Act 1876.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD, S.W. _10th May 1907._
------------------------------------------------------------------------ Unions, etc. | End of |End of | End of | Notes. | 1847. | 1871.| 1906. | ------------------- +---------+-------+--------+------------------------ Aberayron |P. |P. |P. | [now Aberaeron] | | | | Abergavenny |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Bedwellty. Aberystwith |P. |P. |P. | [now Aberystwyth] | | | | Abingdon |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Albans, St. |P. |P. |P.T. | Alcester |P. |P. |P.T. | Alderbury. See | | | | Salisbury. | | | | Alnwick |P. |P. |P. | Alresford |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Alston-with- |P.(S.P.) |P.(S.P)|P.(S.P.)| Garrigill | | | | Alstonfield |Nil.(G.I)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Ashbourne and Leek | | | | Unions. Alton |P. |P. |P. | See Headley. Altrincham. See | | | | Bucklow. | | | | Alverstoke |Nil.(G.I)|R.(S.P)|R.(S.P.)|Incorporation dissolved and Gosport | | | | in 1868 and board of | | | | guardians for separate | | | | parish declared. Amersham |P. |P. |P. | Amesbury |P. |P. |P. | Ampthill |P. |P. |P. |See Woburn. Andover |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Anglesey |T. |R. |P. |Dissolved in 1869, and | | | | included in East | | | | Preston Union. Asaph, St. |P. |P. |P. | Ash |C.(G.I.) |... |... |Dissolved in 1869, and | | | | parishes added to | | | | Farnham, Guildford, | | | | and Hartley Wintney | | | | Unions. Ashbourne |Nil. |P. |P. |See Alstonfield. Ashby-de-la-Zouch |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Ashford, East |P. |P. |P. | Ashford, West |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Ashton-under-Lyne |T. |R. |R. | Aston |P. |P. |P.T. | Atcham |P. |P. |P. |See Bedworth. Auckland. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Axbridge |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Axminster |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Aylesbury |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Aylsham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Aysgarth |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1869 out of | | | | parishes in Bainbridge | | | | Incorporation with two | | | | or three other | | | | parishes. | | | | Bainbridge |Nil.(G.I)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. See | | | | See Aysgarth Union. Bakewell |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bala |P. |P. |P. | Banbury |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bangor and |C. |P. |P. | Beaumaris | | | | Barnet |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Barnsley |Nil. |R. |R. |Formed in 1849. In 1847 | | | | all parishes were | | | | managed under 43 Eliz. Barnstaple |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Barrow-in-Furness |... |... |R. |Formed in 1876. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Ulverston Union. Barrow-upon-Soar |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Barton Regis |P.T. |P.T. |... |Named "Clifton Union" | | | | till 1877. Parishes | | | | added to Bristol, | | | | Chipping Sodbury, and | | | | Thornbury Poor Law | | | | Unions. Barton-upon-Irwell |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1849. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Chorlton Union. Barwick in Elmet |Nil.(G.I)|... | |Parishes added to Great | | | | Ouseburn, Leeds, | | | | Pontefract, | | | | Tadcaster, and | | | | Wetherby Unions. Basford |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Basingstoke |P. |P. |P. | Bath |P. |P. |P. | Battle |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Beaminster |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bedale |P. |P. |P. | Bedford |P. |P. |P. | Bedminster. See | | | | Long Ashton. | | | | Bedwellty. | |P. |P.T. |Formed in 1849. | | | |Formerly part of | | | | Abergavenny Union. Bedworth |Nil. | | |Dissolved in 1851. |(G.I.) | | | Parishes added to | | | | Atherstone, Foleshill, | | | | Hinckley, Lutterworth, | | | | Market Bosworth, and | | | | Rugby Unions. Belford |P. |P. |P. | Bellingham |P. |P. |P. | Belper |P. |P. |P. | Berkhampstead |P. |P. |P. | Bermondsey |Nil. |R. |R. |Named "St. Olave's (formerly |(U.) |(U.) |(S.P.) | Union" till 1904. Now St. Olave's | | | | named Bermondsey Union). | | | | Parish. See also St. | | | | Mary, Rotherhithe, St. | | | | Mary Magdalen, | | | | Bermondsey. Bermondsey, |Nil. | | |Included in St. Olave's St. Mary | | | | Union (now called Magdalen Parish |(S.P.) | | | Bermondsey Parish) | | | | in 1869. Berwick-on-Tweed |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bethnal Green |Nil. |R. |R. | |(S.P.) |(S.P) |(S.P.) | Beverley |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bichester |P. |P. |P. | Bideford |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Biggleswade |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Billericay |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Billesdon |P. |P. |P. | Bingham |P. |P. |P. | Birkenhead | |R. |R. |Formed in 1861. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Wirrall Union. Birmingham |Nil. |R. |R. | |(L.P.) |(L.P) |(L.P.) | Bishop Stortford |P. |P. |P. | Blaby |P. |P. |P. | Blackburn |Nil. |R. |R. | Blandford |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Blean |P. |P. |P. | Blofield |P. |P. |P. | Blything |P. |P. |P. | Bodmin |C. |P. |P. | Bolton |Nil. |R. |R. | Bootle |C. |P. |P. | Bosmere and |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Claydon | | | | Boston |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Boughton, Great. | | | | See Tarvin. | | | | Bourn |P. |P. |P. | Brackley |P. |P. |P. | Bradfield |P. |P. |P. | Bradford, Wilts |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Bradford, Yorks |T. |R. |R. |Parishes in Bradford |(U.) |(U.) |(S.P.) | Union united in 1897 | | | | with certain parishes | | | | in North Bierley Union | | | | to form the Township | | | | of Bradford. For Poor | | | | Law purposes the area | | | | of this township is | | | | named the Bradford | | | | Poor Law Union Braintree |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Witham. Bramley |Nil. |Nil. |P.T. |Formed in 1862. In 1847 | | | | all the parishes were | | | | managed under 43 Eliz. Brampton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Brecknock |P. |P. |P. | Brentford |C. |R. |R. | Bridge |P. |P. |P. | Bridgend and |P. |P. |P.T. | Cowbridge | | | | Bridgnorth |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Bridgwater |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Bridlington |C. |P. |P. | Bridport |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Brighton |Nil(L.P.)|Nil(LP)|Nil(L.P)| Brinton |Nil(G.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Walsingham Union. Bristol |Nil(L.I.)|R.(LI) |R.(S.P.)|Formerly an | | | | incorporation, | | | | now a parish, and | | | | _see_ Barton Regis. Brixworth |P. |P. |P. | Bromley |P. |P. |P.T. | Bromsgrove |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Bromyard |P. |P. |P. | Buckingham |P. |P. |P. | Bucklow |P. |P.T. |P.T. |Named "Altrincham | | | | Union" till 1895. Builth |T. |R. |R. | Buntingford |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Burnley |Nil. |R. |R. | Burton-upon-Trent |P. |P. |P.T. | Bury |Nil. |R. |R. | Bury St. Edmunds |P. (L.I.)|P.(LI.)|P.(S.P.)|Incorporation till | | | | parish under Poor Law | | | | Amendment Act. | | | | Caistor |P. |P. |P. |See Grimsby. Calne |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Camberwell |Nil(S.P.)|R(S.P) |R.(S.P.)| Cambridge |P. (U.) |P.T.(U)|P.T.(SP)|Parishes united to form | | | | one parish in 1900. Camelford |C. |P.T. |P.T. | Cannock |P. |P. |P.T. |Named "Penkridge Union" | | | | till 1877. Canterbury |Nil(L.I.)|P.(L.I.)|P.(S.P)|Incorporation till | | | | 1881. Then a union, | | | | now a parish. Cardiff |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Pontypridd. Cardigan |P. |P. |P. | Carlisle |T. |R. |R. | Carlton |Nil(G.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Holbeck, Hunslet, | | | | Leeds, Wetherby, and | | | | Wharfedale Unions. Carmarthen |P. |P. |P. | Carnarvon |Nil. |P. |P. | Castle Ward |P. |P. |P. | Catherington |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Caton |Nil(G.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Lancaster and | | | | Lunesdale Unions. Caxton and Arlington|P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Cerne |P. |P. |P. | Chailey |P. |P. |... |Dissolved in 1898. | | | | Parishes added to Lewes | | | | Union. Chapel-en-le-Frith |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Chard |P. |P. |P. | Chelmsford |P. |P. |P. | Chelsea |Nil(S.P.)|R (S.P.)|R.(S.P)| Cheltenham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Chepstow |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Chertsey |T. |P.T. |P.T. | Chester |Nil(L.I.)|P.T.(U.)|P.T.(U)|Incorporation dissolved | | | | and union formed in | | | | 1869. In 1871 many | | | | parishes added from | | | | Great Boughton (Tarvin) | | | | and Hawarden Unions. Chesterfield |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Chester-le-Street |P. |P. |P. | Chesterton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Chichester |Nil(L.I.)|R.(L.I.)|R.(S.P)|Incorporation dissolved | | | | and separate parish | | | | declared in 1896. Chippenham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Chipping Norton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Chipping Sodbury |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Barton Regis. Chorley |Nil. |R. |R. | Chorlton |Nil. |R. |R. |See Barton-upon-Irwell. Christchurch |P. |P. |P.T. | Church Stretton. |P. |P. |P. | Cirencester |P. |P. |P.T. | Cleobury Mortimer |P. |P. |P. | Clerkenwell. See | | | | St.James, | | | | Clerkenwell. | | | | Clifton. See | | | | Barton Regis. | | | | Clitheroe |Nil. |R. |R. | Clun |P. |P. |P. | Clutton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Cockermouth |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Colchester |P. U. |P.T.(U.)|P.T(SP)|Parishes in union | | | | united to form one | | | | parish in 1897 Columb, St Major |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Congleton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Conway |T. |P. |P. | Cookham. See | | | | Maidenhead. | | | | Corwen |P. |P. |P. | Cosford |P. |P. |P. | Coventry |Nil(L.I.)|R.(L.I.)|R.(U.) |Incorporation dissolved | | | | and union formed in | | | | 1874 Cranbrook |P. |P. |P. | Crediton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Crickhowell |P. |P. |P.T. | Cricklade and |P. |P. |P. | Wootton Bassett. | | | | Croydon |P. |P. |P.T. | Cuckfield |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Darlington |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Dartford |P. |P. |P. | Daventry |P. |P. |P. | Depwade |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Guiltcross. Derby |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Devizes |P. |P. |P. | Devonport |Nil.(L.P)|R.(L.P.)|R.(S.P)|Named "Stoke Damerel | | | | Parish" till 1898. | | | | Declared separate | | | | parish under board of | | | | guardians in 1900. Dewsbury |Nil. |R. |R. | Docking |P. |P. |P. | Dolgelly |T. |P. |P. | Doncaster |P. |P. |P. | Dorchester |P. |P. |P. | Dore |P. |P. |P. | Dorking |P. |P. |P. | Dover |P. |P. |P. | Downham |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Drayton |P. |P. |P. | Driffield |P. |P. |P. | Droitwich |P. |P. |P. | Droxford |P. |P. |P. | Dudley |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Dulverton |T. |P. |P. | Dunmow |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Durham |P. |P. |P.T. | Dursley |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Easington |T. |P.T. |P.T. | Easingwold |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Eastbourne |P. |P. |P. |See West Firle. East Grinstead |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Easthampstead |P. |P. |P. | East Preston |C.(G.I.) |R.(U.) |R.(U.) |Incorporation dissolved | | | | and union formed in | | | | 1869. The union | | | | included nearly all | | | | the parishes in the | | | | dissolved | | | | incorporation, and | | | | also included the | | | | dissolved Arundel | | | | Incorporation. See | | | | also Sutton. East Retford |P. |P. |P. | Eastry |P. |P. |P. | East Stonehouse |P.(S.P.) |P.T.(SP)|P.T(SP)| East Ward |P. |P. |P. | Ecclesall Bierlow |C. |R. |R. | Edmonton |Nil. |R. |R. |See Hampstead. Elham |P. |P. |P. | Ellesmere |P. |P. |P. |See Whitchurch (Salop). Ely |P. |P.T. |P.T | Epping |P. |P. |P. | Epsom |P. |P. |P. | Erpingham |P. |P. |P. | Eton |P. |P. |P. | Evesham |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Exeter |Nil.(L.I)|R.(L.I.)|R.(SP.)|Union formed in 1877. | | | | Now a parish. | | | | Faith, St. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Falmouth |C. |P.T. |P.T. | Fareham |P. |P. |P. | Faringdon |P. |P. |P.T. | Farnborough |C. (G.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Hartley Wintney Union. Farnham |Nil. |P. |P. |See Ash. Faversham |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Festiniog |P. |P. |P. | Flegg, East |P.(L.I.) |P.(L.I.)|P.(LI.)| and West | | | | Foleshill |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Bedworth. Forden |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1870. In 1847 | | | | a few of the parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz.--the remainder | | | | formed the Montgomery | | | | and Pool Incorporation Fordingbridge |P. |P. |P. | Forehoe |P. (L.I.)|P.(L.I.)|P.(LI.)| Freebridge Lynn |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Frome |P. |P. |P. | Fulham |Nil. (U.)|R.(U.) |R.(S.P)|Union dissolved in 1899 | | | | and the separate | | | | parishes of Fulham and | | | | Hammersmith declared. Fylde |Nil. |R. |R. | | | | | Gainsborough |P. |P. |P. | Garstang |Nil. |R. |R. | Gateshead |T. |R. |R. | George, St., in the |Nil.(S.P)|R.(S.P.)|R. (SP)| East | | | | George, St., Hanover|Nil.(L.P)|... |... |Included in St. Square | | | | George's Union in | | | | 1870. George, St. (Union) |... |Nil. |R. |Formed in 1870 of | | | | parishes formerly | | | | under Local Acts (St. | | | | Margaret, Westminster, | | | | and St. George, | | | | Hanover Square). George, St., |Nil.(S.P)|... |... |Added to St. Saviour's the Martyr | | | | Union (now called | | | | Southwark Union) in | | | | 1869. Germans, St. |P. |P. |P. | Giles, St., | | | | Camberwell. | | | | See Camberwell. | | | | Giles, St., in |Nil.(L.P)|R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Board of guardians the Fields, | | | | declared in 1868. and St. George, | | | | Bloomsbury (United| | | | Parishes) | | | | Glanford Brigg |P. |P. |P. | Glendale |P. |P. |P. | Glossop |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Gloucester |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Godstone |P. |P. |P. | Goole |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Gower |... |P. |P.T. |Formed in 1857. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Swansea Union. Grantham |P. |P. |P. |See Belvoir and | | | | Grantham | | | | Out-relief Unions. Gravesend and |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Milton | | | | Great Boughton. | | | | See Tarvin. | | | | Great Preston. See | | | | Preston, Great. | | | | Great Yarmouth. | | | | See Yarmouth. | | | | Greenwich |Nil. |R. |R. |See Woolwich. Grimsby |... |... |P.T. |Formed in 1890 Formerly | | | | part of Caistor Union. Guildford |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Ash. Guiltcross. |P. |P.T. |... |Dissolved in 1902. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Depwade, Thetford, and | | | | Wayland Unions. Guisborough |P. |P. |P.T. |See Middlesbrough. | | | | Hackney |Nil. |R. |R. | Hailsham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See West Firle. Halifax |T. |R. |R. | Halstead |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Haltwhistle |P. |P. |P. | Hambledon |P.T |P.T. |P.T. | Hammersmith |... |... |R.(S.P)|Declared a separate | | | | parish in 1899. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Fulham Union. Hampstead |... |R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Declared a separate | | | | parish in 1848. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Edmonton Union. Hardingstone |P. |P. |P. | Hartismere |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Hartlepool |... |P. |P.T. |Formed in 1859 Formerly | | | | part of Stockton Union. Hartley Wintney |P. |P. |P. |See Ash and Farnborough Haslingden |Nil. |R. |R. | Hastings |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Hatfield |P. |P. |P. | Havant |P. |P. |P. | Haverfordwest |P. |P. |P. | Hawarden |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1853 of | | | | parishes, formerly part | | | | of Great Boughton (now | | | | called Tarvin) Union. | | | | In 1871 largely | | | | reconstructed, many | | | | parishes being added | | | | to Chester Union, and | | | | others added from | | | | Wrexham Union. Hay |P. |P. |P. | Hayfield |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Headington |P. |P. |P. | Headley |C.(G.I.) | | |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Alton and Petersfield | | | | Unions. Helmsley |Nil. |P. |P. |Named "Helmsley | | | | Blackmoor Union" till | | | | 1887. See Kirkby | | | | Moorside. Helston |T. |P.T. |P.T. | Hemel Hempstead |P. |P. |P.T. | Hemsworth | |R. |R. |Formed in 1850. In 1847 | | | | nearly all the parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz. Hendon |C. |R. |R. |See Willesden. Henley |P. |P. |P. | Henstead |P. |P. |P. | Hereford |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Hertford |P. |P. |P. | Hexham |P. |P. |P.T. | Highworth and | | | | Swindon. | | | | See Swindon | | | | and Highworth. | | | | Hinckley |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Bedworth. Hitchin |P. |P. |P.T. | Holbeach |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Holbeck |(Township|R.(U.) |R.(U.) |Union formed in 1869. |under 43 | | | In 1847 the Township of |Eliz. | | | Holbeck was managed |c. 2.) | | | under 43 Eliz., the | | | | other Townships being | | | | included in the | | | | Carlton Incorporation. Holborn |Nil. |R. |R. |See James, St., | | | | Clerkenwell, and Luke, | | | | St., Middlesex. Hollingbourne |P. |P. |P. | Holsworthy |C. |P.T. |P. | Holyhead | |R. |P. |Formed in 1852. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Anglesey Union. Holywell |P. |P. |P. | Honiton |P. |P. |P. | Hoo |P. |P. |P. | Horncastle |P. |P. |P. | Horsham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Houghton-le-Spring |P. |P. |P.T. | Howden |P. |P. |P. | Hoxne |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Huddersfield |Nil. |R. |R. | Hungerford and |P. |P. |P. |Named "Hungerford Ramsbury | | | | Union" till 1896. Hunslet |(Township|R.(U.) |R.(U.) |In 1847 the Township of |under 43 | | | Hunslet was managed |Eliz. | | | under 43 Eliz. Some |c. 2.) | | | other parishes in the | | | | union, which was formed | | | | in 1869, were formerly | | | | in Carlton and Great | | | | Preston Incorporations. Huntingdon |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Hursley |P. |P. |P. | | | | | Ipswich |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Islington |Nil.(L.P)|R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Board of guardians | | | | declared in 1867. Ives, St. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | James, St., |Nil.(L.P)|... |... |Added to Holborn Clerkenwell | | | | Union in 1869. James, St., |Nil(L.P.)|... |... |Included in Westminster Westminster | | | | Union in 1868. John, St., Hampstead| | | | See Hampstead | | | | | | | | Keighley |T. |R. |R. | Kendal |C. |R. |R. | Kensington |Nil(S.P.)|R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)| Kettering |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Keynsham |P. |P. |P. |See Keynsham and | | | | Warmley Out-Relief | | | | Unions. Kidderminster |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Kingsbridge |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Kingsclere |P. |P. |P. | Kings Lynn |C. |B. |P. | Kings Norton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Kingston-upon-Hull |Nil.(L.I)|R.(L.I.)|R.(L.P)|Incorporation consisted | | | | in 1847 and 1871 of | | | | two united parishes. | | | | In 1906 there was only | | | | one parish, but it was | | | | styled an incorporation Kingston-on-Thames |C. |P.T. |P.T. | Kington |P. |P. |P. |See Presteigne. Kirkby Moorside |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1848. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Helmsley Blackmoor | | | | (Helmsley) Union. Knaresborough |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1854. In 1847 | | | | nearly all the parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz. Knighton |P. |P. |P. |See Presteigne. | | | | Lambeth |Nil.(S.P)|R.(S.P) |R.(S.P)|Named "St. Mary, | | | | Lambeth" till 1901. Lampeter |T. |R. |R. | Lancaster |Nil. |R. |R. |See Caton. Lanchester |P. |P. |P.T. | Langport |P. |P. |P. | Launceston |P. |P. |P. | Ledbury |P. |P. |P. | Leeds |Nil.(S.P)|R.(U.) |R.(U.) |The Leeds Union was | | | | formed in 1869 and | | | | included the Township | | | | of Leeds, and also | | | | parishes from Barwick | | | | in Elmet, Carlton, and | | | | Great Preston | | | | Incorporations. Leek |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Alstonfield. Leicester |T. (U.) |R.(U.) |R.(S.P)|Parishes in union | | | | united to form one | | | | parish in 1896. Leigh |Nil. |R. |R. | Leighton Buzzard |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Woburn. Leominster |P. |P. |P. | Leonard, St., |Nil. |R. |R. |Board of guardians Shoreditch |(L.P.) |(S.P.) |(S.P.) | constituted in [1858 | | | | and] 1868. Lewes |P. |P. |P. |See Chailey and West | | | | Firle. Lewisham. |C. |R. |R. |See Woolwich. Lexden and |P. |P. |P. |See Witham. Winstree | | | | Leyburn |P. |P. |P. | Lichfield |P. |P. |P. | Lincoln |P. |P. |P.T. | Linton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Liskeard |P. |P. |P. | Liverpool |Nil. |R. |R. | (L.P.) |(L.P.) |(L.P.) | | Llandilo Fawr |P. |P. |P. | Llandovery |P. |P. |P. | Llanelly |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Llanfyllin |P. |P. |P. | Llanrwst |T. |P.T. |P.T. | Loddon and |P. |P. |P. | Clavering | | | | London, City of |Nil. |R. |R. |See London, East, and | | | | London, West. London, East |Nil. | | |Dissolved in 1869-- | | | | parishes added to City | | | | of London Union. London, West |Nil. | | |Dissolved in 1869-- | | | | parishes added to City | | | | of London Union. Long Ashton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |Named "Bedminster | | | | Union" till 1899. Longtown |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Loughborough |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Louth |P. |P. |P. | Ludlow |P. |P. |P. | Luke, St., Chelsea. | | | | See Chelsea. | | | | Luke, St., Middlesex|Nil. | | |Added to Holborn Union |(L.P.) | | | in 1869. Lunesdale |R. |R. | |Formed in 1869. In 1847 | | | | about half of the | | | | parishes were managed | | | | under 43 Eliz.; most | | | | of the remainder were | | | | in Caton Incorporation. Luton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Lutterworth |P. |P. |P. |See Bedworth. Lymington |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Macclesfield |C. |P.T. |P.T. | Machynlleth |T. |P. |P. | Madeley |P. |P. |P.T. | Maidenhead |P. |P. |P.T. |Named "Cookham Union" | | | | till 1896. Maidstone |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Maldon |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Witham. Malling |P. |P. |P. | Malmesbury |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Malton |P. |P. |P. |See Malton and Norton | | | | Out-Relief Unions. Manchester |Nil.(U.) |R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|The Manchester Union was | | | | dissolved in 1850; the | | | | Township of Manchester | | | | township; the other | | | | parishes in the union | | | | were included in the | | | | Prestwich Union. Mansfield |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Margaret, St., |Nil.(L.P)|... |... |Included in St. George's and St.John, | | | | Union in 1870. Westminster. | | | | Market Bosworth |P. |P. |P. |See Bedworth. Market Drayton. See | | | | Drayton. | | | | Market Harborough |P. |P. |P. | Marlborough |P. |P. |P. | Martin, St., in |Nil.(S.P)|... |... |Added to Strand Union the Fields. | | | | in 1868. Martley |P. |P. |P. | Mary, St., and | | | | St. Andrew, | | | | Whittlesey. | | | | See Whittlesey. | | | | Mary, St., Islington| | | | See Islington. | | | | Mary, St., Lambeth. | | | | See Lambeth. | | | | Mary, St., Newington|Nil.(L.P)|... |... |Added to St. Saviour's | | | | Union (now Southwark | | | | Union) in 1869. Mary, St., |Nil.(L.P)|... |... |Added to St. Olave's Rotherhithe | | | | Union (now Bermondsey | | | | Parish) in 1869. Marylebone, St. |Nil.(L.P)|R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Board of guardians | | | |declared in 1867. Mary Magdalen, St., | | | | Bermondsey. See | | | | Bermondsey, St. Mary| | | | Magdalen. | | | | Medway |P. |P. |P. | Melksham. | | | | See Trowbridge | | | | and Melksham. | | | | Melton Mowbray |P. |P. |P. | Mere |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Meriden |P. |P. |P. | Merthyr Tydfil |T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Pontypridd. Middlesbrough |... |... |R. |Formed in 1875. | | | | Formerly parts of | | | | Guisborough, Stockton, | | | | and Stokesley Unions. Midhurst |P. |P. |P. |See Sutton. Mildenhall |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Mile End Old Town |... |R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Declared separate in | | | | 1857 Formerly part of | | | | Stepney Union. Milton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Mitford and |P. |P. |P. | Launditch | | | | Monmouth |P. |P. |P.T. | Montgomery and Pool |Nil.(L.I)|... |... |Dissolved in 1870. | | | | Parishes included in | | | | Forden Union. Morpeth. |P. |P. |P. | Mutford and |Nil.(L.I)|R.(L.I) |R.