CHAPTER VI
DISCIPLINE AND THE DAILY LIFE
§ 80. The chief object of this book has been to explain the position and use of the various buildings of a monastery, and in its course reference has been made to several leading features of the life which was led within them. The sketch may be completed by some brief notes on the arrangements for monastic discipline and the ordinary life of the house. The abbot was the head and father of the house, who presided in chapter and was responsible for the due correction of erring brethren and the treatment of the complaints which monks and canons were encouraged to make publicly in the daily chapter-meeting. His duties, however, were largely delegated to the prior, who was the officer charged with the maintenance of order in the cloister[20]. Where the prior was head of the house, the sub-prior took this secondary position. In monasteries where the number of brethren was large, as at Lewes or Peterborough, the prior was helped in the cloister by other monks, who were known as the sub-prior and the third and fourth prior. An old name for the junior priors was _circae_ or _circatores_: their duty was to make periodical rounds of inspection in the cloister and dorter. But, in addition to these disciplinary officers, there were other officials, each of whom administered a special department of the convent. Their offices, held by commission from the abbot, were called obediences (_obedientiae_), and they themselves were known collectively as obedientiaries (_obedientiarii_). In the great monasteries the abbot had his own household officers, chosen from the monks: at Peterborough in 1440 he had his own seneschal, receiver or bailiff, cellarer, chamberlain, and chaplain[21]. Of the obedientiaries usually found in connexion with the convent, two, the precentor and sacrist, were in charge of the church. The precentor was responsible for the singing, the direction of processions and the repair and proper notation of the quire-books: he also, as at Barnwell, filled the office of librarian (_armarius_). The sacrist had control of the clock, bells, lights and ornaments of the church. They were sometimes assisted in their offices by a succentor or sub-chanter and sub-sacrist. The sacrist at Peterborough was excused from attendance in quire save on certain festivals. The same excuse applied for more obvious reasons to the cellarer and almoner, and to the monks who filled the offices of treasurer and master of the works, the second of whom controlled the repairs of the church and monastery. The cellarer and almoner were invariably found in all monasteries. The cellarer was the chief means of communication between the house and the world outside: he marketed and went to fairs, and bought the necessary provisions and furniture. The duties of the almoner have already been noticed: he and the cellarer were frequently assisted by a sub-almoner and sub-cellarer. The cellarer, whose checker was usually in the neighbourhood of the _cellarium_ and kitchen, was in close touch with the fraterer (_refectorarius_) and kitchener (_coquinarius_), whose chief duties were to arrange the meals in the frater and to regulate the activities of the cook and his assistants[22]. He also was, as we have seen, responsible in some degree for the hospitality of the house, which was administered directly by the hosteller (_hospitarius_). Equally necessary to the conduct of the monastery were the infirmarer (_infirmarius_), who looked after the brethren in the infirmary and sometimes, as at Peterborough, had his separate lodging in its neighbourhood, and the chamberlain (_camerarius_), who attended to the clothes of the brethren and their bedding in the dorter. The receiver (_receptor_), treasurer (_thesaurarius_) or bursar (_bursarius_) collected rents in money: the garnerer or granger (_granatarius_) collected the tithe in corn which belonged to the monastery, and supplied the cellarer with his stores of bread and beer. These offices of course varied in different houses, and in the later middle ages some are found in combination; but, as the needs of all orders were to some extent the same, the differences are trifling[23]. Each was bound to render an account of his administration yearly or quarterly, and, where such accounts survive, the information which they give is from the social and economical point of view of the highest value.
§ 81. The time-table of a monastic day in church and cloister must be reckoned with attention to the fact that the day, between sunrise and sunset, was divided, irrespective of the season, into twelve equal parts. The hours in winter were thus some twenty minutes shorter than in summer, and, with this in view, a different arrangement was adopted during the winter months, which began on Holy Cross day (14 September) and lasted till Easter. Artificial light was impossible in the cloister after sunset, and consequently in winter the brethren went to bed earlier. Their night was divided into two equal portions, between which came the night-office of matins followed by lauds. The rule of St Benedict contemplated an undivided night, with matins as the first day-office, said before daybreak; but the general practice followed in all orders was to rise in the middle of the night for matins and to return to the dorter afterwards. At Durham the monks dressed by the light of cressets—bowls filled with oil and floating wicks, and set in hollows in square stone stands at either end of the dorter. In most monasteries the brethren entered and left the church in procession before and after matins by the night-stair, and the time between dressing and the signal to go to church was occupied in private prayer. After preparatory psalms, the service began with the invitatory, which included the psalm _Venite exultemus_. It was divided into nocturns, each consisting of a group of psalms followed by three lessons: on ordinary days matins consisted of a single nocturn, but on most feast-days there were three. Lauds followed: this service derived its name from the three final psalms of the psalter, known from their opening words, _Laudate Dominum_, as the _laudes_. The whole night-office was of considerable length—equal, in fact, to that of the day-hours taken together—and was further increased by the addition of the office of our Lady and on certain days of _Placebo_, or matins of the dead. When it was over, the brethren returned to bed and rose, at daybreak in winter, at sunrise in summer, for prime, when the sub-prior unlocked the day-stair and the church was entered by the ordinary doorway from the cloister.
§ 82. The day-hours were said every three hours, as their names imply—prime at the first, terce at the third, sext at the sixth, none at the ninth. In summer prime was followed in Benedictine and Cistercian houses by chapter. This began with the versicle _Pretiosa_ ('Right dear in the sight of the Lord is the death of His saints') which preceded the martyrology or account of the saints commemorated on the day: this was followed by the necrology, or list of the dead to be remembered, and by a chapter of the rule with a sermon or commentary. The work of each monk was allotted for the day, and the meeting closed with _clamationes_ or individual complaints, public confessions and corrections by the head of the house. The interval between chapter and terce was occupied by the monks in work in the cloister or in their various offices. Terce was followed by the chapter mass, during which at Durham half the monks in priest's orders said their private masses. The other half said their masses during high mass, which was sung about an hour after the chapter mass and immediately before sext. During this time, no food was taken. Bread soaked in wine (_mixtum_) was allowed to those whose strength was hardly equal to the long morning. In the Premonstratensian order, where, as in Augustinian houses, the chapter mass seems to have been sung immediately after prime, and chapter was followed after an interval by terce, the _mixtum_ was distributed after terce to the infirm and the novices. All spare intervals were filled by work, and silence was rigorously maintained, all necessary conversation taking place in the parlour.
