. W., 159

Birch, de Gray, 60

Birmingham, 39

Bishops, travelling, 115

Blackburn, 39

Blackheath, 212

Blignières, A. de, 17

Blois, Charles de, 232, 339

Blythebury, 151

Boccaccio, his fralipolla, 322, 327 ff.

Bodenho, John de, 60

Bohemia, 252

Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of Hereford, 340, 394

Boislisle, A. de, 397

“Boke of Nurture,” the, 17

Bonaparte, 408, 413

Boniface, Pope, 386

Boniface IX, on pardoners, 316 ff., 324, 443

Bonnardot, 389

Books, sold at fairs, 252

Boston, 370

Boswell, James, 252

Botiller, Ralph le, 155

Boucicaut, Jean le Meingre, Marshall de, 404 ff., 407

Boucicaut, the younger, 414

Boulogne, 371

Bourbon, Louis, 1st Duke of, 397; Louis, 3rd Duke, his crusade, 398 ff.

Bourbon, Etienne de, 359

Bourgogne, Jean de, alias Mandeville, 406 ff.

Bourne, Sir Roger, 301

Bouvines, 354

Bow Bridge, 40 ff., 43

Brabant, 229

Bracton, Henry de, 257, 258, 262

Bradamante, 256

Bradeley Bridge, 429

Bradshaw, 99

Brant Broughton, 138

Brantingham, Thos. de, 142, 202, 204, 229

Braunton, Philip de, 441

_Bravi_, 152, 175

Bray, Master John, a physician, 187

Brest, 230

Breul, Karl, 200

Bridges, at Crowland, 13, 21, London, 13, 14 (_see_ London Bridge), Avignon, 13, 32, 33, 36, Cahors, 13, 37, 69, Stratford-at-Bow, 13, 14, 41, Wakefield, 14, 67, with defensive towers, 14, 71 ff., 75; at Monmouth, 14, 75, on the Esk, 14, 30 ff., Pont St. Esprit, 32, Roman, 32, 69, Orthez, Limoges, Lancaster, 35 ff., Botyton, 36; pious character of, 36 ff., how repaired, 36 ff., 42 ff., 57 ff.; Bow, 40 ff.; bad state of, 41 ff., chapels on, 43 ff., Fleet, Holborn, Saintes, La Rochelle, 43, 44; houses on, 47 ff., 74 ff., at Paris, Poissy, Florence, 49 ff., wooden, 53, Hugh of Clopton’s, 53, Catterick, 54, built by Englishmen, 54, at Yarm, 58, Huntingdon, 59, tolls and gifts for the maintenance of, 58 ff., at Rochester, 60, 62, Bedford, 60, dangerous, 60 ff., 65, Moneford, 60, Heybethebridge, 61, and the Justices in Eyre, 63, at Shoreham, 64, Berwick, 65 ff., revenues of, 66; at Chester, 66, remodelled, 69, at Rotherham, St. Ives, 70, Bath, 74, Norwich Castle, 77, near Danby Castle, 77, at Durham, Hereford, Bedford, Llangollen, Dumfries, Huntingdon, {451} Potter Heigham, Tewkesbury, 78; the Great Charter and, 83; hermits and the, 143, consisting in a plank, 429, at Chesford, Bradeley, Exhorne, etc., 429; too low, 426; who should repair, 429 ff.

Bristol, 206, 244, staple, 247, fair, 251; 370

Broker, Nicholas, a coppersmith, 14

Brompton, Wm. and Margery, 206

Brotherton, 39

Browning, Robert, 291

Bruce, David, 347

Brudtholl, 57

Bruges, 238, 243

Bruges, Thos. de, a champion, 117

Brutus, the Trojan, 196

Brynchesley, Thos. of, a messenger, 232

Bucker, J. C. and C. A., 70

Budet, Durand, 232

Buffoons, 217 ff.

Bull, Wm., a priest, 70

Bullion, export of, forbidden, 239 ff., 241 ff., 265, 376

Bulls, papal, 20, 319 ff., 439, against pardoners, 443 ff.

Burgundy, Duke of, 408

Burton, Thos., 343, 391 ff., 445

Bury, Isabel of, a murderess, 171

Bury, Richard de, on pardoners, 324, 440

Butler, Samuel, 273

Cade, Jack, 167, 438

Caen, 351

Cæsar, 254, 297

Cahors, 13, 35, 37, 69

Cairo, 408, 415

Calabria, 184

Calais, 230, staple, 248; 371

Caldecote, Wm., 281

Calder, bridge on the, 70

Cambridge, 129, 236, 251

Cambynskan, 203 ff.

Cana, 389

Cannock Wood, 150

Canterbury, 20, 34, 60, 133, 134, has minstrels, 206, staple, 247, 248; 263, 279, 312, 319, 321, 322, 347, chief English pilgrimage, 348 ff.; fortified, 364; 425

“Canterbury Tales,” 15, 16, 20, 103, 115, 214, 227, 292, 315, supplement to the, 364

Cantilupo, Walter de, 166

Canynge, Wm., 244, 245

Capgrave, John, a pilgrim to Rome, 387 ff.

Carpenter, John le, M.P., 264

Carretto, Ilaria del, 315

Carriages, 15, 84, for the wealthy, 95 ff., etruscan, 95, for the queen, 99

Carriers, common, 149

Carrol, Sir Rob., 375

Carts, 15, 84, London tax on, 85, common, 90, hired, 91, reaper’s, 90

Castiglione, Baldassare, 380

Castles, their halls, 122, hospitality, in, 122, become mansions, 150

Catacombs, 385

Catherine, chapel of Saint, 43; Queen, 347

Cats, 237

Catterick Bridge, 54, 79

Caumz, John, a minstrel, 204

Causeways, 39, 64, 80, 138

Caversham, Our Lady of, 348

Caxton, 402

Cenis, Mount, 396

Chaise-Dieu, 344

Chamberlain, the royal, 117 ff.

Chambernoun, Oto, 375

Chambers, E. K., 205, 206, 211, 213, 217, 218

“Champertors,” 153

Champions, for duels, 117

Chandos, Sir John, 375

Chantries, 39, 40

Chapels on bridges, 43 ff., 57, at Wakefield, 67 ff., at Rotherham, Bradford-on-Avon, St. Ives, 70

Chapmen, 181, 236, 246

Charcoal, 279

Charer, John le, a carriage-maker, 99

Charlatans, 182 ff.

Charlemagne, 195, 196, 216, 296

Charles St. Borromeo, 362

Charles V, Emperor, a pilgrim to Canterbury, 355

Charles V, King of France, 329

Charles VI, King of France, 85

Charlton, John of, 298

Chartres, 350, relics at, 372

Chatterton, Thos., 244

Chaucer, 9, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 40, 41, 100, 103, 105, 125, 133, 187, 195 ff., 201, 203, on nobility, 213; 217, fond of news, 223; 246, M.P., 264; 283, on friars, 291 ff., 301, 303, 307, 310, his pardoner, 315 ff., 322, 327, 330, 333, 336; 339, 348, 357, 358, 359, 365, decries pilgrims, 368; 371

{452}

Chaundeler, Rob., M.P., 264

“Cheker of the Hope,” 134

Cherbourg, 230, 232

Chesford Bridge, 429

Chester, bridge at, 66; 69, 73, 78, its minstrels, 206; 408

“Chevalier au Barisel,” le, 138

Chicheley, Archbishop H., 334

Chichester, staple at, 247; 346

Child, F. J., 437

Childebert, 177

Chimneys, in greater use, 124

China, 408

Cicero, 323

Cirencester, 428

Citeaux, 125, 344

_Clamor Patriæ_, 177

Clare, Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady, her carriage, 96; her crusade by proxy, 394

Claypole, bridge at, 429

Clement VI, 36, on indulgences, 314, 391 ff., 438

Clerc, Reginald, 318

Clergy, non-residence of, 121, foreign, 121

Clerk, Roger, a quack, 188

Clerk, William, a messenger, 391

Clerkenwell, 119

Clerks, diffusion of ideas through, 283 ff.