(U.) |Incorporation dissolved Lothingland. | | | |and union formed in 1893 | | | | See Yarmouth, Great. | | | | Nantwich. |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See also Whitchurch | | | | Salop. Narberth. |P. |P. |P. | Neath. |P. |P. |P.T. |See Pontardawe. Neot's, St. |P. |P. |P. | Newark. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Newbury. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Newcastle-in-Emlyn. |P. |P. |P. | Newcastle-under-Lyme|P. |P. |P. | Newcastle-upon-Tyne.|T. |R. |R. | Newent. |P. |P. |P. | New Forest. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Newington, St. Mary.| | | | See St. Mary, | | | | Newington. | | | | New Winchester. See | | | | Winchester. | | | | Newhaven. |P. |P. |P. | Newmarket. |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Newport (Monmouth) |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Newport (Salop). |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Newport Pagnell. |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Newton Abbot. |P. |P. |P. | Newtown and |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Llanidloes. | | | | Northallerton. |T. |P. |P. | Northampton. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | North Aylesford. See| | | | Strood. | | | | North Bierley. |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1848. In 1847 | | | | formed part of Bradford | | | | (Yorks) Union. See | | | | Bradford for changes | | | | in 1987. Northleach. |P. |P. |P. | Northwich. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | North Witchford. |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Norwich. |Nil.(L.I)|R.(L.I.)|R.(L.P)|In 1890 the parishes in | | | | the incorporation were | | | | united to form one | | | | parish. Nottingham. |Special |R.(U.) |R.(S.P)|The parishes in the | (U.) | | | union were united to | | | | form one parish in 1899 | | | | See also Radford. Nuneaton. |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | | | | | Oakham. |P. |P. |P. | Okehampton. |P. |P. |P. | Olave, St. See | | | | Bermondsey. | | | | Oldham. |Nil. |R. |R. | Ongar. |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Ormskirk |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Orsett. |P. |P. |P.T. | Oswestry. |Nil.(L.I)|P.(L.I.)|PT.(LI)| Oundle. |P. |P. |P. | Ouseburn, Great |Nil.(G.I)|P.(U.) |P.(U.) |Union formed in 1854. | | | | Some of the parishes | | | | included in the union | | | | were in 1847 managed | | | | under 43 Eliz.; and | | | | see Barwick in Elmet. Oxford |Nil.(L.I)|P.T.(LI)|P.T(LI)| | | | | Paddington |Nil(S.P.)|R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)| Pancras, St. |Special |R.(S.P.)|R.(S.P)|Board of guardians |(L.P.) | | | declared in 1867. Pateley Bridge |Nil. |R. |R. | Patrington |P. |P. |P. | Pembroke |P. |P. |P. | | | | | Penistone |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1849. In 1847 | | | | certain of the parishes | | | | were other parishes | | | | formed part of Wortley | | | | Union. Penkridge. | | | | See Cannock. | | | | Penrith. |P. |P. |P. | Penzance. |P. |P. |P. | Pershore. |P. |P. |P. | Peterborough |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Petersfield |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Headley. Petworth |P. |P. |P. |See Sutton. Pewsey |P. |P. |P. | Pickering |P. |P. |P.T. | Plomesgate |P. |P. |P. | Plymouth |Nil.(L.I)|R.(L.I.)|R (L.P)|The parishes in the | | | | incorporation were | | | | united in 1898 to form | | | | one parish. Plympton, St. Mary |P. |P. |P. | Pocklington |T. |P. |P. | Pontardawe |... |... |R. |Formed in 1875. Formerly | | | | part of Neath and | | | | Swansea Unions. Pontefract |... |Nil. |P.T. |Formed in 1862. In 1847 | | | |about four-fifths of the | | | | parishes were managed | | | | under 43 Eliz., others | | | | formed part of Barwick | | | | in Elmet and Great | | | | Preston Incorporations. Pontypool |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Pontypridd |... |P.T. |P.T. |Formed in 1862. Formerly | | | | part of Cardiff and | | | | Merthyr Tydfil Unions. Poole |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Poplar |Nil. |R. |R. |The name of this Poor | | | | Law Union is now | | | | (1907) "Parish of | | | | Poplar Borough." Portsea Island. | | | | See Portsmouth. | | | | Portsmouth |P. (U.) |P.T.(U.)|P.T(SP)|Named "Portsea Island | | | | Union" till 1900, when | | | | the united to form one | | | | parish. Potterspury |P. |P. |P. | Prescot |Nil. |R. |R. | Presteigne |T. |R. |... |Dissolved in 1877. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Kington and Knighton | | | | Unions. Preston |Nil. |R. |R. | Preston, East. See | | | | East Preston. | | | | Preston, Great |Nil.(G.I)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. All | | | | but four of the | | | | parishes were added to | | | |Pontefract and Tadcaster | | | | of the remainder were | | | | added to Hunslet, Leeds | | | | Selby, and Wakefield | | | | Unions. Prestwich |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1850. Nearly | | | | all the parishes were | | | | formerly part of | | | | Manchester Union. Pwllheli |P. |P. |P. | | | | | Radford |Nil. |R. |... |Dissolved in 1880. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Nottingham Union | | | | (now Parish). Reading |P.(U.) |P.(U.) |P.T(SP)|Parishes united to form | | | | one parish in 1905. Redruth |P. |P. |P.T. | Reeth |P. |P. |P. | Reigate |P. |P. |P. | Rhayader |T. |R. |P. | Richmond (Surrey) |C. |R. |R. | Richmond (Yorks) |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Ringwood |P. |P. |P. | Ripon |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1852. In 1847 | | | | nearly all the parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz. Risbridge |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Rochdale |Nil. |R. |R. | Rochford |P. |P. |P. | Romford |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Romney Marsh |P. |P. |P. | Romsey |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Ross |P. |P. |P. | Rothbury |P. |P. |P. | Rotherham |C. |R. |R. | Rotherhithe. See | | | | Mary, St., | | | | Rotherhithe. | | | | Royston |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Rugby |P. |P. |P.T. |See Bedworth. Runcorn |T. |P. |P. | Ruthin |P. |P. |P. | Rye |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Saddleworth |Nil(G.I.)|R.(S.P.)|R.(U.) |Named "Saddleworth with | | | | Quick Incorporation" | | | | till 1853. In 1853 | | | | board of guardians | | | | declared. In 1894 a | | | | union was formed. Saddleworth with | | | | Quick. See | | | | Saddleworth. | | | | Saffron Walden |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Salford |Nil. |R. |R. | Salisbury |Nil.(L.I)|... |... |The incorporation was (Incorporation). | | | | in 1869 added to | | | | Alderbury (now named | | | | Salisbury) Union. Salisbury (Union) |P. |P.T. |P.T. |Named "Alderbury Union" | | | | till 1895. See | | | | Salisbury | | | | Incorporation. Samford |P.(L.I.) |P.(U.) |P.(U.) |Incorporation | | | | dissolved and union | | | | formed in 1849. Saviour's, St. | | | | See Southwark. | | | | Scarborough |P. |P. |P. | Sculcoates |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Sedbergh |Nil. |P. |P. | Sedgefield |P. |P. |P. | Seisdon |P. |P. |P. | Selby |P. |P. |P. |See Preston, Great. Settle |T. |R. |R. | Sevenoaks |P. |P. |P. | Shaftesbury |P. |P. |P. | Shardlow |P. |P. |P. | Sheffield |C. |R. |R. | Sheppey |P. |P. |P. | Shepton Mallet |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Sherborne |P. |P. |P. | Shiffnal |P. |P. |P. | Shipston-on-Stour |P. |P. |P. | Shoreditch. See | | | | Leonard, St., | | | | Shoreditch | | | | Shrewsbury |Nil(L.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1871. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Atcham Union. Skipton |T. |R. |R. | Skirlaugh |P. |P. |P. | Sleaford |P. |P. |P. | Smallburgh |... |P. |P. |Formed in 1869. One | | | | parish was formerly | | | | Erpingham Union, in | | | | the other parishes | | | | formed the Tunstead | | | | and Happing | | | | Incorporation. Solihull |P. |P. |P. | Southam |P. |P. |P.T. | Southampton |Nil.(L.I)|R. (L.I)|R.(L.I)| South Molton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | South Shields |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | South Stoneham |P. |P. |P. | Southwark |Nil. |R. |R. |Named St. Saviour's | | | | Union till 1901. See | | | | St. Mary, Newington. Southwell |P. |P. |P. | Spalding |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Spilsby |P. |P. |P. | Stafford |P. |P. |P.T. | Staines |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Stamford |P. |P. |P. | Stepney |Nil. |R. |R. |See Mile End Old Town. Steyning |P. |P. |P. | Stockbridge |P. |P. |P. | Stockport |Nil. |R. |R. | Stockton |T. |P.T. |P.T. |See Hartlepool and | | | | Middlesbrough. Stoke Damerel. See | | | | Devonport. | | | | Stokesley |C. |P. |P. |See Middlesbrough. Stoke-upon-Trent |P.T.(S.P)|P.T.(SP)|P.T.(U)| Union formed in 1894. Stone |P. |P. |P. | Stourbridge |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Stow |P. |P. |P. | Stow-on-the-Wold |P. |P. |P. | Strand |Nil. |R. |R. |See Martin, St., in the | | | | Fields and | | | | Westminster. Stratford-on-Avon |P. |P. |P. | Stratton |C. |P.T. |P. | Strood |P. |P.T. |P.T. |Named "North Aylesford | | | | Union" till 1884. Stroud |P. |P. |P. | Sturminster |P. |P. |P. | Sudbury |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Sunderland |T. |R. |R. | Sutton |C. (G.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Most of the parishes | | | | were added to Petworth | | | | Union, the remainder | | | | were added to East | | | | Preston, Midhurst, | | | | Thakeham and | | | | Westhampnett Unions. Swaffham |P. |P. |P. | Swansea |P. |P. |P.T. |See Gower and | | | | Pontardawe. Swindon and |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |Named "Highworth and Highworth | | | | Swindon" till 1899. Tadcaster |... |Nil. |P. |Formed in 1862. In 1847 | | | | several were managed | | | | under 43 Eliz. Others | | | | were in Barwick-in | | | | -Elmet and Great | | | | Preston Incorporations Tamworth |P. |P. |P. | Tarvin |T. |P. |P. |Named "Great Boughton | | | | Union" till 1871. See | | | | also Chester, | | | | Hawarden, and | | | | Whitchurch (Salop). Taunton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Tavistock |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Teesdale |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Tenbury |P. |P. |P. | Tendring |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Tenterden |P. |P. |P. | Tetbury |P. |P. |P.T. | Tewkesbury |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Thakeham |P. |P. |P. |See Sutton. Thame |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Thanet, Isle of |P. |P. |P. | Thetford |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Guiltcross. Thingoe |P. |P. |P. | Thirsk |P. |P. |P. | Thomas, St. |P. |P. |P. | Thornbury |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Barton Regis. Thorne |P. |P. |P. | Thrapston |P. |P. |P.T. | Ticehurst |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Tisbury |P. |P. |P. | Tiverton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Todmorden |Nil. |R. |R. | Tonbridge |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Torrington |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Totnes |P. |P. |P. | Towcester |P. |P. |P. | Toxteth Park |... |R. |R. |Declared a separate | | | | Township in 1857. | | | | Formerly part of West | | | | Derby Union. Tregaron |T. |R. |R. | Trowbridge and |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. |Named Melksham Union Melksham. | | | | till 1898. Truro |C. |P. |P. | Tunstead and Happing|P. (L.I.)|... |... |Dissolved in 1869. | | | | Parishes included in | | | | Smallburgh Union. Tynemouth |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Uckfield |P. |P. |P. | Ulverston |C. |R. |R. |See Barrow-in-Furness. Uppingham |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Upton-on-Severn |P. |P. |P. | Uttoxeter |P. |P. |P. | Uxbridge |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Wakefield |Nil. |R. |R. |See Preston, Great. Wallingford |P. |P. |P. | Walsall |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Walsingham |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Brinton. Wandsworth |Nil. |R. |R. |Named "Wandsworth and | | | |Clapham Union" till 1904 Wangford |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Wantage |P. |P. |P. | Ware |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Wareham and Purbeck |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Warminster |P. |P. |P. | Warrington |T. |R. |R. | Warwick |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Watford |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Wayland |P. |P. |P. |See Guiltcross. Weardale |P. |P. |P. | Wellingborough |P. |P. |P. | Wellington (Salop) |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Wellington (Som.) |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Wells |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Welwyn |P. |P. |P. | Wem |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See also Whitchurch | | | | (Salop) Weobley |P. |P. |P. | Westbourne |P. |P. |P. | West Bromwich |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Westbury-on-Severn |P. |P. |P. | Westbury and |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Whorwellsdown | | | | West Derby |Nil. |R. |R. |See Toxteth Park. West Firle |P. |P. |... |Dissolved in 1898. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Eastbourne, Hailsham, | | | | and Lewes Union. | | | | West Ham |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Westhampnett |P. |P. |P. |See Sutton. Westminster |... |R. |R. |Union formed in 1868. | | | | Part was formerly under | | | | Local Act (James, St., | | | | Westminster), | | | | remainder was formerly | | | | in Strand Union. West Ward |P. |P. |P. | Wetherby |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1861. In 1847 | | | | about half the Parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz.--See also Barwick | | | | -in-Elmet and Carlton. Weymouth |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Wharfedale |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1861. In 1847 | | | | about half the Parishes | | | | were managed under 43 | | | | Eliz.--See also | | | | Carlton. Wheatenhurst |P. |P. |P. | Whitby |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Whitchurch (Hants) |P. |P. |P. | Whitchurch (Salop) |Nil.(L.P)|Nil.(U.)|P.(U.) |Union formed in 1853. | | | | Comprising the | | | | Whitchurch | | | | Incorporation and | | | | Parishes formerly in | | | | Ellesmere, Great | | | | Boughton (Tarvin), | | | | Nantwich, Wem and | | | | Wrexham Unions. Whitechapel |Nil. |R. |R. | Whitehaven |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Whittlesey |P. (S.P.)|P.(S.P.)|P.(U.) |Named "Whittlesey | | | | Parish" or "United | | | | Parishes of St. Mary | | | | and St. Andrew, | | | | Whittlesey," till 1894. | | | | Union formed in 1894. Wigan |Nil. |R. |R. | Wight, Isle of |Nil.(L.I)|R.(U.) |P.(U.) |Incorporation dissolved | | | | and Union formed in | | | | 1865. Wigton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Willesden |... |... |R.(S.P)|Separate Parish | | | |declared in 1896. | | | |Formerly part of | | | |Hendon Union. Williton |P. |P. |P. | Wilton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Wimborne and |P. |P. |P. | Cranborne | | | | Wincanton |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Winchcomb |P. |P. |P. | Winchester |P. |P. |P. |Named New Winchester | | | | Union till 1901. Windsor |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Winslow |P. |P. |P. | Wirrall |P. |P.T. |P.T. |See Birkenhead. Wisbeach |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Witham |P. |P. |... |Dissolved in 1880. | | | | Parishes added by | | | | Braintree, Lexden and | | | | Winstree and Maldon | | | | Unions. Witney |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Woburn |P. |P.T. |... |Dissolved in 1899. | | | | Parishes added to | | | | Ampthill and | | | | Leighton Buzzard | | | | Unions. Wokingham |P.T. |P.T. |P.T. | Wolstanton and |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Burslem | | | | Wolverhampton |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Woodstock |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Woolwich |... |R. |R. |Formed in 1868. | | | | Formerly part of | | | | Greenwich and Lewisham | | | | Unions. Worcester |P. |P.T. |P.T. | Worksop |P. |P. |P. | Wortley |C. |R. |R. |See Penistone. Wrexham |P. |P. |P. |See Hawarden and | | | | Whitchurch (Salop). | | | | Wycombe |P. |P.T. |P.T. | | | | | Yarmouth, Great |P.T.(S.P)|P.T.(SP)|P.T.(U)|"Parish" till 1891 | | | | Union formed in 1891, | | | | of the parish and of a | | | | parish which was | | | | formerly part of the | | | | Mutford and | | | | Lothingland | | | | Incorporation. Yeovil |P. |P. |P. | York |C. |P. |P. |See Bishopthorpe, | | | | Escrick, Flaxton, | | | | and York Out-Relief | | | | Unions. | | | | OUT-RELIEF UNIONS | | | | | | | | Belvoir |... |... |P. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of Grantham | | | | Union]. Bishopthorpe |... |... |P.T. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of York Union]. Escrick |... |... |P.T. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of York Union]. Flaxton |... |... |P.T. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of York Union]. Grantham |... |... |P. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of Grantham | | | | Union]. Keynsham |... |... |P. |Formed in 1895 | | | | [Part of Keynsham | | | | Union]. Malton | ... | ... | P. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of Malton | | | | Union]. Norton | ... | ... | P. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of Malton | | | | Union]. Warmley | ... | ... | P. |Formed in 1895 | | | | [Part of Keynsham | | | | Union]. York | ... | ... | P.T. |Formed in 1894 | | | | [Part of York Union]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the Unions and Incorporations marked "C" in the table, a regulation to the following effect was in force at the end of 1847:--
"If any able-bodied male pauper shall apply to be set to work by the parish, one-half at least of the relief which may be afforded to him or to his family shall be in kind."
The following special regulations were in force at the end of 1847:--
_Nottingham._--The Out-relief Rules contained in the early Regulations Order were in special terms. A subsequent Order suspended certain of those rules, and permitted outdoor relief to able-bodied paupers, to "be given, as far as possible, in return for piecework."
_St. Pancras._--The rules directed that "in the case of any able-bodied persons the guardians may, until accommodation can be obtained for the reception of such persons in the workhouse, give outdoor relief, one-half of which, at least, shall be in kind; but such relief shall only be given in return for labour at task work."
APPENDIX B[864]
EXTRACT FROM THE MINORITY REPORT FOR SCOTLAND, GIVING THE REASONS IN FAVOUR OF THE COMPLETE SUPERSESSION OF THE POOR LAW
[864] The Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law, etc., relating to Scotland is issued as Cd. 4922, price 2/8. _The Minority Report for Scotland_ is published separately by the Scottish National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law (180 Hope Street, Glasgow), price 6d. net.
We realise that the foregoing recommendations amount to the complete supersession of the Poor Law, and, indeed, to its abolition. In its stead, we propose merely an adequate enlargement of the work already undertaken by the various existing public authorities for the prevention of destitution--for the prevention of the destitution due to neglected childhood by the Local Education Authority; for the prevention of the destitution due to preventable sickness, neglected infancy, or uncared-for infirmity by the Local Health Authority; for the prevention of the destitution due to mental defectiveness by the Local Lunacy Authority; for the prevention of the destitution of Old Age by the Local Pension Authority; and for the prevention of the destitution due to unemployment by the new National Authority of which the beginning is seen in the Labour Exchanges Act of 1909. We recommend, in fact, that the community should cease to maintain a special organ for the mere relief of destitution, however caused, and should make such relief as must be given merely incidental to the deliberate prevention of destitution, to which it has, by the creation of public authorities dealing with the several causes of destitution, already set its hand. We now proceed to summarise the main reasons for so radical a change of attitude towards the problem of poverty, and incidentally to answer the more important objections that have been made to it.
_The Present Overlap and Duplication of Services in Respect of all Sections of the Destitute_
The first reason for dispensing with any special Authority for the relief of destitution as such is a practical one. The work of the Poor Law Authority has to-day been largely superseded, in every branch of its duties, by the activities of the newer forms of Local Government. We have already described, in our proposal for the institution of a Common Register of Public Assistance, and the appointment of a Registrar, the beginnings in Scotland of the same costly overlap of services and duplication of work which have, in England, already reached extravagant proportions. Thus, whereas in 1845, and for some years afterwards, all the public assistance afforded to the sick poor was included in the Poor Law administration, there has gradually been built up, out of the rates, a second medical service, the Public Health department of the County or Burgh. This Public Health Department--in the Highlands, in the Hebrides, and in some of the rural districts still only rudimentary--has, in the large towns, already its own series of hospitals in which the sick poor are maintained as well as treated, entirely free of charge, yet without being paupers. To the long list of diseases already treated in these municipal hospitals, there has now been added phthisis, an illness which accounts for a large proportion of the sick at present dealt with by the Poor Law Authorities. With regard to the children, we see, more or less competing with the Poor Law for their care, on the one hand the Industrial Schools so largely maintained out of the rates and taxes, and on the other the School Boards with the new powers conferred on them by the Education (Scotland) Act of 1908 in connection with the provision of meals and medical inspection. With regard to the aged, we have since 1908 in every County and Burgh a Local Pension Committee awarding domiciliary pensions to no fewer than 70,000 persons over 70, or more than treble the number of aged persons maintained by the Parish Councils as Poor Law Authorities, many, indeed, having been saved from the pauper roll. The removal of the pauper disqualification for a national pension, which has been definitely announced as a subject for legislation in 1910, will make the overlap still more remarkable. With regard to all the persons certifiable as of unsound mind we have the District Boards of Lunacy providing asylums for some, whilst the Parish Councils still deal with others in the Poorhouses, as they do with the uncertified imbeciles, epileptics, and feeble-minded. Finally, with regard to the able-bodied men in distress, for whom the Scottish Poor Law professes not to provide (but nevertheless, as we see, in practice does so as much as the English Poor Law), we find growing up in a score of towns, comprising half the population of Scotland, an organised system of public assistance of one kind or another, under the Distress Committees established by the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905. We see, in town after town, the vagrants, for whom the Parish Council does not provide, relieved in one way or another by the Police. Thus, there is not one section of the host of persons in Scotland who are without the necessaries of life, of whom the Parish Council, as the Poor Law Authority, is to-day left in undisturbed possession. For the care of the children, the sick, the mentally defective, the aged, and the able-bodied unemployed, Parliament has set up, in Scotland as in England, specialised public authorities which deal with the poor, not on account of their destitution, but in respect of the cause or character of their need.
Fortunately, the overlap and confusion caused by these rival services and competing Local Authorities have in Scotland not yet gone far. It is still possible to prevent a waste of expenditure and a confusion of functions that will certainly increase if the growing overlap is not stopped. To us there seems to be but two lines of reform. We may, on the one hand, ask Parliament to arrest the ever-increasing activities of the Local Health Authorities, stop the provision of more isolation hospitals, check the Health Visitors and the crusade against infantile mortality, rescind the recent order of the Local Government Board annexing to their sphere the whole range of tuberculosis, and remit all the sick poor once more to the Parish Council and its Poorhouse. We may propose to repeal the Unemployed Workmen Act and the Old Age Pensions Act, and thrust back the unemployed workmen and the aged into the Poor Law. We may recommend the withdrawal of the new powers given to the School Boards in connection with medical inspection and school meals for hungry children. We may, in fact, propose to revert to the position in 1845, when there was everywhere one Local Authority, and one Local Authority only, to give public assistance to the necessitous poor. We do not think such a course either desirable or politically practicable. We do not believe that any Minister of the Crown will have the hardihood to propose it; we do not believe that Scottish public opinion will tolerate it; we do not believe that any House of Commons will agree to it.