§ 83. The first meal (_prandium_) took place at mid-day in the frater, soon after sext. During the meal the reader for the week, who had taken his repast before the rest, occupied the pulpit and read from the Bible or some pious book. Grace after meat ended with the _Miserere_, which was sung in procession through the cloister, the concluding collect and suffrages being said in church. The brethren then retired to rest in the dorter, until none. Work of various kinds filled up the time between none and vespers, a service which corresponded in its general structure to lauds. After vespers and the usual grace came supper (_caena_). During the interval between supper and compline (_completorium_), the last office, the convent met in the chapter-house for collation, at which the _Collationes_ of Cassian or a chapter from some other monastic author were read. Compline ended the day, although, in times of lax discipline, there arose a custom of sitting up late in the warming-house which called for correction from episcopal visitors. The strict rule, however, required that the brethren should repair directly after compline to the dorter, and that all doors in the church and cloister should be locked until prime. At Durham the sub-prior went the round of the dorter towards the middle of the night to see that all was in good order. The rule required constant vigilance on the part of the officers, especially with regard to the maintenance of silence and the prevention of the accumulation of private property by the brethren.
§ 84. In winter the morning or chapter mass was sung between prime and terce, and terce was succeeded by chapter. High mass and sext followed. Between sext and none the convent was at work. After none came the mid-day meal, and the rest of the day was spent as usual until compline, with the omission of the post-prandial rest, which in a season of long nights was not needed. In orders in which manual labour played a large part—the Cistercian and Premonstratensian, for example—special portions of the day were set aside for such work. The Cistercians worked in the morning between chapter and terce, and in the afternoon between none and vespers. In winter they usually worked from chapter after terce till none, apparently saying sext privately: in Lent they also said none at their work, and did not have their meal until after vespers. Their periods for reading and contemplation were an interval between matins and lauds in all seasons, the time between the morning mass and sext in summer (for in this order there seems to have originally been no high mass before sext), and part of the interval between vespers and compline. Premonstratensian canons worked in summer from chapter to terce, and in hay-time and harvest spent the greater part of the day in the fields, saying their hours privately, and dining and sleeping in the granges, if necessary. In winter work was done after terce. The Premonstratensian hours for reading were between sext and the mid-day meal in summer or none in winter, and again after none or the mid-day meal till vespers. In the summer the canons were allowed their daily bevers or draught of wine before vespers in the frater. The conduct of the daily life in the various orders applies equally to houses of female religious, where the officers corresponded to those in male convents, the night and day-hours were said and chapters were held on the same model, and the only important difference was that chaplains had to be imported to say mass and hear private confessions, the hour for which in all orders was usually after chapter.
§ 85. It is probable that the observances of all orders in the two centuries before the suppression tended to become very similar. Records of visitations in the fifteenth century shew that there had grown to be scarcely any difference between the ordinary customs of Benedictine monks and Augustinian canons: injunctions delivered to a house of one order were repeated in almost the same terms to a house of another. The Carthusian order stood apart from the rest, however, by virtue of its ascetic rule—a rule stricter and more frugal even than that followed by the early Cistercians. Each monk lived his own life in his cell, going to church for the night-office, the early masses and vespers, and to the frater for the mid-day meal and supper on Sundays and certain feast-days, but otherwise saying his offices alone and served with his two meals a day through a hatch in the wall of his cell. On Sundays and chapter festivals all the hours, except compline, were said in church, and two chapters were held, one after prime and the second after none. In this life of lonely austerity, given up to contemplation and precluded even from the field-work and farming which were part of the activity of the strictest orders, later medieval sentiment found much to admire; and the popularity of the Carthusians in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was probably a recognition of their maintenance of the primitive simplicity from which the older and greater houses had declined.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. EARLY MONASTIC HISTORY. See _Cambridge Medieval History_, vol. I, pp. 521-42 (by Dom E. C. Butler, abbot of Downside). A full bibliography will be found on pp. 683-7 of the same volume.
B. RELIGIOUS ORDERS. (1) Benedictine monks. The rule of St Benedict has been edited by Dom E. C. Butler, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1911. There is a translation by abbot Gasquet in the 'King's Classics' series.
(2) Carthusian monks. See H. V. le Bas in _Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, XVIII, 241-52.
(3) Cistercian monks. See _Cistercian Statutes_, ed. J. T. Fowler, 1890 (reprinted from _Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, with preface containing references to original sources). See also J. T. Micklethwaite, _The Cistercian Order_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, XV, 245-68, reprinted as separate pamphlet).
(4) Augustinian canons. The letter of St Augustine on which the rule was founded is no. CCXI in his _Epistolae_, printed with his other works in Migne, _Patrologiae Latinae Cursus_. The rule is printed by J. W. Clark, _Observances in Use at the Augustinian Priory of S. Giles and S. Andrew at Barnwell, Cambridgeshire_, Cambridge, 1897, pp. 2-23: see also the introduction to the same volume, pp. xxxi-civ, for a description of the customs of the order.
(5) Gilbertine canons. See Rose Graham, _St Gilbert of Sempringham and the Gilbertines_, 1902.
(6) Premonstratensian canons. See F. A. Gasquet, _Collectanea Anglo-Premonstratensia_, 3 vols., 1906 (Camden Soc., 3rd ser.). Some of the statutes are printed by J. W. Clark, _op. cit._ pp. 101-4.
(7) Nuns. See Lina Eckenstein, _Women and Monasticism_, Cambridge, 1896.
(8) Friars. See _Monumenta Franciscana_, 2 vols., 1858, 1882 (Rolls ser.), ed. J. S. Brewer and R. Howlett.
A number of general documents of great importance are prefixed to the accounts of individual houses of the several orders in Dugdale's _Monasticon Anglicanum_, 8 vols., 1817-30, ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel—e.g. the Carthusian _Tractatus statutorum ... pro noviciis_, and the _Vita_ and _Institutiones Sancti Gileberti_ prefixed to the accounts of houses of the order of Sempringham.
C. ENGLISH MONASTERIES: HISTORY. Dugdale, _Monasticon_, ut sup., contains the text of a great number of documents, taken from various sources, relating to the large majority of English religious houses, together with a carefully annotated account of each house and a list of its heads. These accounts and lists have been supplemented and to some extent superseded by the articles upon the several religious houses which are contained in the published volumes of the _Victoria History of the Counties of England_, now in progress. The documents are in great part selected from the MS. chartularies of the various monasteries, of which many have been preserved in public and private collections. Some chartularies have been printed in full—e.g. the Surtees Society has published those of Newminster, Rievaulx and Whitby abbeys, and of Brinkburn and Guisbrough priories, and chartularies of Gloucester, Hyde and Ramsey abbeys, and the register of Malmesbury abbey have appeared in the Rolls series. _Memorials of Fountains Abbey_, 2 vols., ed. J. R. Walbran, and _The Priory of Hexham_, 2 vols., ed. J. Raine (Surtees Soc.), contain collections of charters in addition to other historical matter.
A bibliography of some of the most important sources for the history of the monastic life is prefixed to abbot Gasquet's _English Monastic Life_, 1904, a valuable account of the constitution and customs of religious houses, followed by an appendix containing the most complete list which has yet appeared of English monastic foundations. An annotated list (_The English Student's Monasticon_) forms vol. II of Mackenzie E. C. Walcott's _English Minsters_, 1879.