Clermont-Ferrand, 219

Cliff, John, 436

Clopton, Hugh of, 14, 53 ff.

Clyf, William de, 342

Coal, 238

Codrington, T., 31

Coggeshall, Abbot of, 64, 429

Cok, John, a messenger, 232

Cok, Peter, a ship master, 375

Cokatrices, in the Nile, 415

Cole, John, a mason, 278

Colechurch, Peter, bridge-builder, 44

Cologne, 347, 372

Commons, their illiberal tendencies, 264 ff., 283

Communism, propagated by John Ball, 289, by the friars, 293

Compiegne, 353

Compostela, St. James of, 21, 24, 323, 344, 352, 362, 365, 370, licences for pilgrims to, 375; 381, 389, 390, 404, 406, 443

Compton, John, an archer, 318

“Condottieri,” English, 403 ff.

“Confessio Amantis,” 335, 400, 401

Conjurors, 217

Constantine the Great, 385, 395

Consuls, in the Levant, 414

Contarini, Andrea, 404

Contarini, Lorenzo, 352

Cook, Chaucer’s, 116

Cook, John, 73

Copenhagen, 186

Cordier, H., 406

Cork, staple at, 248

Corn, 266

Cornwall, 30

Cornwall, Duke of, 119

Coroner, 113

“Cortegiano,” 380

Coruña, 375

Coryat, Thos., 192

Councils, of York, 115, on the right of sanctuary, 158, 434; of Salzburg, 306, of Clermont, 313, of Trent suppressing pardoners, 337, of Dublin, 440, of Lateran, Lyons, Vienne, Trent, 444, London, York, 432

Coventry, 206, 390

Cox, J. C., 169, 173

Cranmer, Archbishop, on Becket, 356

Crécy, 200, 229, 355

Crete, 410

Créton, 14, 15, 20, 205, 321, 439

Crochille, John, a priest, 174, 258

Cromwell, Oliver, 60, on sanctuaries, 174

Cromwell, Thomas, 348

Crowland, bridge at, 13, 21, 77, 429

Crucifix, a miraculous, 343 ff., 445

Crusades, 32, 313, 394, 397 ff., 407

“Cursor Mundi,” 196

Curteys, John and Wm,, 342

Cuthbert, St., 39, 159, 164, 167, 346, 434

Cuthbert, Wm., 164

Cutts, C. L., 144

Cyprus, 405 ff., 410, 418

“Dais,” 122

Damascus, 409

Danby Castle, 14, 77

Dances, fourteenth century, 18, tumbling, 218 ff., in cemeteries, 334

Dante, 25

Danthrop, Matthew, a hermit, 142

Dartford, 359

Dartmouth, 370, 375

“Darvell Gathern,” 348

Davies, Robert, 29

Debtors, in sanctuary, 170 ff.

Dee, bridge on the, 78

{453}

Degrevant, romance of Sir, 199

Delaville le Roulx, 243, 398, 405, 414

Denain, 118

“De Proprietatibus Rerum,” 335

Derby, 426

Derby, John of, a priest, 60

Des Champs, Eustache, 125

Despenser, Edward le, 82

Devil, tempting a hermit, 114

Devil’s Bridge, 77

“Dictum de Kenilworth,” 341

Diderot, 237

Dinners, fourteenth century, 16, 20, 109, 304

“Diocletian,” 199

“Diz de l’Erberie,” 185

Doctors, or physicians, 186, 187

Dogs, 276, 297

Dominic, St., de la Calzada, 344

Dominicans, Preachers, or Black Friars, 291, 301

Dover, 121, 169, 354, 370, 371

Drawbridge, 45, 48, 53

“Drawlatches,” 176, 256

Dressing, before a fire, 16

Drogheda, staple at, 248

Drug-sellers, 184 ff.

Dublin, staple at, 247

Du Cange, 315

Duel, by champion, 117 261

Dumfries, bridge at, 78

Dunbar, William, 49

Durham, knocker, 18, 158, bridges, 62, 73, 74, 78; 126, sanctuary, 163 ff., 434, pilgrimage to, 346, sacrilege at, 393; 440

Dyke, bridge on the, 53

Dynet, William, a Lollard, 358

East Dereham, 291

Eccleston, Thos. of, 295

Edington, 410

Edward the Confessor, 346

Edward I, 62, 63, 83, his itineraries, 104; 120, 156, 202, 214, 256, 257, 261, 277, 299, 347, 354, at Tunis, 397; 428

Edward II, 120, 186, receives minstrels, 201, 202, 232, 339, 342, his offerings to shrines, 364; 428

Edward III, has bridges repaired, 57; 84, 125, gives to hermits, 142; 153 ff., 176, 187, buys MSS., 197, his minstrels, 204, his messengers, 229; 231, 241, borrows from merchants, 243 ff.; 256, 266, 270, 297, 347, helps a pilgrim, 391, and the crusade, 397; 404

Edward IV, 123, 189, has minstrels, 204, their monopoly, 208, 222; 172

Edward VI, 40, 235

Eglamour, romance of Sir, 199

Egrum, the lady of, 80

Egypt, 7, 8, cotton from, 243; 406, as the road to Jerusalem, 407; 415, its strange monuments and animals, 416 ff.

Eleanor, Queen, 293

Eleanor, Lady, 99

Elephants, 217, 417

Elizabeth, Queen, 9, 48, 236

Eltham, 123, 206

Elton, on tenures, 31, on markets, 250

Ely, 80, 208

“Elynour Rummynge,” 138

Emancipation, longings for, 212 ff.

Engel, Carl, 208

England, supreme on and protected by, the sea, 240 ff., 244, undergoes transformation, 421 ff.

English, the, like change and travels, 402

Enlart, Prof. C., 18, 371, 372

Erasmus, on pilgrimages, 362 ff., 366

Erming Street, 30, 54

Ermyte, John, 35

Esk, the river, 42, 77

“Esprit des Lois,” 244

Ethelbert, King, and sanctuary, 158

Eugene IV, 346

“Euphues and his England,” 49

Euse, Jacques d’, 232

Eustochius, 396

“Excursion,” the, 253

Exeter, 18, its minstrels’ gallery, 208 ff., staple at, 247, relics at, 328; 441

Exeter, Duke of, 13

Exhorne Bridge, 429

Eya, Wm. de, 441

Eyre, articles, or justices of the, 63, 113, 120, 432

Fabliaux, 17, 19, 202, 216

“Færie Queene,” a bridge in, 74

Fairs, the goose, 193 ff.; 248 ff.

Falaise, 315

Falcons, 204

Falstaff, 138

Famagusta, 407

Farnese, Cardinal, 192

Faryngton, Sir Wm. de, 231

Fashions, 96

Fencers, 236

{454}

Fenere, Rob. le, 59

Ferrees, Ralph de, 166

Ferries, 35, 65, 129, 433

Ferry bridge, 39

Finsen, Niels, 186

Fisher, Bishop John, 355

Fishes, 129, 250

Fisshere, Geoffrey le, M.P., 264

FitzJohn, Robert, 108

FitzRalph, Archbishop Richard, 297

FitzWarin, Fulk, 255

Flagellants, 392

Flaherty, W. E., 279

Flanders, 59, 229, 230, trade with, 238; 243

Flemings, 239 ff.