The other alternative seems to us to be, not to reverse but to continue the evolution that has been going on in Local Government, in Scotland as in England. Instead of seeking to curtail the work with regard to children, the sick, the mentally defective, the aged and the able-bodied unemployed, which is now being undertaken by the Local Education Authorities, the Local Health Authorities, the Local Lunacy Authorities, the Local Pension Authorities, and the Local Unemployment Authorities, what we recommend is that the remainder of each of these sections of the poor who are still being looked after by the Poor Law Authorities should be transferred to the newer specialised Authorities that have been created.
Just as it is proposed, by the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, with the concurrence of practically all acquainted with the problem, to take the persons of unsound mind, including the epileptic and the feeble-minded, quite "out of the Poor Law," and place them entirely in the hands of the Local Lunacy Authority, so it is suggested that all public care of the children of school age should be "taken out of the Poor Law" and transferred to the Local Education Authority; that all public care of the sick and infirm (including the maternity cases, the infants under school age, and the aged requiring institutional care) should be "taken out of the Poor Law," and transferred to the Local Health Authority; and that all the aged who can and will live decently on their pensions should be "taken out of the Poor Law," and dealt with by the Pension Committee--the whole under the control and direction of the Parish School Board or the District Committee, or the County or Town Council as the case may be. There would then remain, out of all the pauper host, only the vagrants and the odds and ends of genuinely able-bodied men who find their way to the Poorhouse. For these who need help to find a situation if they are merely stranded by temporary unemployment, detention colonies if they are idle or vicious, and physical and industrial training if they have to be maintained whilst waiting for a place, we recommend that there should be a new authority of _national scope_--the government department which is already being set up under the Labour Exchanges Act of 1909, and which should also take over the work of the Distress Committees under the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905. We recommend, therefore, as the only practicable means of preventing a wasteful and demoralising duplication of services, the complete abolition, not only of the Poorhouse, but also of the Poor Law itself.
_The Expediency of Preventing the Occurrence of Destitution, rather than merely Relieving it after it has Occurred._
What we propose is no mere change of names or of official machinery. We think the time has come when the nation should definitely adopt the principle of using all its powers to _prevent the occurrence_ of destitution, instead of the principle of merely relieving it after it has occurred. Destitution, as we know, is a social disease, as destructive to the health of the community as phthisis is; quite as dangerous to the individual attacked, once it has gained a firm hold, but fortunately as gradual as phthisis in its attack. The Poor Law Authorities of Scotland have failed to prevent the occurrence of destitution, or even to prevent pauperism, and have been unable to provide what is required for the several sections of persons under their charge, not because the Parish Councillors are incompetent or dishonest, careless or corrupt, but because they have been set, not to this task at all, but merely to that of "relieving destitution." They do relieve destitution much more efficiently on the whole than ever before; but we are not satisfied, nor do we think that public opinion is now satisfied, with the spending in Scotland, year after year, more than a million sterling in the relief of a destitution which never gets either prevented or cured. _What the nation now asks is that men, women, and children should, by appropriate measures, be prevented from sinking to a condition of destitution; and that such as unavoidably fall into that state should be taken in hand with a view, not merely to their relief, but to their effectual cure._ This is work which a Poor Law authority, by the very nature of its being, can never perform effectively. Any Poor Law authority, call it by what name you may, is necessarily confined to dealing with persons who are actually "destitute" or actually "in distress"; it cannot reach out to anticipate, at the incipient stage, what will, if not arrested in its growth, eventually become destitution or distress. Similarly, a Poor Law authority must necessarily find its operations restricted to the period during which persons are "destitute" or "in distress," though it is precisely some disciplinary "after care" which may be needed to prevent a relapse. In short, _except for the purpose of alleviating momentary suffering_ (for which alone it was originally intended), the money spent in the relief of the destitute, begun only when they are destitute, and discontinued as soon as they cease to be destitute, is simply wasted. If a hospital for the sick could, by the law of its being, only admit cases when "gangrene" had already set in, and had to discharge them the very moment that the "fever" had been reduced, it would effect as few cures of the sick as the Poorhouse does of the destitute. Yet no Poor Law authority, whatever its name, can, in its treatment of the disease of destitution, transcend the corresponding limits.
If we wish to prevent the very occurrence of destitution, and effectively cure it when it occurs, we must look to its causes. Now, deferring for the moment any question of human fallibility, or the "double dose of original sin," which most of us are apt to ascribe to those who succumb in the struggle, the investigations of this Royal Commission reveal three broad roads along one or other of which practically all paupers come, namely: (_a_) sickness, howsoever caused, (_b_) neglected infancy and neglected childhood, whosoever may be in fault, and (_c_) unemployment (including "under-employment"), by whatsoever occasioned. If we could prevent sickness, however caused, or effectually treat it when it occurs; if we could ensure that no child, whatever its parentage, went without what we may call the National Minimum of Nurture and Training; and if we could provide that no able-bodied person was left to suffer from long-continued or chronic unemployment, we should prevent at least nine-tenths of the destitution that now costs the Poor Law Authorities of Scotland more than a million per annum. To break up the Poor Law, and to transfer its several services to the Local Education, Health, Lunacy, and Pension Authorities, and to a national authority for the able-bodied, is to hand over the task of treating curatively the several sections of the destitute to _authorities charged with the prevention of the several causes of destitution_ from which those sections are suffering. This means a systematic attempt to arrest each of the principal causes of eventual destitution at the very outset, in the most incipient stage of its attack, which is always an attack of an individual human being, not of the family as a whole. It is one person, at the outset, who has the cough of incipient phthisis, not a whole family; though if no preventive force is brought to bear, destitution will eventually set in and the whole family will be on our hands. There may be in the family neglected infants, neglected children, or feeble-minded persons lacking proper care or control, who may not be technically destitute, who may even be dependents of able-bodied men in work, but who, if left uncared for, will inevitably become the destitute of subsequent years. Hence it is vital that the Local Health Authority should be empowered and required to search out and ensure proper treatment for the incipient stages of all diseases. It is vital that the Lunacy Authority should be empowered and required to search out and ensure proper care and control for all persons certifiable as mentally defective, long before the family to which they belong is reduced to destitution. It is vital that the Local Education Authority should be empowered and required to search out and ensure, quite irrespective of the family's destitution, whatever Parliament may prescribe as the National Minimum of nurture and training for all children, the neglect of which will otherwise bring these children, when they grow up, themselves to a state of destitution. It is becoming no less clear that some Authority--we say a National Authority--must register and deal with the man who is unemployed, long before extended unemployment has demoralised him and reduced his family to destitution. We wish to put the issue quite clearly before the public. The systematic campaign for the prevention of the occurrence of destitution that we propose--that the community should undertake by grappling with its principal causes at the incipient stages, _when they are just beginning to affect one or other members of a family only_, long before the family as a whole has sunk into the morass of destitution--involves treating the individual member who is affected in respect of the cause of his complaint, even before he is "disabled" or in pecuniary distress. It means a systematic searching out of incipient cases, just as the Medical Officer of Health searches out infectious disease, or the School Attendance Officer searches out children who are not on the school roll, even before application is made.
At present, the Local Education Authorities, the Local Health Authorities, and the Local Lunacy Authorities only feebly and imperfectly grapple with their task of arresting the causes of destitution in the child, the sick person, or the person of unsound mind, partly because they have only lately begun this part of their work, but principally because they have not been legally empowered and legally required to do it. Moreover, they do not yet have forced on their attention, as they would if they had to maintain those who needed to be cured, _the extent to which they fail to prevent_. If the Health Committee knew that it would have eventually to maintain the sick men whom it allowed to sink gradually into phthisis, as it has now practically to maintain persons who contract small-pox, it would look with a different eye upon the Medical Officer of Health's desire to "search out" every case of incipient phthisis whilst it is yet curable, to press upon the ignorant sufferer the best hygienic advice, and to do what is necessary in order to enable the insidious progress of the disease to be arrested. This does not entail that all diseases shall be treated free, any more than the Public Health supervision of sanitation entails that bad landlords shall have their house drainage provided at the public cost. All the increased activity of the Public Health authorities in searching out and treating sickness may coincide with a systematic enforcement of personal responsibility in respect to personal hygiene and with regard to the maintenance in health of dependents, which we, in fact, recommend. The break-up of the Poor Law implies, in short, not only the adoption of a systematic crusade against the several preventable causes of destitution, but also a far more effective enforcement of parental responsibility than is at present practicable.
It may, however, be objected that there are, at any rate, the families to be dealt with which are now in a state of destitution; and that, moreover, it must be anticipated, even with uniformly good administration of the preventive services, there will not be a few families who, as "missed cases," will have slipped into destitution, without having had their descent arrested by the preventive action above described. We think that each member of even such a family requires, for restoration, specialised treatment according to his or her need. The infant, the child of school age, the mentally defective, the sick, the infirm or incapacitated, the boy or girl above school age, and finally the able-bodied and able-minded adult, each requires that something different should be done for him or her, if _that individual_ is to be properly dealt with. The alternative, namely, to treat the family as a whole, means to place it in the General Mixed Poorhouse, or merely to give it a dole of Outdoor Relief. This, indeed, is to-day the dominant practice; and as such, has been condemned by Majority and Minority alike. It must, we think, be admitted that the several members of the family, with their very different needs, cannot be wisely treated without calling in the public authorities specialising on those heads, such as the Education, Health, Lunacy, Pension, and Unemployment Authorities. This does not mean that the needs of the other members of the family will escape consideration. Assuming that the cause of the destitution in which the family is plunged is the sickness of the breadwinner, and that the other members of the family are all normal, the Health Authority will, if he thinks domiciliary treatment desirable, not only give the necessary medical attendance, and look after the whole family environment by its Health Visitor, but, if there is no income, will grant (subject to the statutory rules and the Council's own Bye-laws) the home aliment that is requisite for the family maintenance. Would any one suggest that the Health Committee, with its Medical Officer and its Health Visitor, should be excluded from this case, or that it should be precluded from treating the case at home when the doctor reports that it can properly be so treated? If there is a mentally defective person in such a family, ought the Lunacy Authority to be kept out? If there are children of school age in it, is it wise to prevent the intervention of the Education Authority and its School Attendance Officer? We suggest that it is the business of the officers of the County or Town Council--in particular the Registrar of Public Assistance whom we have proposed--to see (_a_) that these Authorities do not overlap, and (_b_) that they are all consulted as regards such members of the family as come within their respective spheres of treatment. We see no need for any general Poor Law or "Public Assistance Committee" at all.
Thus there are two main reasons for the Scheme of Reform that we propose. By breaking up the Poor Law into its component services, and transferring each of these to the organ of government _which is already performing the same service for the population at large_, we (_a_) stop the present overlapping and confusion, (_b_) continue the evolution which has been silently going on in Scotland for a whole generation, and (_c_) introduce a logical order into both Central and Local Government. But the scheme has a far larger and deeper significance than any increase in administrative efficiency or any promotion of economy and simplicity in Local Government. The reform that we advocate, by emphasising everywhere the Principle of Prevention, and especially by systematically searching out neglected infancy and childhood, preventable sickness, uncontrolled feeble-mindedness and uncared-for epilepsy, unwarded vagrancy and that hopeless worklessness that is so demoralising to mind and body, brings with it the sure and certain hope that we may, at no distant date, by patient and persistent effort on these lines, remove from our midst the intolerable infamy to a Christian and civilised State of the persistence of a mass of chronic destitution, spreading like a cancerous growth from one generation to another of our fellow-citizens.
_The "Moral Factor" in Destitution_
Such being the grounds for our proposals, we have sought to weigh and appreciate the various arguments that can be urged against them. The most radical objection, and we infer the most deeply felt, against the Supersession of the Poor Law Authority by the various specialised and preventive Authorities that are already at work, seems to be a conviction that, in proposing to treat the problem of destitution as one of Sickness or Mental Defect, of Infirmity or Old Age, of Unemployment or Neglected Childhood, we are ignoring the "moral factor." It is alleged that, among all paupers, notwithstanding the different roads by which they may have come to destitution, there is a certain moral taint; and that, in view of the importance of properly treating this defect of character, all paupers, whatever their age or sex or physical or mental condition ought to be dealt with by an authority _specialising on this defect_; and this, it is assumed, is what the Poor Law Authority is, or should be made to become. In order that we may be quite sure that we are stating this objection fairly, we quote the exact words of the most accomplished opponent of our proposals, Professor Bernard Bosanquet:--
"The antagonism cannot be put too strongly. The Majority proceed upon the principle that where there is a failure of social self-maintenance in the sense above defined, there is a defect in the citizen character, or at least a grave danger to its integrity; add that therefore every case of this kind raises a problem which is "moral," in the sense of affecting the whole capacity of self-management, to begin with, in the person who has failed, and secondarily, in the whole community so far as influenced by expectation and example. This relation to a man's whole capacity for self-management, his "_moral_," is a distinctive feature, I take it, which separates the treatment required by the destitute or necessitous from anything that can be offered to citizens who are maintaining themselves in a normal course of life."[865]
[865] "The Majority Report," by Professor Bernard Bosanquet, in _Sociological Review_, April 1909 (vol. ii. No. 2).
In this cogent argument for the retention of the Category of the Destitute, and of one Authority, and one Authority only, for all classes of destitute persons, we see two distinct and separate assumptions, one as to fact, and the other as to social expediency. We have first the suggestion that, in all classes of persons who need maintenance at the hands of the State, there is, as a matter of fact, a moral defect, common to the whole class, and requiring specific treatment. Secondly, we see creeping out from behind this suggestion, a further assumption as to the policy which ought to be pursued by the Poor Law Authority. This Authority, which is to have in its charge all the heterogeneous population of infants, children, sick and mentally defective persons, the aged and the infirm, the widows, the vagrants, and the unemployed, is to treat them, not with a single eye to what is best calculated to turn them, or any of them, into efficient citizens, not even with a single eye to what will most successfully remedy the "moral defect" which they are assumed all to possess, but with the quite different object of warning off or deterring, "by expectation and example," other persons for applying for like treatment. In other words, we must, by keeping all the different varieties of people who require State aid under one Authority, and under one that assumes the existence of this "moral defect," retain for all alike, not only the "stigma of pauperism," but also a method of provision which will "deter" others from coming to be treated. As this is the only philosophical argument that we have encountered, by way of justification for the existence of one Authority, and one Authority only, to which the State should indiscriminately commit the care of the infants, the children of school age, the sick, the mentally defective, the aged and infirm, the vagrants and the unemployed workmen in distress, it requires detailed examination.
Let us first examine the initial assumption that the miscellaneous multitude who, year by year, come on public funds for maintenance, are, as a matter of fact, one and all, characterised by a particular moral defect--a feature so uniform, so important, and so specific as to outweigh the differences between infants and adults, the healthy and the sick, the sane and the mentally defective, the aged and the able-bodied; and to require the aggregation of all of them together under a single Authority in each locality, which should specialise upon this common characteristic. We have, in the first place, to realise that two-fifths of all the paupers are infants or children of school age; that is to say, human beings rendered destitute, not by any action or inaction of their own, but through something which has happened to their parents or guardians. An enormous proportion of these children are destitute merely because they are orphans. What rational ground have we for assuming, without enquiry, that these little ones are suffering from any "defect in the citizen character," or from any "moral" defect whatsoever? Their fathers may well have had defects, for they have died; though even with regard to them the more obvious inference would seem to be that they had physical defects or weaknesses; and this, in view of the frequency of mere accident, cannot be deduced with any certainty. We can, at any rate, infer nothing as to the character of the mothers from the fact that the fathers have died. Moreover, even if we could make the assumption that the children of fathers who have died prematurely, or who from some other cause have left their offspring without property, necessarily inherited some weakness of character or specific moral defect, it does not seem to follow that the best way of counteracting this inheritance would be to herd such children together, to segregate them apart from normal children, to brand them as paupers, and to commit them to the care of an Authority not specially concerned with dealing with children as children, but regarding children as only one variety of the pauper class. It seems clear that the real justification for keeping together all the infants and children whom the State has to maintain, and for excluding them from the care of the Local Education Authority, is not any consideration of what is likely to be best for such children--not even what is best calculated to counteract any disadvantageous tendencies that some of them may have inherited--but the second assumption to which we drew attention, namely, that it is expedient so to treat those whom the State must maintain that other persons will not, "by expectation and example," be led to apply for similar treatment. The argument, in short, is really one for affixing the "stigma of pauperism" to all the children that the State has to maintain, not because this will make them grow up into efficient citizens--even, perhaps, at the cost of injuriously affecting their education and their character--but in order merely to prevent other children becoming chargeable. This policy of definitely "Poor Law treatment" for the Children of the State, the Scottish Parish Councils, to their honour, have always repudiated. But if this policy of "Poor Law treatment" of the child is repudiated--if the State is really to set itself to bring up the boys and girls whom it finds on its hands with a single eye to their development into efficient citizens--why should the State not use for them the organ which it has fashioned for this very purpose? What ground is there for treating the child as a pauper at all, when the Local Education Authority stands there, in every parish, already authorised by law to provide all that is requisite, and prepared to treat the child simply as a child?
Passing from the two-fifths of the paupers who are infants or children, we have then to realise that something like another two-fifths of all those who, in Scotland, apply for maintenance are not merely "disabled" in the technical sense, but are definitely suffering from some specific disease or chronic infirmity of body, for which they have to be medically treated. If the patient happens to be suffering from certain diseases, which are specified in an ever-lengthening schedule, the argument about the "defect in the citizen character," and the "grave danger to its integrity" is abandoned; the sick person is then, by common consent, searched out, urged to accept State aid, freely maintained at the public expense, and--what is very significant to us in this argument--treated without the slightest pretence that he has a moral defect, and without any idea of curing that defect, or avoiding the danger to his integrity, but simply and solely with the object of restoring him at the earliest moment to physical health. Meanwhile the responsible Authority is at work effecting, by cleansing, disinfecting, draining, and improving the housing, the water-supply, and the general sanitation, alterations in the environment in which the disease has occurred, in order to prevent its recurrence, either in that patient or in any one else. The patients of the Local Health Authority, though their numbers are growing day by day, the Majority Report leaves outside the "one Authority and only one Authority" which (as it is suggested) ought to deal with all those for whom maintenance has to be provided. Whilst we on the Poor Law Commission were deliberating, the Local Government Board for Scotland added to this class all the enormous number of persons suffering from tuberculosis.[866] In spite of the fact that the more enterprising of the Parish Councils are already beginning to provide extensively for phthisis patients in their Poorhouses, the work is now to be undertaken by the Local Health Authorities. We note that the Majority Report makes no protest against this enormous extension of the area of overlap between the two sets of Authorities, and expressly assumes that, to the extent that tuberculosis prevails among the present pauper host, the Poor Law is to be broken up, and its functions gradually taken over by the Local Health Authorities. Apparently it is admitted that, with regard to persons suffering from tuberculosis in any of its forms, we must give up the assumption that they have some "defect in the citizen character," in common with the vagrants and the unemployed workmen; or at any rate we must give up any idea of treating them for this moral defect or grave danger to their integrity.
[866] Circular of 10th March, 1906, of Local Government Board for Scotland.
What the public welfare requires is, as is now admitted, that these sick persons should be treated with a single eye to arresting the course of their disease, and restoring them as soon as possible to physical health. Moreover, as sickness is plainly, to an undefined extent, the result of bad environment--of over-crowding, insanitation, unwholesome food, polluted water, or injurious conditions of employment--it is important that it should be in the hands of an authority officially cognisant of this environment, and empowered to alter that which is producing the sickness. The question necessarily arises whether there is any ground for dealing with any neglected sick persons who need medical treatment, in any different way from that in which we have now decided to treat phthisis patients--whether we have any more ground for assuming the co-existence of a "defect in the citizen character" or "grave danger to its integrity," along with cancer, rheumatism, lead poisoning, hernia, or varicose veins, than along with pulmonary consumption--whether, in fact, the State has any justification for treating any sick person at all otherwise than with a single eye to arresting their diseases and preventing their occurrence in others--whether in the interests of the community as a whole we are not bound to drop the idea of "deterring" the sick "by expectation and example" from coming to be cured, and are not bound therefore to put the whole function into the hands of the organ which the State has created for the prevention and treatment of disease, namely, the Local Health Authority?
When we turn to the aged, who make up the bulk of the remainder of the pauper host, the question of whether or not we can assume the universal existence of a "defect in the citizen character" or "grave danger to its integrity" becomes irrelevant. As there can, speaking practically, be no idea of improving the character of the aged, it is difficult to see why it should be suggested that the worn-out men and women for whom the State has to provide, and whose moral defects cannot now be cured, should necessarily be merged with the persons whose assumed moral defects are still curable, and who are therefore to be placed under an Authority specialising on this business of treating the "defect in the citizen character" that always accompanies the need for State maintenance. In the case of the aged, in fact, the assumption that they should be placed under a Poor Law Authority with a view to remedying their assumed defects becomes hypocritical. In their case, it is clear, their retention in the class "pauper," and their relegation to the Poor Law Authority, is advocated, not for their own good. They are, it is suggested, to be accorded a treatment other than that which the State would otherwise afford to them--that is to say, they are to suffer the stigma of pauperism--merely in order "by expectation and example" to deter other persons from taking advantage in their old age of the maintenance which the State affords. This policy we are relieved from having to characterise, because by the passing of the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908, the community has, even whilst we were deliberating, definitely declared against it. We see, therefore, no need whatsoever, now that there is in every County and Burgh a special Authority for the aged (the Local Pension Committee), for relegating any aged persons to the Poor Law Authority.
Of the non-able-bodied paupers--and it is for the non-able-bodied that the Scottish Poor Law lawfully provides--there remain only "the feeble-minded," and the epileptic, and the persons of "unsound mind," who make up nearly one-fifth of the whole of Scottish pauperism. Of this fifth, about two-thirds are already under the administrative care, not of the Poor Law Authority at all, but of the Local Lunacy Authority, whilst about one-third (including the epileptics, the uncertified imbeciles, and the merely feeble-minded) are still looked after by the Parish Councils. All these persons, we must admit, actually do have, co-existing with their pauperism, a "defect in the citizen character," a mental weakness frequently "moral" in its nature, and one which is coming more and more to be regarded as susceptible to appropriate treatment. Here then, if anywhere, one might think that there is ground for assigning these paupers to the Authority which is by its supporters assumed to specialise on the treatment of the specific "defect in the citizen character," which is asserted to be co-extensive with the need for State maintenance. But the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, after exhaustively examining the subject and concentrating its whole attention upon it, came to the conclusion that the Poor Law Authority was inherently unsuited for treating any kind of mentally defective person, and decided to recommend the removal of all such persons from the sphere of the Poor Law, and their being placed henceforth entirely in the hands of an Authority, the Local Lunacy Authority, which had both the special knowledge and the special machinery for treating the _mental defectiveness that had been actually proved to exist_, rather than the hypothetical "defect in the citizen character" that their need of State maintenance is supposed to imply. Our colleagues who have signed the Majority Report, torn between their own assumption of the need for "one Authority and only one Authority" for all the destitute, and the very authoritative recommendations of the contemporary Royal Commission, have apparently been unable to come to any certain conclusion as to what they wish done with regard to this one-fifth of all the paupers. In the Majority Report for England and Wales, dated February 1909, our colleagues concurred with us in recommending the carrying out of the proposals of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded; in desiring the transfer of all provision for the mentally defective to the Local Lunacy Authorities; in urging the removal from this unfortunate class of the "stigma of pauperism," and in so far "breaking up the Poor Law," and departing from the idea of relegating all who needed State maintenance to "one Authority and one Authority only," which should treat them all for their assumed common "defect in the citizen character."[867] In the case of Ireland, where the lunatic asylums are at present entirely outside the Poor Law, and their inmates are not paupers, our colleagues, in their Majority Report, dated June 1909, recommended exactly the opposite course from that which they proposed for England and Wales. Instead of transferring the feeble-minded to the Local Lunacy Authority, they recommended that the Local Lunacy Authority should cease to exist as a separate Authority; and that all the lunatics and lunatic asylums should be transferred, along with the unemployed workmen and the infectious sick, to the new Authority that they wish to administer the Poor Law. When we come to Scotland, our colleagues, in their Majority Report dated October 1909, _made no recommendations on the subject at all as to the Authority_;[868] and are therefore in the position of implicitly endorsing the _status quo_, which, as we have mentioned, is one of overlap between the Poor Law and Lunacy Authorities, each of which has under its administrative care a certain proportion of the lunatics, idiots, imbeciles, epileptics, and feeble-minded for whom Scotland has to provide, and with regard to some of whom very inadequate provision is now made. We cannot agree to leave the matter in this way. We do not see that the nature of lunacy or feeble-mindedness differs in the three Kingdoms to such an extent as to warrant three different policies in its treatment. We think that the first mind of our colleagues was the best. We, like the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, see no reason why lunatics should be treated as paupers any more than as criminals. We certainly see no reason why Scottish lunatics and feeble-minded should remain paupers, when English lunatics and feeble-minded are to be relieved from this stigma. We, therefore, think that Scotland should see to it that the mentally defective of all grades are, at the earliest possible moment, wholly removed from the Poor Law and the Poor Law Authority, and placed entirely under the care of the special Lunacy Authority, which can deal with them with a single eye to the needs of their condition.