A large number of monastic chronicles have been printed in the Rolls series. The period before the Norman conquest is represented by the _Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon_, Thomas of Elmham's _Historia Monasterii S. Augustini Cantuariensis_, the _Liber Monasterii de Hyda_, the _Chronicle of the Abbey of Ramsey_, and the _Vita S. Oswaldi_ (in _Historians of the Church of York_, vol. I). Later history is contained in the _Annales Monastici_, 5 vols. (Annals of Bermondsey, Burton, Margam, Oseney, Tewkesbury and Waverley abbeys, and of Dunstable, Winchester and Worcester priories), the _Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham_, _Historia et Cartularium Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriae_, 3 vols., _Chronicon Monasterii de Melsa_ (Meaux), 3 vols., Walsingham's _Gesta Abbatum Monasterii S. Albani_, 3 vols., _Registra quorundam abbatum S. Albani_ (15 cent.), 2 vols., and _Memorials of St Edmund's Abbey_, 3 vols. Jocelyn of Brakelond's and other chronicles were printed by the Camden Society among their publications: there is a translation of Jocelyn in the 'King's Classics.'
For custom-books, monastic account-books, etc., reference may be made to abbot Gasquet's bibliography, ut sup., where also there are notes of printed editions of monastic visitations and episcopal registers. The registers of archbishops Giffard and Wickwane of York (ed. W. Brown for the Surtees Soc.) and that of archbishop Romeyn, about to appear under the same editorship, contain many valuable documents relating to visitations of monasteries. The present writer is engaged upon an edition of similar documents from the Lincoln episcopal registers for the Lincoln Record Soc., of which vol. I (1420-36) is now in the press.
Three books of recent times are of the highest importance to students of monastic history, viz. (1) J. W. Clark's _Observances of Barnwell_, already mentioned; (2) _Inventories of Christ Church, Canterbury_, ed. W. H. St John Hope and J. Wickham Legg, 1902; (3) _The Rites of Durham_, ed. J. T. Fowler, 1903 (Surt. Soc.), the notes to which are a mine of information as to monastic customs, ritual, etc.
D. ENGLISH MONASTERIES: ARCHITECTURE AND PLAN. There is a lack of general treatises on this subject; but the account of monastic architecture by C. Enlart, _Manuel d'Archéologie française_, Paris, 1904, II, 1-57, applies, _mutatis mutandis_, to English monasteries, and contains a general bibliography.
The foundation of the study of the Benedictine plan was laid down by Professor Willis in his articles on _Worcester Cathedral and Monastery_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XX), and in _The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of Christ Church in Canterbury_, 1869. D. J. Stewart's _Architectural History of Ely Cathedral_, 1868, is another remarkable work of the same period. Other important works are J. T. Micklethwaite's _Notes on the Abbey buildings of Westminster_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vols. XXXIII, LI), W. H. St John Hope's _Notes on the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Gloucester_ (_Ibid._ vol. LIV) and _Architectural History of the Cathedral Church and Monastery of St Andrew at Rochester_ (reprinted from _Archaeol. Cantiana_, 1900), the accounts of Peterborough abbey by C. R. Peers (_Vict. Co. Hist. Northants_, vol. II), of St Albans abbey by C. R. Peers and W. Page (_Ibid._ _Herts_, vol. II) and of Winchester cathedral priory by C. R. Peers and H. Brakspear (_Ibid._ _Hants_, vol. V), and W. H. Knowles' _Tynemouth Priory_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LXVII). F. Bond's _Westminster Abbey_, 1909, is an admirably written and well illustrated volume.
The Carthusian plan is treated by Mr Hope in _Mount Grace Priory_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XVIII, with historical articles by H. V. le Bas and W. Brown) and in _The London Charterhouse and its old water supply_ (_Archaeologia_, vol. LVIII).
The peculiarities of the Cistercian order have received much attention: see E. Sharpe, _Architecture of the Cistercians_ (_Journal R.I.B.A._, 1870-1, pp. 189-210), and J. T. Micklethwaite, _Of the Cistercian plan_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. VII). The chief monograph on the Cistercian plan is W. H. St John Hope's _Fountains Abbey_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XV, reprinted separately, 1900), and to the same writer's _Kirkstall Abbey_ (_Thoresby Soc. Publications_, vol. XVI) is added an essay by J. Bilson on _The Architecture of the Cistercians_, reprinted, with some alterations, in _Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LXVI. It may be noted that Mr Hope, among other discoveries, established for the first time in his _Fountains Abbey_ the use of the Cistercian nave as the quire of the _conversi_, the arrangement of the Cistercian kitchen, and the fact of the disappearance of the _conversi_ from Cistercian houses after the middle of the fourteenth century. Mr Hope has further discussed Cistercian arrangements in _The Abbey of St Mary in Furness_ (_Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. and Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vol. XVI, reprinted 1902), and with H. Brakspear in _Beaulieu Abbey_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LXIII) and _Jervaulx Abbey_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XXI). Mr Brakspear's monographs include _On the first Church at Furness_ (_Lanc. and Chesh. Antiq. Soc. Trans._, vol. XVIII), _The Church of Hayles Abbey_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LVIII; see also _Bristol and Glouc. Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vol. XXIV), _Pipewell Abbey_ (_Assoc. Archit. Soc. Reports_, vol. XXX), _Stanley Abbey_ (_Wilts. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XXXV), and _Waverley Abbey_ (_Surrey Archaeol. Soc._, 1905). See also R. W. Paul, _The Church and Monastery of Abbey Dore_ (_Bristol and Glouc. Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vol. XXVII).
For Cluniac plans see Mr Hope's _Architectural History of the Priory of St Pancras at Lewes_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XLI; see also _Sussex Archaeol. Collections_, vols. XXXIV, XLIX) and _Castleacre Priory_ (_Norfolk Archaeologia_, vol. XII).
The chief monographs on houses of Augustinian canons are Mr Hope's _Repton Priory_ (_Derby Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vols. VI, VII; _Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XLI), Messrs Hope and Brakspear's _Haughmond Abbey_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LXVI), and R. W. Paul's _Plan of the Church and Monastery of St Augustine, Bristol_ (_Archaeologia_, vol. LXIII). See also J. W. Clark, _Observances of Barnwell_, ut sup., C. C. Hodges, _Hexham Abbey_ (sic), 1888, and the learned series of articles by J. F. Hodgson on the plans of Augustinian churches (_Archaeol. Journal_, vols. XLI-XLIII). Mr Brakspear has described two houses of Augustinian canonesses, viz., _Burnham Abbey_ (_Ibid._, vol. LX; see _Bucks. Archit. and Archaeol. Soc. Records_, vol. VIII) and _Lacock Abbey_ (_Archaeologia_, vol. LVII; see also _Wilts. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XXXI).