“Fleta,” 63, 104, 108, 113, 169, 177, on outlaws, 257

Flower, C. T., on public works in Middle Ages, 60, 81, 138

Foix, Comte de, 398

Fords, 35

Forest, friar, 310, 347

Forests, life in, 19, 254, 258, 263 ff., wood from the, 279

Forgers of seals, 318

Forsate, 164

Forte, Isabella de, 112

Fosse, the, 30

Foston, 345

Fountains, Abbot of, 429

“Foure Ps,” the, 253, 327

Fournier, Ed., 126, 134

Fourvières, its chapel of St. Thomas, 350

“Fox,” Volpone or the, 191 ff.

Fox, John, mayor of Northampton, 284

Foxe, John, 273

France, misery in, owing to the wars, 279; _see_ Roads and Bridges.

Francino, 387

Francis, St., 32, 293, his rule and ideals, 294 ff.

Franciscans, Friars minor, or Grey Friars, 291 ff.

“Frank almoigne,” 29, 142

French, the, of Stratford-atte-Bow, of Norfolk, 246; manual to teach, 130 ff., importance to know, 401 ff.

Friars, 20, 24, 181, 182, travelling, 283, Langland and Chaucer on, 291 ff., 298, 307; preaching emancipation, 293, why founded, 294 ff., Matthew Paris on, 296, wealth and buildings of, 296 ff., burials in their churches or habits, 297, 302, Wyclif on, 298, begging, 302, Walsingham and Oxford on, 303, derided and maltreated, 305, the secular clergy and councils on, 306, are everywhere, 306 ff., their pedlar’s wallet, 307, their letters of fraternity, 308, Sir Thomas More on, 309, doomed in England, 310, Bacon on, 311, 396, 419 ff.

_Fridstool_, 159 ff., at Beverley, 159, Hexham, 159, 160, Sprotborough, 161, 163

Frith, the church, 158 ff.

Froissart, 15, 82, 99, 118, 279, on John Ball, 289; 339, 355, 375, on the crusade of 1390, 398 ff.

Fullar, Erasmus, 346

Furnivall, F. J., 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 49, 134, 437

Gaddesden, John of, 186 ff., 338

Garette, John, a mason, 54 ff.

Gascoigne, Thos., 218 ff., 346

Gascony, 230, 239

Gaunt, John of, 35, 36, 166, his physicians, 187; his minstrels, 205; 206, 258, to be King of England, 278 ff., kind to tenants, 279; 403

“Gawaine and the Green Knight,” 203

Genoa, 399 ff.

George, St., 389, 406

George I, re-abolishes sanctuary, 174

Gifford, Wm., 50

Gilbert, Wm. and Richard, 375

Gilds, repair bridges, 39 ff., of minstrels, 211, 435 ff.; foreign, 242, help pilgrims, 389 ff.

Gipsies, 182

Glanville, Bartholomew de, 122, 335

Glasson, 114

Glastonbury, 126, 343, pilgrimage to, 346

Glendower, Owen, 309

Gloucester, inn at, 126, 131; 178, 318

Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of, 298

Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 16

Godelak, Walter, 79

Godeland, 142

Gold, William, a condottiere, 403 ff.

Goldsmiths, and sanctuary, 171

Golias, and goliardic poetry, 200 ff.

Goliath, his tooth, 389

Gonzaga, Louis, lord of Mantua, 403

Gorst, Walter de, 298

Gosse, Edmund, 9

{455}

Gower, John, 136, 307, 335, 400, 401

Grant, F., 233

Great Charter, on bridges, 83; 112, 113

Greek, manual of, 410

Grégoire, Bishop Henry, 32

Grenefeld, Wm., 345

Grey, Lord, of Fallodon, 18

Grey, John of, 155

Grey friars, 291

Greyhounds, 231

Grim, Edward, 349

Griselda, 256

Grosseteste, Robert, 295

Grymesby, 426

Guaches 375

Guest house, 14

Guest, J., 70

Gulliver, 408

Hadrian, Emperor, 30

Hainaut, Jean de, 118

Hales, J. W., 371, 437

Haliday, Walter, a minstrel, 204, 436

Halitgarius, Bishop, on indulgences, 313

Hall, the, in castles, its uses, 122 ff., its changes, 124 ff., with a gallery for minstrels, 207

Hall, Hubert, 238

Halliwell, J. O., 437

Hampole, 290 ff., 343; _see_ Rolle of Hanse towns, 239, merchants, 241

Harlots, following the court, 104 ff., 108

“Haro, clameur de,” 114

Harrison, Wm., 17, 48, 49, 251

Hastings, battle of, 195

Hatfield, 207

Haughton, Sir Thos., 164, 434

Hawking, and good roads, 83, 84

Hawkwood, Sir John, 403

Hayles, holy blood of, 347

Hazlitt, W. C., 437

Hearne, Thos., 58, 427

Heath, Sidney, 347, 352

Hedecrone Bridge, 429

Hedon, 426

Hekinby Bridge, 429

Henry II, and Becket, 349 ff., his penance, 352, revisits Canterbury, 354, at Rocamadour, 372

Henry III, 61, 112, 217, 257, 272, 329, 341, 347, 354

Henry IV (or Henry of Lancaster), 13, 14, 20, 143, 244, opposed by the friars, 308, 309; 321, fights Prussians, 398, 439 ff.

Henry V, regulates surgery, 188 ff., his minstrels, 204; 244, 407

Henry VI, 153, 212

Henry VII, 153, 173, 212, 347, 354, 405

Henry VIII, 74, regulates surgery, 189 ff.; 347, a pilgrim to Canterbury, destroys St. Thomas’s shrine, 355

Herbalists, 182 ff., Rutebeuf’s, 184 ff., laws about, 188

Herbarton, Richard de, 176

Hereford, bridge at, 78; 116, 438

Hereward, 255

Hermits, 17, 138 ff., should have testimonial letters, 144, judged by Langland, 145 ff., by Rutebeuf, 147; Coleridge on, 148; 358

Herod, King, 415

Heron, Sir Robert, 65

Hesel, 433

Hewlett, H., 272

Hexham, “fridstool” and sanctuary at, 18, 159 ff.

Heyhyngton, Wm., 164, 434

Heywood, John, 189, 327

Higden, Ralph, 401, 403

Highgate, 309

Hogarth, 273

Hoghton, Adam of, 35

Holborn, 309

Holderness, 426

Holinshed, 310

Holy Land, 329, 390, pilgrimages to, 395 ff., described by Lannoy, 407, guide books to, 408 ff.; service between Venice, and, 409 ff.; diseases in, 412; 419, 443

Holy Sepulchre, 417

Holywell, 347

Homer, 224

Honnecourt, Villard de, 18, 207, 419

Horn, King, 195, 368

Hornsey mere, 261

Horse litter, 15, 99, 101

Horse riding, 100 ff., by women, 103

Hospitality, its limits, 113, in monasteries, 118 ff., abused, 120 ff., in castles, 122 ff.

Hostelries, 125 ff., in France, 126, ill-famed, 134 ff.

“House of Fame” 217, 224 ff.

Houses, on bridges, 47, 49, 50 ff., 74

Hrotsvitha, 134

“Hudibras,” 273

Hudson, Thos., 164, 434

Hue and cry, 115, 176 ff.