[867] "With regard to this class, their case is fully dealt with in the Report of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded. If, as we hope, the recommendations of that Commission are carried into effect, a system of control over the feeble-minded will be initiated which will free the Poor Law Administration from one of its greatest difficulties. Meanwhile, we think that, as a provisional measure, the Poor Law Authorities should be given power to detain feeble-minded persons who come under their care" (Majority Report for England and Wales, Part IX. par. 151, Class II. (_a_)).
[868] We find merely a recommendation that powers of detention of unmarried mothers be given to the Poor Law Authority. "We think that if they can be medically certified as feeble-minded, they should be detained by a judicial warrant authorising such detention, and we approve the recommendations to that effect made by the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded" (Majority Report for Scotland, Part III. ch. xii. sec. 323). In a later section of the Report, in describing the cases in which it is recommended that the Poor Law Authority should exercise powers of "detention or continuous treatment," we read that "All feeble-minded persons, whether unmarried mothers or others, should, we think, be subject to complete control on the lines laid down by the Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded."--_Ibid._ Part VII. ch. v. sec. 66. We can only infer that our colleagues wish to retain these persons in Scotland under the Poor Law Authority, and to continue to include them as paupers.
We proceed now to consider the last section of all, the adult able-bodied man or woman without means, who becomes destitute through not being in employment at wages. We think that it is invidious and unwarranted to assume that such unemployment is, in any particular case, wholly or even mainly the result of any "defect of the citizen character." We have been unable to resist the evidence that unemployment, and even acute distress from unemployment, comes, as a matter of fact, to workmen of excellent skill and character. We have been much impressed, amid the heterogeneous crowd of "the unemployed," by the number of worthy and capable men who have found themselves thrown out of long-held situations by the bankruptcy of their employers, by some change of industrial process, by the invention of a new machine, or by the decay of particular industries. In these cases, as has been well brought out by Mr. W. H. Beveridge,[869] the very excellence of the workman, by his long continuance in the groove to which the employer has required him to fit, may have rendered him less capable of obtaining another situation, and even less able to fill it when found. Notwithstanding the frequency of cases of this sort, it is, we think, clear that a majority of those who, in any given state of trade, come into distress through long-continued unemployment or chronic "under-employment," are--with many individual exceptions--either the less strong or the less fit, the less skilled or the less capable, the less responsible or the less regular in their industry of the wage-earning community. Hence though it is the relative defectiveness of the social environment (such as the lack of organisation of the Labour Market, or the anarchic fluctuations of trade) that in the main determine the amount of Under-employment, or the degree to which Under-employment prevails, at any given place and time, it is the relative defectiveness of one wage-earner as compared with another that in the main determines upon which individuals the Unemployment or Under-employment will actually fall. This fact, though it does not relieve us from the necessity of providing for these individuals, serves as a warning against certain proposed methods of provision. Moreover, whilst persons cannot voluntarily become infants or children, or aged or mentally defective, in order to qualify for the provision which the State makes for these sections, and are not likely to make themselves acutely sick or permanently infirm in order to get medically treated, even if this incidentally includes their maintenance, there is an obvious danger that the lower types of men will tend to become destitute through chronic unemployment, if "by expectation and example" they see any chance of maintenance without sustained effort, under conditions as pleasant to them as work at wages. Hence, in the case of the able-bodied, it is true that the result of the State provision on the amount and quality of productive effort, not only in the persons treated, but also in all those who might "by expectation and example" be led to apply for treatment, becomes the paramount consideration.
[869] _Unemployment_, by W. H. Beveridge, 1909.
The suggestion that "where there is a failure of social self-maintenance ... there is a defect in the citizen character, or at least a grave danger to its integrity," is, indeed, in any careful analysis, seen to be true, if at all, of the able-bodied and of the able-bodied only. It is exactly because we realise the overwhelming importance to the character of the community of stimulating, in all sections of the able-bodied, the desire and faculty for self-maintenance, that we urge the necessity of having an Authority dealing with the able-bodied, and with the able-bodied only. It is, we suggest, just because the Parish Council, as a Poor Law Authority, has been required to be simultaneously a Hospital Authority for the sick, an Asylum Authority for the mentally defective, an Education Authority for the children, and a Pension Authority for the aged, that it has never been able to deal efficiently with the able-bodied. If it had been able to keep its Poorhouse exclusively for the able-bodied--even for the able-bodied whom the medical officer felt obliged to certify as temporarily disabled lest they should starve to death--it might, at any rate, by appropriate discipline, have stopped the Poorhouse from becoming a visible source of deterioration of the able-bodied inmates. The inference, therefore, that we draw from the argument as to the "moral factor" in destitution, of which, in the case of the able-bodied, we recognise the full force, is that it is imperative that there should be, not one Authority for all persons needing public assistance, whatever their age, sex, or condition, but _one Authority for all the adult able-bodied persons_ who are not specially certified as sick or permanently incapacitated, as mentally defective, or as having attained a specified limit of age. We regard the wise treatment of all such adult able-bodied persons as have to be maintained from public funds as being of such great difficulty and complexity as to demand, not only that it should be the work of a single Authority specialising on their problem, but also that this Authority should be one free from the influences of particular localities, and able to command the highest administrative skill that the nation can supply.
There is an additional reason for not thrusting the able-bodied unemployed person into the hands of a new Poor Law Authority restricted to the function of relieving destitution. Up to the present, the Scottish Poor Law has not included any provision whatsoever for the able-bodied, the only lawful method of relief from public funds being that afforded by the Distress Committee under the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905. Hence the famous principle of the English Poor Law reform of 1834--that the condition of the able-bodied pauper should always be less eligible than that of the lowest grade of independent labourer--has never been adopted by the administrators of the Scottish Poor Law. To transfer, as is proposed by our colleagues in the Majority Report, the whole responsibility for the able-bodied unemployed from the Distress Committees to a new Poor Law, or, as they say, Public Assistance Authority, would, we think, inevitably tend to introduce into Scotland a principle which has, in England, proved a complete failure. We now see that the condition of the lowest grade of independent labourer--whether he is chronically "under-employed" like the whole class of dock and other casual labourers, or "sweated" like the home-working chair maker or slipper-maker--is so deplorably below the level of adequate subsistence that to make the lot of the pauper "less eligible" means to reduce him below any acceptable standard of civilised existence. It has been found, in fact, impossible to give the pauper less food, less clothing, less rest and sleep, or less eligible housing accommodation than that of the lowest grade of independent labourer without actually and obviously impairing his physical health. Hence the alternative has been to concentrate the "less eligibility" on the conditions of the pauper's mental life. However worthy and innocent have been the able-bodied applicants for Poor Law relief, the policy of the English Poor Law has been to degrade them in their own eyes and in the eyes of the public, to exclude them from citizenship by depriving them (though not the convicted criminals) of the right to be placed on the electoral register; to subject them to hard labour of the most monotonous and useless character, such as stone-breaking or corn-grinding, or even oakum-picking; to subject them to the shameful promiscuity of the General Mixed Workhouse or the gaol-like severities of the Able-bodied Test Workhouse; and this "deterrent" treatment has, by the very principles of the Poor Law, had to be meted out to all comers, whether or not they have been found, as a matter of fact, to have any moral defect at all. This "principle of less eligibility" has been, in fact, in the English Poor Law, a mere device for mechanically diminishing, "by expectation and example," able-bodied pauperism--meaning help from the Poor Rate. It has been found wholly ineffective (and has, indeed, stood in the way of the adoption of anything effective) for diminishing the able-bodied destitution which leads presently to pauperism, as well as for striking at the causes which bring men to this destitution. This policy of "less eligibility," into which any Poor Law Authority is only too apt to be driven in dealing with the able-bodied, seems to us so futile and so barbarous in its inhumanity, and leads to such demoralising forms of parasitism on the labour of women and children, on begging and vagrancy, and even on a career of crime, that we should regard its introduction into Scotland, by the new Public Assistance Authorities that our colleagues propose, as nothing less than a national disaster.
We think that the time has come for the nation definitely to repudiate the policy of "deterring" persons who are destitute from coming under the care and control of the State; and this equally when the destitute persons are able-bodied and when they are sick or mentally defective. We urge the deliberate adoption of the opposite principle of searching out those who are in any respect destitute, with a view to taking hold of their cases at the earliest possible moment, when they may still be curable, and of enforcing on all able-bodied persons the obligation to maintain themselves and their dependants in health and efficiency. We consider that it is now possible to proceed with regard to unemployment on the same general lines as we proceed with regard to illiteracy in children and with regard to infectious disease. We recommend that, by the systematic enforcement of parental responsibility for the condition of all dependants by the Local Education Authority and the Local Health Authority, and by the systematic suppression of mendicity and vagrancy by the Local Police Authority, every person who is not in a position to provide for his wife and children, or who wilfully or negligently abstains from doing so, should--whether or not he applies for assistance--stand revealed to the new Authority that we propose for dealing with the able-bodied. By an organised use of the National Labour Exchange this Authority will be able to ascertain whether there are possibilities of employment for such men, and where such openings are, and what is the kind of training that they require. If resort to the National Labour Exchange becomes general among employers, and if it is made compulsory on those who take on hands for casual jobs, it will be possible for the Authority so to "dovetail" jobs and seasonal occupations as to go far towards ensuring continuous employment for those who are taken on at all. There will remain the persons who by this very "decasualisation" of labour and suppression of chronic "under-employment" are squeezed out of their present miserable partial earnings. For these it must be the duty of the National Authority to provide, and, as soon as possible, absorb them in productive industry. Fortunately there is at hand in the diminution of boy labour by the increasing absorption of the boy's time in technical education, in the reduction of excessive hours of labour on railways, tramways, and omnibuses, and in the withdrawal of the mothers of young children from the labour market when they are required, as a condition of their aliment, to devote themselves to their family, together with the possibilities of development opened up by afforestation, etc., which we have elsewhere sufficiently described, more than enough opportunities for the absorption of this temporary surplus. But the cyclical fluctuations of trade, with the consequent waxing and waning of the aggregate demand of productive industry, must always be counted on; and these cyclical fluctuations in demand for labour, as we have shown, can be counteracted, and the volume of wage-earning employment in the country as a whole maintained at something like a constant level, by a mere rearrangement over each decade, of the Government works and orders that must in any case be executed within the decade, though not necessarily, as at present, in equal instalments year by year. All this organised attempt _to prevent unemployment_, which we regard as the primary duty of the National Authority, though we have reason to believe that it can obviate the greater part of the involuntary lack of work from which so many of the wage-earners now suffer, will not, of course, completely secure every individual workman in permanent employment. To provide for such cases we look, in the main, to a great extension of Trade Union insurance, rendered possible to many more industries than can yet organise "out of work benefit" by adequate subventions from public funds on the lines of the well-known Ghent system. Finally, when all this is done, the National Authority for the able-bodied will still have on its hands those who are for one reason or another uninsured, and for whom, whether from their own faults or defects or not, the Labour Exchange fails to find a situation. But even these must not be deterred from coming under care and control, and must, in the public interest, not be kept at arm's length to degenerate or become demoralised. For them the National Authority must provide maintenance, with adequate Home Aliment for their dependants, in the way that we have described, and under the course of physical and industrial training best calculated to make them more fit than they now are for the work which the Labour Exchange will, sooner or later, be able to find for them. We see no reason for penal conditions, such as have prevailed in the English Able-bodied Test Workhouses, for any honest and willing man. Only when a man has been definitely proved to be unwilling to work for the maintenance of himself and his dependants, or persists in recalcitrancy and refusal to co-operate in his own cure, need he be committed by the magistrates to a Detention Colony, there to be treated in whatever way is found best adapted to remedy the moral defect which he will then have been actually convicted of possessing.
To sum up, we hold it untrue and unwarranted to suggest that all those whom the State finds on its hands as destitute--the infants and children, the sick and the mentally defective, the aged and the unemployed able-bodied--have necessarily any moral taint or defect in common, for which they need all to be treated by a single Authority, or can properly all be treated by such an authority, specialising on this presumed common attribute. We hold, on the contrary, that experience has demonstrated that, although individuals in all sections of the destitute may be morally defective, and this in all sorts of different ways, the great mass of destitution is the direct and (given human nature as it is) almost inevitable result of the social environment in which the several sections have found themselves; and that it can, to a large and as yet undefined extent, be obviated if the cases are taken in time, and the environment appropriately changed. We suggest that the failure of the existing Poor Law Authorities is due mainly to the fact that, as Poor Law Authorities, they are inherently incapable of getting hold of the cases in time before destitution has set in, and that they are necessarily prevented, by their very nature as "Destitution Authorities," from changing the social environment which is bringing about the destitution, or from providing the new environment that is necessary, whether by way of treatment or by way of disciplinary supervision after actual treatment, either for the infants or for the children, for the sick or for the mentally defective, for the aged and infirm or for the unemployed able-bodied. We consider that it is proved, by the experience of the several specialised and preventive Authorities that have been established for this purpose, that the arrest of the causes of destitution, and the necessary changes in the social environment, can be effected only by making each such Authority responsible for its own special part of the work of prevention, and for providing the appropriate treatment for the particular section of persons in whom it may have failed to prevent destitution. We fully admit the importance of the "moral factor" in contributing to the production of some of the destitution in all the sections; but the moral defect is not always in the destitute person himself, and we hold that this "moral factor" can never be effectually dealt with, and can never be subjected to the disciplinary and reformatory treatment that it requires, until we give up assuming its existence where we have no actual proof, and until we are prepared to base such treatment solely upon the definite conviction, by judicial process, of particular individuals for particular offences. In no case, whether individually innocent or morally guilty, do we think that the destitute person should be refused treatment, or "deterred" from applying for it. On the contrary, we hold that every destitute person not under treatment is a menace to the commonweal; and the public authorities should therefore search out all such cases, as if they were cases of typhus, and endeavour to get hold of them at the most incipient stage of the disease. And if we are asked what we would substitute for the "deterrent" treatment of the Poor Law, in order to protect the State from being eaten up by a multitude of applicants for its aid, we reply that in no case do we suggest the provision of maintenance, or of any form of public assistance, otherwise than in the guise of the most appropriate treatment for the actual disease or infirmity or lack that the individual is demonstrated to be suffering from; that this treatment is not necessarily gratuitous, efficient provision being made for recovery of cost wherever there is ability to pay; that such treatment is never unconditional, and is from the very nature of the case disciplinary; that it necessarily includes long-continued supervision, even after treatment; and that co-operation in one's own cure, together with willingness to fulfil all parental, marital, and personal obligations, _opportunity to doing so being provided_, will for the first time be really enforced, and if necessary enforced, when other means have failed, by commitment to a Detention Colony.
_Summary of Conclusions_
It is on all these grounds that we feel compelled to dissent from the recommendations of the Majority Report in favour of setting up a new Destitution Authority, which should administer relief only at the period of destitution, and which should have under its charge indiscriminately men, women, and children, the sick and the healthy, the infant and the aged, the unemployed workman and the incorrigible vagrant. We believe that the establishment of any such general Destitution Authority, under whatever designation, and however selected or appointed, would inevitably lead to the perpetuation of the General Mixed Poorhouse, and the customary dole of Aliment or Outdoor Relief. We cannot but fear that such a proposal means the abandonment of any hope of _preventing the occurrence_ of Unemployment and the gradual sinking into destitution that we see going on; that it implies practically a despairing acquiescence in the daily manufacture of "unemployables," and in the daily creation of new pauperism, which is the disquieting feature of the time. We, on the contrary, believe that _destitution can be prevented_, and that it is the business of the State, in its national and local organisation, to take the steps necessary to prevent it. In this dissent we have confined ourselves to argument as to the general principle. We have not attempted to make definite and detailed recommendations as to how the principle of breaking up the Poor Law, and transferring its several services to the specialised preventive Authorities, should be applied to the present machinery of administration in Scotland. We do not feel qualified, for instance, to decide whether the care of the children can be best entrusted wholly to the School Boards, or whether, with a view to an equalisation of the rates, this work might advantageously be shared in by the County Committees of districts under the Education (Scotland) Act of 1908. We do not pretend to advise whether the District Boards of Lunacy, with the new duties with regard to the feeble-minded, and the complete disconnection of all their work from the Poor Law recommended by the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, as well as by ourselves, should or should not be modified in constitution; or whether it might not be more advantageous for Scotland, and more calculated to relieve its local administration from an onerous and unequally distributed burden, if the whole work of providing for the mentally defective were made a national service and a national charge. With regard to the Local Health organisation, which has in some parts of Scotland to cope with great geographical difficulties, we do not feel warranted in making any definite recommendation as to the constitutions, areas, and powers of the present Health Authority in Burghs and Counties respectively. Nor do we think it necessary to pronounce upon the question of whether the National Department for the Able-bodied--with its Labour Exchanges, its help towards Insurance against Unemployment, its duty in regularising the seasonal trades and "decasualising" casual labour, its work in promoting the absorption of the surplus labourers who may be thus squeezed out, its attempts to regularise the aggregate national demand for labour, and its training establishments and Detention Colonies--should be separate and self-contained for Scotland, or whether it might not, like the Board of Trade and the Factory Inspection Department, more advantageously form part of the wider organisation for the United Kingdom as a whole. All these are administrative details to be determined by those personally acquainted with Scottish Local Government, and in accordance with Scottish public opinion. We must content ourselves with suggesting that, if it is thought that the time has come when we need no longer rest satisfied with merely relieving destitution, but can start an effective campaign for its prevention; if it is felt that the children ought to be rescued from demoralisation and the sick from preventable disease and preventable suffering; if it is desired to put an end to the demoralisation and destruction of character now caused by Unemployment, and especially by Under-employment, then we must proceed generally upon the lines herein laid down.
* * * * *
We therefore recommend:--
1. That the Scottish Poor Law be abolished, and in its stead an entirely different method of provision for those needing public aid be inaugurated, so as to get rid of pauperism, both the name and the thing.
2. That a systematic Crusade against Destitution in all its forms be set on foot; against the destitution caused by Unemployment, the destitution caused by Old Age, the destitution caused by Feeble-mindedness and Lunacy, the destitution caused by Ill-health and Disease, and the destitution caused by Neglected Infancy and Neglected Childhood.
3. That the Local Education Authority be empowered and required to search out all children of school age within its district who are destitute of proper nurture, and to secure to them a fitting upbringing.
4. That the Local Health Authority be empowered and required to search out all sick persons within its district who are destitute of medical attendance, all infants destitute of proper nurture, and all infirm persons needing medical attendance and nursing, and to apply the appropriate treatment, either in the homes or in suitable institutions.
5. That the Lunacy Authority be empowered and required to search out all feeble-minded and mentally defective persons destitute of proper care and control, and to make appropriate provision for them.
6. That the Local Pension Authority be empowered and required to search out all persons within its district who are destitute from old age, and to provide Old Age Pensions for such of them as are able and willing to live decently thereon.
7. That a new National Authority be empowered and required to search out all able-bodied persons destitute of employment; to take the necessary steps both to diminish, as far as practicable, the social disease of Unemployment, and to supply proper maintenance and training for those who are unemployed and unprovided for.
8. That all these specialised and preventive Authorities be empowered and required to enforce, by counsel and warning, by the sustained pressure of public opinion, and where needed by process of law, the obligation of all able-bodied persons to maintain themselves and their families in due health and efficiency.