The Gilbertine plan is elucidated by Mr Hope in _The Gilbertine Priory of Watton_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. LVIII).
Mr Hope is further responsible for a series of articles upon various Premonstratensian abbeys, viz. Alnwick (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XLIV; see also _Archaeologia Aeliana_, vol. XIII), Dale (_Derby Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vols. I, II), St Agatha's (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. X), St Radegund's (_Archaeol. Cantiana_, vol. XIV), Shap (_Cumb. and Westm. Antiq. and Archaeol. Soc. Trans._, vol. X) and West Langdon (_Archaeol. Cantiana_, vol. XV). See also J. F. Hodgson, _Eggleston Abbey_ (_Yorks. Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XVIII).
For the plans of friaries, see Mr Hope's _On the Whitefriars or Carmelites of Hulne_ (_Archaeol. Journal_, vol. XLVII) and A. W. Clapham, _On the Topography of the Dominican Priory of London_ (_Archaeologia_, vol. LXIII).
The above list embraces the most important contributions to the subject made during recent years. Many plans of other monasteries with brief descriptions will be found in the accounts of the summer meetings of the Royal Archaeological Institute in recent volumes of the _Archaeol. Journal_, and there are also plans of the chief monasteries in various volumes of _The Builder_. Mr Hope's plans of Durham are given in _The Rites of Durham_, ut sup. For further plans, see the topographical sections of the _Victoria County History_ and the _History of Northumberland_ (now in progress).
Historical monographs on religious houses, in which attention is paid to plan and architectural features, should not be forgotten. As examples of these may be cited S. O. Addy's _Beauchief Abbey_, Dr W. de Gray Birch's histories of _Neath Abbey_ and _Margam Abbey_, C. Lynam's _Croxden Abbey_, and S. W. Williams' _Cistercian Abbey of Strata Florida_. Guide-books are not as a rule very trustworthy, but the official guide-book to Tintern abbey, for the architectural part of which Mr Brakspear is responsible, and F. Bligh Bond's guide to Glastonbury abbey are among the notable exceptions.
Articles of great historical value will be found under various headings in Smith's _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_, the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ and the _Catholic Encyclopaedia_. It is unnecessary to refer to these in detail.
FOOTNOTES
[1] _Conversi_ were found in houses of other orders, e.g. the Augustinian, but their position in such cases was less definite than in the Cistercian order. Male _conversi_ were attached to houses of Cistercian nuns: examples of this are known in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.
[2] In 1301 the Benedictine monks of Gloucester were allowed a frock and cowl out of the wardrobe at least once a year, day-shoes once in 18 months, boots once in five years, pairs of woollen shirts (_langelli_) once every four years. They could change when necessary a thick and thin tunic, their pilch or fur cloak (_pellicea_), ordinary boots, under-shirt (_stamen_) and drawers (_femoralia_).
[3] In 1230 the monks of St James', Bristol, a cell of Tewkesbury, petitioned the bishop of Worcester against the consecration of the Dominican church in St James' parish. Various documents in the York episcopal registers between 1279 and 1296 deal with the rivalry between the _custodes_ of the alien priory of Scarborough and the local Dominicans. In both cases the root of ill-feeling was the diversion by the friars of the oblations due to the parish altar.
[4] _Historical Growth of the English Parish Church_, 1911, pp. 11-15.
[5] At Waverley, late in the twelfth century, there were 70 monks, 120 _conversi_. That the monks sometimes found the _conversi_ difficult to manage is shewn by the action of abbot Richard (1220-35) at Meaux, who removed them from the granges and confined them to menial and craftsmen's work.
[6] The order in which the parts of a monastery were built followed the immediate needs of the convent. Thus at Evesham the eastern part of the church and the eastern range of the cloister were built first: the frater and western range, with the permanent outer buildings and the rest of the church, were not finished till later. At Meaux a temporary two-storied building, church above and dorter below, was used for some years until permanent buildings were ready.
[7] At St Albans, where we have much information about the library, two-thirds of the demesne tithes in Hatfield and some tithes in Redbourn were assigned between 1077 and 1098 _ad volumina ecclesiae_ (i.e. the church-books) _facienda_.
[8] At Evesham two of the obedientiaries' checkers or offices were in the sub-vault of the dorter. Here also was the misericord, which had a door into the infirmary garden. The bleeding-house was a vaulted room beneath the rere-dorter.
[9] Notices relating to water-supply are frequent in monastic chronicles. In 1216, when the old spring at Waverley dried up, a monk named Simon brought the waters of several springs by a culvert into a conduit which was called St Mary's fount. The new lavatory at Malmesbury was finished in 1284.
[10] The weekly maundy (_mandatum_) or foot-washing took place at the lavatory; the arrangement is well seen at Fountains, where the monks sat on an upper ledge with their feet in the trough below.
[11] The upper stage was probably the treasury, which the account of the flood of 1265 shews to have been on an upper floor.
[12] In Benedictine houses the use of the misericord for monks in ordinary health was permitted at an earlier period. Abbot Colerne (1260-96) made regulations in 1292 for the daily use of the misericord at Malmesbury by a certain number of monks.
[13] Jocelyn of Brakelond says that in bleeding-time 'monks are wont to open to one another the secrets of the heart and to take counsel together,' and describes how at such a time, in the vacancy before his election as abbot of Bury, Samson the sub-sacrist sat in silence, smiling at the gossip of the brethren.
[14] Abbot Paul (1077-98) ordained that the _minuti_ at St Albans, instead of feeding on meat pasties, should have a dish of salt-fish and slices of cake, known as 'karpie.'
[15] At St Albans there was a large _camera_ for infirm abbots close to the infirmary. This, known as the _pictorium_ or painted chamber, was destroyed by the insurgent tenants in 1381.
[16] Abbot Brokehampton (1282-1316) built two guest-chambers at Evesham upon vaulted undercrofts on the west side of the _curia_. In 1378 parliament sat in the guest-house and other buildings at Gloucester: the account shews how the cloister life was disorganised by the crowd of visitors.
[17] This was due to the removal of a chantry of six monks and a secular priest from Ottringham to the monastery.
[18] In Benedictine monasteries there were usually several offices outside the precinct—e.g., at Tewkesbury the mill and the guests' stable, burned in 1257, were _extra portam abbatiae_. The building of permanent offices in the _curia_ at Bury by abbot Samson is described by Jocelyn of Brakelond.
[19] The almonry at St Albans, built by abbot Wallingford (1326-35), included a hall, chapel, chambers, kitchen, cellar and other buildings necessary for the scholars and their master.
[20] The prior was usually nominated by the abbot, or the names of several nominees were submitted to the convent for election. Jocelyn of Brakelond gives a detailed account of the election of a prior at Bury.