Hull, 390, 426

Humber, crossing the, 129, 433

“Humphrey Clinker,” 122

{456}

Hundred years’ war, 10, royal not national in the fourteenth century, 200, 230

Hundreds, the, 111, 431

Huntingdon, bridge at, 59 ff., 78

Iceland, 348

Ikenild Street, 30

Incredulity, on the increase, 393

Indulgences, in favour of bridges, 36, origin, development and abuse of, 312 ff., plenary, 313, attract pilgrims, 383 ff., Clement VI, and, 392 ff., for Palestine pilgrims, 395; 438

Inns, the, 17, 125 ff., dialogue at, 130 ff., music at, 134, minstrels at, 202

“Inscription maritime,” 271

Ireland, 205, 230, staple in, 247

Ireland, Laurence of, a messenger, 232

Isabella, Queen, 82, 297

Isabella, daughter of Ed. III, 202

Isembert, a bridge-builder, 13, 44, 54, 425 ff.

Islington, 309

Isumbras, romance of, 196, 198 ff.

Jacquerie, 277

“Jacques le Fataliste,” 237

Jaffa, 411, 412

James I, abolishes sanctuary, 173

Jean de Luxembourg, King, 355

Jeannette of France, 403 ff.

Jeddah, 376

Jerome, St., 387, on pilgrimages, 395

Jerusalem, 313, 352, 365, 368, 370, 384, 391, pilgrimages to, the holiest, 395 ff., itinerary to, 406 ff., 415 ff.

Jessopp, Dr. Augustus, 291

Joan of Arc, 244

John the Baptist, St., 371 ff.

John, St., of Beverley, 347

John, St., the Evangelist, 415

John, King of England, 44, a bridge-builder, 79, 425 ff., his itinerary, 104, visits St. Robert, 142; 354, 427

John the Good, King of France, 95, 185, 232, 239, 265, 354

John XXII, Pope, 232, 340

Johnson, Samuel, 186, 252

Jongleurs, their repertory and behaviour, 194 ff.

Jonson, Ben, his mountebank, 184, 191 ff., 250

Joseph, of Arimathea, 347

Jowermersh, 80

Judges, witticisms of, 260

Jugglers, 18, 183, 216 ff., their coarseness, 217; 252

Julian, Emperor, 386

Julius Cæsar, romance of, 195

Jury, 111, 113 ff., their fate if perjured, 114; 176

Justices in Eyre, 63, 107, 113 ff., 432

Justinian, Emperor, 158

Juvenal, 295

Kaermardyn, staple at, 247

Karkeek, 348

Katerine, John, a dancer, 220

Kaye, Wm., a priest, 70

Kellawe, Bishop Richard de, 36

Kelm, 80

Kempe, A. J., 167

Kenilworth, 347

Kilby, T., 70

King, Daniel, 78

“King Horn,” 195, 368

King’s Lynn, 387

Kingston-upon-Hull, 370

Kitchin, G. W., 250

Knaresborough, hermitage at, 17, 139, 141 ff.

Knights, travelling, frontispiece, 13, 15, 97, 101, at table, 109, seek and grant hospitality, 119 ff., as highwaymen, 151, practice maintenance, 153 ff., listen to songs and romances, 194 ff., have music during meals and keep minstrels, 203 ff., enjoy tumblings and ribaldry, 217 ff., refugees in the forest, 255 ff., and their villeins, 259 ff., buried in friars’ churches, 297 ff., as pilgrims, 357, 364, pilgrims by proxy, 393, crusaders, 397 ff., pilgrims to the Holy Land, 404 ff.

Knights Hospitallers, 119 ff.

Knut, King, 347

Knyghton, 263

Kyteler, Dame Alice, 334

Labour, conscription of, 265

Labourers, free or not, 262 ff., statute of, 264 ff., become artificers, 266, hold assemblies, 276, informers among, 278, freed, 419 ff.

Lafford, 429

La Fontaine, 130

Lancaster, Henry of, cousin to Edward III, 340, 391

Lancaster, Isabella of, a nun, 197

Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, 339 ff., 342 ff.

{457}

Lancelot, romance of, 15, 99

Lane, Wm. atte, a thief, 176

Langland, William, 16, 20, 25, 42, 43, 53, 124, 135, 136, 145 ff., 201, 203, 206, 207, 218, 233 ff., 237, 246, 250, on friars, 291, 298, 307, 336, on pilgrims, 358, 360, 368, on scepticism, 393, 400

Langley Castle, 123

Lannoy, Gilbert de, 407

Laporte, Canon, 21, 366

Lappeley, 151

Latimer, Alice, a recluse, 142

Latimer, Bishop Hugh, 310, on miraculous statues, 363

Latimer, Neville, Lord, 14, 77

La Tour Landry, 96, 380

Latymer, Wm., lord of Yarm, 58

Lawrence, St., 328, 389

“Lazarillo de Tormes,” 21, 331

Lecoy de la Marche, 359

Leet days, 431 ff.

Leicester, minstrels at, 206, plague at, 263

Leland, John, 39, 70, 74, 79

Le Puy, 372

Letters, dictating and sending of, 228

Leven, Hugh of, 343

“Libelle of Englyshe Polycye,” 244 ff.

Liberalism in England and France, 213 ff.

Lichfield, 150 ff.

Liège, 407

“Life of Alexander,” 199

Limoges, 35

Lincoln, bridge at, 74; 138, 199, dance of Salome at, 219, staple at, 247, 347, 390, 426

Lindesay, David, Earl of Crawford, 47

Linne, 251

Lithuania, 398

Little John, 213

Liveries, given to retainers, 152 ff.

“Livre de la mutacion de Fortune,” 136

“Loci e libro veritatum,” 346

Lodgings for the king and others, 117 ff.

Lollards, 284 ff., 298, and pilgrimages, 358 ff.

Lombards, 242 ff.

Lombardy, 230, 239, 407

London, Dr., 348

London, a hermit in, 142, its common carriers, 149; 169, its minstrels, 206; 246, friars church in, 297; 342, 348, 370

London Bridge, 13, 14, 43 ff., duel on, 47, houses on, 47, 50 ff., heads on, 48, praise of, 48 ff., dispraise of, 50, new, 50, tolls at, 58, disrepair of, 61 ff.; 309, 425 ff., maintenance of, 427 ff.

Longnon, 389

Loretto, 347

Louis VII of France, a pilgrim to Canterbury, 353 ff.

Louis IX (St. Louis), gives an elephant to Henry III, 217; 397

Louis X, le Hutin, 95, 215

Louis XI, his wearing of medals, 365 ff.

Louterell psalter, 15, 16, 17, 90, 93, 95, 97, 115, 116

Lucca, 315, 387

Luce, Siméon, 83

Ludinglond, 272

Luke, St., paints the Virgin, 387

Lune, 35

Lusignan, James I of, King of Cyprus, 405

Luther, 310, 363

Luxury, habits of, 124, 127

Lyly, John, 48, 49

Lyndsay, or Lindesay, Sir David, 327

Lynn, minstrels at, 206

Macbeth, 137

Madden, Sir F., 217

Madox, 260

_Magna Charta_, 227, 430

Mahdia, 398 ff.

Mahomet, 368, 385, 400

Maidstone, 278

“Maintenance,” 153 ff.

Maitland, F. W., 111

Male, Emile, 372, 380

Malta, 192

Mandeville, Sir John, 21, on pilgrimages, 372; 387 ff., 401, 406 ff., 416

“Manière de language,” la, 130, 202, 402

Mantua, 380, 403, 404

Manuel II, Palæologus, 355

Manuscripts, illuminated, 197

Map, Walter, 200

“Mappæ Clavicula,” 32

Marcella, 395, 396

Marco Polo, 387 ff.

Marian, maid, 213

Mariette, 417

Markeley, Wm. of, 62

Markets, weekly, 251

Marne, the, 233

Marseilles, 396

Marshall, Robert, 167

Martin, Ernest, 447

{458}

Maspero, Gaston, 417

Mathilda, Queen, 40

Matthew, F. D., 307

Maunselle, a mason, 54 ff.