INDEX OF UNIONS AND OTHER PLACES MENTIONED
Aberayron, 322
Abergavenny, 322, 324
Aberystwith, 322
Abingdon, 23 _n._, 322
Albans, St., 322
Alcester, 322
Alderbury, 322, 337
Aldershot, 217 _n._
Alnwick, 322
Alstonfield, 322, 323, 331
Alton, 322, 330
Altrincham, 322, 325
Alverstoke, 322
Amersham, 322
Amesbury, 322
Ampthill, 322, 341
Andover, 75, 132, 322
Andrew, St. (Whittlesey), 340
Anglesey, 322, 330
Arrington, 326
Arundel, 322, 327
Asaph, St., 322
Ash, 323, 328, 329
Ashbourne, 322, 323
Ashby de la Zouch, 323
Ashford, 323
Ashton-under-Lyne, 27 _n._, 130 _n._, 323
Aston, 23 _n._, 323
Atcham, 109 _n._, 323, 337
Atherstone, 323, 324
Auckland, 323
Austell, St., 323
Australia, 141, 142
Axbridge, 323
Aylesbury, 323
Aylsham, 323
Aysgarth, 323
Bainbridge, 323
Bakewell, 98 _n._, 107 _n._, 180 _n._, 323
Bala, 323
Banbury, 323
Bangor, 323
Barnet, 323
Barnsley, 128 _n._, 323
Barnstaple, 323
Barrow-in-Furness, 323, 339
Barrow-on-Soar, 323
Barton Regis, 323, 325, 326, 339
Barton-upon-Irwell, 323, 326
Barwick-in-Elmet, 323, 331, 335, 338, 340
Basford, 323
Basingstoke, 323
Bath, 173, 323
Battle, 323
Beaminster, 323
Beaumaris, 323
Bedale, 177 _n._, 323
Bedford, 323
Bedminster, 157 _n._, 323, 332
Bedwellty, 322, 324
Bedworth, 323, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333, 336
Belford, 324
Bellingham, 324
Belper, 324
Belvoir, 329, 341
Berkhampstead, 324
Berkshire, 137 _n._, 138 _n._
Bermondsey, 101-102, 137 _n._, 324, 333
Berwick-on-Tweed, 324
Bethnal Green, 324
Beverley, 324
Bichester, 324
Bideford, 324
Biggleswade, 324
Billericay, 324
Billesdon, 324
Bingham, 324
Birkenhead, 324, 341
Birmingham, 163, 178, 186 _n._, 208 _n._, 324
Bishop Stortford, 324
Bishopthorpe, 341
Blaby, 324
Blackburn, 324
Blandford, 324
Blean, 324
Blofield, 324
Blything, 324
Bodmin, 224
Bolton, 324
Bootle, 324
Bosmere, 324
Boston, 26 _n._, 324
Boughton, Great, 324, 329
Bourne, 237 _n._, 324
Brackley, 324
Bradfield, 37-38, 138 _n._, 178, 252, 324
Bradford (Wilts), 324
Bradford (Yorks), 34 _n._, 35, 96, 167 _n._, 171, 183, 230-231 _n._, 234, 239, 240 _n._, 241 _n._, 254 _n._, 324, 334
Braintree, 325, 341
Bramley, 217 _n._, 325
Brampton, 325
Brecknock, 325
Brentford, 325
Bridge, 325
Bridgend, 325
Bridgnorth, 325
Bridgwater, 325
Bridlington, 325
Bridport, 325
Brighton, 325
Brinton, 325, 339
Bristol, 157 _n._, 253, 323, 325
Brixworth, 253, 325
Broadstairs, 188 _n._
Bromley, 325
Bromsgrove, 325
Bromyard, 325
Buckingham, 325
Bucklow, 322, 325
Builth, 325
Buntingford, 325
Burnley, 325
Burton-upon-Trent, 325
Bury, 325
Bury St. Edmunds, 325
Caistor, 237, 325, 329
Calne, 325
Camberwell, 139 _n._, 187, 325
Cambridge, 325
Camelford, 325
Canada, 142, 250
Cannock, 325, 335
Canterbury, 325
Cardiff, 325, 335
Cardigan, 325
Carlisle, 237 _n._, 325
Carlton, 325, 330, 331, 340
Carmarthen, 325
Carnarvon, 325
Castle Ward, 325
Catherington, 26 _n._, 325
Caton, 326, 331, 332
Caxton, 326
Cerne, 326
Chailey, 326, 332
Chapel-en-le-Frith, 326
Chard, 326
Charterhouse, 322
Cheadle, 326
Chelmsford, 326
Chelsea, 326
Cheltenham, 326
Chepstow, 326
Chertsey, 27 _n._, 326
Cheshire, 175 _n._
Chester, 245 _n._, 326, 329, 338
Chesterfield, 326
Chester-le-Street, 326
Chesterton, 326
Chichester, 326
Chippenham, 326
Chipping Norton, 326
Chipping Sodbury, 323, 326
Chorley, 326
Chorlton, 163 _n._, 168 _n._, 214 _n._, 249, 323, 326
Christchurch, 326
Church Stretton, 326
Cirencester, 326
Clapham, 339
Clavering, 333
Claydon, 324
Cleobury Mortimer, 326
Clerkenwell, 326
Clifton, 323, 326
Clitheroe, 326
Clun, 326
Clutton, 326
Cockermouth, 326
Colchester, 34, 326
Columb, St., 326
Congleton, 326
Conway, 326
Cookham, 137 _n._, 326, 332
Cornwall, 70
Corwen, 173, 326
Cosford, 326
Coventry, 326
Cowbridge, 325
Cowley, 112 _n._
Cranborne, 340
Cranbrook, 326
Crediton, 26 _n._, 326
Crickhowell, 327
Cricklade, 327
Croydon, 217, 327
Cuckfield, 327
Darenth, 224, 225
Darlington, 192 _n._, 327
Dartford, 327
Daventry, 327
Depwade, 327, 329
Derby, 327
Devizes, 327
Devonport, 327, 338
Dewsbury, 327
Docking, 327
Dolgelly, 327
Doncaster, 327
Dorchester, 327
Dore, 327
Dorking, 327
Dover, 327
Downham, 327
Drayton, 247 _n._, 327
Driffield, 327
Droitwich, 327
Droxford, 327
Dudley, 327
Dulverton, 327
Dunmow, 327
Durham, 327
Dursley, 327
Easington, 327
Easingwold, 327
Eastbourne, 327, 340
East Grinstead, 327
Easthampstead, 327
East Preston, 322, 327, 338
East Retford, 327
Eastry, 327
East Stonehouse, 327
East Ward, 327
Eccleshall Bierlow, 327
Edmonton, 327, 329
Elham, 327
Ellesmere, 327, 340
Ely, 327
Epping, 328
Epsom, 328
Erpingham, 328, 337
Escrick, 341
Eton, 328
Evesham, 90 _n._, 114 _n._, 328
Exeter, 328
Faith, St., 328
Falmouth, 328
Fareham, 328
Faringdon, 328
Farnborough, 328, 329
Farnham, 217 _n._, 323, 328
Faversham, 232 _n._, 328
Festiniog, 328
Flaxton, 341
Flegg, East and West, 328
Foleshill, 26 _n._, 324, 328
Forden, 328, 333
Fordingbridge, 328
Forehoe, 328
Forest Gate, 190, 194
France, 132
Freebridge Lynn, 328
Fulham, 328, 329
Fylde, 328
Gainsborough, 328
Garstang, 328
Gateshead, 238 _n._, 328
George, St., Bloomsbury, 328
George, St., Hanover Square, 240, 328, 333
George, St., in the East, 328
George, St., the Martyr, 328
George, St. (Union), 328
Germans, St., 240 _n._, 328
Germany, 132
Giles, St., (Camberwell) 328
Giles, St., in the Fields, 119, 328
Glanford Brigg, 329
Glendale, 241, 329
Glossop, 329
Gloucester, 329
Godstone, 329
Goole, 329
Gosport, 322
Gower, 329, 338
Grantham, 249 _n._, 329, 341
Gravesend, 329
Great Boughton, 326, 329, 340
Great Ouseburn, 323
Great Preston, 329, 330, 331, 335, 337, 338, 339
Great Yarmouth, 329, 334, 341
Greenwich, 329, 341
Grimsby, 325, 329
Guildford, 323, 329
Guiltcross, 326, 329, 339
Guisborough, 329, 333
Hackney, 246, 329
Hadleigh, 171
Hailsham, 329, 340
Halifax, 329
Halstead, 329
Haltwhistle, 329
Hambledon, 329
Hammersmith, 328, 329
Hampstead, 327, 329
Happing, 337, 339
Hardingstone, 329
Hartismere, 329
Hartlepool, 329, 338
Hartley Wintney, 217 _n._, 323, 328, 329
Haslingden, 329
Hastings, 329
Hatfield, 329
Havant, 329
Haverfordwest, 329
Hawarden, 326, 329, 338, 341
Hay, 329
Hayfield, 330
Headington, 330
Headley, 322, 330, 335
Helmsley, 330
Helston, 330
Hemel Hempstead, 330
Hemsworth, 25 _n._, 330
Hendon, 330, 340
Henley, 330
Henstead, 330
Hereford, 330
Hertford, 330
Hexham, 247 _n._, 330
Highworth, 330, 338
Hinckley, 324, 330
Hitchin, 330
Holbeach, 330
Holbeck, 325, 330
Holborn, 102, 103, 104 _n._, 109, 119, 158, 322, 330, 331, 332
Hollingbourne, 330
Holsworthy, 330
Holyhead, 322, 330
Holywell, 330
Honiton, 330
Hoo, 330
Horncastle, 330
Horsham, 330
Houghton le Spring, 330
Howden, 330
Hoxne, 330
Huddersfield, 330
Hungerford, 330
Hunslet, 325, 330, 336
Huntingdon, 330
Hursley, 330
Inns of Court, 322
Ipswich, 331
Ireland, 118, 219
Islington, 164 _n._, 331
Ives, St., 331
James, St. (Clerkenwell), 330, 331
James, St. (Westminster), 331, 340
Jarrow, 177 _n._
Keighley, 201, 247 _n._, 331
Kendal, 331
Kensington, 163, 170, 331
Kent, 70
Kent, East, 57, 60
Kettering, 331
Keynsham, 331, 341, 342
Kidderminster, 331
Kingsbridge, 331
Kingsclere, 331
Kings Lynn, 331
Kings Norton, 331
Kingston-upon-Hull, 331
Kingston-on-Thames, 217, 331
Kington, 331, 336
Kirkby Moorside, 330, 331
Kirkdale, 112 _n._
Knaresborough, 331
Knighton, 331, 336
Laindon, 170
Lambeth, 34, 212 _n._, 215 _n._, 260, 332
Lampeter, 331
Lancashire, 59 _n._, 90 _n._, 91, 92-94, 105, 129 _n._, 136 _n._, 142, 166, 222 _n._
Lancaster, 326, 331
Lanchester, 331
Langport, 331
Launceston, 331
Launditch, 333
Ledbury, 331
Leeds, 217 _n._, 323, 325, 331, 336
Leek, 322, 331
Leicester, 113 _n._, 165 _n._, 331
Leigh, 331
Leighton Buzzard, 332, 341
Leominster, 332
Leonard, St. (Shoreditch), 332
Lewes, 326, 332, 340
Lewisham, 332, 341
Lexden, 332, 341
Leyburn, 332
Lichfield, 332
Lincoln, 332
Lingfield, 171
Linton, 332
Liskeard, 332
Liverpool, 19, 55, 112 _n._, 120, 146 _n._, 217, 237, 332
Llandilo Fawr, 332
Llandovery, 332
Llanelly, 332
Llanfyllin, 332
Llanidloes, 334
Llanrwst, 332
Loddon, 332
London, 14, 25, 34, 35, 91, 96-98, 99, 108, 112, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 136 _n._, 137 _n._, 139 _n._, 140, 145, 147 _n._, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 169 _n._, 174 _n._, 178, 186, 188 _n._, 190, 192 _n._, 207 _n._, 208, 212 _n._, 214, 215, 224, 225, 227, 231, 233 _n._, 235, 242, 243, 264, 332 Long Ashton, 323, 332
Longtown, 332
Lothingland, 334, 341
Loughborough, 332
Louth, 332
Ludlow, 109 _n._, 332
Luke, St. (Chelsea), 332
Luke, St. (Middlesex), 330, 332
Lunesdale, 326, 332
Luton, 332
Lutterworth, 324, 332
Lymington, 332
Macclesfield, 332
Machynlleth, 332
Madeley, 332
Maidenhead, 326, 332
Maidstone, 332
Maldon, 26 _n._, 332, 341
Malling, 332
Malmesbury, 332
Malton, 332, 342
Manchester, 92 _n._, 94, 104, 105 _n._, 108 _n._, 112 _n._, 118 _n._, 119 _n._, 120 _n._, 124, 141, 152, 153, 163, 168 _n._, 175, 178, 214 _n._, 215, 217 _n._, 333, 336
Mansfield, 333
Margaret, St., 328, 333
Margate, 108 _n._, 188 _n._, 241 _n._
Market Bosworth, 324, 333
Market Drayton, 333
Market Harborough, 333
Marlborough, 333
Marston Green, 186 _n._
Martin, St., 333, 338
Mary, St. (Islington), 333
Mary, St. (Lambeth), 333
Mary, St. (Newington), 333
Mary, St. (Rotherhithe), 333
Mary, St. (Whittlesey), 333, 340
Mary Magdalen, St., 324, 333
Marylebone, St., 145 _n._, 333
Medway, 333
Melksham, 333, 339
Melton Mowbray, 333
Mere, 333
Meriden, 333
Merthyr Tydfil, 333, 335
Middlesborough, 329, 333, 338
Midhurst, 333, 338
Mildenhall, 225, 333
Mile End New Town, 333
Mile End Old Town, 214 _n._, 333, 338
Milton, 329, 333
Mitcham, 127 _n._
Mitford and Launditch, 333
Monmouth, 333
Montgomery, 328, 333
Morpeth, 334
Mutford and Lothingland, 334, 341
Nantwich, 334, 340
Narberth, 334
Neath, 334, 335
Neot's, St., 334
Newark, 334
Newbury, 334
Newcastle in Emlyn, 334
Newcastle-under-Lyme, 334
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 34 _n._, 59 _n._, 105 _n._, 112-113 _n._, 114 _n._, 151 _n._, 158 _n._, 216 _n._, 220 _n._, 334
Newent, 334
New Forest, 334
Newhaven, 334
Newington, 152 _n._, 334
Newmarket, 334
Newport (Monmouth), 334
Newport (Salop), 334
Newport Pagnell, 334
Newton Abbot, 334
Newtown and Llanidloes, 334
Norfolk, 218
Northallerton, 334
Northampton, 334
North Aylesford, 334, 338
North Bierley, 324, 334
Northleach, 334
North Shields, 177 _n._
North Witchford, 334
Norton, 332, 342
Norwich, 25, 66, 109-111, 129, 201, 334
Norwood, 44, 108 _n._
Nottingham, 322, 334, 336, 342
Nuneaton, 26 _n._, 334
Oakham, 334
Okehampton, 334
Olave, St., 212 _n._, 324, 333, 334
Old Gravel Lane, 238 _n._
Oldham, 334
Ongar, 334
Ormskirk, 334
Orsett. 334
Oswestry, 334
Oundle, 334
Ouseburn, 335
Oxford, 112 _n._, 335
Paddington, 119 _n._, 335
Pancras, St., 322, 335, 342
Pateley Bridge, 335
Patrington, 335
Pembroke, 335
Penbridge, 325, 335
Penistone, 335, 341
Penrith, 335
Penzance, 335
Pershore, 335
Peterborough, 335
Petersfield, 330, 335
Petworth, 335, 338
Pewsey, 335
Pickering, 335
Plomesgate, 335
Plymouth, 28 _n._, 42 _n._, 125 _n._, 208 _n._, 335
Plympton, 335
Pocklington, 335
Pontadawe, 334, 335, 338
Pontefract, 323, 335, 336
Pontypool, 335
Pontypridd, 325, 333, 335
Pool, 328, 333
Poole, 335
Poplar, 63 _n._, 73, 121 _n._, 129, 142, 144 _n._, 157, 161-163, 164 _n._, 166 _n._, 169-171, 178, 211 _n._, 232 _n._, 236, 236-237 _n._, 241, 243, 260, 335
Portsea Island, 208 _n._, 335
Portsmouth, 335
Potterspury, 336
Prescot, 336
Presteigne, 331, 336
Preston, 336
Prestwich, 92 _n._, 214 _n._, 333, 336
Purbeck, 339
Pwllheli, 336
Radford, 334, 336
Ramsbury, 330
Reading, 336
Redruth, 221, 336
Reeth, 336
Reigate, 336
Rhayader, 336
Richmond (Surrey), 217, 336
Richmond (Yorks), 336
Ringwood, 336
Ripon, 336
Risbridge, 336
Rochdale, 222 _n._, 336
Rochford, 336
Romford, 336
Romney Marsh, 57, 336
Romsey, 336
Ross, 336
Rothbury, 336
Rotherham, 336
Rotherhithe, 119 _n._, 324, 333, 336
Rottingdean, 188 _n._
Royston, 77, 336
Rugby, 324, 336
Runcorn, 336
Ruthin, 336
Rye, 336
Saddleworth, 336, 337
Saffron Walden, 337
Salford, 105 _n._, 129 _n._, 214 _n._, 337
Salisbury, 322, 337
Samford, 337
Saviour's Street, 328, 333, 337
Scarborough, 337
Scotland, 95, 114, 343-363
Sculcoates, 337
Sedbergh, 337
Sedgefield, 337
Seisdon, 337
Selby, 336, 337
Settle, 337
Sevenoaks, 60, 337
Shaftesbury, 337
Shardlow, 337
Sheffield, 187 _n._, 337
Sheppey, 337
Shepton Mallet, 337
Sherborne, 337
Shiffnal, 337
Shipston-on-Stour, 337
Shoreditch, 337
Shrewsbury, 323, 337
Shropshire, 113
Skipton, 337
Skirlaugh, 337
Sleaford, 337
Smallburgh, 337, 339
Solihull, 337
Southam, 337
Southampton, 337
South Molton, 337
South Shields, 337
South Stoneham, 337
Southwark, 127 _n._, 152 _n._, 328, 333, 337
Southwell, 337
Spalding, 337
Spilsby, 337
Stafford, 337
Staines, 337
Stamford, 337
Stepney, 121 _n._, 161 _n._, 236, 333, 338
Steyning, 338
Stockbridge, 338
Stockport, 338
Stockton, 329, 333, 338
Stoke Damerel, 327, 338
Stokesley, 333, 338
Stoke-upon-Trent, 338
Stone, 338
Stourbridge, 338
Stow, 338
Stow-on-the-Wold, 338
Strand, 119 _n._, 333, 338, 340
Stratford-on-Avon, 338
Stratton, 338
Strood, 338
Stroud, 338
Sturminster, 338
Sudbury, 338
Suffolk, 225
Surrey, North, 188 _n._
Sussex, 70
Sutton, 327, 333, 335, 338, 340
Sutton Courtney, 23 _n._
Swaffham, 338
Swansea, 329, 335, 338
Swindon, 330, 338
Swinton, 108 _n._, 112 _n._
Tadcaster, 323, 336, 338
Tamworth, 338
Tarvin, 324, 326, 329, 338
Taunton, 338
Tavistock, 338
Teesdale, 117 _n._, 338
Tendring, 338
Tenterden, 338
Tetbury, 338
Tewkesbury, 338
Thakeham, 338
Thame, 338
Thanet, Isle of, 339
Thetford, 329, 339
Thingoe, 339
Thirsk, 339
Thomas, St., 339
Thornbury, 323, 339
Thorne, 339
Thrapston, 339
Ticehurst, 339
Tisbury, 339
Tiverton, 339
Todmorden, 339
Tonbridge, 339
Tooting, 108
Torrington, 339
Totnes, 339
Towcester, 339
Toxteth, 217, 339, 340
Tregaron, 339
Trowbridge, 333, 339
Truro, 339
Tunstead, 337, 339
Tynemouth, 177 _n._, 339
Uckfield, 339
Ulverston, 323, 339
Uppingham, 339
Upton-on-Severn, 339
Uttoxeter, 339
Uxbridge, 339
Wakefield, 336, 339
Wallingford, 339
Walsall, 193 _n._, 339
Walsingham, 325, 339
Wandsworth, 339
Wangford, 339
Wantage, 339
Ware, 339
Wareham, 339
Warminster, 339
Warmley, 331, 342
Warrington, 157, 339
Warwick, 339
Watford, 339
Wayland, 329, 339
Weardale, 339
Wellingborough, 339
Wellington (Salop), 339
Wellington (Som.), 339
Wells, 339
Welwyn, 339
Wem, 339, 340
Weobley, 340
Westbourne, 340
West Bromwich, 193 _n._, 340
Westbury, 340
Westbury-on-Severn, 340
West Derby, 216, 339, 340
West Firle, 327, 329, 332, 340
West Ham, 225 _n._, 340
Westhampnett, 338, 340
Westminster, 102 _n._, 128 _n._, 331, 338, 340
West Ward, 340
Wetherby, 323, 325, 340
Weymouth, 340
Wharfedale, 325, 340
Wheatenhurst, 340
Whitby, 340
Whitchurch (Hants), 340
Whitchurch (Salop), 327, 334, 338, 339, 340, 341
Whitechapel, 158 _n._, 170, 171, 260, 340
Whitehaven, 340
Whittlesey, 340
Whorwellsdown, 340
Wigan, 330
Wight, Isle of, 340
Wigton, 340
Willesden, 330, 340
Williton, 340
Wilton, 340
Wimborne, 340
Wincanton, 340
Winchcombe, 341
Winchester, 341
Windsor, 341
Winslow, 341
Winstree, 332, 341
Wirral, 247 _n._, 324, 341
Wisbeach, 341
Witham, 325, 332, 341
Witney, 341
Woburn, 322, 341
Wokingham, 137 _n._, 341
Wolstanton, 341
Wolverhampton, 341
Woodbridge 242 _n._, 341
Woodstock, 341
Woolwich, 239 _n._, 329, 332, 341
Wootton Bassett, 327
Worcester, 341
Worksop, 341
Wortley, 335, 341
Wrexham, 329, 340, 341
Wycombe, 341
Yarmouth, 329, 334, 341
Yeovil, 341
York, 192 _n._, 341, 342
Yorkshire, 59 _n._, 91, 105 _n._, 234, 322
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Able-bodied, the, attendance at classes as condition of relief, 94; not to be allowed out to look for work, 80; but so allowed, 260; beer granted to, 246-247; classification of, 32-33; detention of, 268, 291; definition or want of definition of, 4, 11, 13, 15, 22-23, 32, 51, 90, 100-101; discrimination among, 3-4, 259; disfranchisement of, 261; under Distress Committees, 260-262; emigration of, 260; employment of, under Poor Law, 4-6, 10, 28, 74-75, 121, 133, 246; employment of, at wages, 29, 83, 260-261; families of, 28, 158-159, 170-171, 184; in Farm Colonies, 260; in 1834 Report, 3-6, 11, 13, 236; Ins and Outs among, 288; ineligible for relief in Scotland, 95, 356-361; industrial and reformatory institutions for, 235; labour test for, 36, 84, 154, 156-158, 259-262; luncheon allowed to, 246; under Majority Report, 275; Manchester rules as to, 152; mental trainer for, 260, 265; migration of, 260; under Minority Report, 297; and Modified W. T. Order, 158-159, 170-171; and non-resident relief, 53; outdoor relief to, 4-8, 13, 15, 22-32, 51, 54, 83-87, 90-91, 130, 149, 152-158, 167, 257-259, 260-262; at Poplar, 260; power of Central Authority to regulate, 12-13, 21; and Principle of Curative Treatment, 265; and Principle of Less Eligibility, 3-11, 83-84, 259-261; and Principle of National Uniformity, 3-4, 83, 90-91, 257; relief in kind for, 39, 42, 43, 130; relief on loan, 11; in Scotland, 95, 356-361; Test Workhouse for, 159-164, 243, 358-359; women as, 3, 15; and the workhouse, 5-6, 9-10, 32-33, 61, 74-75, 83-85, 91, 121, 128, 134, 140, 151, 154-160, 165, 235-236, 244-247, 259-260, 262, 268. See also _Unemployed_ and _Vagrants_ ---- Test Workhouse, 159-164, 170, 243, 358-359