[21] The abbot's household at Gloucester, as regulated by archbishop Winchelsey in 1301, included five lay esquires and several lay servants, each with a definite office. Of the esquires one was seneschal of the guest-hall, another marshal, who was charged with regulating accounts, a third cook: the other two were appointed to serve the abbot's table and bed-chamber.
[22] Thus the cellarer of Evesham supplied the frater daily with 72 loaves.
[23] The officers and obedientiaries at Evesham in the thirteenth century were the prior, sub-prior, third prior and other _custodes ordinis_, the precentor, dean of the Christianity of the vale of Evesham, sacrist, chamberlain, kitchener, two cellarers, infirmarer, almoner, warden of the vineyard and garden, master of the fabric, guest-master and pittancer. The last official distributed the money allowances of the brethren.
INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES
N.B. The name of each place in this list is followed by that of its county, or, if not in England, of its country, department or province. The description of the religious house as abbey or priory follows where necessary, and its order is added in brackets. Aug. = Augustinian; Ben. = Benedictine; Carm. = Carmelite; Carth. = Carthusian; Cist. = Cistercian; Clun. = Cluniac; Dom. = Dominican; Gilb. = Gilbertine; Prem. = Premonstratensian; Tiron. = Tironensian
Abbo, abbot of Fleury, 7
Abergavenny, Monmouth, priory (Ben.), 66
Abingdon, Berks., abbey (Ben.), 145
Aelfwine, 7
Africa, communities of regular clergy in, 19
Alnwick, William, bishop of Lincoln, 29, 30, 32, 33
Alnwick, Northumb., abbey (Prem.), 22, 64, 80, 111, 148
_Ancren Riwle_, 24
Anselm, St, archbishop of Canterbury, 9
Anthony, St, 2, 4
Augustine, St, archbishop of Canterbury, 5, 6; bishop of Hippo, 19, 20, 119
Aumône, l', Normandy, abbey (Cist.), 15
Avranches, Manche, 13
Aylesford, Kent, priory (Carm. friars), 26
Bardney, Lincs., abbey (Ben.), 115
Barnwell, Cambs., priory (Aug.), 113, 127, 128, 132, 134, 143, 145, 147
Basil, St, 2, 4
Battle, Sussex, abbey (Ben.), 8
Beauchief, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), 148
Beaulieu, Hants., abbey (Cist.), 37, 58, 59, 86, 99, 104, 128, 147
Beauvale, Notts., priory (Carth.), 13
Bec-Hellouin, Eure, abbey (Ben.), 9, 10
Becket, Thomas (St Thomas of Canterbury), 48
Beeleigh, Essex, abbey (Prem.), 79, 84
Benedict, St, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 19, 20, 137
Bermondsey, Surrey, abbey (Clun.), 12, 145
Bernard, St, abbot of Clairvaux, 14
Berno, St, abbot of Cluny, 11
Beverley, Yorks., collegiate church, 47
Blanchland, Northumb., abbey (Prem.), 38
Blyth, Notts., priory (Ben.), 10, 11, 53, 54
Bobbio, Pavia, monastery of, 3
Bolton, Yorks., priory (Aug.), 63, 64, 66
Bradsole; see St Radegund's
Brakelond, Jocelyn of, 115, 129, 133, 145
Brecon, Christ college, 38; priory (Dom. friars), 38, 71
Bridlington, Yorks., priory (Aug.), 66, 129
Brinkburn, Northumb., priory (Aug.), 63, 66, 144
Bristol, friaries, 26, 27, 38; St Augustine's abbey (Aug.), 37, 65, 78, 79, 98, 147; St James' priory (Ben.), 27
Brokehampton, John of, abbot of Evesham, 126
Bromfield, Salop, priory (Ben.), 66
Bromholm, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), 12, 68
Bruno, St, 12
Buckfast, Devon, abbey (Cist.), 103
Buildwas, Salop, abbey (Cist.), 14, 37, 55, 57, 62, 64, 98, 100
Burnham, Bucks., abbey (Aug. nuns), 25, 147
Burton-on-Trent, Staffs., abbey (Ben.), 145
Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, abbey (Ben.), 34, 55, 115, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 145
Byland, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 52, 58
Caen, Calvados, abbey of Saint-Etienne (Ben.), 9
Caldey, Pembroke, priory (Tiron.), 14
Cambridge, colleges, 20, 35; Emmanuel college, 39; friaries, 26, 39; King's college, 35; St Radegund's priory (Ben. nuns, now Jesus college), 35, 38, 79, 90; Sidney Sussex college, 39
Cannes, Alpes-Maritimes, 3
Canons Ashby, Northants., priory (Aug.), 66, 67
Canterbury, Kent, cathedral priory (Ben.), 6, 8, 10, 19, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 49, 53, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 92, 100, 116, 119, 120, 124, 126, 129, 131, 145, 146; friaries, 26; St Augustine's abbey (Ben.), 45, 129, 130, 132, 145
Canute, 8
Carlisle, Cumb., cathedral priory (Aug.), 21, 37, 80
Cartmel, Lancs., priory (Aug.), 64, 65
Cassianus, Joannes, 140
Castle Acre, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), 12, 45, 65, 147
Chard, Thomas, abbot of Ford, 123
Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, 13
Chester, St Werburgh's abbey (Ben.), 37, 41, 47, 49, 55, 79, 86, 90
Chichester, Sussex, priory (Franciscan friars), 38, 39; St Mary's hospital, 119
Christchurch, Hants., priory (Aug.), 36, 65, 66
Chrodegand, St, 19
Cîteaux, Côte-d'Or, abbey (Cist.), 13, 14, 15, 16, 25, 57, 58, 59
Clairvaux, Aube, abbey (Cist.), 14, 15, 16, 57, 58, 99, 128
Clare, Suffolk, priory (Aug. friars), 26, 38
Clare, St, 27
Cleeve, Som., abbey (Cist.), 37, 84, 86, 101, 109
Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, abbey, 7, 11, 12, 15, 44, 45
Coggeshall, Essex, abbey (Cist.), 128
Colchester, Essex, St Botolph's priory (Aug.), 21, 66
Colerne, William, abbot of Malmesbury, 110
Columba, St, 3
Columban, St, 3
Coventry, Warwicks., cathedral priory (Ben.), 29, 55, 128
Coverham, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), 67
Crauden, John of, prior of Ely, 125
Croxden, Staffs., abbey (Cist.), 37, 57, 99, 121, 148
Croyland, Lincs., 4; abbey (Ben.), 50, 53, 115
Cuthbert, St, 4
Cymmer, Merioneth, abbey (Cist.), 70
Dale, Derby, abbey (Prem.), 64, 148
Daventry, Northants., priory (Clun.), 123
Dolgelly, Merioneth, 70
Dorchester, Oxon., abbey (Aug.), 64, 67
Dore, Hereford, abbey (Cist.), 37, 58, 80, 147
Dover, Kent, 64; priory (Ben.), 10
Dryburgh, Berwicks., abbey (Prem.), 79
Dunstable, Beds., priory (Aug.), 145
Dunstan, St, archbishop of Canterbury, 7, 8
Durham, cathedral priory (Ben.), 9, 37, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 59, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 116, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 137, 138, 140, 145, 148
Easby; see St Agatha's
Ecclesfield, Yorks., alien priory (Ben.), 10
Edgar the peaceful, 7, 8
Edward the Confessor, 8, 49
Edward II, 26
Eggleston, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), 148
Egypt, monasteries in, 2
Ely, Cambs., cathedral priory (Ben.), 8, 37, 47, 49, 52, 53, 119, 125, 146
Ernulf, prior of Canterbury, 21
Ethelwold, St, bishop of Winchester, 7, 8
Eton, Bucks., college, 35
Evesham, Worces., abbey (Ben.), 7, 9, 42, 55, 80, 82, 126, 135, 136, 145
Farne islands, Northumb., 4
Fleury, see Saint-Benoît
Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, abbey, 25
Ford, Dorset, abbey (Cist.), 37, 84, 99, 110, 123
Fountains, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 15, 16, 37, 38, 44, 52, 59, 61, 62, 63, 77, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 131, 144, 146, 147
Furness, Lancs., abbey (Cist.), 14, 34, 37, 44, 55, 59, 62, 85, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 108, 109, 110, 117, 119, 121, 123, 128, 147
Gaul, early monasteries in, 3, 6
Gilbert, St, of Sempringham, 23
Glastonbury, Som., Celtic monastery at, 5; abbey (Ben.), 8, 51, 87, 105, 148
Gloucester, abbey (Ben.), 18, 37, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 85, 90, 91, 98, 116, 119, 125, 126, 129, 131, 134, 144, 145, 146
Grande-Chartreuse, la, Isère, priory (Carth.), 12
Grandmont, Haute-Vienne, abbey, 14
Greenfield, Lincs., priory (Cist. nuns), 33
Guisbrough, Yorks., priory (Aug.), 51, 66, 144
Guthlac, St, 4
Hackness, Yorks., nunnery at, 5, 6
Harding, St Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, 14
Hastings, Sussex, battle of, 8
Hatfield, Bishop's, Herts., 75
Haughmond, Salop, abbey (Aug.), 37, 63, 64, 66, 77, 79, 82, 90, 111, 114, 124, 147
Hayles, Glouces., abbey (Cist.), 57, 58, 107, 109, 123, 147
Henry V, 25, 31
Henry VI, 31
Henry VIII, 32
Hexham, Northumb., priory (Aug.), 66, 82, 90, 144, 147
Hinton, Som., priory (Carth.), 13
Holme Cultram, Cumb., abbey (Cist.), 37
Hulme; see St Benet's
Hulne, Northumb., priory (Carm. friars), 26, 38, 71, 111, 148
Humberston, Lincs., abbey (Tiron.), 14
Hyde, Hants., abbey (Ben.), 144, 145
Iona, Argyll, monastery, 3
Ipswich, Suffolk, college, 35
Ireland, monachism in, 3
Italy, early monasteries in, 3
Jarrow, Durham, monastery, 6
Jedburgh, Roxburgh, abbey (Aug.), 68
Jervaulx, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 37, 51, 58, 99, 107, 110, 117, 120, 147
Julius II, pope, 23
Kelso, Roxburgh, abbey (Tiron.), 68
King's Lynn, Norfolk, friaries, 26, 38, 70
Kirkham, Yorks., priory (Aug.), 51, 66, 129, 130
Kirkstall, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 37, 44, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 110, 120, 122, 123, 127, 146
Kirkstead, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), 128
Knaresborough, Yorks., St Robert's (Trinitarian), 26
Lacock, Wilts., abbey (Aug. canonesses), 25, 38, 70, 77, 79, 83, 87, 90, 91, 147
Lanercost, Cumb., priory (Aug.), 64, 65, 67
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 9
Langdon, West, Kent, abbey (Prem.), 64, 67, 148
Layton, Richard, dean of York, 32
Leicester, abbey (Aug.), 30
Leominster, Hereford, priory (Ben.), 54
Lerins, Ile de, Alpes-Maritimes, monastery of Saint-Honorat, 3
Lewes, Sussex, priory (Clun.), 12, 44, 85, 133, 147
Lilleshall, Salop, abbey (Aug.), 37, 63, 64, 66, 68
Lincoln, cathedral church, 47; friaries, 26
Lisques, France, abbey (Prem.), 22
London, Charterhouse, 13, 146; friaries, 26, 38, 148; Holy Trinity priory, Aldgate (Aug.), 54; St Bartholomew's priory, Smithfield (Aug.), 45, 63; St Mary Graces abbey (Cist.), 16
Louth Park, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), 15, 33
Luxeuil, Haute-Saône, monastery of, 3
Lysa, Norway, abbey (Cist.), 15
Malmesbury, Wilts., abbey (Ben.), 53, 89, 110, 144
Malton, Yorks., priory (Gilb.), 71
Margam, Glamorgan, abbey (Cist.), 37, 80, 145, 148
Martin, St, of Tours, 4
Meaux, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 33, 42, 120, 121, 128, 145
Merevale, Warwicks., abbey (Cist.), 128
Metz, Lorraine, 19
Micklethwaite, Mr J. T., 95
Molesme, Côte-d'Or, Robert, abbot of, 14
Monkwearmouth, Durham, monastery, 6
Monte Cassino, Abruzzi, monastery of, 3, 4, 7
Mount Grace, Yorks., priory (Carth.), 13, 38, 69, 70, 71, 112, 146
Neath, Glamorgan, abbey (Cist.), 37, 148
Neocaesarea, Asia Minor, monastery near, 2
Netley, Hants., abbey (Cist.), 37, 58, 96, 117
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Northumb., friaries, 26
Newhouse, Lincs., abbey (Prem.), 22
Newminster, Northumb., abbey (Cist.), 15, 144
Newstead, Notts., priory (Aug.), 67
Norbert, St, abbot of Prémontré, 22
Norcia, Umbria, 3
Norfolk, Augustinian houses in, 21
Normandy, monasteries of, 8, 9
Northampton, friaries, 26, 27
Norwich, Norfolk, cathedral priory, 34, 37, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 131; friaries, 27, 38, 71
Nottinghamshire, Augustinian houses in, 21
Nuneaton, Warwicks., priory (Fontevrault), 25
Nun Monkton, Yorks., priory (Ben. nuns), 70
Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, 7
Oseney, Oxon., abbey (Aug.), 145
Oswald, St, archbishop of York, 7
Ottringham, Yorks., 128
Oxford, colleges, 20, 35; friaries, 26; St Frideswide's priory (Aug., now Christ Church college), 35, 37, 64, 111
Pachomius, St, 2, 4
Paris, abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (Ben.), 6
Patrick, St, 3
Paul, abbot of St Albans, 115
Pershore, Worces., abbey (Ben.), 7
Peterborough, Northants., abbey (Ben.), 8, 30, 37, 44, 45, 47, 53, 85, 90, 91, 92, 100, 116, 118, 119, 125, 129, 133, 134, 135, 146
Pipewell, Northants., abbey (Cist.), 105, 147
Prémontré, Aisne, abbey, 22, 23
Ramsey, Hunts., abbey (Ben.), 7, 144, 145
Reading, Berks., abbey (Ben.), 37, 77, 79
Redbourn, Herts., 75
Repton, Derby, priory (Aug.), 64, 111, 147
Richmond, Yorks., 31, 38; priory (Franciscan friars), 38, 70
Rievaulx, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 23, 37, 51, 58, 59, 104, 117, 128, 144
Ripon, Yorks., collegiate church, 47, 51, 131; monastery, 5
Roche, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 64
Rochester, Kent, cathedral priory (Ben.), 37, 41, 54, 65, 76, 131, 146
Rome, monastery on Coelian hill, 5
Romsey, Hants., abbey (Ben. nuns), 25, 38, 70
Rouen, Seine-Inférieure, abbey of Saint-Ouen (Ben.), 6; priory of la-Sainte-Trinité on Mont-Sainte-Cathérine (Ben.), 10
St Agatha's, Yorks., abbey (Prem.), 31, 38, 64, 82, 86, 92, 111, 148
St Albans, Herts., abbey (Ben.), 9, 10, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 75, 115, 123, 129, 132, 145, 146
St Benet's Hulme, Norfolk, abbey (Ben.), 68
Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, Loiret, abbey (Ben.), 7
St Dogmaels, Pembroke, abbey (Tiron.), 14
St Gall, Switzerland, plan of, 125
St Neots, Hunts., priory (Ben.), 10, 11
St Radegund's, Kent, abbey (Prem.), 64, 83, 111, 148
Saint-Wandrille, Seine-Inférieure, abbey (Ben.), 11
Salisbury, Wilts., cathedral church, 80
Salley, Yorks., abbey (Cist.), 68
Samson, abbot of Bury, 115, 129
Savigny, Manche, abbey, 13
Scarborough, Yorks., alien priory (Cist.), 27; Dominican friary, 27
Scotland, early monasteries in, 3
Selby, Yorks., abbey (Ben.), 49, 51
Sempringham, Lincs., priory, 23, 24
Shaftesbury, Dorset, abbey (Ben. nuns), 5
Shap, Westmorland, abbey (Prem.), 67, 148
Shene, Surrey, priory (Carth.), 13
Sibton, Suffolk, abbey (Cist.), 101
Simeon Stylites, St, 4
Simon, monk of Waverley, 89
Sion, Middlesex, abbey (Bridgetine), 25
Southwell, Notts., collegiate church, 65
Spoleto, Umbria, 3
Stamford, Lincs., 33; friaries, 27
Stanley, Wilts., abbey (Cist.), 147
Strata Florida, Cardigan, abbey (Cist.), 148
Subiaco, Rome, 3
Sweetheart abbey, Kirkcudbright (Cist.), 57
Tabennisi (Egypt), monastery, 2
Tarrant, Dorset, abbey (Cist. nuns), 24
Tenby, Pembroke, 14
Tewkesbury, Glouces., abbey (Ben.), 27, 45, 47, 48, 129, 145
Thetford, Norfolk, priory (Clun.), 12
Thiron, Eure-et-Loir, abbey, 13
Thornton, Lincs., abbey (Aug.), 129, 132
Thurgarton, Notts., priory (Aug.), 67
Tiltey, Essex, abbey (Cist.), 128
Tintern, Monmouth, abbey (Cist.), 37, 41, 55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 104, 107, 120, 148
Torre, Devon, abbey (Prem.), 64, 67, 72, 129
Tours, Indre-et-Loire, abbey of St Martin (Ben.), 4
Tynemouth, Northumb., priory (Ben.), 10, 53, 146
Ulverscroft, Leices., priory (Aug.), 67
Valle Crucis, Denbigh, abbey (Cist.), 16, 37, 57, 62, 84, 98, 100
Vaudey, Lincs., abbey (Cist.), 16
Wallingford, Richard of, abbot of St Albans, 132
Walsingham, Norfolk, priory (Aug.), 34
Warenne, William de, 12
Watton, Yorks., priory (Gilb.), 23, 38, 71, 111, 148
Waverley, Surrey, abbey (Cist.), 15, 33, 55, 58, 63, 89, 97, 99, 101, 104, 109, 120, 123, 145, 147
Welbeck, Notts., abbey (Prem.), 22, 23
Wells, Som., cathedral church, 80
Wenlock, Salop, priory (Clun.), 12, 37, 45, 65, 76, 87, 89
Westminster, Middlesex, abbey (Ben.), 8, 9, 36, 37, 44, 48, 49, 76, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 100, 120, 146
Whalley, Lancs., abbey (Cist.), 128
Wherwell, Hants., abbey (Ben. nuns), 25
Whitby, Yorks., Celtic monastery, 6; abbey (Ben.), 51, 144
Wilfrid, St, bishop of York, 5
Wilton, Wilts., abbey (Ben. nuns), 25
Winchcombe, Glouces., abbey (Ben.), 7
Winchelsey, Robert, archbishop of Canterbury, 134
Winchester, Hants., cathedral priory (Ben.), 8, 37, 47, 49, 65, 145; friaries, 27; St Mary's abbey (Ben. nuns), 25
Witham, Som., priory (Carth.), 13
Woburn, Beds., abbey (Cist.), 15
Wolsey, Thomas, cardinal, archbishop of York, 35
Worcester, cathedral priory (Ben.), 7, 41, 65, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94, 116, 124, 125, 145, 146
Worksop, Notts., priory (Aug.), 66
Wothorpe, Northants., priory (Ben. nuns), 33, 34
Wymondham, Norfolk, abbey (Ben.), 54
York, cathedral church, 19, 51; friaries, 27; St Mary's abbey (Ben.), 37, 47, 48, 51
Yorkshire, Augustinian houses in, 21
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
THE
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A series of handy volumes dealing with a wide range of subjects and bringing the results of modern research and intellectual activity within the reach both of the student and of the ordinary reader.
_HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY_
42 Ancient Assyria. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.
51 Ancient Babylonia. By Rev. C. H. W. Johns, Litt.D.
40 A History of Civilization in Palestine. By Prof. R. A. S. Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.
78 The Peoples of India. By J. D. Anderson, M.A.
49 China and the Manchus. By Prof. H. A. Giles, LL.D.
79 The Evolution of New Japan. By Prof. J. H. Longford.
43 The Civilization of Ancient Mexico. By Lewis Spence.
60 The Vikings. By Prof. Allen Mawer, M.A.
24 New Zealand. By the Hon. Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., LL.D., and J. Logan Stout, LL.B. (N.Z.).
90 Australia. By Prof. J. W. Gregory.
85 Military History. By the Hon. J. W. Fortescue.
84 The Royal Navy. By John Leyland.
76 Naval Warfare. By J. R. Thursfield, M.A.
15 The Ground Plan of the English Parish Church. By A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
16 The Historical Growth of the English Parish Church. By A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
68 English Monasteries. By A. H. Thompson, M.A., F.S.A.
50 Brasses. By J. S. M. Ward, B.A., F.R.Hist.S.
59 Ancient Stained and Painted Glass. By F. S. Eden.
80 A Grammar of English Heraldry. By W. H. St J. Hope, Litt.D.
87 The Evolution of Coinage. By G. Macdonald, C.B., F.B.A., LL.D.
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70 Copartnership in Industry. By C. R. Fay, M.A.
6 Cash and Credit. By D. A. Barker.
67 The Theory of Money. By D. A. Barker.
86 Economics and Syndicalism. By Prof. A. W. Kirkaldy.
_LITERARY HISTORY_
8 The Early Religious Poetry of the Hebrews. By the Rev. E. G. King, D.D.
21 The Early Religious Poetry of Persia. By the Rev. Prof. J. Hope Moulton, D.D., D.Theol. (Berlin).
9 The History of the English Bible. By John Brown, D.D.
12 English Dialects from the Eighth Century to the Present Day. By W. W. Skeat, Litt.D., D.C.L., F.B.A.
22 King Arthur in History and Legend. By Prof. W. Lewis Jones, M.A.
54 The Icelandic Sagas. By W. A. Craigie, LL.D.
23 Greek Tragedy. By J. T. Sheppard, M.A.
33 The Ballad in Literature. By T. F. Henderson.
37 Goethe and the Twentieth Century. By Prof. J. G. Robertson, M.A., Ph.D.
39 The Troubadours. By the Rev. H. J. Chaytor, M.A.
66 Mysticism in English Literature. By Miss C. F. E. Spurgeon.
89 The Printed Book. By Harry G. Aldis, M.A.
_PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION_
4 The Idea of God in Early Religions. By Dr F. B. Jevons.
57 Comparative Religion. By Dr F. B. Jevons.
69 Plato: Moral and Political Ideals. By Mrs J. Adam.
26 The Moral Life and Moral Worth. By Prof. Sorley, Litt.D.
3 The English Puritans. By John Brown, D.D.
11 An Historical Account of the Rise and Development of Presbyterianism in Scotland. By the Rt Hon. the Lord Balfour of Burleigh, K.T., G.C.M.G.
41 Methodism. By Rev. H. B. Workman, D.Lit.
_EDUCATION_
38 Life in the Medieval University. By R. S. Rait. M.A.
88 The Old Grammar Schools. By Foster Watson, M.A., D.Lit.
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13 The Administration of Justice in Criminal Matters (in England and Wales). By G. Glover Alexander, M.A.
_BIOLOGY_
1 The Coming of Evolution. By Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., F.R.S.
2 Heredity in the Light of Recent Research. By L. Doncaster, Sc.D.
25 Primitive Animals. By Geoffrey Smith, M.A.
73 The Life-story of Insects. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter.
48 The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By J. S. Huxley, B.A.
27 Life in the Sea. By James Johnstone, B.Sc.
73 Pearls. By Prof. W. J. Dakin.
28 The Migration of Birds. By T. A. Coward.
36 Spiders. By C. Warburton, M.A.
61 Bees and Wasps. By O. H. Latter, M.A.
46 House Flies. By C. G. Hewitt, D.Sc.
32 Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Beddard, F.R.S.
74 The Flea. By H. Russell.
64 The Wanderings of Animals. By H. F. Gadow, F.R.S.
_ANTHROPOLOGY_
20 The Wanderings of Peoples. By Dr A. C. Haddon, F.R.S.
29 Prehistoric Man. By Dr W. L. H. Duckworth.
_GEOLOGY_
35 Rocks and their Origins. By Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole.
44 The Work of Rain and Rivers. By T. G. Bonney, Sc.D.
7 The Natural History of Coal. By Dr E. A. Newell Arber.
30 The Natural History of Clay. By Alfred B. Searle.
34 The Origin of Earthquakes. By C. Davison, Sc.D., F.G.S.
62 Submerged Forests. By Clement Reid, F.R.S.
72 The Fertility of the Soil. By E. J. Russell, D.Sc.
_BOTANY_
5 Plant-Animals: a Study in Symbiosis. By Prof. F. W Keeble.
10 Plant-Life on Land. By Prof. F. O. Bower, Sc.D., F.R.S.
19 Links with the Past in the Plant-World. By Prof. A. C. Seward, F.R.S.
_PHYSICS_
52 The Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting, F.R.S.
53 The Atmosphere. By A. J. Berry, M.A.
81 The Sun. By Prof. R. A. Sampson, D.Sc., F.R.S.
65 Beyond the Atom. By John Cox, M.A.
55 The Physical Basis of Music. By A. Wood, M.A.
71 Natural Sources of Energy. By Prof. A. H. Gibson, D.Sc.
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14 An Introduction to Experimental Psychology. By Dr C. S. Myers.
45 The Psychology of Insanity. By Bernard Hart, M.D.
77 The Beautiful. By Vernon Lee.
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31 The Modern Locomotive. By C. Edgar Allen, A.M.I.Mech.E.
56 The Modern Warship. By E. L. Attwood.
17 Aerial Locomotion. By E. H. Harper, M.A., and Allan E. Ferguson, B.Sc.
18 Electricity in Locomotion. By A. G. Whyte, B.Sc.
63 Wireless Telegraphy. By Prof. C. L. Fortescue, M.A.
58 The Story of a Loaf of Bread. By Prof. T. B. Wood, M.A.
47 Brewing. By A. Chaston Chapman, F.I.C.
82 Coal-Mining. By T. C. Cantrill.
83 Leather. By Prof. H. R. Procter.
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"A very valuable series of books which combine in a very happy way a popular presentation of scientific truth along with the accuracy of treatment which in such subjects is essential.... In their general appearance, and in the quality of their binding, print, and paper, these volumes are perhaps the most satisfactory of all those which offer to the inquiring layman the hardly earned products of technical and specialist research."—_Spectator_
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Transcriber's Notes
Minor punctuation and printer errors repaired.
Italic text is denoted by _underscores_
End of Project Gutenberg's English Monasteries, by Alexander Hamilton Thompson