Meath, Petronilla of, a sorceress, 334

Meaux (Melsa) near Beverley, 84, 129, 260, 343, 391, 445

Mecca, 376

“Médecin malgré lui,” le, 331

Meliadus, romance of King, 95

Ménageries, 217

Merchants, 42, their perils when travelling, 150 ff., 156, 233, dresses of, 237, 245, impeded by regulations, 239 ff., foreign, 239 ff., protected by Edward III, 241 ff., lend to the king, 243 ff., use rivers, 245, the male of, 246 ff., villeins become, 261

Merton College, 126

Messengers, 18, 116, 181, 223 ff., their “boystes,” 227, whom serving, 227 ff., writ bearers, 227, professional, 228, their missions and salaries, 228 ff., parcel carriers, 231, travel fast, 231 ff., presents to, 232 ff., run risks, 233, Langland on, 233 ff.; 391, 419

Messines, 233

Meyer, Paul, 130, 349

Michael, St., 43, 338

Michel, Francisque, 126, 134

Middle Ages, life in the, 7, religious spirit in the, 32

Miélot, Jean, 383

Milford, 205

“Mill on the Floss,” 235

Minot, Laurence, 201

Minstrels, singing, 7, 13, gallery for, 18; 183, repertory and behaviour, 194 ff., received by the king, 201 ff., by a bishop, 202, at the inn, 202, the king’s, 204 ff., for colleges, lords and cities, 205 ff., gifts to, 206, their instruments, 208 ff., monopoly of the royal, 208 ff., 435 ff., gilds of, 211, spread liberal ideas, 212 ff., disappear, 216 ff., tolerated by St. Thomas Aquinas, 217, execrated by Phil. Stubbes, 221 ff.; 419

“Mirabilia Romæ,” 388

Miracles, at Walsingham, 158, sham, by Thos. of Lancaster, 339 ff., at Meaux, 343 ff., at Rocamadour, 380 ff., at Santa Maria delle Grazie, 380, at Rome, 386, by Moses, 415, in Bethlehem, 416

“Mirror for Justices,” 169

Mistreworth, Sir John, 231

Molière, 335

Mommsen, 30

Monasteries, hospitality in, 118 ff.

Monks, great agriculturists, 84, their worldly dress, 115, 432

Monmouth, bridge at, 14, 73

Monmouth, Geoffrey of, 224

Monnow Bridge, 14, 73

Montalto, Cardinal, 192

Montesquieu, 244

Montfort, Guy de, 229

Montfort, Henry de, 342

Montfort, Reginald de, 342

Montfort, Simon de, 341, 372

Moon, the planet of the English, 402

Mordon, Walter, a stockfishmonger, 298

More, Sir Thomas, 48, 172, on friars, 310; 355, 363, 365

Morley, Henry, 250

Morris, W. A., 112

Morston, Hamo de, 64, 429

“Mort d’Arthur,” 199

Mortet, Victor, 32

Moses, 328, 415

Mosques, 414, 417

Mountebanks, 184 ff., 191

Mowbray, Lord, 60

Murley, Isabella of, an adulteress, 166

Mynach, bridge on the, 77

Mystery plays, 201

Naples, 330

Navarre, 230

Nazareth, 328, 400

Nets, certain, prohibited, 250

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 126, 149, staple at, 247; 370

Newenham, 80

Newgate, 167, 171

Newport fair, 251

Newton Abbot, 66

Newur, 80

Nichol, J., 341

Nicholas, St., patron of travellers, 43, 389, 416

Nichols, F. M., 388

Nicholson, E. B., 406

Nicholson, Wm., a murderer, 164, 434

Nicodemus, 387

Nicopolis, 398

Nicosia, 405

Nile, comes from Paradise, 415

Niniveh, 400

Nith, bridge on the, 78

{459}

Nobles, their lands scattered, 82, who are truly, according to Chaucer, 214, their literary tastes, 196 ff., slandered, 277, sceptic, 393; _see_ Knights

Nogent, Ingelram de, a thief, 108

None-such-house, 13, 45, 48

Norden, 49

Norfolk, 347

Norfolk, Countess of, 78

Norfolk, Duke of, 47, 405

Northampton, 59, 284

North Berwick, 339

Northumberland, Earl of, 205

Norton, 36

Norwich, bridge at, 69, 78; 143, minstrels at, 206, staple at, 247; 441

Nottingham, 63, its goose fair, 193 ff.; 353, 426

Nucius, Nicander, 49, 371

Nuncio, remits penance, 165; 232

“Nut Brown Maid,” 255 ff.

Oaks, preserved, 156

“Octavian,” 199

Oddyngesles, Sir John and Esmon de, 151 ff.

Okeden forest, 36

Oliver, 296

Olives, Mount of, 396

Oman, C., 262, 276, 284

Orfevre, Richard, M.P., 264

Orléans, 244

Orléans, Charles d’, 13

Ormerod, 66, 78

Orthez, 35

Outlaws, 107, 174, 181, 254 ff., 269

Oxford, 126, its common carriers, 149; 176, 187, 236, to London by water, 246; 252, university, on friars, 303, on pardoners, 327, 444

Palestine, pilgrimages to, 395 ff.

Palgrave, 108, 114

_Palmatæ_, 312

Palmers, professional, 181, 367, 368, gild, 334, way, 347, 358

Palmistry, 236

“Pantagruel,” 330

Pantheon, the Roman, 386

Panurge, gaining pardons, 330

Pardon, charters of, 174 ff.

“Pardoner and the Frere,” the, 327

Pardoner, Thomas, 318

Pardoners, 20, 24, 133, 181, 312 ff., Chaucer’s, 315 ff., 336, Boniface IX on, 316 ff., greed and misdeeds of, 316, their associations, 324, the authorized, 324, collect various goods, 325, Urban VI on, 326 ff., hated by the secular clergy, 326, Oxford and the, 327, on the stage, 331, in Spain, 331, suppressed, 337; 367, 394, 419 ff., documents concerning, 440 ff., 444

Paris, roads leading to, 85, 86; 257, its minstrels, 211, its idlers, 265, its relics, 372

Paris, the diacre, 342

Paris, Gaston, 9

Paris, Matthew, portrays an elephant, 217, on friars, 296; 329, 350

Parliament, the good, 9, 25, 154; sitting at Westminster, 14, 87 ff., members of, detained by bad roads, 86; on what principle created, 214, its development, 421

Parson, Chaucer’s, 125

Paston letters, 100 ff., 380

Patmer, John of, 155

Paul, St., 199, 384, 386, 389

Paul V, 445

Paula, St., 395 ff.

Paulinus, 395, 396

Payne, John, 323

Peasants, out of bond, 181, 254 ff., 259 ff., 421; at the tavern, 136, at the drug sellers’, 193, revolt of the, 212, 276 ff., compared with French, 277, 279, results of, 280, cursed by Langland, 293, and the scepticism of the nobles, 393

Pedlars, 181, their temper, 234 ff., long ignored by statutes, 235 ff., content of their packs, 236 ff., at the fair, 252, Wordsworth’s 253; 307, 419

Pegge, S., 159

Pelagrua, Cardinal de, 232

Penrose, John, a vintner, 239

Perceval, romance of, 198, 199

Percy, Henry, 404

Percy, Bishop Thomas, 437

“Percy and Douglas,” song of, 216

Perers, Alice, 154

Persia, dances in, 18, 220, 221; poetry of, chanted, 194

Persians in Palestine, 395

Peter, St., 314, his vest, 329; 384

Peterborough, 347

Petit-Dutaillis, Ch., 276

Petrarch, 324

{460}

Petronella, St., 385

Philip II, Augustus, 353

Philip IV, the Fair, 95, 185

Philip VI, of Valois, 95, 397

Philippa, Queen, 154, 229

Physicians, 18, 183 ff., laws about, 188 ff.

Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, 339

Pie powder court, 249

“Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede,” 301

Piers, Johan, 258

“Piers Plowman” (Visions about), 19, 25, 42, 124, 135, 137, 145 ff., 203, 207, 213, 218, 233 ff., 237, 246, 250, 293, 301, 307, 358, 368, 393, 400

Pilate, 201

Pilgrimages, vows of, remitted, 323, 325; chief, 338, motives for, 338 ff., by proxy, 340, 357, 394; various English, 342 ff., 346 ff., how advertised, 344 ff., Reynard’s, 360, 446; Erasmus on, 362 ff., More on, 363, restrained, in England and France, 369 ff., various French, 370 ff., to Compostela, 375 ff., indulgences attached to, 383, to Rome, 384 ff., cost of, 389 ff., to the Holy Land, 395 ff.

Pilgrims, 21, 24, inns for, 131; 181, 226, as news bringers, 263, 270, escaped villeins as, 273; how attracted, 343 ff., on the road to Canterbury, 348, royal and imperial, 352 ff., their mixed troups, their prayers, 357 ff., their amusements on the way, 359 ff., tale tellers, 360, visit the curiosities and buy signs, 364 ff., 418, professional, 367, their speeches and livelihood, 367, their staffs and scrips, 362, 368 ff., false, 369, 420, permits for real, 369, oaths before leaving, 376, uncomfortable at sea, 376 ff., offerings by, 380, attracted by indulgences, 383 ff., how helped, 389 ff., go to Palestine and have to pay the Saracen, 395 ff., 409, 413; 419

Pilgrims’ Way, 352

Pisan, Christine de, 136, 329

Pius II, 339

Pius IV, 337

Plague, the great, effect on labour and wages, 263 ff.

Plato, 387

“Play of the Sacrament,” 186

Players, common, 236

“Plowman’s Tale,” 301

Plymouth, 370

Poictiers, 201, 232

Poissy-sur-Seine, 354

Pole, the de la, Earls of Suffolk, 244

Pollock, Sir Frederick, 111, 113

“Polycraticus,” 218

Pompeii, 7, 8

_Pontagium_, 57

Pont du Gard, 35

Pontefract, 339, 341

Pont-Sainte-Maxence, Garnier de, 351, 365

Pont-Saint-Esprit, 32

Pontiff brothers, 32 ff.

Popes, and bridge building, 36, and sanctuary, 174, condemn pardoners, 316 ff., at Avignon, are abused, 391

Porter, Nicholas le, 165 ff.

Porter, Simon, 64

Porto, 232

’Pothecary, Heywood’s, 189

Potter Heigham, 78

“Povre Clerc,” le, 216

Powell, E., 276

Power, Robert, 155

Prague, 229

Pratt, Godfrey, 41 ff., 57, 61, 143

Preachers, wandering, 181, 283 ff., Wyclif’s, 284 ff., Rolle of Hampole as a, 290, 419, 421

Prest, Godfrey, coppersmith, 14

Prestbury, 178

Preston, Gilbert de, 429

“Promessi Sposi,” 152

Prussia, hampers British trade, 241, the pagans of, 391, 398

Pulteney, Wm., 74

Purveyors, royal, their exactions, how remedied, 91 ff., 95 ff., 430 ff.

Putnam, Miss Bertha, 264

Pyne, C., 14, 51

Pythagoras, 387

Quacks, 24, 181, laws about, 188 ff., 419

Questors, or pardoners, 315 ff., 440

Quintilian, 323

Rabelais, 135, 330

Railton, Herbert, 126

Raven, Edward, 347

Reading, 348

Reapers, 19, 267

{461}

Recluses, 142

Reims, 349

Relics, pardoners’, 327 ff., at Exeter, Westminster, the Ste-Chapelle, 328 ff.; 343, at Walsingham, 362, in various places, 365, at Amiens, Paris, Chartres, etc., 371 ff., at Rome, 386 ff., Venice, 389, in Holy Land, 415 ff.

Réville, André, on _Abjuratio Regni_, 169; 276

Reynard, his pilgrimage, 138, 360 ff., 446 ff., as a preacher, 304; 332

Rhine country, the, 239

Rhodes, dogs at, 410, 411

Richard, St., 346

Richard I, Cœur de Lion, 354, 425

Richard II, 13, his portrait, 14; 20, 21, 47, 153 ff., 170, buys MSS., 198, sees mystery plays, 201, his minstrels, 204, pays a dancer, 220; 229, 231, 270, and the peasants’ revolt, 276; 278, 279, 280, 308, 309, 321, 369, 375, 398, 405, 439

Richard III, 172

Richard, prior, of Hexham, 160

Rideware, Sir Robert and Walter de, 150 ff., 249

Ringeston, Hugo de, 260

Ripert-Monclar, Marquis de, 36

Rishanger, 297

Ritson, John, 213, 437

Rivers, to be clear of hindrances, 245

Roads, 29 ff., Roman, 30 ff., repair of, 42, 79 ff., excessive taxes, 80, in the East, 81, good, of interest for the king and monks, 82 ff., security of, 149 ff., cleared of bushes, 156

Robbers, in sanctuary, 156 ff.; 176

“Roberdesmen,” 176, 256

Robert, St., of Knaresborough, 17, 139, 141 ff.

Robertson, Wm., 8

Robin Hood, 213, 255

Rocamadour, 21, 365 ff., 372 ff., fair tresses at, 380

Rochester Bridge, 60, 62; 359

Rogers, Thorold, 32, 91, 99, 126, 149, 176, 219, 229, 252, 346

Rogier, Pierre (Clement VI), 392

Roland, 195, song of, 196, 296, 349, at Rocamadour, 372

Rolle, Richard, of Hampole, 141 ff., 290, 342

Romances of Troy, Rome, Arthur, etc., 195 ff.

Roman de la Rose, 198, 335, de Perceval, 198, de Renard, 136, 360 ff., 447, de Rou, 20

Rome, 225, 317, 352, pilgrimages to, 361, 363, 368, 370, 384, 390, 398, a pilgrim’s history of, 384 ff., relics at, 386 ff., wonders of, 388, 398

Rome, Wm., a murderer, 164, 434

Romulus, and Remus, 251

Roncevaux, 349

Roper, Margaret, 48

“Rosa Anglica,” 186 ff.

Rosels, Reginald of, 42

Rossetti, W. M., 387

Rouen, 389

Rouland, David, 331

Rouland, Roger, a chariot matter, 99

Round Table romances, 96

Roxburghe Castle, 232

Rubens, 194

Rushes, as carpets, 122

Russell, John, 16

Rutebeuf, 19, on hermits, 147, his herbalist, 184 ff.

Rymer, 375

Sacrilege, at York, 393

St. Alban’s Abbey, 297, 303, 346

St. Anne d’Auray, 365

St. Bernard, the Great and Little, 396

St. Catherine of Mount Sinai, 384, 414

St. Davids, 346

St. Edmundsbury, 346

St. Evremond, 194

St. George’s Day, 229

St. Giles fair, 249, 252

St. Gothard, 396

St. Hilaire, Barthelemy, 10

St. Ives, bridge at, 78

St. James of Compostela or of Galicia, 370 ff.; _see_ Compostela

St. John of Jerusalem, order of, 44, their pardoners, 119, 326

St. Martin’s le Grand, London, 167, 170 ff., 435

St. Nectaire, 18

St. Neots, 64

St. Paul’s, London, its sanctuary 172 ff.; 342, 428, 436

St. Prassede, 385

St. Prudence, 385

St. Sebastian, 386

St. Thomas chapel, 427

St. Vitus, 385

St. Vivian, 386

“Saint Vou,” the, 387

Saintes, 44, 425

{462}

Salerno, Mme. Trote de, 184 ff., 187

Salzburg, 306

Salisbury, Earl of, 117

Salisbury, John of, 218

Salome, head downwards, 219 ff.