Aged and infirm, 3, 8-9, 12, 51-53, 89 _n._, 128-130, 132, 148, 229-240, 265, 271; definition of, 51, 52; grant of outdoor relief to, 6-7, 8-9, 15, 18, 51-52, 65 _n._, 84, 128-130, 131 _n._, 149-153, 207, 229-235, 258, 262, 265; in workhouse, 56, 61, 71-72, 79, 84-85, 134, 222, 235-240, 242, 243; separate building for, 6, 9, 52, 83, 85, 121 _n._, 236, 258; employment of, 67, 74, 237 _n._, 246; diet of, 68, 69, 138, 139 _n._, 237 _n._, 240, 242; married couples, separate accommodation for, in workhouse, 65-66, 81, 236 _n._, 238; application of workhouse test to, 52-53, 85-86, 150, 152, 229-230, 258; boarding out of, 232 _n._, 241; in workhouse of another Union, 161; no national uniformity in treatment of, 84, 234, 258; statistics of, 130-131 _n._, 233 _n._, 235 _n._; Bill for establishment of District Infirmaries for, 49, 52; for establishment of Cottage Homes for, 226 ---- Poor, Royal Commission on, 231, 232
Alcohol for paupers, 19, 68, 218, 246-247
Alcoholism, 304-306
Allowance system, 24, 87
Almshouses for deserving aged, 258
Anstie, Dr., 119
Apprentices, obligation of householders to receive, 17
Apprenticeship, 4, 8, 12, 17, 45-46, 113 _n._, 200-203; to sea service, 17, 202-203; payment of premiums for, 45, 46, 50, 265; "outdoor," 110 ---- orders, 45-46, 113 _n._
Arnold, Sir Arthur, 94 _n._
Aschrott, Dr. P. F., vi
Assistant Commissioners. See _Commissioners, Assistant_
Association for the Cure of Tuberculosis, 217-218 _n._ ---- for Improving the Condition of the Sick Poor, 119 ---- of Poor Law Unions, 249
Asylums for houseless poor, 14, 35, 97; for insane, 50, 89 _n._; for sick, 89 _n._, 121; of Metropolitan Asylums Board, for idiots, 224-225
Aubin, Mr., 44, 108 _n._
Auditor, disallowance by, of toys for sick children, 189; of beer, 247
Bagenal, Mr., 221, 233 _n._, 234 _n._
Baines, Mr., 117 _n._
Baker, Mr. T. Barwick L., 96 _n._, 100 _n._
Balfour, Mr. Gerald, 169 _n._
Band of Hope, donation by guardians to funds of, 190
"Barrack Schools," 112, 114, 186, 258. See also _Schools, Poor Law_
Bastardy, recommendations of 1834 Report about, 7
Berrington, Mr., 203
Beveridge, Mr. W. H., 356
Blind, 128 _n._, 184, 227; relief to, 18, 50, 228-229; institutional treatment of, 8, 50, 127-128, 227, 241; apprenticeship of, 45, 50. See also _Children, Defective_
"Block system," 186
Board of Education, 195 ---- of Guardians. See _Guardians_ ---- of Trade, 202
Boarding-out, orders for, 130; declared to be outdoor relief, 232 _n._ See also _Aged, Children_, and _Unsound Mind, Persons of_ ---- Committee. See _Committee_
Boards, District, 166, 168, 213
Bone-pounding, 75
Bosanquet, Mrs. B., 274
Bosanquet, Prof. B., 280, 350
Bowen, Mr. John, 132 _n._
Boyle, Mr. Courtenay, 228 _n._
Boys in workhouses, 61, 66-67, 76, 110-111; at Norwich Homes, 110-111; working home for, at Keighley, 202
Bridges, Dr. J. H., 139 _n._, 186 _n._
Buchanan, Dr., 119 _n._
Bulkley, Miss M., ix
Buller, Mr. Charles, 95, 96 _n._, 99, 107
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 167
"Canary Wards," 76
Carr, Dr., 119
Casson, Mr. W. A., 199 _n._, 202 _n._, 206 _n._, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 229 _n._, 240 _n._, 241 _n._, 245 _n._, 247 _n._, 250 _n._
Casual labourers, excluded from Lancashire relief works, 166 ---- Poor Act (1882), 174 _n._, 245 _n._ ---- wards, 33, 35-36, 64, 80, 96-99, 133, 163 _n._, 172, 173 _n._, 174 _n._ See also _Vagrants_
Central Authority, establishment of, 2; regulations made by, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17-18, 18-19, 21; powers of, 12, 54-55, 89 _n._; approval by, of grant of outdoor relief to able-bodied, 13, 29, 30, 31, 43-44; of emigration of poor persons, 19; of married couples living together, 65. See also _Local Government Board_, _Poor Law Board_, and _Poor Law Commissioners_
Certified Schools Act (1862), 111 _n._
Chadwick, Sir Edward, 282
Chamberlain, Mr. Joseph, 164-165, 166, 167, 168, 261
Chance, Sir W., vi, vii, 253 _n._
Chaplain, workhouse, 77-78
Chaplin, Mr. Henry, 164 _n._, 199, 231, 232 _n._, 233, 238
Charge and recovery, 7, 198 _n._, 295, 361, 363
Charity, function of, in Majority Report, 281-283; in the Minority Report, 307-311; to deal with hard cases, 4, 230; overlapping of, 103
Charity Organisation Society, 274, 282
Chevalier, Mons. E., vi
Children, classed as able-bodied, 90 _n._; adoption of, 196, 203-206, 268; apprenticeship of, 17, 45-46, 200-203, 265; baptism of, 79 _n._; boarding out of, 80, 84, 114-115, 130, 184, 195-206, 227, 232 _n._, 241, 258; in certified schools, 203, 206; defective, 46, 226-227; deserted, 12 _n._, 142, 195-196, 250-251, 268; detention of, 204 _n._, 268; education of, 7, 12-16, 73, 82-83, 104-106, 109, 121 _n._, 146, 180 _n._, 191-195, 264-269; emigration of, 142, 250; farming out of, 44, 108, 187 _n._; illegitimate, 16, 196; imbecile, 224-228; in industrial schools, 261-262; institutional provision for, 83-85, 104, 106-114, 133 _n._, 184, 187-195, 203, 236, 258, 262-265; ophthalmic, 189, 192 _n._; orphan, 3, 12 _n._, 80, 83-84, 104-106, 114, 142-143, 195-196, 250-251, 268; out-relief to, 16, 43-44, 179-188, 195-199, 203, 206, 258, 265; parental authority over, 268; under pauper care, 125 _n._, 188, 190; and Principle of Less Eligibility, 109, 114, 146-149, 187, 192, 200, 250, 261-262, 265; and Principle of National Uniformity, 258; and relief on loan, 143, 253; religious teaching of, 16, 77-78, 191, 193, 204-205; on remand, 192 _n._; Roman Catholic, 241; school fees for, 44, 104-106; and stigma of pauperism, 262; underfed at day school, 183-184, 253; in the workhouse, 7, 9, 12-16, 43-45, 71-72, 80, 82-83, 106-107, 112-113, 121 _n._, 133-134, 138, 160, 177, 181-182, 185, 188-192, 195-196, 224-226, 238, 242-243, 259. See also _Infant_
Children Act (1908), 312, 314
Children's Care Committees, 310-311
Cholera, 116, 119 _n._; patients suffering from, not to be admitted to workhouse, 119 _n._
Christmas Day, no extra dinner allowed on, 69; extra allowed, 70
Church Army, 171
Circulars of Central Authority, 21, 22
Clothing, as outdoor relief, 25 _n._, 100 _n._; purchase or redemption of, by voluntary agencies, 144
Cod-liver oil, supply of, 117
Commission, Royal, on Aged Poor, 231-232; on the Blind, etc., 189; on the Feeble-minded, 312, 314, 345, 354-355, 361; of 1832-1834, 3-11, 257-263; of 1905-1909, 274-319
Commissioners, Assistant, 57, 147
Committee, Departmental, on weighing rations, 249; on vagrancy, 174 ---- Parliamentary, of 1838, 35, 37; of 1864, 97, 117-118; of 1888, 174; of 1892, 167-168; of 1900, 226 ---- of Privy Council on Education, 107 _n._, 109 _n._
Committees, boarding-out, 196-200 ---- Visiting, of lunatic asylum, 222, 223, 224 ---- Visiting, of workhouse, 77, 125, 238, 244, 247-248 ---- Women's, 189
Common Poor Fund. See _Metropolitan Common Poor Fund_
Commons, House of, 148, 153
Compulsion, 270-272; principle of, 263, 267-268; in Majority Report, 276
Constable may take children to workhouse, 181
Continuous treatment, 276
Convict, emigration of family of, 141
Corbett, Mr., 140 _n._, 145 _n._, 147 _n._, 148, 155 _n._, 157 _n._, 158 _n._, 159, 161 _n._, 162 _n._, 175 _n._, 178, 183, 186, 198 _n._, 251
Corn-grinding, 75, 164 _n._, 246
Cost of Minority Report proposals, 297-300; recovery of, 294-295
Cottage homes, 185-187, 226, 258, 264
Cotton famine in Lancashire, 90 _n._, 91-93, 105, 142, 166
Councils of Social Welfare, sphere of, under Minority Report, 311
Country Holiday Fund, 310-311
Creed register, 77
Criminal Lunatics Act (1838), 18 _n._
Cripples, 127-128, 255
Culley, Mr., 150 _n._, 158 _n._, 177 _n._, 229 _n._, 253 _n._
Curative treatment, 263-266, 269-272; principle of, 263-266; in Majority Report, 275
Custody of Children Act, 205
Davy, Mr., 181, 203, 232 _n._
Deaf and dumb, 18, 50, 127, 184, 241. See also _Children, Defective_
Defectives, 50, 74, 85, 127-128, 226-229. See also _Blind_, _Deaf and Dumb_, and _Children, Defective_ ---- mentally. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Denison's Act, 105, 179
Destitution, causes of, 300, 347; definition of, as regards medical relief, 116, 212 _n._; want of education a form of, 105 _n._ ---- authority, plea for, in Majority Report, 278-281; necessity for, in 1834, 278; not to apply to mentally defective, 279; connection of, with "moral" defect, 281; incompatibility of, with principle of curative treatment, 284-289; with principle of compulsion, 289-292; with principle of universal provision, 292-295; the officials of a, 285; inability of, to deal with incipient stage, 286-287; inability of, to search out, 287-288; inability of, to deal with ins and outs, 288-289; inability of, to deal with unemployed, 291; overlapping of other authorities with, 293; Prof. Bosanquet's argument for, 350-361
Detention. See _Workhouse_ ---- Colony, 307
Disciplinary supervision as substitute for deterrence, 316-317
Dietaries and Accounts Order, 170, 171 _n._, 240 _n._, 245, 248, 249
Diseases Prevention Act, 209 _n._, 213
Disfranchisement of able-bodied, 168 _n._, 261; of sick, 209, 213, 217
Dispensaries, Poor Law, 118, 146, 208, 258, 264; provident, 118
Dissenters. See _Nonconformists_
Distress Committee, 172; powers and constitution of, 169; employment of able-bodied by, 169 _n._, 260, 261, 262
Distress from want of employment, Committee of House of Commons on, 167
District medical officers. See _Medical Officers, District_ ---- Nurses Order, 181, 210 _n._ See also _Nurses_
Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act, 175 _n._, 209 _n._, 245 _n._
Dodson, Mr., 151-152
Doyle, Mr., 148
Drink, 304-306
Drouet, Mr., 108
Dumsday, Mr. W. H., 197 _n._
Ebrington, Lord, 137 _n._
Education, provision of, for paupers, 126, 266-267, 271. See also _Children, Education of_ ---- Aid Society, Manchester and Salford, 105 _n._ ---- Department, 180 ---- Acts (1870-1909), 105-106, 177, 179 _n._, 180 _n._, 198, 201, 227 _n._, 228, 312, 313, 344, 361 ---- (Administrative Provisions) Act (1907), 312 ---- of Poor Children Act (1855), 105 _n._ ---- (Provision of Meals) Act (1906), 312, 313 ---- (Scotland) Act (1908), 312, 344, 361
Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act (1893), 227 _n._, 228 ---- (Defective and Epileptic Children) Act (1899), 227 _n._
Emigration, 10, 19, 141-143, 169, 249-251, 260, 266
Epileptics, 217, 218, 255
Estcourt, Mr. Sotheron, 96 _n._, 97 _n._
Factory Acts, 198
Family, how the Minority Report deals with the, 301-302, 348-349
Farm colonies, 169-172, 255, 260, 265, 270
Fawcett, Professor H., 115
Feeble-minded, 80; proposed authority for the, 354-355; Royal Commission on, 312, 314, 345, 354, 355, 361. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Fels, Mr. Joseph, 170
Fever wards, 122
Fleming, Mr. Baldwyn, 181-182, 192, 234 _n._, 254 _n._
Fowle, Rev. T. W., vi, 115
Fowler, Sir Henry (Lord Wolverhampton), 167, 230 _n._, 238
Franchise, extension of, 148
Free Education Act (1891), 106
Friendly societies, out-relief to members of, 47, 48, 148, 253-255, 265
Froment, Mons. G. E. de, vi
Fust, Mr. Jenner, 190-191
Gambling, 304
Gardiner, Colonel Lynedoch, 145 _n._
General Board of Health, 146 ---- Consolidated Order (1847), 32-33, 35-36, 46, 54, 56, 61-62, 79, 81-82, 88, 91, 107-108, 113, 126-127, 133, 170, 188, 235-237, 240, 249, 260 ---- Orders or Rules, 21-22, 48, 61-62
Gilbert's Act, 321
Girls, employment of, 67; in workhouse, 66-67, 134
Glanville, Dr. Mortimer, 210 _n._, 211 _n._
Goschen, Mr. G. J. (Lord Goschen), 100, 102, 103, 104 _n._, 123, 144-145, 147 _n._, 148, 149, 207, 214, 219, 253, 254, 255, 266, 282-283
Grant, Colonel C. W., 114 _n._
Greater Eligibility, Principle of, 263, 264, 265
Guardians, grant of relief by, 12; apprenticing of children by, 17; consent of, for building new workhouse, 19, 54; opposition of, to establishment of vagrant districts, 35, 97; to establishment of boarding-schools, 45; subscriptions by, to voluntary institutions, 63 _n._, 116, 217 _n._; refractory paupers brought before, 76; part taken by, in provision of relief works, 90 _n._, 93-94, 165, 166, 167; nomination of members of Distress Committees by, 169; Conference of, in London, 178 _n._, 198 _n._; proceedings taken against parents by, for neglect of children, 180, 181, 184; inspection of boarded-out children by, 199-200; in country, conservatism of, 187, 192; election of, 209 _n._, 247; in rural districts, the public health authorities, 212 _n._, 219-220; combination of, for classification by workhouses, 243-244
Guilds of Help, sphere of, under Minority Report, 311
Hanway's Act, 17 _n._
Hardy, Mr. Gathorne, 120, 215
Harries, Mr. Thomas, 137 _n._
Hart, Dr. Ernest, 119
Head, Sir Edmund, 86
Head, Sir Francis, 57, 58, 60, 86, 131
Health Societies, 311 ---- visitors, 220, 310
Hedley, Mr., 151 _n._, 220 _n._
Henley, Mr., 163
Hervey, Mr., 187 _n._, 219
Hibbert, Sir J., 189
Hicks-Beach, Sir M. (Lord St. Aldwyn), 98-99
Hill, Miss F., 114 _n._
Hill, Miss Octavia, 145 _n._, 253
Hodgson, Mr., 104
Homes, Children's, 109-111, 201; convalescent, 241, 255; for aged, 239 _n._ See _Cottage Homes_
Hospitals, relation of Poor Law to, 63 _n._, 116, 119, 120, 216-217, 220, 241, 255, 266
House of Lords. See _Committees, Parliamentary_
Houseless Poor, 35 _n._ See also _Vagrants_
Idiots, 63, 123, 224-225, 242. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Imbeciles. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Impotent, 8-9, 18, 51. See also _Aged_
Industrial Schools. See _Schools, Industrial_ ---- Schools Acts, 111
Inebriates Act, 206
Infants, in workhouse, 56, 61, 62, 63-64, 66, 67, 72. See also _Children_
Infectious disease, 126, 245 _n._, 271; provision for, by Guardians, 62 _n._, 119, 136, 214 _n._; by Metropolitan Asylums Board, 123, 209 _n._, 212-213. See also _Hospitals_
Infirm. See _Aged and Infirm_
Infirmaries, Bill for establishment of District, 49, 52 ---- Poor Law, 121, 207, 235 _n._; pressure on Guardians to provide, 211-212, 216; cost of maintenance in, borne by Common Poor Fund, 214; increasing popularity of, 214-216; admission to, 214 _n._, 215; maintenance in, held to be medical relief only, 217. See also _Workhouse, Sick in_
"Ins and Outs," 132, 192 _n._, 206; detention of, 244-245
Insane. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Inspectors of Local Government Board, 147, 181-182, 190, 206, 216, 225, 241; strict policy urged by, 148-153, 159, 164, 175, 178, 207-208, 229, 232, 243, 251, 252; test workhouse advocated by, 159-161, 163, 243; conferences of, 151 ---- of Lunacy Commissioners, 125 ---- of Schools, 113, 114
Justices, granting of relief by, 12, 13, 14, 18; committal of lunatics to asylum by, 18; detention of lunatics in workhouse by order of, 222, 223
Kennedy, Mr., 182 _n._, 187 _n._
Labour colonies for vagrants, 171 _n._ ---- Exchanges Act (1908), 346 ---- Exchanges of Distress Committees, 169, 172, 270; in Majority Report, 277; in Minority Report, 358-359 ---- Test, 156-158, 165, 178, 261
_Laisser faire_, 270
Lambert, Sir John, 153 _n._, 219
_Lancet, The_, 117, 134, 210 _n._, 211 _n._, 235
Land, cultivation of, 165, 168-170, 246
Landquist, Mr. J. F., 188 _n._
Lansbury, Mr. G., 170
Lefevre, Mr. Shaw (Lord Eversley), 167, 168 _n._
Less Eligibility, Principle of, how far applicable, 1, 3, 11, 45, 83-85, 88-89, 109, 112, 114, 117-118, 122, 125-126, 172, 187, 192, 200, 212 _n._, 250, 256, 259-263, 265-266, 269, 271
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, 86, 89
Lewis, Sir G. F., 89 _n._
Local Authorities, position of, 2, 12 ---- Government Board for England and Wales, 146-255, 263 ---- Government Board for Scotland, order of, as to phthisis, 344, 345, 352
Lock Hospital at Aldershot, 217 _n._
Lockwood, Mr., 163 _n._
London County Council, 310 ---- Hospital, 63 _n._
Long, Mr. Walter, 169, 218 _n._, 245, 250
Longley, Sir Henry, 148, 150 _n._, 151, 154 _n._, 159-160, 161 _n._, 177 _n._, 207 _n._, 208, 214 _n._, 229, 230, 232, 235, 237, 243, 247, 251 _n._
Longman, Miss M., ix
Lonsdale, Miss S., vii
Lunacy Acts, 124 _n._, 222 _n._, 223 _n._ ---- Commissioners, 125-127, 133, 221, 222, 224
Lunatics, 8, 18, 25 _n._, 49, 50, 63, 89 _n._, 123-126, 252, 267, 271. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Lushington, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._
Lying-in cases, 62, 63, 136
M'Culloch, Mr. J. R., 132
Mackay, Mr. T., vi, vii, 87 _n._, 94 _n._, 105 _n._, 115, 151 _n._
Macmorran, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._
Magistrates, police, 162
Majority Report, 274-295; repudiates "Principles of 1834," 275; adopts "Principles of 1907," 275; pleads for a single Destitution Authority, 278-281; reverts to "Principles of 1834," 281-283; summary of, 313-314
Makers Up, Society of, 94
"Manchester Rules," 152, 153, 175, 179 _n._
Markham, Dr., 139 _n._
Married couples, separate accommodation for, in workhouse, 65-66, 81, 236 _n._, 238 ---- Women's Property Act, 175 n.
Martineau, Harriet, 85-86, 131
Master of Workhouse, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 238, 244 _n._
Matron of Workhouse, 70, 73, 74, 238
"Medical extras," 25 _n._, 48 ---- inspection and treatment, in Majority Report, 277 ---- Officer, District, 211, 231; qualifications and remuneration of, 48, 117, 251-252, 264; inspection by, of boarded-out children, 199; of boarded-out lunatics, 224
Medical officer of workhouse, 8, 60, 68-69, 74, 138, 189, 237 _n._, 246, 247; appointment and duties of, 71 ---- Relief Disqualification Act. 209 _n._, 217 _n._ ---- Relief, 4, 8, 13, 18, 117, 123, 143, 153, 210, 211, 219-220, 264
Medicines, supply of free, to sick poor, 123, 219; supply of, by Public Health Authorities, 220; expensive, supply of, by Guardians, 117, 264
Mentally defective, proposed Authority for the, 354-355. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
Merchant Shipping Acts, 17, 202
Metropolitan Asylums Board, infectious diseases hospitals of, 123, 209 _n._, 212-213, 214, 216; establishment of training-ships by, 112; provision made by, for idiots, 127, 224-225, 227-228; for "remand children," 192 _n._; expenditure of, 219 _n._, 243 _n._ ---- Board of Works, 97 _n._, 164-165 ---- Common Poor Fund, 97 _n._, 168, 170, 185, 212, 213, 214, 232, 235 ---- Houseless Poor Acts, 97, 98, 99 ---- Police District, 19, 55 ---- Poor Acts, 89 _n._, 112, 118, 160, 161, 208 _n._, 214 _n._, 215 _n._, 232 _n._
Migration, 144, 169, 260 _n._
"Miners' phthisis," 221
Minority Report, 274, 296-311; adopts Principles of 1907, 296-297; adds to them Principle of Prevention, 297-304; economy of, 298-300; the "Moral Factor" in, 304-307; drink in, 304-306; unemployment in, 306-307; voluntary agencies in, 307-311; summary of, 314-317
"Moral Factor," the, 304-309, 350-361
Mouat, Dr., 216 _n._
Mozley, Mr., 185 _n._
Municipalities, relief works undertaken by, 92-94, 165-168; regularisation of work of, 168
National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, 274 ---- Labour Exchange, 359 ---- Uniformity, Principle of, 1-3, 11, 12, 22-23, 83-84, 90-91, 153-154, 173, 174, 234, 256-259, 271
Nichols, Sir George, vii, 86
Nonconformists, provision for, 77-79
Non-parishioners, relief to, 13, 14
Non-residents, relief to, 53-54, 128 _n._, 130, 187-188, 232 _n._, 240-242, 254 _n._
North-Eastern Metropolitan District, 35
Nurses, for indoor sick, 67, 120, 211, 216 _n._, 218, 219; for outdoor sick, 210, 211 _n._, 258, 264; in lunatic ward, 126; for epileptics, 218. See also _District Nurses Order_
Oakum-picking, 75, 157, 161-164, 178
Obligation, mutual, between community and individual, 269-270
Offences against the Person Act (1861), 113 _n._
Old Age Pensions Act (1908), 312, 344, 354 ---- Age Pensions, in Majority Report, 277; in Minority Report, 363
Operations, surgical, 264
Orders of Central Authority. See _General Orders_, _Special Orders_, _Outdoor Relief_, and _Outdoor Labour Test Order_
Orphans. See _Children_
Outdoor Labour Test Order, 26, 29, 30-31, 36, 39, 41, 43, 46, 49, 83-84, 88, 90-91, 100-101, 149, 154, 156, 167-168, 261 _n._ ---- Medical Relief. See _Medical Relief and Sick_ ---- Relief to able-bodied, 4-8, 13, 15, 22-32, 39, 43, 51, 54, 83-87, 90-91, 94, 130, 149, 154-155, 167, 228, 257-259, 262; to be always adequate, 103, 145, 258, 265; to aged and infirm, 6-9, 15, 18, 51, 52, 65 _n._, 84, 128-131, 149, 182-183, 232 _n._, 258, 262, 265; to the blind, 50; charitable supplementation of, 103, 144; to children, 43, 83, 104 _n._, 179-185, 196, 201-202; to the deaf and dumb, 50; to deserted wives, 36, 40, 101, 175; discouragement of, 87 _n._, 143-153, 179, 207-209, 229-230, 232, 243, 265; discrimination in grant of, 2, 27-28, 42, 258, 262; enquiries into, 103, 145 _n._, 149, 229; to Friendly Society members, 47, 265; in kind, 28, 36, 39, 42-43, 128-130; on Labour Test, see _Outdoor Labour Test Order_; Sir H. Longley on, 151, 207; on loan, 47, 232 _n._, 253; to lunatics, 49, 123, 223; as maintenance in voluntary institution, 255; "Manchester Rules" as to, 152-153, 175; medical, 25 _n._; under Modified W. T. Order, 170-171, 260; to mothers of illegitimate children, 7-23; to non-residents, 53, 54; orders as to, in different unions, 321-342; to partially disabled, 27; proposed prohibition of, 13, 85-87; sanctioned by Central Authority, 43-44; to the sick, 6-9, 15, 17, 46-48, 63 _n._, 84, 115-118, 131, 149, 155 _n._, 210; statistics as to, 130-131, 154, 155; supplementing other resources, 144, 253-255; weekly payment of, 128; to widows, 101-104, 115, 154, 176-178; to women, 7, 23, 36-38, 42, 83, 90-91, 101-104, 115, 154, 175-179, 258
Outdoor Relief Friendly Societies Act (1904), 254, 255 _n._ ---- Relief Prohibitory Order (1844), 23, 25 _n._, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 83, 88, 90, 91, 100, 101, 102, 106, 130, 131, 132, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 241, 260, 261 ---- Relief Regulation Order (1852), 23, 25 _n._, 27, 39, 41, 43, 46, 49, 88, 90-91, 100, 101, 102, 115, 128-130, 149, 154, 156, 158-159, 171, 175, 232, 241, 261
Overlapping, 293; in Scotland, 343-346, 349, 354-355
Overseers, 5, 12, 13, 14, 86, 131
Owen, Sir Hugh, 167
Paget, Mr. R. H., M.P., 253 _n._
Parental responsibility, 306-307, 358
Parish Apprentices Act, 17
"Particular orders," 21
Pashley, Mr. Robert, Q.C., 133 _n._
Pauper Inmates Discharge and Regulation Act, 172, 173 _n._, 244 _n._
Pauperism, statistics of, 103, 150 _n._, 232 _n._; connection between disease and, 221
Paupers Conveyance Expenses Act, 89 _n._
Pell, Mr. Albert, M.P., 153 _n._
Pensions, attachment of, in repayment of cost of relief, 20; to aged, 266-267, 271 ---- Act (1908), 20 _n._
Phelps, Rev. L. R., 282-283
Phthisis, how dealt with by voluntary agencies, 308; by Local Health Authority, 309; order of Local Government Board for Scotland as to, 344, 345, 352
Playfair, Dr. Lyon (Lord Playfair), 137 _n._
Police, 147; service of, as assistant relieving officers, 95, 98, 98 _n._, 99, 173; administration of relief to vagrants by, 100
Poor Law Acts Amendment Act (1834), 1, 2, 11-20, 21-22, 33, 46, 50, 51, 54, 77, 85-87, 321 ---- areas, list of, 321-342; cost of, v ---- Royal Commission on (1832-1834), 1, 2-11, 85-87; (1905-1909), 274-319, 343-363 ---- attempt to restrict operations of, 145-146; revival of public interest in, 147-148 ---- (Apprentices) Act, 113 _n._ ---- Board, 25 _n._, 88-146; establishment of, 86, 87; made permanent, 146; abolition of, 130, 146, 147 ---- Certified Schools Act, 128 _n._ ---- Commissioners, 21-87, 95, 99, 140, 141. See also _Poor Law Inquiry Commissioners_
Poor Law Conferences, 151, 152-153 ---- Inquiry Commissioners, 159; Report of, 1-11, 12, 19, 21, 22, 27, 33, 36, 42, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 74, 75, 82-83, 84-85, 88, 95, 106, 112, 115, 118, 121, 128, 131, 141, 148, 160, 210, 229 _n._, 232, 236, 239, 242, 256, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 267, 268 ---- Loans Act, 185 _n._ ---- Schools. See _Schools, Poor Law_ ---- (Schools) Act, 108 _n._
Poor Relief, Committee of House of Commons on, 97, 117; of House of Lords on, 174
Preston, Mr. J. W., 215 _n._
Preston-Thomas, Mr. H., v., 179 _n._, 216, 221 _n._, 225-226, 246 _n._
Prevention, different meanings of, 308 ---- of destitution, 346-349 ---- of Cruelty to Children Acts, 180-181, 184
Principles of 1834, 1, 11, 36, 82-87, 88, 91, 148, 149, 151, 164, 256-262, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272; abandonment of by L.G.B., 237-273; repudiation of by Royal Commission of 1905-1909, 275
Privy Council, General Rules of Central Authority disallowable by, 21; Committee of, on Education, 107 _n._, 109 _n._; public health service of, 146
Provident dispensaries. See _Dispensaries_ ---- sick clubs, 48
Public Assistance Authority, only for the undeserving, 282-283; argument for and against, 350-363
Public Health Acts, 213 _n._, 219-220 ---- Authorities, 92, 94, 213, 262; service of Guardians as, in rural districts, 212 _n._, 219-220; medical service of, 219-221
Quatt School, 113
Quinine, supply of, 117
"Rate in aid of wages," 27, 37, 41-42, 102
Ratepayers, consent of required, 19, 54
Rathbone, Mr. W., 120
Rawlinson, Sir R., 93 _n._, 94 _n._
Relatives, contributions from, 126, 150, 152, 229, 261
Relief in kind, 4, 25 ---- on loan, 10-11, 16, 20, 143, 153, 176, 183-184, 251-253 ---- works, for unemployed, 90, 92-94, 164-169, 172
Relieving officer, 96, 103, 119, 128, 145, 157, 173, 199, 209, 214, 217, 231, 252
Remand children. See _Children on remand_
Rent, payment of for paupers, prohibited, 25 _n._, 123
Revising barristers, 217 _n._
"Revolvers," 244
Ritchie, Lord, 166, 200 _n._, 203, 204 _n._, 237 _n._
Röntgen rays, 218 _n._
Roscoe, Sir Henry, 94
Salt, Mr., 290 _n._
Salvation Army, 171
Sanitary Act (1868), 220 _n._
Sanitation, 123 _n._, 266, 267, 271
Scattered Homes for Children, 185-187, 191, 258
School districts, Act for, 107-108; combination of parishes into, 16; in Metropolis, 108, 186
Schoolmasters for pauper children, 73, 107-109, 113
Schools, certified, 111, 147, 185, 195, 241, 255, 258 ---- District, 16, 45, 108, 111-112, 133, 185-188, 193, 264 ---- industrial, 187, 241, 262 ---- maintenance of, for children on out relief, 104, 105 _n._
"Schools for Mothers," 310 ---- separate Poor Law, 16, 45, 107-114, 133, 185-188, 190, 193-195, 243, 264 ---- workhouse, 10, 16, 113, 185, 193
Sclater-Booth, Mr., 208, 210
Scotland, Minority Report for, 343-363; overlapping in, 344; proposed introduction of Principle of Less Eligibility into, 357-358; application of Minority Report to, 361-363
Scottish National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, 343
Senior, Mr. Nassau, 282
Sick in 1834 Report, 6-8, 84, 210; almost ignored in orders of Central Authority, 82; asylum districts formed for, 89, 121, 161, 215; attendance on and nursing of, 67, 136, 146, 160, 211-219, 242-243, 262; beer for, 218; compulsory removal of, to workhouse, 209-210; definition of, 211; detention of, 268; deterrence abandoned with regard to, 217, 261-263; dietary for, 68-69, 138, 242; disfranchisement of, 217, 264; domiciliary treatment of, 6-8, 15-17, 46-48, 63, 84-85, 115-119, 131, 143, 149-153, 155, 207-211, 229, 251-252; Mr. Goschen's proposed gratuitous treatment of, 207-208, 219, 266; use of hospitals for, 49, 63; illustrated books for, 218; institutional treatment of, 47-49, 56, 62-63, 67-69, 71, 85, 116-123, 133-134, 136, 138, 146, 150, 160, 207-208, 211-219, 236, 242-243, 258, 261-263; separate institutions for, 160, 211-219, 236, 242, 262-263; members of friendly societies, 48; under Metropolitan Asylums Board, 212-213, 216, 243; nursing of outdoor, 210, 264; out relief to, 6-8, 15-17, 46-48, 63, 84-85, 115-119, 131, 143, 149-153, 155, 207-211, 229, 251-252; Principle of Curative Treatment applied to, 263-264; Principle of Less Eligibility not applicable to, 3, 117-118, 121-122, 212, 215, 261-263; Principle of National Uniformity not applied to, 258; under Public Health Authorities, 219-221; relief on loan to, 143, 251-252; statistics of, 89, 122, 216; suggested free medical attendance for, 207-208, 219, 266; tea for, 218; treatment of, in cholera panic, 116, 119; in workhouses, 47-49, 56, 62-63, 67-69, 71, 85, 116-123, 133-134, 136, 138, 146, 150, 160, 207-208, 211-219, 236, 242-243, 258, 261-263
"Sixpenny Doctor," 118
Smart, Professor W., 94 _n._
Smith, Dr. E., 134 _n._, 135 _n._, 137, 235 _n._, 242 _n._
"Special Orders," 21-30, 51, 69
Spencer, Mrs. F. H., ix
Sprigge, Mr. S. Squire, 117 _n._, 132 _n._
Stansfeld, Mr., 148, 151, 208
Stevens, Mr., 37
Stone-breaking or pounding as task, 75, 157, 161, 246
Stoneyards, 84, 157-158
"Sudden or urgent necessity," 13, 29, 37, 42, 60, 214 _n._, 252
Sunday Schools, children sent to, 191
Surgical appliances, 264
Tea, 69, 139, 238-240
Test workhouse, 159-164, 170, 243, 270, 358-359
Tobacco, 237-239
Tools, provision of, 25, 144
Torrens, Mr. W. T. M'Cullagh, 94 _n._
Town Councils, relief by, 90, 92-94, 167
Training ships, 112
Trollope, Sir John, 129
Tufnell, Mr. E. Carleton, 45 _n._, 108 _n._, 264
Underfed children. See _Children_
Unemployed, the, 90, 92-96, 98-99, 148-172, 164-169, 250, 257, 261-262; in Scotland, 356-361; how the Majority Report deals with, 275-279, 282, 291; how the Minority Report deals with, 306, 317, 358-360. See _Able-bodied_
Unemployed Workmen Act (1905), 169, 250, 257-258, 261, 297, 312-313, 317; in Scotland, 344
Unions, list of, 321-342
Universal Provision, Principle of, 263, 266-272; in Majority Report, 277; in Minority Report, 298-299
Unsound mind, persons of, 49-50, 62-63, 80, 123-127, 133, 138, 143, 146, 188, 221-228, 242, 268, 270, 279, 297-299, 312; in Scotland, 354-355, 362
Vaccination, 266-267
Vagrancy, Departmental Committee on, 174, 312
Vagrant Acts, 14, 34, 77, 81, 89, 184, 244
Vagrants, 6, 13-14, 33-36, 62, 64, 80, 89, 95-100, 133, 171-174, 257, 259, 262, 266-267, 281, 288, 297, 312; in 1834 Report, 6, 13-14, 259; in Departmental Committee Report of 1904-1906, 174, 312; in Majority Report, 281, 288; in Minority Report, 297; in Scotland, 344; Acts as to, 13-14, 34, 77, 81-89, 184, 244; orders as to, 36; asylums for, 14, 35; casual wards for, 64, 133, 259; classification of, 62, 64; detention of, 14, 35, 88, 95-96, 100, 172-174, 257-259, 267; dietary for, 36, 98-99; discrimination, policy of, 95-99, 172, 174, 259; labour colonies for, 171; Principle of Curative Treatment not applied to, 266; Principle of Less Eligibility adhered to, 172, 257, 259, 266; Principle of National Uniformity aimed at, 257, 259; task of work for, 14, 33, 35, 95-96, 99, 172-173, 257, 259. See also _Casual Wards_
Vestries, 10, 12; Metropolitan, 166, 168, 213
Vestry of Liverpool, 112, 120, 146, 237
Villiers, Mr. C. P., 134 _n._, 140, 142
Visiting Committee. See _Committee, Visiting_
Voluntary Agencies, sphere of; co-operation of, 144-146, 255; proper sphere of, 307-311 ---- Aid Committee in Majority Report, 281; purpose of, 282
Wakley, Mr. Thomas, 117, 132
Watts, Dr. John, 94 _n._
Weekly, Mr. John, 188 _n._
"Weighting the alternatives," 318
Wethered, Mr., 234 _n._
Widows, 6-7, 12, 15-16, 23, 36-38, 40, 42, 79, 85, 101-104, 115, 130, 149, 153, 176-179, 183, 207, 229, 241; in 1834 Report, 6-7, 36; with illegitimate children, 37, 115; statistics as to, 103, 176-179
Wilson, Miss, 120 _n._
Wives, 6-7, 12, 15, 36-42, 83, 89, 101, 143, 175-178; of absentee husbands, 6-7, 15, 36, 40-42, 89, 101, 175-176; accompanying husbands, 6, 36, 39, 41, 83, 178; deserted, 6-7, 12, 15, 40, 175-176; of prisoners, 176-178; of soldiers and sailors, 6-7, 15, 36, 41-42, 176, 178; test work for, 39-40
Wodehouse, Mr., 103, 148
Women, 6-7, 9, 15-16, 23-24, 27, 29, 30-31, 36-43, 64-65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 83-85, 89-91, 100-104, 134, 136, 138, 143, 149, 152, 154, 162, 174-179, 196, 254, 257, 258, 261; in 1834 Report, 6-7, 9; whether ever "able-bodied," 3, 6, 23-24, 27, 30, 36, 83; dietary for, 138; discrimination as to character among, 27, 42, 64-65, 76, 134, 136, 258; oakum-picking for, 162, 164; and Principle of Less Eligibility, 261; statistics as to, 100-101, 178-179; rate in aid of wages to, 37-38, 42, 100-102, 254; task of work for, 31, 42, 162, 164, 178; in the workhouse, 6, 9, 43, 64-65, 67, 74, 76, 79, 134, 136, 196. See also _Wives_ and _Widows_
Workhouse, the, in 1834 Report, 5-19; under the Poor Law Commissioners, 21-87; under the Poor Law Board, 95-146; under the Local Government Board, 152-240; able-bodied in, 5, 83-85, 128, 235, 242; admission to, 60-61, 71, 80, 247; aged in, 5, 9, 83, 219, 222, 235, 237, 240-242, 258; alcohol in, 19, 68, 218; children in, 5, 7, 83, 106, 113, 181, 222, 236, 258; detention in, 19, 80, 82, 164, 209-210, 268, 244-245, 276, 289-292; dietary of, 67-70, 137-139, 171, 237, 240, 242, 245-246, 248-249; punishments in, 19, 76, 82; religion in, 19, 77-79, 82; sick in, 8, 62, 116, 118-119, 122, 134, 136-137, 209-210, 216, 219, 222, 235, 242, 245, 277; smoking in, 74c; statistics as to, 45, 132, 140, 235, 242; vagrants in, 95-97 ---- system, the, 11, 256, 261, 271 ---- test, the, 33-34, 52-53, 132, 150, 154-156, 158-159, 165, 258; modified, 158-159, 170-171
Workmen's Compensation Act (1900), 177 _n._
Printed by R. & R. Clark, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
* * * * *
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE PREVENTION OF DESTITUTION
Demy 8vo (1911). Price 6s. net.
ADVERTISEMENT
In this volume the authors propound a constructive policy, worked out in considerable detail, by the adoption of which they believe that the nation could, within a very few years, progressively get rid of the great bulk of the involuntary destitution in which so large a proportion of our population is now plunged. They analyse the several causes of this destitution, and show how these can severally be arrested in their operation. The extensive ravages of preventable sickness are shown to be productive, directly and indirectly, of probably half the whole mass of destitution; and the authors give us the outlines of a national campaign against sickness. The evil effects of child neglect, from infancy to adolescence, are traced in their resulting adult destitution; and the authors describe the methods of securing, from one end of the kingdom to the other, what may be called a "National Minimum" of child nurture. The dependence of destitution on feeble-mindedness and mental deficiency leads to an examination of the bearing, upon the problem, of the doctrines of Eugenics. The effects of "Sweating" and Unemployment in producing destitution are specially dealt with; and a full exposition is given of the striking plan for actually preventing the great bulk of unemployment, and for maintaining under training those whose unemployment cannot be prevented, with which the authors' names are associated. The experiments and proposals in Insurance, whether voluntary or compulsory, against sickness or against unemployment, receive elaborate analysis and criticism; and the experience both of the Friendly Societies and of the German Government is invoked to indicate in what way Insurance may safely be made use of as part of the provision for Old Age, Invalidity, Industrial Accidents, Sickness, and Involuntary Unemployment. The proper sphere of voluntary agencies in connection with the action of the public authorities, and as a part of the national campaign against destitution, is described at length. The grave social evil of the "overlapping" and duplication of relief at present resulting from the multiplicity of unco-ordinated authorities and agencies is described at some length; and proposals are made for preventing it by a Common Register. Finally, an elaborate chapter is devoted to "the Moral Factor," and a full examination is made of the direct and indirect effects on personal character and on family life, both of the present system of dealing with those who are in need, and of the proposed campaign of prevention. "The universal maintenance of a definite standard of civilised life is the joint obligation of an indissoluble partnership between the individual and the community."
In order to keep the page free from footnotes and references these are relegated to an appendix following each chapter.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAP.
I. DESTITUTION AS A DISEASE OF SOCIETY.
II. HOW TO PREVENT THE DESTITUTION THAT ARISES FROM SICKNESS.
III. DESTITUTION AND EUGENICS.
IV. HOW TO PREVENT THE DESTITUTION ARISING FROM CHILD NEGLECT.
V. SWEATING AND UNEMPLOYMENT AS CAUSES OF DESTITUTION.
VI. HOW TO PREVENT UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT.
VII. INSURANCE.
VIII. THE ENLARGED SPHERE OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES IN A PREVENTIVE CAMPAIGN AGAINST DESTITUTION.
IX. THE NEED FOR A COMMON REGISTER AND A REGISTRAR OF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE.
X. THE MORAL FACTOR.
INDEX.
Longmans, Green & Co. London, New York, Calcutta, and Bombay
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
GRANTS IN AID: A CRITICISM AND A PROPOSAL
BY SIDNEY WEBB
Demy 8vo, 120 pp. (1911). Price 5s. net.
ADVERTISEMENT
This is the first volume dealing with Grants in Aid as an instrument of government. In the United Kingdom, at the present time, a sum of about thirty millions sterling is annually paid by the Chancellor of the Exchequer to the various Local Governing Authorities of the Kingdom. This large subvention has important effects on Local Government which have never before been critically examined. The author's thesis is that in the Grant in Aid we have unconsciously devised an instrument of administration of extraordinary potency; and that its gradual adoption during the past three-quarters of a century has created a hierarchy of local government far superior to that of France and Germany on the one hand (termed by the author "The Bureaucratic System"); and to that of the United States on the other (which the author describes as "The Anarchy of Local Autonomy"). But the efficiency of our English system depends on the particular conditions upon which the Grants in Aid are made; and the book concludes with a detailed proposal for the complete revision, on novel principles, of all the existing subventions, and for their extension to other services. An elaborate bibliography is appended.
The book forms No. 24 of the Studies in Economics and Political Science, issued under the Editorship of the Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science.
CONTENTS
PREFACE.
CHAP.
I. WHAT THE GRANTS IN AID SEEM TO BE AND WHAT THEY REALLY ARE.
II. WHY HAVE GRANTS IN AID AT ALL?
III. HOW WE DISTRIBUTE THIRTY MILLIONS A YEAR IN GRANTS IN AID.
IV. THE GRANTS IN AID OF THE POOR LAW AUTHORITIES.
V. THE GRANTS IN AID OF THE LOCAL EDUCATION AUTHORITIES.
VI. THE LINES OF REFORM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
INDEX.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
ENGLISH POOR LAW POLICY
=Demy 8vo, pp. xiii and 379 (1910). Price 7s. 6d. net.=
In this volume, the authors of _Industrial Democracy_ and _English Local Government_ present what is practically a history of the English Poor Law, so far as the policy of the central authority is concerned, from the Report of the Royal Commission of 1832-4 down to that of the Royal Commission of 1905-9. For this work they have analysed, not only the statutes, but also the bewildering array of General and Special Orders, Circulars, Minutes, Inspectors' exhortations, and unpublished letters, by means of which the Poor Law Commissioners, the Poor Law Board, and the Local Government Board have sought to direct the policy of the Boards of Guardians. No such history has before been attempted. For the first time the gradual development of policy can be traced, with regard to children, to the sick, to the aged and infirm, to vagrants, to the able-bodied, etc. The reader is enabled to watch the gradual and almost unconscious evolution, from out of the "principles of 1834," of what may be called the "principles of 1907"; being the lines of policy to which the experience of three-quarters of a century had brought the administrator, when the recent Royal Commission overhauled the subject. Two concluding chapters summarise and analyse the proposals of the Majority and Minority Reports.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, pp. xxvi and 664 (1907). Price 16s. net.
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT (THE PARISH AND THE COUNTY)
FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT
This work, the result of eight years' research into the manuscript records of the Parish and the County all over England and Wales--from Northumberland to Cornwall, from Cardigan to Kent--combines history and description in a continuous narrative of extraordinary interest. Avoiding the questions of the origin of English local institutions, and even of their mediæval development, the authors plunge at once into a vivid description of the Parish Officers and the Vestry, Quarter Sessions and the Justices of the Peace, the Lord-Lieutenant and the High Sheriff, together with all the other authorities by which the internal administration was actually carried on. An entirely new view is presented of the social and political development of Parish Vestry and Quarter Sessions, of their relations to the Squire and the Incumbent, and of their attitude towards Parliament and the problems of their age. But the book is more than a contribution to history and political science. Practically all the counties of England and Wales, and literally hundreds of parishes, find place in this unique record of life and manners, in which are embedded not a few dramatic episodes of absorbing interest. It is a new picture of English life between 1689 and 1835 as it actually was in country and town, with graphic tracings of its results on national progress and on the social and economic problems by which we are now confronted.
CONTENTS
THE PARISH
INTRODUCTION.
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE PARISH.
(_a_) THE AREA AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE PARISH; (_b_) THE OFFICERS OF THE PARISH; (_c_) THE SERVANTS OF THE PARISH; (_d_) THE INCUMBENT; (_e_) THE PARISH VESTRY; (_f_) THE PARISH AS A UNIT OF OBLIGATION.
UNORGANISED PARISH GOVERNMENT.
(_a_) THE PARISH OLIGARCHY; (_b_) GOVERNMENT BY CONSENT; (_c_) THE UNCONTROLLED PARISH OFFICERS; (_d_) THE RULE OF THE BOSS; (_e_) THE TURBULENT OPEN VESTRY.
AN EXTRA-LEGAL DEMOCRACY.
(_a_) THE ORGANISATION OF THE PUBLIC MEETING; (_b_) THE CONTROL OVER THE UNPAID OFFICERS; (_c_) A SALARIED STAFF; (_d_) THE PARISH COMMITTEE; (_e_) AN ORGANISED DEMOCRACY; (_f_) THE RECALCITRANT MINORITY.
THE STRANGLING OF THE PARISH.
(_a_) EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LEGISLATION; (_b_) THE STURGES BOURNE ACTS; (_c_) THE STURGES BOURNE SELECT VESTRIES; (_d_) THE SALARIED OVERSEER; (_e_) THE REFERENDUM; (_f_) THE DEATH OF THE PARISH.
THE LEGALITY OF THE CLOSE VESTRY.
(_a_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY IMMEMORIAL CUSTOM; (_b_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY BISHOP'S FACULTY; (_c_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY CHURCH BUILDING ACT; (_d_) THE CLOSE VESTRY BY LOCAL ACT; (_e_) THE CONSTITUTIONS OF CLOSE VESTRIES.
CLOSE VESTRY ADMINISTRATION.
(_a_) PROVINCIAL CLOSE VESTRIES; (_b_) METROPOLITAN CLOSE VESTRIES; (_c_) CLOSE VESTRY EXCLUSIVENESS; (_d_) THE WORST AND THE BEST.
THE REFORM OF THE CLOSE VESTRY.
(_a_) THE ASSAULTS THAT FAILED; (_b_) A LONDON MOVEMENT; (_c_) OPENING THE CLOSE VESTRY.
THE COUNTY
INTRODUCTION.
THE LEGAL CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) THE AREA AND DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTY; (_b_) THE CUSTOS ROTULORUM; (_c_) THE SHERIFF AND HIS COURT; (_d_) THE HIGH CONSTABLE; (_e_) THE CORONER; (_f_) THE COMMISSION OF THE PEACE; (_g_) COUNTY SERVICE; (_h_) AN ORGAN OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. ON SOME ANOMALOUS COUNTY JURISDICTIONS, INCLUDING THE COUNTIES PALATINE.
THE RULERS OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF JUSTICES; (_b_) THE JUSTICE OF MEAN DEGREE; (_c_) THE TRADING JUSTICE; (_d_) THE COURT JUSTICE; (_e_) THE SYCOPHANT JUSTICE AND RURAL TYRANT; (_f_) THE MOUTH-PIECE OF THE CLERK; (_g_) THE CLERICAL JUSTICE; (_h_) THE LEADER OF THE PARISH; (_i_) LEADERS OF THE COUNTY; (_j_) THE LORD-LIEUTENANT AND THE HIGH SHERIFF; (_k_) CLASS EXCLUSIVENESS.