Salzmann, L. F., 238

Sanctuary, 18, prisoner flying to, 149, privilege of, 157 ff., seats or fridstools, 159 ff., registers, 163 ff.; violation of, 165 ff., at Westminster, etc., 166 ff., watch outside, 168, refugees to, forswear the realm, 168 ff., various kinds of refugees to, 170 ff., St. Paul’s, 172 ff.; suppression of, 173 ff.; 434 ff.

Sandwich, 370

Santa Maria delle Grazie, 380

Santa Maria Maggiore, 386

Saracens, 397, of Tunis, 399 ff., should be converted, not killed, 400 ff., tolerant and practical in Palestine, 409, 413, 415; robbers among, 412 ff.

Sarrebruck, Simon de, 418

“Satyre of the Thrie Estaits,” 327

Sauvage, Wm. le, 272

_Scala Celi_, 385

Scaliger, J. J., 48

Scarborough, its fish fair, 250

Scarth, H. M., 31

Scotland, wars with, 119, 178; 229, 230, 231

Sculpture, from the nude, 344, 445

Seebohm, 263

Seneca, 293

Seneschal, the King’s, 107 ff.

Sens, 350

Serfs, 215, 262

Servants, 269 ff.

Seyssel, Claude de, 366 ff., 394

Shakespeare, 54, 74

Shalford, 19, 273, 274

Shene, 229

Sheriff, the, 80, 107, his functions, 111 ff., exactions of, 121, 430

Sherwood forest, 213

Shipmen, 226, 236, 376

Shipping, alternate growth and decay, 240 ff.

Shorwalle, 112

Shrewsbury, 206

Sidney, Sir Philip, 216

Sigismund, Emperor, 355

Sinai, Mount, 391, 414

“Sir Gawayne,” 197

“Sir Thopas,” 198, 200

Skeat, W. W., 250, 301

Skinnerwell, 201

Skirlawe, Bishop, 58

Skredington, 429

Smith, C. Roach, 364

Smith, Miss L. Toulmin, 9, notes by, 92, 208

Smithfield, 250, 347

Smollett, T., 122

Snayth, 426

“Solace of Pilgrims,” 387

“Song of Roland,” 349

Songs, satirical, 212, chief collection of, 437 ff.

Sorcerers, 334

Southampton, 352, 370

Southwark, 48, 428

Spain, pardoners in, 331; _see_ Compostela

Spalding, Abbot of, 429

Spelman, H., 159

Spenser, Edmund, 74

Spoelberch, Wm., 296

Sprotborough, fridstool at, 18, 161, 163

“Stacions of Rome,” 387

Stafford, 150

Stanley, Dean, 350

Staple, the, 247 ff.

“Staple of News,” 50

Stapleton, Walter, 172

Statius, 224

Statues, 344 ff., 363, 371, burnt, 347 ff.

Statutes, of Winchester, 176, 177; well meant but inefficient, 154 ff., 211; proclaimed, 229; on pedlars, 235 ff., on the staple, 247; on labourers, 264 ff., 271 ff., on slanderers, 278, of Westminster, 278

Stephen, St., 389

Stermersworthe, Richard, a woolman, 284

Steward, the King’s, 107, 108

Stocks, the, 19, 264, 269, 270 ff.

Stone, F., 78

Stourbridge fair, 250, 251

Stow, J., 43, 44, 47, 50, 61, 62

Stowe, church of, 429

Stratford-at-Bow, 40, 53

Stratford-on-Avon, bridge at, 53

Straw, Jack, 293

Strynger, Thos., 165, 434

Stubbs, Bishop, 421

Stubbes, Philip, on minstrels, 221 ff.

Students, travelling, 125 ff., 175, begging, 236, 276

Sudbury, Simon, 442 ff.

Suffolk, Duke of, 212, 457 ff.

{463}

Suitors, follow the court, 108

Sully Prudhomme, 147

Superstitions, 302, 308, 333 ff., 393

Surrey, Duke of, 13

Surtees, 166

Swall Bridge, 54

Swinfield, Bishop Richard, 116 ff., 202

Swithin, St., 347

Sylvester, Pope, 386

Syria, 408, 409, 410

Tabor, Mount, 417

Taillefer, 195, 216

Taine, 291

“Tale of Beryn,” 134, 364 ff.

Taverner, Ralph, M.P., 264

Taverns, 134 ff.

Taylor, P. T., 66

Teign, bridge on the, 66

Teignmouth, 66

Temple Bar, 84

Tewkesbury, bridge at, 78, 79

Thames, 43, 47, polluted, 123; 251, 428

Thebes, 224

Thegra, 366

Theodore, Archbishop, on indulgences, 312

Theodosius the Great, 158

_Theolonium_, 80

Thieves, 156 ff., 176, 181, labourers become, 270

Thomas, St., Aquinas, 89

Thomas, St., Becket, 13, 47, 74, 248, 279, the best healer, 338, pilgrimage to, 348 ff., life and death of, 348 ff., his cult and shrine destroyed, 355 ff.

Thomas, G. M., 411

Thompson, Sir E. Maunde, 9

Thompson, Richard, antiquary, 47, 53

Thompson, Yates, 350

Thorelstan, 272

“Thornton romances,” 198 ff.

Thorpe, Wm., 134, 285, on pilgrimages, 359 ff.

Thresk, Robert, a priest, 258

Thurkelby, Roger de, a judge, 261

Tinkers, 236

Tours, 372

Trade, arbitrarily regulated, 239 ff., foreign, 243 ff., in the Levant, 408, 414

Travelling, a merchant, 19, by sea, 21, dangerous, 30; royal and lordly, 82 ff., 103, 430 ff.; 89, ordinary, 90 ff., on horseback, 95, 100 ff., 105; in carriages, 95 ff., in horse litters, 99, 101, monks and bishops, 115, from Oxford to Newcastle and Cambridge to York, 126 ff., students, 175, its dangers, 149 ff., fast and slow, 232 ff., merchants, 233 ff., 245 ff., sea, 376 ff., the English fond of, 402

Trees, taken down, 156

Trenholme, 158, 159

Trent, Council of, 337, 444

Trevelyan, G. M., 276, 285

Trevisa, 335, 401

_Trinoda Necessitas_, 29, 31, 57, 61

Tristram, romance of, 196

_Tri Thlws Cymru_, 78

_Trivium_, 302

“Troilus,” Chaucer’s, 196, 197

Troo, 17

Troy, Duchess of, 384

Tuck, friar, 213

Tulle, 366

Tumblers, 181, 183, 194, 252

Tunbridge, 298

Tunis, 221, 397, 398 ff.

Turnbrigg, 426

Turns, of the sheriff, 112

Turpin, Archbishop, 349

Tutbury, 279

Tweed, bridge on the, 65

Tyburn, 135, 309

Tyndale, W., 363

Upatherle, H. and Th. of, 178

Urban II, 313

Urban V, on pardoners, 326, 441

Urban VI, 443

“Utopia,” 48, 310

Uttoxeter, 186, 252

Valentré Bridge, 37, 69

Valon, de, 366

Van der Meulen, 371

Vendomois, 17

Venice, mountebanks of, 192; 239, fleets and trade of, 243; 388, relics at, 389; 396, 405, 407

Vérard, Antoine, 49

“Vernicle,” the, 365, 385

Verona, 219, 404

Vezelay, 372

“Vie de Gargantua,” 23, 181

Vielle, the, 18, 207 ff.

View of Frankpledge, 111, 113, 135, 431 ff.

{464}

Villeins, 24, how emancipated, 259 ff., sold, 260, services due by, 262, leave their district, 266 ff., federated, 270, interpret texts, 270 ff., send their children to school, 283

Vinogradoff, 260

Viollet le Duc, 35

Virgil, 388

Virgin, the, milk of, 347, 386, 416, unworshipped by Saracens, 399, relics of, in Palestine, 415 ff.

Vissher, 48

Volterra, 95

Vows, remitted, 323, 325

“Vox Clamantis,” 307

Wace, 20

Wages, 263 ff., excessive, 265 ff.

Waits, 206

Wake, the lord of, 341

Wakefield Bridge, 14, 67

Walcott, 347

Wales, 40, bridges in, 70, 77, minstrels in, 212; 229, staple in, 247; 309

Wales, Prince of, the Black Prince, 154, 232

Walsingham, 21, its sanctuary, 158, its pilgrimage, 329, 338, 347 ff., 358, 362, 392 ff., 416

Walsingham, Thomas, 293, 297, on friars, 303; 325, 350, 393

Walter, Hubert, 425

Waltham, 347

Walton, Robert de, a villein, 260

Walton Street, 81

Wapentakes, 111, 431

War, state of, caused by abuses, 154 ff., necessitates good roads, 83, Scottish, 119, of the Roses, 153

Ward, Henry, L.D., 437

Ware, Lord de la, 205

Warkworth, bridge at, 14, 71 ff., hermitage at, 142

Warner, G. F., 345

Warton, Thos., 205, 341

“Wastours,” 156, 256

Waterford, staple at, 247

Wathsand mere, 261

Watling Street, 30

Wayfarers, carriers of news and ideas, 263, 277 ff., 279, religious, preach emancipation, 285 ff., conclusion about the work of, 419 ff.

Webb, John, 20, 439

Welles, Lord, 47

Wels, John, 43

Werburge, St., 142

Werchin, de, 406

Westminster, road to, 84, parliament sitting at, 86 ff., 301, 421; sanctuary at, 166, 170, 172 ff.; 247, fair at, 250; 264, 329, 346

Westmoreland, Countess of, 205

Wey, Wm., his pilgrimage to Compostela, 375, on catacombs and relics, 385 ff., on the Holy Land and how to go there, 409 ff.; his souvenirs from Palestine, 417

Weyhill fair, 250

Wheatly, 49

Whitby, 42, 142

Whitekirk, 339

Whittington, Sir Richard, 244, 245, 297

Wife of Bath, 103, 105, 371

Wilfrid, St., 160

William III, King, 236

Wills, devotional bequests in, 394

Winchester, 149, 247, fair at, 249, 250, pilgrimages to, 347

Windsor, 229

Wines, trade in, 239

“Winter’s Tale,” 252

Wode, Agnes atte, 155

Wolves, 63

Wood, F. G., 78

Worcester, 40

Wordsworth, 253

Workmen, perambulating, 181

Works of charity, the seven, 89

Wrangham, John, 164, 434

Wright, A. B., 163

Wright, Thos., 200, 437

Wurtham, Thos. of, 260

Wyatt, Sir Thos., 48

Wyclif, 20, 24, 166, 172, 266, his poor priests, 284, influence of, 285; 286, 293, on friars, 298 ff.; 336, on pilgrimages, 358 ff.; 391, 400, 401

Wylynton, H. de, 342

Wyresdale, 35

Yarm, 58

Yarmouth, its fish fair, 250; 370

Ydoine, romance of, 196

York, 30, 39, bridge at, 73; 129, 169, minstrels at, 206; 232, staple at, 247; 261, prison at, 271; 347, 393, 426, plays, 201

Ypres, 233

Yule, Col., 406

Zousche, Master la, a clerk of the wardrobe, 99

_Printed in Great Britain by_

UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:

Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown like this: {52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look _like this_. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–598, converted to endnotes, and moved to just ahead of the Index. Illustrations have been moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. Page numbers for dislocated full-page illustrations are removed. The transcriber produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain. Original page images are available from archive.org—search for “englishwayfaring00jussmiss”.

Page 19, description of illustration 51. The last three letters of ‹fabliau› were invisible on the printed page.

Page 48n. The latin small letter _l_ in ‹Introduction, p. l.› is retained.

Page 49n. ‹Belleforset› was changed to ‹Belleforest›, to agree with the index.

Page 69. The link ‹(p. 47)› was changed to ‹(p. 37)›.

Page 82. Single right quotation mark was substituted for the double quotation mark after ‹with the high steeple?›.

Page 83. Double quotation mark after ‹Why do you say so?› was changed to single right quotation mark.

Page 107n. The link ‹p. 110› was changed to ‹p. 108›.

Page 126n. The single quotation mark in ‹‘Domestic Architecture› was replaced by double left quotation mark.

Page 136. Changed ‹Rennaissance› to ‹Renaissance›.

Page 206n. Note 1 had no anchor in the text; a new one was placed after ‹A curious example of this is recorded in John of Gaunt’s register,›.

Page 222. The illustration, judging by its location on the original page, appears to belong to the footnote. But judging by the content of footnote and illustration, they are not related. Therefore, the illustration has been retained on page 222.

Page 226. Changed ‹almost eve y one› to ‹almost every one›.

Page 261n. Changed ‹Prenez le par le ccu› to ‹Prenez le par le cou›.

Page 265n. Added right double quotation mark after ‹Rolls of Parliament,›.

Page 289. Changed ‹af er masse› to ‹after masse›.

Page 301n. Retained ‹Hence the reproaches the satirists:›. From the looks of the page, there should possibly be another word between ‹reproaches› and ‹the›, such as ‹of›.

Page 340. Changed ‹Humphry de Bohun, Earl of Hereford› to ‹Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford›.

Page 356. Retained ‹gave opprobious names to the gentlemen which then counselled him to leave his stubornness›.

Page 389n. Changed ‹Societé› to ‹Société›.

Page 449 INDEX. The original punctuation is strange, particularly in the use of semicolons. There was seemingly a method for this, but it was a complicated one, imperfectly applied. The original punctuation and structure of the index has been retained, with a few exceptions mentioned below.

Key phrase [Amants Magnifiques]: changed ‹Moliére’s› to ‹Molière’s›. Keyword [Austria]: changed ‹Albert W.› to ‹Albert IV›.

Page 450, keyword ‹Boccacio› changed to keyword ‹Boccaccio›. The link for ‹Bridges, Roman› to page 68 (which was blank) was changed to page 69.

Page 451, keyword [Canterbury]: changed ‹piilgrimage› to ‹pilgrimage›. Also, one of the links was to page ‹34›; but that page was blank in the original. There is mention of Thomas of Canterbury on page 43, so that might be the intended reference.

Page 452, keyword [Dances]: changed ‹cemetries› to ‹cemeteries›.

Page 454, keyword [Forsate]: changed ‹162› to ‹164›.

Page 457, keyword ‹Liége› changed to ‹Liège›.

Page 458, keyword [Nicholson, Wm.]: changed ‹162› to ‹164›.

Page 460, keyword [Poictiers]: changed ‹231› to ‹232›. Under keyword [Purveyors], changed ‹94› to ‹95›.

Page 464, keyword [Wales]: changed ‹219› to ‹229›.