COUNTY ADMINISTRATION BY JUSTICES OUT OF SESSIONS.
(_a_) THE "SINGLE JUSTICE"; (_b_) THE "DOUBLE JUSTICE"; (_c_) THE SPECIAL SESSIONS; (_d_) PETTY SESSIONS; (_e_) THE SERVANTS OF THE JUSTICES; (_f_) THE SPHERE OF JUSTICES "OUT OF SESSIONS."
THE COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS.
(_a_) THE TIME AND PLACE OF MEETING; (_b_) THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COURT; (_c_) THE PROCEDURE OF THE COURT; (_d_) ADMINISTRATION BY JUDICIAL PROCESS; (_e_) THE GRAND JURY; (_f_) THE HUNDRED JURY; (_g_) PRESENTMENTS BY CONSTABLES; (_h_)PRESENTMENTS BY JUSTICES.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRA-LEGAL CONSTITUTION.
I. THE COUNTY EXECUTIVE.
(_a_) THE HIGH SHERIFF AND HIS BAILIFFS; (_b_) THE HIGH CONSTABLE; (_c_) THE CLERK OF THE PEACE; (_d_) THE COUNTY TREASURER; (_e_) THE COUNTY SURVEYOR; (_f_) EXECUTIVE MAKESHIFTS; (_g_) COMMITTEES OF JUSTICES.
II. AN INCHOATE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE.
III. AN EXTRA-LEGAL COUNTY OLIGARCHY.
THE REACTION AGAINST THE RULERS OF THE COUNTY.
(_a_) THE BREAKDOWN OF THE MIDDLESEX BENCH; (_b_) THE LACK OF JUSTICES; (_c_) THE RESTRICTION OF PUBLIC HOUSES; (_d_) THE JUSTICES' POOR LAW; (_e_) THE GROWTH OF COUNTY EXPENDITURE; (_f_) THE SEVERITY OF THE GAME LAWS; (_g_) THE STOPPING UP OF FOOTPATHS; (_h_) THE STRIPPING OF THE OLIGARCHY; (_i_) WHY THE JUSTICES SURVIVED.
LONGMANS. GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, pp. viii and 858, in 2 volumes (1908). Price 25s. net.
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT (THE MANOR AND THE BOROUGH) FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT
In this second instalment of their English Local Government the authors apply their method of combined history and analysis to the fascinating story of the towns and the manorial communities, of which several hundreds find mention, belonging to all the counties of England and Wales. An interesting new account is given, from unpublished materials, of the organisation and development in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of the Manor and its several Courts, with picturesque glimpses of the hitherto undescribed part played by the Jury in the common-field agriculture. But the Manor is shown to be also the starting-point for a whole series of constitutional developments, passing through grade after grade of Manorial Borough, hitherto undescribed, into the complete Municipal Corporation. This, too, is analysed and described in a way never before attempted, so as to make the strangely interesting life of the towns live before us. A special chapter is devoted to the Boroughs of Wales, in which their national peculiarities are brought out. Their extensive study of the manuscript records enable the authors to set forth the inner working of the "Municipal Democracies" that existed alongside the chartered oligarchies, with their many analogies to modern American cities; and to bring vividly to notice the conditions and limitations of successive Democratic government. There is an interesting sketch of English hierarchies of town government, chief among them being the Cinque Ports, the constitutional position of which is presented in a new light. The anomalous history of the City of Westminster is explored by the light of the unpublished archives of its peculiar municipal organisation. An altogether novel view is presented of the constitutional development of the greatest municipality of all, the Corporation of the City of London, to which no fewer than 124 pages are devoted. The work concludes with a picturesque account of the "Municipal Revolution" of 1835, and the Homeric combat of Brougham and Lyndhurst which ended in the Municipal Reform Act of 1835.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.
THE LORD'S COURT--
(_a_) THE LAWYER'S VIEW OF THE LORD'S COURT. (_b_) THE COURT BARON. (_c_) THE COURT LEET.
THE COURT IN RUINS--
(_a_) THE HIERARCHY OF COURTS. (_b_) THE COURT OF THE HUNDRED. (_c_) THE COURT OF THE MANOR: (i.) THE BAMBURGH COURTS. (ii.) THE COURT LEET OF THE SAVOY. (iii.) THE COURT LEET AND COURT BARON OF MANCHESTER. (_d_) THE PREVALENCE AND DECAY OF THE LORD'S COURT.
THE MANORIAL BOROUGH--
(_a_) THE VILLAGE MEETING. (_b_) THE CHARTERED TOWNSHIP. (_c_) THE LORDLESS COURT. (_d_) THE LORD'S BOROUGH. (_e_) THE ENFRANCHISED MANORIAL BOROUGH. (_f_) MANOR AND GILD. (_g_) ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT AND DECAY.
THE CITY AND BOROUGH OF WESTMINSTER--
(_a_) BURLEIGH'S CONSTITUTION. (_b_) MUNICIPAL ATROPHY.
THE BOROUGHS OF WALES--
(_a_) INCIPIENT AUTONOMY. (_b_) THE WELSH MANORIAL BOROUGH. (_c_) THE WELSH MUNICIPAL CORPORATION.
THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION--
(_a_) THE INSTRUMENT OF INCORPORATION. (_b_) CORPORATE JURISDICTIONS. (_c_) CORPORATE OBLIGATIONS. (_d_) THE AREA OF THE CORPORATION. (_e_) THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE CORPORATION. (_f_) THE SERVANTS OF THE CORPORATION. (_g_) THE CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION. (_h_) THE HEAD OF THE CORPORATION. (_i_) THE BAILIFFS. (_j_) THE HIGH STEWARD AND THE RECORDER. (_k_) THE CHAMBERLAIN AND THE TOWN CLERK. (_l_) THE COUNTY OFFICERS OF THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION. (_m_) THE MAYOR'S BRETHREN AND THE MAYOR'S COUNSELLORS. (_n_) THE COURTS OF THE CORPORATION. (_o_) COURTS OF CIVIL JURISDICTION. (_p_) THE COURT LEET. (_q_) THE BOROUGH COURT OF QUARTER SESSIONS. (_r_) COURTS OF SPECIALISED JURISDICTION. (_s_) THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS OF THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION. (_t_) THE MUNICIPAL CONSTITUTIONS OF 1689.
MUNICIPAL DISINTEGRATION--
(_a_) THE RISE OF THE CORPORATE MAGISTRACY. (_b_) THE DECLINE OF THE COMMON COUNCIL. (_c_) THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW STATUTORY AUTHORITIES. (_d_) THE PASSING OF THE FREEMEN. (_e_) THE MINGLING OF GROWTH AND DECAY.
ADMINISTRATION BY CLOSE CORPORATIONS--
(PENZANCE, LEEDS, COVENTRY, BRISTOL, LEICESTER, AND LIVERPOOL.)
ADMINISTRATION BY MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACIES--
(MORPETH, BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, NORWICH, AND IPSWICH.)
THE CITY OF LONDON--
(_a_) THE LEGAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CITY. (_b_) THE SERVICE OF THE CITIZEN TO HIS WARD. (_c_) THE PRECINCT. (_d_) THE INQUEST OF THE WARD. (_e_) THE COMMON COUNCIL OF THE WARD. (_f_) THE DECAY OF WARD GOVERNMENT. (_g_) THE COURT OF COMMON HALL. (_h_) THE COURT OF COMMON COUNCIL. (_i_) THE COURT OF ALDERMEN. (_j_) THE SHRIEVALTY. (_k_) THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD MAYOR. (_l_) THE OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION. (_m_) A RATEPAYERS' DEMOCRACY.
THE MUNICIPAL REVOLUTION--
(_a_) TOWARDS THE REVOLUTION. (_b_) INSTALMENTS OF REFORM. (_c_) THE ROYAL COMMISSION. (_d_) AN ALTERNATIVE JUDGMENT. (_e_) THE WHIG BILL. (_f_) THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS ACT.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND OTHER PERSONS.
INDEX OF PLACES.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
_SOME PRESS NOTICES OF_
ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
"A book of the deepest, even of fascinating interest. Here for the first time we have a real study of local life in England, in village and town and country.... Everywhere we follow the gallant fights of humane and just men whose stories are scattered through these pages, along with the sharp dealings of the astute. Familiar names meet us--a great-uncle of Cecil Rhodes making his 'Empire' in St. Pancras; the novelist Fielding cutting down the gains of the magistrate who preyed on the poor.... Noble figures stand out among the ignoble. As in the parish, the rulers of the county ... found themselves left free ... to administer as they thought fit. They used the power fully; governed, legislated, silently transformed their constitution, and showed themselves capable of the same extremes as the men of the parish, except that they never surrendered to the 'boss.' ... We have only touched here on the tale the authors give, so absorbing in interest to any Englishman.... The best tribute to the writers of this most valuable work is the difficulty of turning away for comment or criticism from the subjects they present in such a vigorous and human form.... They have opened a new chapter in English history."--Mrs. J. R. GREEN, in _Westminster Gazette_.
"Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb's monumental work on our local institutions must be a source at once of pride and of something a little like shame. Here at last we have a book which is more than worthy to be placed beside those of the great continental writers on the subject.... Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb are as learned as the Prussian, as lucid as the Frenchman, and as scholarly and careful as the Austrian.... If it is literature to present a singularly vivid picture of a past stage of society, to render it real and lifelike by a careful selection and skilful grouping of illustrative details, and to explain its meaning with clearness, sound judgment, and not infrequent touches of quiet humour, then assuredly is this volume literary as well as learned.... Packed as it is with quotations and references, it is full of transcripts from life which one reader at least has found more fascinating than many of the efforts made to revivify the past through the medium of historical romance or romantic history. The story of the rise, the decline, and the fall of the parish autonomy and the old county oligarchy is in itself a sort of epic not wanting in the elements of adventure, and even of tragedy.... Here and there a remarkable personality emerges."--Mr. SIDNEY LOW, in _Standard_.
"Without exaggeration it may be said that this work will necessitate the rewriting of English history.... We are ushered into a new world, full of eager and heated interest.... The authors have contrived to make these dead bones live. Everywhere are peepholes into the lives of the people, and occasionally a connected story ... throws a flood of light on English society. There is not a chapter which is not full of facts of general interest, while the whole volume ... will be altogether indispensable to the serious student.... There is a fascinating tale of the 'boss' of Bethnal Green.... A history of the English people, richer in local colour, more comprehensive in its survey of social affairs, and more truly human in its sympathies than any treatise hitherto given to the public."--Mr. R. A. BRAY, in _Daily News_.
"Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb continue their laborious and luminous studies of English local institutions. In the last two volumes we find the same characteristics as those already published respecting the parish and the county--a minute investigation conducted not in the spirit of the antiquary, but with an eye to realities which are of interest to the politician, the historian, and the economist; an examination of the vast mass of printed matter on the subject, much of it practically inaccessible; and exhaustive enquiry among unedited manuscript records, some of them probably never before read. A few lines in the text or in a footnote are the results of prolonged local investigation; a few unobtrusive words at the close of a sentence, or qualifying some general statement, are the fruits of a careful search among the muniments of some corporation. We cannot speak too highly of the industry and patience which these volumes attest. They possess even rarer merits. The whole subject is set in a new light. We get away from traditional formulæ and conceptions. We see the local institutions at work, and they appear very different from what they are represented by lawyers to be."--_Times._
"If it be true, as many deep thinkers maintain, that history affords the only sure key to a thorough knowledge of political institutions, then the work of which these two learned and elaborate volumes form a part is indispensable to every serious student of English Local Government, for the history of that subject has never yet been expounded with such completeness and so scientific an impartiality.... A pioneer in a new way of writing the history of institutions.... By the skill with which they present the general movement of institutional developments as the outgrowth of natural forces, and constantly illustrate it by particular points of actuality and human interest, these writers have given new life to a study too long neglected."--_Scotsman._
"Closely packed tomes, crowded with detail, and exhibiting the result of a sum of research and investigation which leaves the indolent, irresponsible reviewer almost wordless with respectful admiration.... Such a collection of original material has been weighed and sifted as might move the envy of any German professor."--_Evening Standard._
"For years to come they will still be sifting, amassing, arranging, but their reputation as the foremost investigators of fact now amongst us is likely to be confirmed rather than shaken. Their work is as minute in detail as it is imposing in mass. In their patience they possess their intellect, and they remind us of the scholar with a magnifying glass in a picture by Jan van Eyck."--_Observer._
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE BREAK-UP OF THE POOR LAW BEING PART I. OF THE MINORITY REPORT OF THE POOR LAW COMMISSION
EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, xx and 604 pp. 7s. 6d net. Uniform with "English Local Government"
Bluebooks, it has been said, are places of burial. The original edition of the Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law and the Agencies dealing with the Unemployed is a ponderous tome of seven pounds weight, crowded with references, footnotes, and appendices, impossible either to handle or to read. Mr. and Mrs. Webb have, therefore, rescued from this tomb the Minority Report signed by the Dean of Norwich, Messrs. Chandler and Lansbury, and Mrs. Webb herself. By omitting all the notes and references, and printing the text in clear type on a convenient octavo page, they present the reader with something which he can hold with comfort by his fireside.
This Minority Report is a new departure in such documents. More than 20,000 copies have already been disposed of, and it is still selling like the last new novel. It is readable and even exciting. It is complete in itself. It presents, in ordered sequence, page by page, a masterly survey of what is actually going on in our workhouses and in the homes of those maintained on Outdoor Relief. It describes in precise detail from carefully authenticated evidence what is happening to the infants, to the children of school age, to the sick, to the mentally defective, to the widows with children struggling on their pittances of Outdoor Relief, to the aged and infirm inside the workhouse and outside. It sets forth the overlapping of the Poor Law with the newer work of the Education and Public Health Authorities, and the consequent waste and confusion. It gives a graphic vision of the working of the whole Poor Law machinery in all parts of the United Kingdom, which is costing us nearly twenty millions sterling per annum.
The volume concludes with a Scheme of Reform, of novel and far-reaching character, which is elaborately worked out in detail, involving the abolition of the workhouse, the complete disappearance of the Poor Law, and the transfer of the care of the children, the sick, the mentally defective, and the aged to the several committees of the Town and County Councils already administering analogous services, in order that we may now, in the twentieth century, set ourselves to prevent destitution, instead of waiting until it occurs.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE PUBLIC ORGANIZATION OF THE LABOUR MARKET
BEING PART II. OF THE MINORITY REPORT OF THE POOR LAW COMMISSION
EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
Demy 8vo, xvi and 332 pp. 5s. net. Uniform with "English Local Government"
The Problem of the Unemployed, which the Royal Commission on the Poor Law was incidentally set to solve, is the question of the day. Part II. of the Minority Report deals with it in a manner at once comprehensive and complete. The whole of the experience of the Poor Law Authorities, and their bankruptcy as regards the destitute able-bodied, is surveyed in vivid and picturesque detail. There is a brief account of the work of Voluntary Agencies. A lucid description is then given, with much new information, of the movement started by Mr. Chamberlain in 1886, which culminated in the Unemployed Workmen Act of 1905. The story is told of the various experiments and devices that have been tried during the past twenty years, the Relief Works and the Farm Colonies, etc. This leads up to an altogether novel descriptive analysis of the Unemployed of to-day, who they actually are, and what they really need. The final chapter on Proposals for Reform gives, in elaborate detail, the Minority's plan for solving the whole problem of Unemployment--not by any vague and chimerical panacea, but by a series of administratively practicable reforms, based on the actual experience of this and other countries, which are within the compass of the Cabinet, and could, if desired, be carried in a single session of Parliament.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE STATE AND THE DOCTOR
Demy 8vo, pp. viii and 276 (1910). Price 6s. net.
In this work a great deal that will be new to the ordinary citizen is brought to light. The authors show that we do a great deal of State Doctoring in England--more than is commonly realised--and that our arrangements have got into a tangle, which urgently needs straightening out. Everywhere there is a duplication of authorities, and more or less overlapping of work. We are spending out of the rates and taxes, in one way or another, directly on sickness and Public Health, a vast sum of money annually--no man knows how much, but it certainly amounts to six or seven millions sterling. Meanwhile, as is now being revealed to us, a vast amount of sickness goes altogether untreated, with the result of grave damage to our population, and unnecessary loss of productive capacity to the community as a whole.
The authors suggest that we put up with this waste, and we allow our statesmen to postpone the task of straightening out the tangle, very largely because we are not aware of the facts. There has hitherto been no popular description of our State Doctoring. Many worthy people, thinking themselves educated, do not even know of its existence. There is not even an official report setting forth exactly what is being done and left undone for sickness and the Public Health in the different parts of the kingdom.
But the authors do not content themselves with a picture of the costly and wasteful muddle that our responsible statesmen allow, session after session, to continue unreformed. The work concludes with a remarkable series of proposals for "straightening out the tangle"--proposals based on the very authoritative evidence received by the Royal Commission on the Poor Law, supported not only by the administrators, but also by a large section of the medical profession, and rapidly commending themselves to the unprejudiced enquirer.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
THE HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM
Demy 8vo; Tenth Thousand; New Edition, with New Introductory Chapter; lvii and 558 pp. (1911).
=Price 7s. 6d. net.=
This work describes, not only the growth and development of the Trade Union Movement in the United Kingdom from 1700 down to the end of the nineteenth century, but also the structure and working of the present Trade Union organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded almost entirely on material hitherto unpublished, it is not a mere chronicle of Trade Union organisation or record of strikes, but gives, in effect, the political history of the English working class during the last one hundred and fifty years. The opening chapter describes the handicraftsman in the toils of the industrial revolution, striving vainly to retain the mediæval regulation of his Standard of Life. In subsequent chapters the Place Manuscripts and the archives of the Priory Council and the Home Office enable the authors to picture the struggles of the early Trade Unionists against the Combination Laws, and the remarkable Parliamentary manipulation which led to their repeal. The private records of the various Societies, together with contemporary pamphlets and working-class newspapers, furnish a graphic account of the hitherto undescribed outburst of "New Unionism" of 1830-34, with its revolutionary aims and subsequent Chartist entanglements. In the course of the narrative we see the intervention in Trade Union history of Francis Place, Joseph Hume, J. R. M'Culloch, Nassau Senior, William the Fourth, Lord Melbourne, Robert Owen, Fergus O'Connor, Thomas Slingsby Duncombe, John Bright, the Christian Socialists, the Positivists, and many living politicians. The hidden influence of Trade Unionism on English politics is traced from point to point, new light being incidentally thrown upon the defeat of Mr. Gladstone's Government in 1874. A detailed analysis is given of the economic and political causes which have, since 1880, tended to divorce the Trade Union Movement from its alliance with "official Liberalism." A new introductory chapter brings the story down to the last few years. The final chapter describes the Trade Union world of to-day in all its varied features, including a realistic sketch of actual Trade Union life by a Trade Union Secretary, and a classified census founded on the authors' investigations into a thousand separate Unions in all parts of the country. A coloured map represents the percentage which the Trade Unionists bear to the population of each county. A bibliography of Trade Union literature is appended (which, together with that given in _Industrial Democracy_, affords a unique index of almost every available source of information).
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION.
PREFACE.
CHAP.
I. THE ORIGINS OF TRADE UNIONISM.
II. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE (1799-1825).
III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1829-1842).
IV. THE NEW SPIRIT AND THE NEW MODEL (1843-1860).
V. THE JUNTA AND THEIR ALLIES (1860-1875).
VI. SECTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS (1863-1885).
VII. THE OLD UNIONISM AND THE NEW (1875-1889).
VIII. THE TRADE UNION WORLD.
APPENDIX
ON THE ASSUMED CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TRADE UNIONS AND THE GILDS IN DUBLIN--SLIDING SCALES--THE SUMMONS TO THE FIRST TRADE UNION CONGRESS--DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE UNIONISTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM--THE PROGRESS IN MEMBERSHIP OF PARTICULAR TRADE UNIONS--LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ON TRADE UNIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF WORKMEN.
"A masterly piece of work."--_Times_.
"To the politician ... an invaluable guide."--_Observer_.
"An admirably lucid presentation of a great mass of complicated facts. Its very footnotes display a wealth of material such as would have amply sufficed to turn each note into an article of considerable length. In the learning they exhibit, and the concise and decisive way in which they settle important subsidiary questions and side-issues, they remind us of the notes in such monuments of German industry and erudition as Zeller's _Griechische Philosophie_.... The result is a full, clear, and condensed history such as can have few parallels.... We may fairly repeat that the book is a masterpiece of lucidity of knowledge. Every page is of value, and nearly every sentence contains a fact."--_Speaker_.
"Readable every word of it. There is plenty of excitement and plenty of romance in the book."--_Queen_.
"As fascinating reading as a well-written novel."--_Cotton Factory Times_.
"Infinitely painstaking, comprehensive, clear and acute, the first correct and scholarly history of Trade Unionism in England.... Marked by immense research.... The book must find a permanent place upon the shelf of every student of Economics.... Undeniably marked by the qualities of true history--fulness, accuracy, and clear connection in the presentation of facts."--_Newcastle Chronicle_.
"It would not be easy to overestimate the value and importance of their admirable and masterly work ... not likely to be superseded for some time to come."--_Economic Review_.
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
WORKS BY SIDNEY AND BEATRICE WEBB
INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY
Demy 8vo; Tenth Thousand; New Edition in 1 vol., with New Introductory Chapter; lxi and 929 pp. (1907), with Two Diagrams.
=Price 12s. net.=
ADVERTISEMENT
In this work the authors of _The History of Trade Unionism_ deal, not with the past, but with the present. They describe, with the systematic detail of the scientific observer, and in the same objective spirit, all the forms of Trade Unionism, Factory Legislation, and other regulation of industry to be found within the British Isles. The whole structure and function of Labour Organisations and Restrictive Legislation in every industry is analysed and criticised in a manner never before attempted. The employer in difficulties with his workmen, the Trade Unionist confronted with a new assault upon his Standard Rate, the politician troubled about a new project for Factory Legislation, the public-spirited citizen concerned as to the real issues of a labour dispute, will find elucidated in this work the very problems about which they are thinking. It is a storehouse of authenticated facts about every branch of "the Labour Question," gathered from six years' personal investigation into every industry in all parts of the Kingdom; systematically classified; and made accessible by an unusually elaborate Index. But the book is more than an Encyclopedia on the Labour Question. Scientific examination of Trade Union structure reveals, in these thousand self governing republics, a remarkable evolution in Democratic constitutions, which throws light on political problems in a larger sphere. The century-long experience of these working-class organisations affords unique evidence as to the actual working of such expedients as the Referendum, the Initiative, Government by Mass Meeting, Annual Elections, Proportional Representation, Payment of Members, and, generally, the relation between the citizen-elector, the chosen representative, and the executive officer. The intricate relations of trade with trade have an interesting bearing upon such problems as Local Government, Federation, and Home Rule. Those who regard the participation of a working-class electorate in the affairs of Government as the distinctive, if not the dangerous feature in modern politics, will here find the phenomenon isolated, and may learn how the British workman actually deals with similar issues in his own sphere. The intricate constitutions and interesting political experiments of the thousand self-governing Trade Union republics are dissected and criticised by the authors in such a way as to make the work a contribution to Political Science, as to the scope and method of which the authors, in describing their investigations, propound a new view.
The analysis of the working of Trade Unionism and Factory Legislation in the various industries of the United Kingdom has involved a reconsideration of the conclusions of Political Economy. The authors give a new and original description of the working of industrial competition in the business world of to-day; and they are led to important modifications of the views currently held upon Capital, Interest, Profits, Wages, Women's Labour, the Population Question, Foreign Competition, Free Trade, etc. The latter part of the work is, in fact, a treatise upon Economics.
A new Introductory Chapter deals at length with Compulsory Courts of Arbitration and Wages-Boards in New Zealand and Australia.
CONTENTS
PREFACE.
INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION.