Book 9 Edw. IV., Easter Term, case 13.

[339] _V. C. H. Shrops._, i. 47.

[340] Ryley, _Mem. of London_, 205.

[341] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[342] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[343] Foreign R., 9 Ric. II., m. A.

[344] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. H.

[345] _Issue R. of Exch._, 346.

[346] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[347] Foreign R., 3 Hen. IV., m. G.

[348] _Ibid._, m. I.

[349] _Issue R. of Exch._, 277.

[350] An illustration of a gun firing an arrow, drawn apparently in 1326, is mentioned in _Proc. Soc. Ant._ (xvi., 225), and at the battle of St. Albans in 1461 guns were used shooting 'arowes of an elle of length.'—_Gregory's Chron._ (Camd. Soc.), 213.

[351] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. G.

[352] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[353] _Issue R. of Exch._, 332.

[354] _Ibid._, 307-8.

[355] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[356] In the Scottish expedition of 1496, five out of thirty-two 'faucons of brasse,' and twelve out of one hundred and eighty 'hakbusses of iren' were broken in action.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 7, f. 140.

[357] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 134.

[358] Early Chanc. Proc., 78, no. 81.

[359] _Issue R. of Exch._, 382.

[360] Foreign R., 12 Hen. VI., m. D.

[361] Figured in _Suss. Arch. Coll._, xlvi.

[362] He was paid at the rate of 16d. the hundredweight.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 139.

[363] _Ibid._, f. 34.

[364] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 158.

[365] Early Chanc. Proc., 222, no. 112.

[366] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 132.

[367] _Ibid._, f. 81.

[368] _Ibid._, f. 96.

[369] Early Chanc. Proc., 376, no. 32.

[370] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 136.

[371] _Ibid._, f. 149.

[372] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., vol. vii., _passim_, and _L. and P. Hen. VIII._, vol. i.

[373] Misc. Bks., vol. i., ff. 32, 78.

[374] _Ibid._, ff. 57, 61.

[375] _Ibid._, vol. iv., ff. 166, 181.

[376] See _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 246-9.

[377] _Arch. Journ._, xxx. 319-24.

[378] See _V. C. H. Northants._, i. 206-12.

[379] _Ibid._

[380] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, xvi. 42.

[381] _Brit. Arch. Ass. Journ._, xxxiii.

[382] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, xvii. 261-70.

[383] _Somers. Arch. Soc._, xiii. (2) 1.

[384] The dark colour of the Castor ware seems to have been caused by 'smothering' the kiln, by closing the vent, before the baking was complete.

[385] Misc. Accts. 1147, no. 23.

[386] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, xlv. 128-38.

[387] A Roman glazing kiln was found at Castor.—_V. C. H. Northants._, i. 210.

[388] Fagniez, _Docs. relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie_, no. 133.

[389] Dom. Bk., 65, 156, 168^{_b._}

[390] _e.g._ 'Pottersfield' at Horsham, in which parish several finds of green glazed thirteenth-century vessels have been made.—_V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 251.

[391] _e.g._ 'Geoffrey the potter,' who occurs in 1314 at Limpsfield, where remains of kilns have been found.—_Proc. Soc. Ant._, iii.

[392] Lib. R., 51 Hen. III., m. 10. Simon 'le Pichermakere' of Cornwall is found in the fourteenth century sending his wares (presumably pitchers) to Sussex.—Anct. Pet., 10357-8.

[393] _Inq. Nonarum_, 361. Cf. the Hundred Rolls for Bucks.

[394] Mins. Accts., 507, no. 8227.

[395] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 251.

[396] _Ibid._

[397] _Arch. Journ._, lix. 1-16.

[398] _Proc. Soc. Ant._, xv. 5-11.

[399] _Rec. of Norwich_, ii., no. 193.

[400] Riley, _Mem. of London_, 254.

[401] _Ibid._, 309. The monks of Boxley got as much as 10s. the thousand for some of the tiles from their tilery this year.—Mins. Accts., 1253, no. 13.

[402] Toulmin Smith, _English Guilds_, 399. At Lincoln, on the other hand, the tilers had formed a gild in 1346, and no tiler not belonging to the gild might stay in the town.—_Ibid._, 184.

[403] _V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 456.

[404] _Statutes_, 17 Edw. IV.

[405] Thorold Rogers, _Hist. of Agriculture and Prices_, i. 490.

[406] Mins. Accts., 899, 900.

[407] Possibly from the French, _fétu_ = a straw, from their being moulded as hollow cylinders.

[408] Turf was evidently used by the Cambridgeshire tilers for fuel.—_Sacrist Rolls of Ely_, ii. 67, 93, 137.

[409] 'Pro luto tredando ad dictos vj furnos pro tegulis inde faciendis.' The meaning of _tredando_ is uncertain, but as the process is always mentioned after the clay had been carried to the kilns, it may have been the rolling of the clay to the right thickness for cutting tiles from.

[410] The words used for burning, or baking, the tiles are _eleare_ and _aneleare_, both connected with our word 'anneal.'

[411] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 251.

[412] In 1373 Peter at Gate leased the pasturage of Nackholt, where the tileries lay, at the low rent of 15s. on condition that he should serve as 'the lord's workman for making tiles.'

[413] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 252.

[414] De Banco, 407, m. 12.

[415] Harl. Ch., 76 D., 32.

[416] _Ibid._, B. 50.

[417] Kelle = kiln: cf. Anct. D., A 4904, for a 'tylekelle' at Woolwich in 1450.

[418] _Chron. de Melsa_ (Rolls Ser.), iii. 179-80.

[419] _Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS._, 15.

[420] _Ibid._, 62.

[421] _Sacrist R. of Ely_, ii. 67.

[422] 'Flaunderistyle vocata Breke.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 503, no. 12.

[423] _Ibid._, 472, no. 4.

[424] _Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS._, 62.

[425] _Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS._, 128.

[426] _Ibid._, 47. These by-laws distinguish in one place between 'tilethakkers' and 'tile wallers,' the latter being what we should call bricklayers.

[427] Exch. K. R. Accts., 494, no. 4.

[428] _Ibid._, 467, no. 6 (6).

[429] Such were, no doubt, the paving tiles, of which 185,000 were bought from Richard Gregory, in 1357, for Westminster Chapel at 6s. 8d. the hundred.—_Ibid._, 472, no. 4.

[430] Lethaby, _Westminster Abbey_, 48; _Arch. Journal_, lxix. 36-73.

[431] _V. C. H. Derby_, ii. 375. _Ibid._

[432] _V. C. H. Worces._, ii. 275.

[433] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, xi. 230.

[434] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 295.

[435] John of London, 'glasyere,' and John, son of John Alemayn of Chiddingfold, were acquitted on a charge of burglary at Turwick in 1342.—Gaol Delivery R., 129, m. 12.

[436] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[437] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 296.

[438] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 296.

[439] In 1404 the Sacrist of Durham had in store 'of new coloured glass 2 _scheff_, of white glass and new 76 _scheffe_.'—_Durham Acct. R._ (Surtees Soc.), ii. 397.

[440] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 297; _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 254.

[441] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[442] _Durham Acct. R._, ii. 393.

[443] _Fabric R. of York_, 76.

[444] _Ibid._, 83.

[445] _Ibid._, 37.

[446] _Cat. of Pat._, 1446-52, p. 255. The glorious windows now in King's College Chapel were made between 1515 and 1530 by four English and two Flemish glaziers, all of whom were resident in London.—Atkinson and Clark, _Cambridge_, 361.

[447] _Fabric R. of York_, 69.

[448] _Ibid._, 104, 108, 109.

[449] Hartshorne, _Old Engl. Glass_, 129.

[450] Ale is also said in one place to have been used 'pro congelacione vitri.'

[451] 'Frangentes et conjungentes vitrum super tabulas depictas.'

[452] The colours in some cases were fixed by heating, and it is presumably to this that an entry in an account of work at Guildford Castle in 1292 refers: 'In uno furno faciendo pro vytro comburendo—viijd.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 492, no. 10.

[453] Pipe R., 2 Hen. II.

[454] _V. C. H. Lincs._, ii. 302.

[455] See charter of Stephen, _Cal. Chart. R._, iii. 378.

[456] Pipe R., 19 Hen. II.

[457] Boldon Book.—_V. C. H. Durham_, i. 338.

[458] Printed by Riley, _Liber Custumarum_ (i. 130-1), and, from an earlier copy, by Leach, _Beverley Town Documents_ (Selden Soc.).

[459] The weavers were not villeins; had they been so, the leave of their lords would have been necessary before they could obtain the freedom of their town.

[460] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 33.

[461] _Ibid._, lxiii.

[462] _e.g._ Ashley, _Economic History_, i. 193: 'No cloth was manufactured for export; and a great part of the English demand for cloth'—indeed the whole of the demand for the finer qualities—'was met by importation.'

[463] Pipe R., 18 Hen. II.

[464] Pipe R., 27 Hen. II., and other years.

[465] Pipe R., 28 Hen. II.

[466] The 'list' is the strip of selvage at the edge of the cloth.

[467] Assize R., 358.

[468] Pat., 2 Hen. III., m. 4, 2.

[469] Pat., 9 Hen. III., m. 5.

[470] Lib. R., 30 Hen. III.: some years earlier cloth to be distributed at Worcester had been bought at Oxford.—Lib. R., 17 Hen. III.

[471] Lib. R., 35 Hen. III., m. 17.

[472] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 124.

[473] _Cal. of S. P. Venice_, i. 3.

[474] Lib. R., 36 Hen. III., m. 19.

[475] _Arch. Journ._, ix. 70-1.

[476] The manufacture of this cloth must have originated in the village of Worsted, possibly with some settlement of Flemish weavers, but soon spread throughout the county.

[477] _Rec. of Norwich_, ii. 406.

[478] _Statutes_, 20 Hen. VI.

[479] _Rot. Parl._ iv. 230, 236.

[480] Customs Accts., 5, no. 7.

[481] _Black Book of Admiralty_ (Rolls Ser.), ii. 197. Blues of Beverley, scarlets and greens of Lincoln, scarlets and blues of Stamford, coverlets of Winchester and cloth of Totness occur in wardrobe accounts of 1236. Pipe R., 19, 20 Henry III.

[482] _Black Book of Admiralty_ (Rolls Ser.), ii. 187, 197.

[483] There was an 'omanseterowe' in the Drapery at Norwich as early as 1288.—_Rec. of Norwich_, ii. 8.

[484] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 4, 40. Narrow 'Osetes' were also made at Salisbury.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 344, no. 34.

[485] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 125; ii. 549.

[486] At Northampton the cloth trade, which in the time of Henry III. employed 300 men, had almost died out in 1334.—_Rot. Parl._, ii. 85.

[487] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 424.

[488] As early as 1331 special protection was granted to John Kempe of Flanders and any other clothworkers who wished to settle in England.—Pat., 5 Edw. III., p. 2, m. 25.

[489] _Statutes_, 11 Edw. III.

[490] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 449, Close 13 Edw. III., p. 3, m. 11.

[491] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 3.

[492] Langland, _Piers Plowman_.

[493] 'A Concise Poem on ... Shepton Mallet,' by Richd. Watts; printed in _The Young Man's Looking Glass_, 1641. With this may be compared Deloney's 'Pleasant History of John Winchcombe (Jack of Newbury),' written some fifty years earlier.—_V. C. H. Berks._, i. 388-9.

[494]

'Then to another room came they Where children were, in poor array, And every one sat picking wool, The finest from the coarse to pull.'

[495]

'Two hundred men, the truth is so, Wrought in their looms, all in a row; By every one a pretty boy Sat making quills with mickle joy.'

[496] The burler's business was to remove knots, loose ends and other impurities.

[497] The manufacture of these cloths was licensed in 1390, provided the quality was not improved.—_Statutes_, 13 Ric. II.

[498] Assize R.

[499] _Liber Custumarum_, ii. 549. Spanish wool is prominent amongst the imports at Southampton in 1310.—Customs Accts., 136, no. 8, n.

[500] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.

[501] _Statutes_, 7 Edw. IV.

[502] An alkali, known as '_cineres_,' possibly a kind of _barilla_ or carbonate of soda (_Rec. of City of Norwich_, ii. 209) occurs fairly often: _e.g._ taxation of Colchester, _Rot. Parl._, i. 244.

[503] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 6.

[504] _e.g._ Customs Accts., 136/4, 136/12.

[505] _Recs. of City of Norwich_, ii. 209.

[506] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 16-22.

[507] Lands. MS., 121, no. 21.

[508] Cf. _Rec. Borough of Northampton_, i. 121: the compiler has mistaken 'wode' for wood.

[509] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 39.

[510] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 81-90.

[511] _Rot. Parl._, iv. 75.

[512] _Early Chanc. Proc._, 7, no. 23.

[513] Exch. K. R. Accts., 345, no. 16.

[514] Plunket appears to have been a pale blue, half the quantity of woad sufficing for plunkets that was used for azures, which in turn took half the amount required for blues.—_V. C. H. Suffolk_, ii. 258.

[515] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 129.

[516] There were no doubt the 'browne blewes' of later records: _e.g._ a Benenden clothier was fined in 1563 for 'a browne blewe, being a deceiptfull color.'—Memo. K. R., 7 Eliz., Hil., m. 330.

[517] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 125.

[518] Alkermes, an insect resembling cochineal.

[519] _Statutes_, 24 Hen. VIII.; cf. 4 Edw. IV.

[520] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 8, 9.

[521] _Rec. of City of Norwich_, ii. 119.

[522] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.; 3 Hen. VIII.

[523] _V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 255.

[524] _V. C. H. Worcs._, ii. 286.

[525] _V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 383-4.

[526] The use of woof in place of warp was strictly forbidden.—_Liber Custumarum_, i. 125; _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 2. At Worcester in 1497 any one bringing yarn to be spun into cloth was to bring the warp and the woof separate.—_V. C. H. Worcs._, ii. 285.

[527] _Rec. of City of Norwich_, ii. 378.

[528] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 618.

[529] _Arch. Journal_, ix. 70: cf. Assize R., 787, m. 86.

[530] _V. C. H. Notts._, ii. 345.

[531] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 4.

[532] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 134.

[533] _Arch. Journ._, ix. 71.

[534] The suspension of worsted weaving for a month from 15 August was enforced in 1511 to avoid a shortage of agricultural labour during harvest.—_Rec. of City of Norwich_, ii. 376.

[535] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 423.

[536] _Ibid._ Candlewick Street (now Cannon Street) was the centre of manufacture of a coarse cheap cloth used for horse trappings, and also bought in large quantities for the King's almoner from 1330 to 1380.—Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., L. T. R., 2-4.

[537] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 40, 123.

[538] _Statutes_, 8 Hen. VI.

[539] _V. C. H. Shrops._, i. 428.

[540] _Statutes_, 3 and 5 Henry VIII.

[541] Toulmin Smith, _Engl. Gilds_, 179. The gild was founded in 1297, but this regulation was probably of later date.

[542] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 127.

[543] _Liber Custumarum_, i. 128-9.

[544] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 13.

[545] _Ibid._, 79.

[546] _V. C. H. Notts_., ii. 346.

[547] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 279.

[548] _e.g._ at Nottingham; _V. C. H. Notts._, ii. 346.

[549] _V. C. H. Warw._, ii. 252.

[550] _Ibid._

[551] _Statutes_, 15 Ric. II.

[552] _e.g._ _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 344; _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 257.

[553] Exch. Dep. by Com., 41 Eliz., East. 1.

[554] _Rot. Parl._, i. 243.

[555] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.

[556] _V. C. H. Suffolk_, ii. 262.

[557] Exch. K. R. Accts., bdles. 339-345.

[558] Marcus le Fair of Winchester was the only clothier not a Londoner from whom cloth was bought for the royal household in 1408.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 405, no. 22.

[559] _V. C. H. Berks._, i. 388.

[560] _V. C. H. Suffolk_, ii. 256.

[561] _Hist. MSS. Com._, Rep. viii. 93.

[562] Vlnage, or aulnage, from aulne = an ell.

[563] _Statutes_, 2 Edw. III.

[564] The penalty of forfeiture was withdrawn in 1354 as injurious to trade, deficient cloths being marked with their actual size.—_Ibid._, 27 Edw. III.

[565] _Statutes_, 7, 8, 10 Hen. IV.

[566] _Statutes_, 11 Hen. VI.

[567] _Rec. of City of Norwich_, ii. 407.

[568] _Rot. Parl._, i. 292.

[569] _Statutes_, 13 Ric. II.; 11 Hen. IV.

[570] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 637.

[571] _Statutes_, 20 Hen. VI.

[572] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.

[573] _Statutes_, 18 Hen. VI.

[574] Exch. Dep. by Com., 41 Eliz.

[575] _Statutes_, 5 Edw. VI., 1 Mary, etc.

[576] See Memoranda Rolls, K. R., _passim_.

[577] Memo. R., K. R., Hil. 7 Eliz., m. 329. As an earlier instance, sixteen drapers in Coventry, thirteen in York, and seven in Lincoln, besides others elsewhere, were fined in the first quarter of 1390 for cloths of ray, not of assize.—_Ibid._, Hil. 13 Ric. II.

[578] Exch. Dep. by Com., 30 Eliz., Hil., 8.

[579] _Statutes_, 14-15 Hen. VIII.

[580] Early Chanc. Proc., 141, no. 4.

[581] _Statutes_, 5 Hen. VIII.

[582] _Rot. Parl._, i. 292.

[583] The same material was used in 1323 for the pillows of the king's new beds.—Enr. Ward. Accts., 3, m. 2.

[584] _Ibid._, m. 10.

[585] _Ibid._, 2, m. 11.

[586] _Engl. Hist. Rev._, xvi. 289.

[587] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 347.

[588] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.

[589] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 343.

[590] _Ibid._, 343.

[591] Exch. K. R. Accts., 344, no. 10. The output from Berks. for the same period was 1747 kerseys, of which Steventon accounted for 574 and East and West Hendred for 520.—_Ibid._, 343, no. 24.

[592] Early Chanc. Proc., 140, no. 54.

[593] _Statutes_, 14-15 Hen. VIII.

[594] _Rot. Parl._, iv. 361.

[595] Enr. Ward. Accts., 4, m. 3.

[596] _V. C. H. Worcs._, ii. 284.

[597] _V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 384.

[598] _Hist. MSS. Com._, Rep. viii. 93.

[599] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 278.

[600] Exch. K. R. Accts., 405, no. 22.

[601] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 372.

[602] Enr. Ward. Accts., 5.

[603] Memo. R., K. R., 21 Eliz., East., m. 106.

[604] _Rep. Dep. Keeper of Recs._, xxxviii. 444; suit _re_ draperies at Norwich, 1601.

[605] Thorold Rogers, _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 46.

[606] The suggestion that this law caused the trade to be established in Norwich (_Recs. of Norwich_, II. xii.) can hardly be correct, as there was no forest in Norfolk.

[607] For instances of the infringement of these and other regulations, see _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 331-5; _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 259.

[608] Lansd. MS., 74, 55.

[609] _V. C. H. Oxon._, ii. 254.

[610] _V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 459.

[611] _V. C. H. Shrops._, i. 433.

[612] _Rot. Parl._, i. 243-65.

[613] Cott. MS. Vitell., C. vi., f. 239.

[614] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 52.

[615] Add. Chart. 30687.

[616] _e.g._ at Colchester in 1425.—_V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 459; and at Richmond in 1280.—Assize R., 1064, m. 32. In London the tanners were held partly responsible for blocking the course of the Fleet in 1306.—_Rot. Parl._, i. 200.

[617] Customs Accts., _passim_; _e.g._ those quoted in _V. C. H. Dorset_, ii. 327.

[618] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 114.

[619] The use of train oil instead of tallow was forbidden.

[620] _V. C. H. Northants._, ii. 311.

[621] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 421.

[622] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 48.

[623] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[624] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 364-5.

[625] _Ibid._, 331.

[626] _Ibid._, 546-7.

[627] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 49.

[628] _Ibid._, 60.

[629] _i.e._ myrtle.

[630] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[631] _Ibid._, f. 48.

[632] _Ibid._, f. 58.

[633] At Colchester in 1425 the charge for tawing a horse hide was 14d., a buckskin 8d., doe 5d., and calf 2d.—_V. C. H. Essex_, ii. 459.

[634] Right Buffe were made from 'Elke Skynnes or Iland hides brought out of Muscovia or from by Est'; the counterfeits were of horse, ox, and stag skins.—Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[635] The price given for Spanish skins is probably an error; possibly the values of the 'right' and 'counterfeit' are reversed.

[636] In 1347 the London white tawyers charged 6s. 8d. for working a 'dyker [a packet of ten] of Scottes stagges or Irysshe,' and 10s. for the 'dyker of Spanysshe stagges.'—Riley, _Mems. of London_, 234.

[637] Corveiser was a still more common name for a shoemaker.

[638] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 572-3.

[639] _Liber Albus_, ii. 441-5.

[640] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 136.

[641] _Ibid._, 391.

[642] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 108.

[643] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 43.

[644] _Ibid._, ii. 105.

[645] _Liber Albus_, ii. 445.

[646] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 547.

[647] _V. C. H. Northants._, ii. 318.

[648] _Ibid._

[649] Liberate R., 50 Hen. III., n. 11.

[650] Pipe R., 31 Hen. I.

[651] _Cal. Chart. R._, ii. 34.

[652] _A Dyetary of Helth_ (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[653] _Giraldus Cambs._ (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[654] _Mat. for Hist. of T. Becket_ (Rolls Ser.), iii. 30.

[655] _Mon. Franc._ (Rolls Ser.), ii. 8.

[656] _Statutes_, temp. Hen. III.

[657] '[A Brewer's assise] is xij^d highing and xij^d lowing in the price of a quarter Malte, and evermore shilling to q^a' (= farthing).—_Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 397. In other words, ale was as many farthings a gallon as malt was shillings a quarter.

[658] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, 223.

[659] Assize R., 912, m. 49.

[660] _Hundred R._, ii. 216.

[661] _Cal. Chart. R._, i. 168.

[662] _Ibid._

[663] _V. C. H. Notts._, ii. 364.

[664] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 25, 678, 710.

[665] _Ibid._, 772.

[666] _Beverley Town Docts._ (Selden Soc.), liv. In 1413, 260 barrels (30 gallons) and firkins (7½ gallons) made for Richard Bartlot of unseasoned wood and under size were burnt.—Riley, _Mems. of London_, 597.

[667] _e.g._ _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 261.

[668] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 319.

[669] From this it would seem that it was customary to put herbs into ale.

[670] _Borough Customs_ (Selden Soc.), i. 185.

[671] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 386.

[672] _Liber Albus_, i. 360.

[673] _V. C. H. Worcs._, ii. 256.

[674] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.). 675. There were at least thirty brewers in Oxford in 1380.—_V. C. H. Oxon._, ii. 159.

[675] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 318.

[676] Andrew Borde, _Introduction_ (E. E. T. S.), 123.

[677] _Op. cit._, 122.

[678] _e.g._ _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 262.

[679] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 225.

[680] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 229.

[681] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 584.

[682] _V. C. H. Oxon._, ii. 260.

[683] _Liber Albus_, i. 358.

[684] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 25.

[685] _Suss. Arch. Coll._, vii. 96.

[686] _Liber Albus_, i. 359.

[687] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 637.

[688] _V. C. H. Oxon._, ii. 260.

[689] Exch. Dep. by Com., Mich. 18-19, Eliz., no. 10.

[690] Cott. MS. Vesp., A. 22, f. 115.

[691] _Recs. of Norwich_, ii. 98.

[692] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 261.

[693] _Dyetary_ (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[694] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 666.

[695] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 261.

[696] _V. C. H. Dorset_, ii. 367.

[697] Coram Rege 852, m. 23.

[698] _Recs. of Norwich_, ii. 100.

[699] _V. C. H. Shrops._, ii. 422.

[700] _V. C. H. Surrey_, ii. 382.

[701] _Ibid._, 382-4.

[702] _Dyetary_ (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[703] _V. C. H. Dorset_, ii. 369.

[704] Pipe R., 6 Hen. II., Essex; 13 Hen. II., Windsor.

[705] _Giraldus Cambr._ (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[706] Pipe R., 13 John.

[707] Mins. Accts., bdle. 899.

[708] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 263.

[709] _Ibid._

[710] Mins. Accts., 1128, no. 4.

[711] _V. C. H. Sussex_, ii. 263.

[712] Memo., K. R., 17 Ric. II., Hil.

[713] _A Venetian Relation of the Island of England_ (Camden Soc.), 9.

[714] _Statutes_, 23 Edw. III.

[715] _Six Centuries of Work and Wages_, 233.

[716] _Engl. Hist. Rev._, xxi. 517.

[717] Assize R., 773.

[718] _Statutes_, 3 Edw. IV.

[719] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 163.

[720] _Statutes_, 13 Ric. II.

[721] _Ibid._, 15 Ric. II.

[722] _Parly. Rolls_, iii. 637.

[723] _Statutes_, 20 Hen. VI.

[724] _Statutes_, 4 Edw. IV.

[725] Unwin, _Gilds of London_, 139.

[726] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 32.

[727] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 278-310.

[728] _Statutes_, 28 Edw. III. Is iron raw material? Much labour has been expended on it before it reaches the market—but the same would apply to corn.

[729] _e.g._ Riley, _Mems. of London_, 255.

[730] _Statutes_, 11 Hen. VI.

[731] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 308.

[732] For an exhaustive examination of all that concerns wages, see the works of Professor Thorold Rogers.

[733] From the end of the fifteenth century the gradation of payments to workmen becomes more pronounced, marking the institution of the modern system.

[734] In the case of carpenters, etc., employed in country districts there appear to have been considerable variations.

[735] Exch. K. R. Accts., 472, no. 4.

[736] _Beverley Town Docts._ (Selden Soc.), 50.

[737] _Statutes_, 11 Hen. VII.

[738] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 538.

[739] _Coventry Leet Bk._, 574.

[740] _Ibid._, 673.

[741] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 253.

[742] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, 15.

[743] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[744] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 104.

[745] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 513.

[746] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 185.

[747] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 227.

[748] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 168.

[749] _Liber Cust._, i. 99.

[750] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[751] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 226, 243. It is exceptional to find that at Leicester in 1264 the weavers were allowed to work at night.—_Borough Recs. of Leicester_, i. 105.

[752] _Ibid._, 538.

[753] _Borough Recs. of Leicester_, i. 547.

[754] _Ibid._, 226.

[755] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, 98; _Coventry Leet Bk._, 302; _Beverley MSS._ (Hist. MSS. Com.), 47.

[756] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 532, 246.

[757] _Ibid._, 226, 239.

[758] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 4.

[759] _Ibid._, 97.

[760] _Ibid._, 30.

[761] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 573.

[762] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 638.

[763] For reproductions of some of the marks used by worsted weavers, see _Norwich Recs._, ii. 153.

[764] See the maps of medieval Bruges, Paris, and London in Unwin's _Gilds of London_, 32-4.

[765] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 392.

[766] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 182.

[767] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 237.

[768] Cf. Blackwell Hall in London, the sole market for 'foreign' cloth.—Riley, _Mems. of London_, 550.

[769] _Liber Albus_, ii. 444.

[770] _Statutes_, 37 Edw. III.

[771] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 117.

[772] _Liber Cust._, i. 118.

[773] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 180-3.

[774] The 'brakeman' reduced the bar iron to rods, ready to be drawn into wire.

[775] _i.e._ bending.

[776] _i.e._ girdlers; middle = waist.

[777] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 85.

[778] Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, 184.

[779] _Ibid._

[780] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 27.

[781] _Borough Recs. of Leicester_, i. 105; _Coventry Leet Bk._, 95; _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 7, 8.

[782] _Beverley Town Docts._ (Selden Soc.), 53.

[783] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, 5.

[784] _Ibid._, 98.

[785] Early Chanc. Proc., 61, no. 478.

[786] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 289.

[787] _e.g. Ibid._, 199, 234; Woodruff, _Hist. of Fordwich_, 32-5.

[788] See _e.g._ _Cal. of Pat. Rolls 1419-36_, 537-88.

[789] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 346.

[790] _Liber Cust._, i. 423.

[791] _Liber Cust._, i. 423.

[792] A servant engaged by the year.—_Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 43.

[793] _Coventry Leet Bk._, 573.

[794] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 106.

[795] Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, 179.

[796] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 278.

[797] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 127.

[798] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 549.

[799] _Ibid._, 234.

[800] _Ibid._, 244.

[801] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 84.

[802] Early Chanc. Proc., 19, no. 491.

[803] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 560-1.

[804] _e.g._ _Norwich Recs._, ii. 290; _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 125.

[805] Early Chanc. Proc., 66, no. 244.

[806] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 672.

[807] Early Chanc. Proc., 66, no. 244.

[808] _Ibid._, 38, no. 40.

[809] An ordinance of the fullers in 1418 forbade any master to take a stranger to serve him by covenant for more than fifteen days unless he engaged him for a whole year.—_Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 142.

[810] In the case of the London founders an intending journeyman had to satisfy the masters of his skill; if he could not, he must either become an apprentice or abandon the craft.—Riley, _Mems. of London_, 514.

[811] They had to give, and were entitled to receive, eight days' notice.—_Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 573.

[812] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 185.

[813] _Liber Albus_, ii. 444.

[814] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 106; _Norwich Recs._, ii. 104; _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 656.

[815] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 786.

[816] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 495.

[817] _Ibid._, 542.

[818] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 609-12.

[819] _Ibid._, 653.

[820] _Hist. MSS. Com. Coventry_, 117-18.

[821] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 694.

[822] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 656.

[823] _Ibid._, 95.

[824] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 151.

[825] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 248, 307; cf. _Acts of P. C., 1542-7_, p. 367.

[826] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 307, 514; Lambert, _Two Thousand Years of Gild Life_, 216.

[827] _e.g._ _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 13.

[828] See the proceedings of the court of the tailors at Exeter.—Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, 299-321.

[829] _Liber Cust._, i. 122; cf. _Borough Recs. of Leicester_, i. 89.

[830] _Little Red Book of Bristol_, ii. 14.

[831] _Coventry Leet Bk._ (E. E. T. S.), 302.

[832] Riley, _Mems. of London_, 232.

[833] _Ibid._, 281.

[834] _Ibid._, 293.

[835] Lambert, _Two Thousand Years of Gild Life_, 205.

[836] Toulmin Smith, _English Gilds_, passim.

[837] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 230.

[838] Makers of 'skeps,' or baskets.

[839] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 280-2.

[840] _Norwich Recs._, ii. 111.

[841] _Ibid._, 173.

[842] Sute, probably = course.

[843] Douset = a sweetmeat of cream, eggs, and sugar.

INDEX

Abbetoft, Sir Walter de, grant to monks of Louth Park, 23.

Aberystwyth siege, guns broken, 110.

Abinghall, Forest of Dean, coal-working, 5.

Adam of Corfe, marble-worker, 85.

Adits: coal pits drained by, 8-9; lead mines drained by, 50; tin mines drained by, 65-6.

Aketon, Nicholas de. See Nicholas de Aketon.

Alabaster industry, 86-90.

Alcester, legend of punishment of iron-workers, 22.

Aldebek, tilery, 125.

Ale: brewing and trade regulations, 186-93; national drink, 184-5; price fixed by ordinance, 185-6; used in stained glassmaking, 132.

Ale-conner or taster, duties of, 189.

Ale stakes, use of, 189.

Alston Moor: lead mines, 39, 40-8, 60; Scottish king's rights over, 41.

Alum, use as a mordant in dyeing wool, 144.

Alwold, 'campanarius,' 96.

Amblecote, coal-mining, 7.

Amesbury, lead sent to, from Shropshire, 39.

Amiens, agreement of woad merchants with Norwich, 144-5.

Apprenticeship regulations, 229-31.

Appys, John, lease of tileries, 124.

Ariconium, near Ross, iron industry, 21.

Arnoldson, Cornelys, repair of guns, 112.

Arundel, alabaster tomb at, 88.

Ashburnham, tile manufacture, 123-4.

Ashburton, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Ashdown Forest, labour employed in iron mills, 32; water-hammer in, 30.

Ashford, Derbyshire, lead mine, 39.

Assize of Bread and Ale, Assize of Cloth, etc. See Bread and Ale, Assize of; Cloth, Assize of.

Alkynson, John, gun-founder, 113.

Aylesham, clothmaking industry, 161, 166.

Bakers: frauds practised by, 204; use of trademarks ordered, 216.

Bakewell, Derbyshire, lead mine, 39.

Ballard, Blase, gunner, grant to, for injuries caused by gun accident, 110.

Ballard, Simon, iron shot made by, at Newbridge, 111-12.

Barbary, leather imported into England, 176.

Bark for tanning, 174.

Barmaster, of mine court, 40.

Barmote. See Berghmote.

Barnack, stone quarries, 77.

Barnstaple, clothmaking industry, 158.

Barri, Gerald de, cider mentioned by, 197.

Bath: gild of smiths at, alleged, in Roman times, 21; Roman use of coal in temple of Minerva probable, 1.

Bath Stone, quarries at Haslebury in Box, 78-9.

Battle, Sussex, early iron-works at, 20.

Battle Abbey: cider a source of income, 197; reference to bell casting, 96; stone quarry near, 76; tile manufacture, 123.

Baude, Peter, discovery of method of casting cannon in entire piece, 113.

Beare, Thomas, on alluvial tin, 65.

Beauvale, prior of, lease of coal mine at Newthorpe, 15.

Becket, Thomas, ale taken to French Court, in 1157, 185.

Bedburn forge, conditions of labour, 32.

Bedwin, Wilts., clothmaking industry, 137.

Beer Alston, Devon, royal lead mines, 48-51.

Beer, Devon, stone quarries, 78, 80.

Beer, introduction into England and development of trade, 193-5.

Bellows, method of using in iron smelting, 27.

Bell pits, in coal-mining, 7; in iron-mining, 27.

Bells: dedication ceremony, 101; manufacture of, 96-107; tuning of, 99-100.

Bellyeter, term for a bell-founder, 97.

Belper: iron industry, 25; terms of lease of coal mine, 15.

Belsire, tileries owned by family, 124.

Beneit le Seynter, early bell-founder, 96.

Benthall, lease of coal working, 14-15.

Berghmote or Barmote, mine court in Derbyshire, 40.

Berkshire, clothmaking industry, 167.

Berneval, Alexander de, sent to England for alabaster, 87.

Berwick-on-Tweed, inventory of artillery, in 1401, 109.

Beverley: building trade, hours of work, 211; clothmaking industry, 134, 139; list of standard measures for ale kept at, 188; regulations for control of industry, 223; tile manufacture, 124-5.

Beverley, College of, new shrine for relics of St. John of Beverley, 93-4.

Billiter Street, origin of name, 97.

Birley in Brampton, grant of wood to monks of Louth Park, 23.

Birlond, quarrying of slates at, 81.

Bisham, stone quarries, 83.

Bishop's Stortford, consecration of bells of St. Michael's, 101.

Black Death, effect on industries, 11, 74, 201.

Black Prince. See Edward, Black Prince.

Blacksmiths, control of industry, 211-12, 217.

Blakeney, Forest of Dean, coal-working, 5.

Blanket, Thomas, cloth-weaver in Bristol, 141.

Blanket cloth, manufacture, 168.

Blaunchlond, Northumberland, lead mine, 60.

Bloom, in iron-working, meaning of term, 28, 30; variations in weight, 30-31.

Bloomery, meaning of term, 29.

Blund, William and Robert le, probable identity with William and Robert of Corfe, 85.

Bocher, Robert, alabaster-worker, 89.

Bodiam Castle, gun found in moat, 111.

Bodmatgan quarry, slates from, 81.

Bodmin, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

'Boldon Book,' 1183, references to use of coal, 2-3.

Bole furnace, type used in lead mines, 51.

Bolerium of Diodorus Siculus, question of identity, 62.

Bolles, William, legal action, 13.

Bolsover, Manor of, 10, 11.

Bordale, Edmund, of Bramley, glass purchased from, 130.

Borde, Andrew, on ale, 184, 190; beer, 193; cider and perry, 196.

Boston, Lincs., clothmaking industry, 139.

Boughton Monchelsea, stone worked at, 80, 83.

Boundary stones, custom of burying coal under, 3-4.

Brabant weavers in London, 225.

Bradley, Staffordshire, coal-mining, 7.

Braintree, clothmaking industry, 157.

Brasier, Richard, bell-founder of Norwich, 105-7.

Bread and ale, assize of, beginning of national control of industry, 201.

Bremerhaven, export of coal to, 18.

Breton, Ralph, gift of money for bell to Rochester Cathedral Priory, 96.

Brewing: ale, universal and regulation of, 186-93; beer, 193-5; cider, 196-8.

Bricks, manufacture of, 125-6.

Brill, iron sent to, from Forest of Dean, 23.

Bristol: clothmaking industry, 141, 144, 145-6, 148, 150-1, 154; coal exported, in 1592, 18; gun-founding industry, 110; leather trade, 174; regulations for control of industries, 181, 182, 191, 216-19, 223, 227-9, 235.

Bromfield, Shropshire, lead-miners recruited from, for Devon, 57.

Brown, Roger, of Norwich, shoemaker, 181.

Brushford, near Dulverton, lead mine, 59.

Buggeberd, Adam, rector of South Peret, dispute over Whitchurch bells referred to, 100.

Building industry: hours of work at Beverly, 211; reasons for not treating subject, vi.

Burel cloth, manufacture of, 136-7.

Burford family, bell-founders, 102.

Burges, Toisaunts, brought to England to teach art of calendering worsteds, 165.

Burle, Nicholas, of London, seizure of hides, 175.

Burnard, Richard, clothier of Barnstaple, 158.

Burton-on-Trent, alabaster-workers, 89.

Bury St. Edmunds: bell-founding industry, 105; quarry in Barnack owned by abbey of, 77.

Buttercrambe, Plaster of Paris obtained from, 89-90.

Byland, Abbey of, grant of iron mine to, 1180, 23.

Caen, stone quarries, 78, 80.

Calendering worsteds, introduction of art, 165-6.

Cambrai, Siege of, 1339, guns used, 107.

Cannons. See Gun-founding.

Canon, Richard, carver and marble-worker, 85.

Canterbury: ale famous, 185; bell-founding industry, 105.

Canterbury Cathedral, alabaster tomb of Henry IV. and Queen Joan, 88.

Capitalists, conflict of interests in the gilds, 226-36.

Cappers of Coventry, regulations for control of industry, 227, 231.

Carlisle, Castle of, brass cannons for, in 1385, 108.

Carretate, weight for lead, varieties, 56.

Carving, English skill in Middle Ages, 87.

Cassiterides or Tin Islands, question of identification, 62.

Castor, Northants., Roman British pottery, 114-15.

Causton, Alice, punished for selling short measure of ale, 188.

Cavalcante, John, of Florence, cannon and saltpetre supplied by, 112-13.

Chafery, in iron-smelting, 30.

Chagford, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Chalder or chaldron, measure, 17-18.

Chaldon, stone quarries, 77.

Chalk, quarrying for conversion into lime, 90-1.

Chalons, cloth, origin of name and manufacture in England, 138.

Chalons-sur-Marne, cloth manufacture, 138.

Chamois (shamoys) leather, trade regulations, 176-7.

Charcoal: confused with sea coal by Alexander Neckam, 3; only fuel used for iron-working, 26.

Charcoal-burners employed in iron industry, 36-7.

Cheapside, goldsmiths' shops, 95.

Chellaston, alabaster quarries, 87.

Chertsey Abbey, inlaid tiles discovered, 127.

Cheshire, lead-miners recruited for Devon, 57.

Chester: brewing-trade dues paid to castle of, 187; gild of smiths at, in Roman times, 21.

Chichester Cathedral, Purbeck marble used, 84.

Chiddingfold, glassmaking industry, 127-9.

Child labour, order restricting, in 1398, 229.

Chilvers Coton, coal-mining, 6.

Chimneys, increase in number, in sixteenth century, 19.

Chirche, Reginald, bell-founder, 101.

Chislehurst, chalk quarries, 91.

Choke damp, 8, 16.

Cider industry, 196-8.

Cistercian ware, distinctive features, 118.

Clee, forest of, coal-working, 6.

Cleveland, iron industry, 25.

Clifford, Walter de, licence to Sir John de Halston (c. 1260), 5-6.

Cloth, Assize of, beginning of a national control of industry, 201.

Clothmaking industry: development and principal centres, 133-41; Edward III.'s efforts to improve, 140-1, 201; frauds and regulations against, 159-64, 204-6; legislative control, 136-7, 160-4, 201, 205, 216; numbers employed and output of cloth, 156-9; processes used, 141-56; quality of English cloth prior to time of Edward III., 136; subjection of workers evidenced by restrictive regulations, 134-5; varieties of cloth made, 164-70.

Coal: burying under boundary stones, 3-4; discovery in 1620 of method of using for iron-works, 26, 37; early significance of the word, 2-3; restriction of use to iron-working and lime-burning, 4-5, 90-1; Roman use of, in Britain, 1-2; smoke nuisance complained of, 6; trade returns, 18-19; value, 13-14; weighing of, measures employed, 14, 17-18.

Coal-mining: bell pits described, 7; choke damp mentioned, 8, 16; early methods of working, 7-11; first references to actual workings, 5-6; mineral rights, 11-18; terms of leases, 14-16.

Coggeshall, clothmaking industry, 140, 157.

Cogware, origin of term, 143.

Coinage duty on tin, 68-9, 74.

Colchester: clothmaking industry, 140, 156, 168; leather trade, 172, 173; Roman pottery manufacture, 115; tile industry regulations, 120-1.

Coleford, Roman iron-works at, 20.

Collard, Robert, tilemaker, 125.

Collyweston, stone slates, 82.

Colyn, Thomas, alabaster-worker, 88.

Competition, efforts to restrict, 222-5, 226-7.

Control of industry: gild regulations, 206-40; legislation for, 200-12.

Cope, in bell-founding, 98.

Corby, agreement of woad merchants with Norwich, 144-5.

Cordwainers: journeyman fraternity formed, 233; origin of name, 180; trade regulations, 181-3.

Core, in bell-founding, 98.

Corfe, Dorset: Purbeck marble industry, 85; stone quarry, 79.

Cornwall, Duke of, vested with supreme control of the stannaries, 72.

Cornwall: brewing trade, 190; clothmaking industry, 158; gold, search for, 61; slate quarrying, 81-2; tin-mining, 62-74.

Corvehill, William, bell-founder, 107.

Costume of miners, depicted in Newland Church, 36.

Courts. See Law Courts.

Coventry: brewing trade and regulations for, 187-9, 191; Cappers' gild regulations, 212, 227, 230-1; clothmaking industry, 146-7, 169; gilds controlled by civic authorities, 208; iron-workers, trade restrictions, 219-21, 232; journeyman gilds or confraternities, 234, 235; treatment of strangers, 222; trial of trade disputes in spiritual courts, 236.

Cowick, Yorkshire, payment by potters for digging clay, 118.

Crangs, Burcord, melting-house at Larian in Cornwall, 66-7.

Créçy, battle of, guns used by English, 107.

Crich, Derbyshire, lead mine, 39.

Croker, Nicholas, coppersmith, 96.

Crowchard, John, gun repaired by, 112.

Crowland Abbey, quarry in Barnack, 77.

Croxden Abbey, bell recast, in 1313, 99.

Culhare, Emma, killed by choke-damp, 8.

Culverden, William, bell-founder, 100.

Cumberland, lead-mining, 46, 60-1.

Customs and Duties: alien merchandise, on, 224-5; coal, 5, 18; coinage on tin, 68-9, 74.

Dale, Abbey of, Derbyshire, inlaid tile manufacture, 127.

Damlade, uncertain meaning of the word, 81.

Darcy, Edmund, royal grant to, for searching and sealing leather, 179.

Darlington, clothmaking industry, 134.

Dean, Forest of: coal-mining, 5, 11; iron industry, 23, 29, 34-6.

Dearns, meaning of term, 9.

De la Fava, of Mechlin. See La Fava.

Denby: coal-mining accident, in 1291, 8; iron mine, 22-3.

Derbyshire: alabaster quarries, 87; coal-mining, 6-8; iron industry, 25, 27; lead-mining, 39-48, 54, 56, 57-8.

Devon: clothmaking industry, 144, 158, 167; gold discovered, 61; lead-mining, 43, 48-9, 50-8; slate quarrying, 81; stone quarry at Beer, 78; tin-mining, 62-74.

Dewysse, Edward, beer brewer, 194.

Diodorus Siculus, statements respecting British tin trade, 62.

Dorset: clothmaking industry, frauds practised, 161; lead-miners recruited for Devon, 57; Purbeck marble industry, 84-5; stone quarries, 79.

Douset, term explained, 240.

Dover: bells cast for, 105; cannon for castle, in 1401, 108-9.

Dowson, John, gun-founder, 113.

Doys, John, beer brewer, case of theft against, 194.

Dudley, Dud, discovery of methods of using coal for iron-works, in 1620, 26, 37.

Duffield Frith: coal obtained from, in 1257, 6; iron industry, 25.

Dunkirk, export of coal to, 18.

Dunstan, St., patron of the goldsmiths, 92.

Durham: coal-mining, 9; lead mines granted to bishop by King Stephen, 39-40.

Dutch: beer a natural drink for, 193; expert gun-founders, 111.

Duties. _See_ Customs and Duties.

Dyeing industry: processes employed for cloth, 144-8; regulations for control of, 229, 234.

Eastbourne, green sandstone quarry, 79.

Ebchester, Durham, discovery at, of Roman use of coal, 1.

Edmund of Cornwall, tin worked for, in 1297, 65.

Edward III.: efforts to improve cloth trade, 140-1, 201; metal cast figure of, 95.

Edward, the Black Prince, plate presented to, 94.

Egremont, iron mine, 22.

Egwin, St., legend of punishment of iron-workers of Alcester, 22.

Egynton, John, dyer, trade dispute, 146-7.

Eleanor, Queen: driven from Nottingham Castle by coal smoke, 6; metal cast figure of, 95.

Eleanor Crosses, Purbeck marble supplied for, 85.

Ely: bells cast, 103; wall tiles or bricks for, 125.

Elyng, meaning of term, 28.

Encaustic tiles, process of manufacture, 126-7.

Essex, clothmaking industry, 157, 166, 168.

Essex, straits, narrow cloths, 140.

Eton college, stained glass for, 130.

Eure, Sir William, lease of coal mines, 16.

Exeter Cathedral: marble work for, 85; Portland stone used, 79; resident bell-founders appointed, 104-5·

Fairlight Quarry, near Hastings, stone for Rochester castle, 79, 80.

Faringdon, William, renowned goldsmith, 93.

Farriers: allowed to shoe on Sundays and feast days, 213; mutual assistance regulations, 237.

Faudkent, Peter, Dochman, stained glass purchased from, 131.

Fécamp Abbey, alabaster procured from England by abbot, 87.

Fenby, Thomas de, dyer of Coventry, trade dispute, 146-7.

Ferry, coal mines, 9.

Finchale monks, coal-mining operations, 9.

Fishmongers, regulation of trade, 219.

Fiskerton, brewing-trade dues, 187.

Fitz Odo, goldsmiths. See Fitz Otho.

Fitz Osbert, William, grant to abbey of Byland, 1180, 23.

Fitz Otho, Edward, goldsmith of Henry III., bells cast by, 102.

Fitz Otho family, king's goldsmiths and masters of the mint, 92.

Flanders: beer introduced into England from, 193; glassmaker brought to England, in 1449, 130-1; settlement in England of craftsmen from, 225.

Fletcher's lead mine in Alston, 60.

Flushing, export of coal to, 18.

Folkestone, stone quarry, 80.

Forest Assize of 1244, references to coal-mining, 5.

Forges, itinerant, in Forest of Dean, 29.

Fortuno de Catalengo, purchase of cannon from, 112.

Fotinel, weight for lead, 56.

Founders of metal, notable examples of work, 95-6.

Fountains Abbey, ware found in, 118.

Franciscans in London, poverty evidenced by quality of their ale, 185.

Frankwell, William, water for tanning at Lewes, 173.

Frese, William, gunmaker, 112.

Friezes, types manufactured, 169-70.

Friscobaldi, Italian merchants, lease of Devon lead mines, 56-7.

Fuller's earth, used for cleansing cloth, 154-5.

Fulling of cloth: process employed, 153-5; use of trademarks ordered, 216.

Furnaces, types employed, 28, 51-3, 66.

Furness Abbey, iron industry, 25, 27, 31.

Galloway, Mr., his _Annals of Coal Mining_, ix.

Gateshead, coal-mining, 9, 11.

Geddyng, John, glazier, 129.

Gerard le Flemeng, cloth weaver, 137.

Germans: expert gun-founders, 111; skilled miners, 59.

Gildesburgh, Robert, dispute over tuning of bells, 99-100.

Gilds: clothweavers, alien weavers in London, 225; charters granted by Henry I. and Henry II., 135; enforced holidays, 151; payments to the king, in twelfth century, 133-4; restriction of competition, 226-7.

—— conflict of class interests in, 225-36.

—— control of industry by regulations, 206-40.

—— cordwainers at Oxford, 183.

—— fullers of Lincoln, regulations, 153-4.

—— journeymen's efforts to form, 233-5.

—— origin of, 206-7.

—— religious element in organisation, 237-40.

Glasewryth, John, glassmaker in Chiddingfold district, 129.

Glassmaking industry, 127-32.

Glastonbury, lake village, evidences of weaving discovered, 133.

Glaze, for pottery, process, 116-17.

Gloucester: bell-founding industry, 103; brewing-trade regulations, 192; clothmaking industry, 134, 161.

Gloucestershire: iron industry, 22, 24, 28; lead-mining, 39, 57.

Gloucester, vale of, vine cultivation, 198.

Goderswyk, William, mining grant to, 60-1.

Gold-mining, 61.

Goldsmiths, early records of, 92-4.

Goldsmiths' Row, London, built by Thomas Wood, 95.

Goodrich, Roman iron-works at, 21.

Goryng, John, case against beer brewers, 194.

Goykyn, Godfrey, English guns made by, 111.

Graffham, Sussex, potteries, 117.

Gray, Sir Thomas, lease of Whickham coal mines, 16.

Green, Ralph, alabaster tomb in Lowick Church, 88.

Greenwich, chalk and lime sent to London, 91.

Griff, charge for sinking coal pits, 10.

Guildford: chalk quarries, 91; clothmaking industry, 138, 168.

Guildford Castle, tiles from Shalford, 124.

Guildford cloths, reputation injured by frauds, 155, 205.

Guildhall, London, ordnance at, in 1339, 107.

Gun-founding industry: account of, 107-13; discovery of method of casting cannon in entire piece, 113; projectiles used, 80-81, 109.

Gypsum, conversion into Plaster of Paris, 89-90.

Hackington, tileries, 124.

Halingbury, William, promotion of art of calendering worsteds, 165.

Hall, Robert, clothier of Winchester, 158.

Halston, Sir John de, licensed to dig for coals in Clee forest, 5-6.

Hammers, water, for iron industry, 30.

Hampshire: clothmaking industry, 167; stone quarries, 79.

Hanbury, earliest sepulchral image in alabaster at, 86.

Harrison, William: ale disparaged by, 195; cider and perry mentioned by, 196; his _Description of England_, 19.

Hartkeld, coal mines, 16.

Haslebury quarry, 78-9.

Hassal, slate-quarrying at, 81.

Hastings: kilns for making inlaid tiles discovered, 127; pottery, stamp decoration, 118.

Hatfield, Bishop of Durham, lease of coal mines, 16.

Hatters, use of trademark ordered, 216.

Hawkin of Liége, metal-founder, 95.

Helere, Edmund, lease of tileries, 124.

Helston: brewing trade, 190; nomination of members for stannary parliament, 72; tin sent to, for coinage dues, 69.

Henry III., metal cast figure of, 95.

Henry IV., alabaster tomb at Canterbury, 88.

Henry V., inventory of goods quoted, 139.

Henry of Lewes, the king's chief smith, 24.

Henshawe, William, bell-founder at Gloucester, 103.

Hereford: blankets made at, 168; iron industry, 22; regulations for control of industry, 223.

Hermann de Alemannia, lead mine worked by, 59.

Herrings, Yarmouth monopoly of sale on east coast, 203.

Heworth, charge for sinking coal pits, 10.

Hides, trade regulations, 174-5.

Hill, Nicholas, alabaster-worker, 89.

Hogge, Ralph, discovery of method of casting cannon in entire piece, 113.

Holewell, Thomas, alabaster-worker, 88.

Holidays, regulations, 212-14.

Hope, Derbyshire, lead mines, 39.

Hops, restrictions on use, 194-5.

Horsham, stone slate quarries, 82.

Houghton, Yorkshire, customs respecting mineral rights, 12.

Hours of labour, regulations, 211-12.

Huddleston, stone quarries, 77.

Hugh of Scheynton, lease of coal mine, 14-15.

Hull: tile manufacture, 124; weaving trade regulations, 237.

Humbert, Duke, lease of lead mines at Wirksworth, 39.

Huntingdon, clothmaking industry, 133.

Hussey, Sir William, action against, 13.

Ictis of Diodorus Siculus, question of identity, 62-3.

Industry, control of. See Control of Industry.

Inspection of goods in Middle Ages, 216-17.

Ipswich, tolls on English cloth, 139-40.

Irish friezes, manufacture of, 169-70.

Iron, price of, and parliamentary attempt to regulate, 31, 208-9.

Iron-mining: free miners of the Forest of Dean, their privileges, 34-6; methods of working, 26-30; numbers employed and conditions of labour, 31-6; places noted for, 22-6; Roman activity in Britain, 20-1; weight of the bloom, variations in, 30-1; wood consumption in sixteenth century, 36-7.

Jack of Newbury. See Winchcombe, John.

Jervaulx Abbey: grant to, by Earl of Richmond, 1281, 29; ware found at, 118.

John, King, tomb at Worcester, in Purbeck marble, 84.

John de Alemaygne, of Chiddingfold, glassmaker, 128.

John de Stafford, mayor of Leicester, bell-founder, 103.

John, Duke of Bretagne, alabaster tomb at Nantes, 88.

John Glasman of Ruglay, glass purchased from, 130.

John of Chester, glazier, designs for stained glass, 131-2.

John of Gloucester, bell-founder, 103.

John, St., of Alexandria, mention in life of, of British tin trade, 63.

John, St., of Beverley, new shrine for relics, in 1292, 93-4.

Johnson, Cornelys, gun-founder, 113.

Journeymen, regulation of employment, 231-5.

Julius Cæsar, on iron in Britain, 20.

Julius Vitalis, armourer of the 20th Legion, funeral at Bath, 21.

Keel or coal barge, regulation of capacity, 17.

Kendal, clothmaking industry, 143, 169.

Kent: chalk-quarrying, 91; clothmaking industry, 137, 158; gun-founding, 113; iron industry, 24, 26; Roman British pottery in, 114; stone quarries, 77-8, 80-1; tile manufacture, 121-4.

Kentish rag, stone, demand for, 77-8, 80.

Kersey, village, clothmaking industry, 166.

Kerseys, manufacture of, 166-8.

Keswick, lead mine, 60.

Kilns, types used, 90, 115, 116, 126.

King's College, Cambridge, stained glass for, 130-1.

Kingston on Thames, pottery manufacture, 117.

Kipax, Yorkshire, customs respecting mineral rights, 12.

Kirkstall Abbey, ware found at, 118.

Labour, control of. See Control of Industry.

Labourers, Statute of, enactments, 201-2.

La Fava, Lewis de, of Mechlin, purchase of cannon from, 112.

Lanchester, Durham: discovery at, of Roman use of coal, 1; Roman method of smelting iron at, 26.

Langton, Walter de, bishop of Chester, on yield of Beer Alston mine, 51.

Larian in Cornwall, cost of a melting-house at, 66-7.

Launceston, nomination of members for stannary parliament, 72.

Laurence Vitrarius, glassmaker at Chiddingfold, 128.

Law Courts: miners, 35-6, 40, 72; settlement of trade disputes, for, 236.

Lead-mining: methods of working, 50-5; organisation of miners, 40-8; payments to the king and to the lord of the soil, 46-8; principal localities, 39-40; productiveness of mines, 56-61; prospecting regulations, 43-6; Roman workings, 38-9; wages and number of hands employed, 48-51.

Leadreeve, of mine court, 40.

Leakes of Southwark, beer brewers, 195.

Leather industry: account of, 171-83; frauds in preparation and sale, 177-9, 205; night work prohibited, 215; regulations for control of, 215-16, 229, 237-8; shoemaking, regulations, 180-3; table of values of different kinds of leather, 179-80.

Leathersellers' Company, inefficiency of control over trade, 177-8.

Leeds, bell pits near, 7.

Leeds Castle, cost of iron for repairs in time of Edward III., 31.

Lewis, George Randall, indebtedness to acknowledged, ix, 64.

Lichfield Cathedral, dedication of bell, 1477, 101.

Lime-burning, 4-5, 90-1.

Limekilns, kind used, 90.

Liminge, land at, granted to Abbey of St. Peter of Canterbury, 22.

Lincoln: clothmaking industry, 133, 136, 139, 153-4; pottery, stamp decoration, 118; Purbeck marble for Eleanor cross, 85; regulations for control of industry, 222, 228.

Liskeard, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

List, in cloth, term explained, 136.

Liverpool, coal exported, in 1592, 18.

Logwood, use as a dye forbidden, 148.

London: ale brewing, regulations, 190-1; beer brewing in, 193-5; bell-founding industry, 101-2; cloth making industry, 133, 137, 140, 147, 154; regulations for control of industries, 204, 207-15, 219, 225-33, 236; roofing with tiles made compulsory, 1212, 119; shoemaking trade regulations, 181-3; walls built of Kentish rag, 77.

Loop, in iron working, meaning of term, 30.

Lostwithiel: nomination of members for stannary parliament, 72; slates probably quarried at, 81-2; tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Louth Park, grant to monks, 23.

Low countries, settlement in England of craftsmen from, 225.

Lowick Church, Northants., alabaster tomb in, 88.

Lune, Galias de, mining grant to, 61.

Lynne, clothmaking industry, 165.

Madder, use in dyeing wool, 148.

Magna Carta, cloth trade regulations in, 136.

Maidstone, stone quarries, 77, 80, 81, 109.

Maldon, clothmaking industry, 140, 168.

Malemort family, employment in iron-works at St. Briavels, 24.

Malvern Priory, manufacture of inlaid tiles, 127.

Marble, Purbeck. See Purbeck marble.

Marchall, John, mining grant to, 60.

Marcus le Fair, clothier of Winchester, 158.

Maresfield, Sussex, iron-works in Roman times, 20.

Markets: held on Sundays in thirteenth century, 214; segregation of trades, 217-18.

Marlborough: brewing-trade regulations, 187; clothmaking industry, 134, 137.

Martinstowe: silver sent to London, in 1294, 55; slates used for roofing, 81; stone quarries, pay of workers, 82-3.

Mason, Peter, payment to, for alabaster for St. George's Chapel, Windsor, 87.

Matlock, lead workings of Roman period, 38.

Meaux Abbey: dispute with tilers of Beverley, 124-5; tannery at, details given, 173.

Mendips, lead mines: methods of working, 53; organisation of miners, 40-8; productiveness, 58-9; worked by the Romans, 38.

Metal-working: bell-founding, 96-107; gun-founding, 107-13; payment for workmanship, 93-4; regulation of hours of work in London, 213; use of trademark ordered, 216.

Metesford, Derbyshire, lead mine, 39.

Michel, Henry, bell-founder, 99.

Middle Ages, definition of period, vii.

Middlewood, sea coal at, 4.

Midhurst, payment by potters to the lord of the manor, 118.

Mildenhall, recasting of bell and dispute over, 106-7.

Mile End Range, 110.

Millyng, Albert, of Cologne, mining grant to, 60-1.

Mine Law Courts. See Law Courts, miners.

Mining of coal, iron, lead, etc. See coal, iron, lead, etc.

Minsterley, Shropshire, lead workings of Roman period, 38.

Monkswood, near Tintern, timber consumed at iron-works, 37.

Moorhouse, coal-mining at, 9.

Mordant, in dyeing, those used in Middle Ages, 144.

Moresby, Hugh de, charter to Furness Abbey, 27.

Morley, Derbyshire, coal-mining accidents, 7-8.

Nantes Cathedral, alabaster tomb of John of Bretagne, 88.

Naturalisation, letters of, numerous in fifteenth century, 224-5.

Neckam, Alexander, on coal, 3.

Newark, brewing-trade dues, 187.

Newbridge, in Ashdown Forest, iron shot manufactured, 111.

Newbury, clothmaking industry, 167.

Newcastle, coal-mining and trade, 6, 18-19.

New Forest, Roman British pottery from, 114.

Newland Church, brass depicting a free miner, 36.

Newminster, use of coal by monks, 4.

Newport, William, guns made by, 112.

Newthorpe, coal mine, terms of lease, 15.

Newthorpe Mere, Gresley, outrage at coal mine, 13.

Nicholas de Aketon, grant to monks of Newminster, 4.

Night work, rules against, 214-15.

Norfolk, clothmaking industry, 138-9, 161, 164-6, 205.

Northampton: Purbeck marble for Eleanor cross, 85; shoemaking regulations, 183.

Northamptonshire: Roman British pottery, 114-15; stone slates quarried at Collyweston, 82.

Northumberland: coal-mining, 6; lead-mining, 60-1.

Norwich: bell-founding industry, 105; brewing trade regulations, 192-3, 195; clothmaking industry, 144-5, 148-9, 150, 162, 165, 168; gilds controlled by civic authorities, 208; holidays, regulations, 212; market regulations, 217; pageants and gild feasts, 238-40; roofing with tiles made compulsory, 119; strangers, restrictive regulations, 223-4.

Nottingham: alabaster industry, 87-9; clothmaking industry, 133, 150; smoke nuisance, in 1257, 6.

Nottinghamshire, coal-mining, 6.

Nuneaton, coal-mining, 7, 15.

Nutfield, Fuller's earth deposits, 155.

Oldham, Lancs., bell pits at, 7.

Ordnance, casting of, 107-13.

Osetes of Bristol, cloths, 140.

Oswy, king of Kent, grant to Abbey of St. Peter of Canterbury, 21-2.

Otto, the goldsmith, 92.

Oxford: brewing-trade regulations, 191-2; clothmaking industry, 133, 167; leather-trade industries, 172, 183.

Pageants of gilds and fraternities, 238-40.

Pagham, Sussex, cider industry, 197.

Pakenham, John, cider orchard at Wisborough, 198.

Parman, John, clothier of Barnstaple, 158.

Pascayl, Robert, lease of coal mine, 15.

Peak, Derbyshire, lead-miners recruited for Devon, 57.

Penpark Hole, Gloucs., lead mine mentioned, in 882, 39.

Pepercorn, William, draining of Beer Alston mine, 51.

Perry drunk in Middle Ages, 196.

Peter at Gate, tiles manufactured by, 123.

Peter de Brus, forges on lands in Cleveland, 1271, 25.

Peterborough Abbey, quarry in Barnack, 77.

Pevensey, walls and castle built of green sandstone from Eastbourne, 79.

Pewter-work, 95; apprentices, 229.

Peyeson, Adam, lease of coal mine, 14-15.

Peyto family, glassmakers, 129.

Philippa, Queen, metal cast figure of, 95.

Phœnicians, tin trade with Britain doubtful, 62.

_Piers Plowman_, quoted, 141.

Plaster of Paris, conversion of alabaster into, 89-90.

Playden, village, grave of Cornelius Zoetmann, 194.

Plessey, near Blyth, early mention of coal from, 4.

Plympton, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Poole, Dorset, beer and ale export trade, 194.

Popenreuter, Hans, purchase of cannon from, 112.

Poppehowe, Thomas, worker in alabaster, 88.

Portland stone, fame in Middle Ages, 79.

Potteresgavel, rent paid by potters, 118.

Pottery manufacture, 114-18.

Prentis, Thomas, alabaster-worker, 87-8.

Prest, Godfrey, coppersmith, 96.

Prices, regulation of, 208-10.

Projectiles, 80-1, 109.

Protection of industries, effect of, 203-4.

Pucklechurch, Gloucs., iron industry, 22.

Punishments by mine law, 42-3.

Purbeck marble industry, 84-6.

Quarell guns, 109.

Quarrying, 76-91.

Quivil, Bishop Peter de, care of bells of Exeter Cathedral, 104.

Radlett, pottery manufacture by Romans, 115.

Raly, coal mine, 16.

Ramsey, Abbey of, quarry in Barnack, 77.

Randolf, William, payment to, for metal-work, 94.

Reading, clothmaking industry, 156.

Redbrook, Roman iron-works at, 21.

Reginald, Bishop, of Bath, lead mines granted to, 40.

Reigate: Fuller's earth deposits, 155; stone quarries, 77-8, 80.

Repton: lease of lead mines at Wirksworth by Abbess, 39; manufacture of inlaid tiles, 127.

Restormel, Cornwall, slates used for roofing, 81.

Richard I., reorganisation of the stannaries, 1198, 73.

Richard II., metal-work of tomb and payment for, 96.

Richmond, Earl of, 1281, grants to the monks of Jervaulx, 29.

Richmond, Yorks., copper mine, 60.

Ridding, in iron-mining, meaning of term, 35.

Riley, Mr., indebtedness to, acknowledged, ix.

Ringmer, in Sussex, potteries, 116, 118, 123.

Robard, Pieter, alias Graunte Pierre, iron-founder, 112.

Robert le Bellyetere, care of bells of Exeter Cathedral, 104-5.

Robert of Corfe, worker in Purbeck marble, 85.

Robertes, Henry, Serjeant, quarell guns provided by, 109.

Rochester stone sent to, from Beer in Devon, 78.

Rochester Castle, list of stone for, in 1367, 79-80.

Rochester Priory: bell recast in twelfth century, 96; perquisites of under brewers, 192.

Roger of Faringdon, maker of shrine at Beverley, 93-4.

Rogers, Thorold, on effect of Statute of Labourers, 202.

Romans in Britain: coal used by, 1-2; iron-mining, 20-1; lead mines, 38-9; pottery manufacture, 114-15.

Roofing: slates worked for, 81-2; tiles manufactured for, 119.

Ropley family, glassmakers, 129.

Royley, Richard and Gabriel, alabaster-workers, 89.

Rye, hops imported, 194.

Saddlers, 233-35.

St. Albans Abbey: consecration of bells, 101; metal workers among monks, 93.

St. Austell, Cornwall, Saxon remains discovered in tin grounds, 63.

St. Bees, grant of iron-mine to monks, 22.

St. Briavels: forge at castle for construction of war materials, 24; Mine Law Courts, 35-6; payment to Constable for loads of coal, 5.

St. Clere, statement respecting gold in Devon and Cornwall, in 1545, 61.

St. George's Chapel, Windsor: alabaster reredos, 87; glass supplied from Chiddingfold, 128.

St. Laurence, Reading, dedication of bell, 101.

St. Mary-at-Hill, London, bells recast, in 1510, 100.

St. Paul's Cathedral, contract for paving, 85.

St. Peter of Canterbury, Abbey of, grant to, of land at Liminge, in 689, 22.

St. Peter's Abbey at Gloucester, candlestick in South Kensington Museum, 92.

St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster: glass from Chiddingfold, 128; marble for columns, 85; stained glass, process employed, 131-2; stone sent from Beer in Devon, 78.

Salisbury, clothmaking industry, 158.

Sandwich, export of chalk, 91.

Sawtry Abbey, quarry in Barnack and disputes over, 77.

Saxons: few traces of iron-works in Britain, 21-2; tin worked in Cornwall, 63.

Sconeburgh, Gerard, beer brewer, case of theft against, 194.

Sea coal: origin of term, 2-3; references to use of, 4-5.

Sea Coal Lane, London, mention, in 1228, 4.

Seaford, brewing trade, 191.

Search, system of. See Inspection of goods.

Selebourne, Hants, stone quarries, 79.

Sester, in brewing trade, 187-8.

Severn, customs on sea coal brought down, 5.

Seyntleger, Thomas, case against beer brewers, 194.

Shalford tileries, 124.

Shamelling, meaning of term, 65.

Shamoys leather. See Chamois.

Sheffield in Fletching, Sussex, iron-mills, 33, 36-7.

Shelve, Shropshire, lead mine of Roman period, 38.

Shene Chapel, stone from Eastbourne for, 79.

Sheppey Castle, guns for, 107.

Shepton Mallet, pottery manufacture by Romans, 115.

Sherterre family. See Shorter.

Shippen, Yorks, coal-mining, 6.

Shode, meaning of term, 64.

Shoemaking: districts assigned to, in London, 217; gild of journeymen connected with craft, 235; regulation of trade, 180-3, 227; work allowed on Sunday, 213-14.

Shoreham, brewing at, 187.

Shorter or Sherterre family, glassmakers, 129.

Shoyswell, hundred, brewing trade, 187.

Shrewsbury: brewing regulations, 195; cloth trade, 152; leather trade, 172.

Shropshire: coal workings, 5-6; lead-mining, 38-9.

Silchester, refining of silver at, 54.

Silver: process of refining from lead, 53-5; production from Devon mines, 56-7; weight and value, 55-6.

Silversmiths' work, 94-5.

Skipton, pottery kilns, 116.

Slates, working of, 81-2.

Sluys, export of coal to, 18.

Small arms, early instance of use, 109.

Smith, William, bell-founder, 100.

Smithfield, tileries, 124.

Snailbeach, Shropshire, lead mine of Roman period, 38.

Solinus, third century, reference to Roman use of coal at Bath, probable, 1.

Somerset: clothmaking industry, 161; coal-mining, 6-7; effect of the Statute of Labourers, 202; lead-mining, 40, 57, 58-9.

Southampton, import of woad, 144.

Southwark, gun-founding, 110.

Spain, leather trade, 178-9.

Speryng, Godfrey, beer brewer, 194.

Spring of Lavenham, clothiers, 159.

Spurriers, night work prohibited, 215.

Staffordshire: coal-mining, 7; price of iron, 31.

Stahlschmidt, Mr., on bell-founders, 96, 102.

Staindrop, alabaster tomb at, 88.

Stained glass: glazier brought from Flanders, in 1449, 130-1; process employed in England, 131-2.

Stainton, Forest of Dean, coal-working, 5.

Stainton-in-Furness, iron-works at end of Stone Age, 20.

Stamford, clothmaking industry, 134, 136, 138.

Stamfords, English cloth, 138.

Stannaries, account of, 64-74.

Stansfield, bell cast for, 97, 105-6.

Stapleton, stone quarries, 77, 80, 83.

Stephen of St. Iago, purchase of cannon from, 112.

Stevenes, John, of Bristol, gun-founder, 110.

Stithe or choke damp, 8.

Stone-balls or shot for artillery, 80-1, 109.

Stone masons, mutual assistance regulations, 237.

Stone-quarrying, 76-83.

Stow, in mining, meaning of term, 44.

Stratton-on-Fosse, coal-mining, 6-7.

Strelley, Nicholas, legal action respecting coal mine, 12-13.

Stretton, near Alnwick, forge, 4.

Strikes, labour, in Middle Ages, 235-6.

Sudbury, clothmaking industry, 140.

Suffolk, clothmaking industry, 157, 166-8.

Sumptuary law of 1363, restrictions as to cloth, 169.

Sunday, rules against working on, 212-14.

Surrey: chalk-quarrying, 91; clothmaking industry, 167; glassmaking industry, 127-9; stone quarries, 77.

Sussex: beer-brewing, 194; chalk-quarrying, 91; cider industry, 197-8; clothmaking industry, 167; glassmaking in, 128-9; gun-founding, 111, 113; iron industry, 24, 26, 28-9, 31, 36-7; stone quarries and slates from, 79-80, 82.

Sutton, Robert, alabaster-worker, 88.

Tadcaster, stone quarries, 77, 81, 83.

Tailors, fraternity of yeomen tailors formed, 233-4; gild court, 236.

Tanning of leather, processes employed, 171-7.

Tan turves, term explained, 54, 173.

Tarrant Keynston, nunnery, effigy of Queen of Scots in Purbeck marble, 85.

Tavistock, tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Tawing of leather, process employed, 171.

Teazles, use of, in cloth making, 156.

Temple Church, London, Purbeck marble effigies, 84.

Thevesdale, stone quarries, 77.

Thomas de Alemaigne, skill in mining, 59-60.

Thomasson, Walter, gun-founder, 111.

Thorp, Robert de, warden of the Devon mines, 47.

Threle, William, cider made by, 1385, 198.

Thrillesden (Trillesden), lease of coal mine, 15.

Thrums, term explained, 152.

Tideman de Lippe, purchase of English cloth, 139.

Tiles: floor tiles, process of manufacture, 126-7; manufacture of, 119-27; price fixed, 119, 210; regulations for control of industry, 216, 222.

Tilman de Cologne, farm of Alston lead mines, 60.

Timber. See Wood.

Tindale, Scottish king's liberty of, 41.

Tin-mining: antiquity claimed for, 62-3; economic condition of smaller tin-workers, 69-70; free miner's privileges, 70-3; methods of working, 64-9; stamping dues, 68-9.

Tithes to the Church, of cider and apples in Sussex, 198; lead-miners, payment of, 47-9.

Toftes, coal mines, 16.

Tolsester, term explained, 187.

Torel, William, metal-work of, 95.

Torksey, brewing-trade regulations, 188.

Tower of London: gun-founding 110; regulations for wages of workmen employed in building operations, 214.

Trademarks, use of, ordered, 216.

Trades, segregation of, in towns, 217-18.

Truro: nomination of members for stannary parliament, 72; tin sent to, for coinage duty, 69.

Tudeley forge, Tonbridge: iron-works, 28; wages of workers, 33; weight of the bloom, 31.

Tuning of bells, methods employed, 99-100.

Tunnoc, Richard, bell-founder and memorial window, 103-4.

Turn-hearth furnace, 53.

Tutbury, alabaster dug at, in early times, 86.

Twist, Gilbert, alabaster-worker, 89.

Tynemouth, coal-mining, 6.

Ulnager, official, 160.

Upchurch, Roman British pottery, 114.

Utynam, John, brought from Flanders to make glass, 130-1.

Van Anne, Arnold, mining grant to, 60-1.

Van Orel, Henry, mining grant to, 60-1.

Van Riswyk, Dederic, mining grant to, 61.

Vellacott, C. H., indebtedness to, acknowledged, ix.

Venetian travellers: on English grapes, 199; report on rich metal-work in England, 94-5.

Vesses or set cloths, manufacture of, 168.

_Victoria County Histories_, source of information, viii-ix.

Vines, cultivation in England, 198-9.

Vipont, Robert de, trial of thieves in his manor court, 41-2.

Vlenk, Matthew de, gunmaker, 111.

Wages: coal-miners, 10-11, 16; iron-workers and miners, 32-5; lead-miners, 48-9, 53; legislation and gild regulations, 202, 210-12, 214, 228; saddlers' success in raising, 234, 235; shoemakers, 182; stone-quarriers, 82-3; tin-workers, 70.

Wakefield, mineral rights, local customs, 11.

Wales, coal export, in 1592, 18.

Walker, Humphrey, gun-founder, 113.

Walking, process in fulling cloth, 153.

Walsingham, Prior, bells cast at Ely for, 103.

Walter of Odyngton, a monk of Evesham, system for tuning bells, 99.

Waltham, Purbeck marble for Eleanor cross, 85.

Warde, William, dyer, trade dispute at Coventry, 146-7.

Warwick Castle, foreign stained glass ordered for chapel, 131.

Warwickshire, coal-mining, 6, 9.

Water-power, use of, in iron-working, 27, 30; in lead mines, 52.

Watts, Richard, poem on weaving processes, 142.

Wax chandlers, regulation of charges, 209.

Weald of Sussex and Kent: centre of ordnance manufacture, after 1543, 113; iron industry, 24, 26, 28-9.

Weardale: iron industry, 27, 31; lead mines, 39.

Weaving industry: gild of alien weavers in London, 225; processes employed, 149-52; regulations for control of, 228, 235-7; religious character of ordinances of gilds, 207; restriction of output, 227; use of trademarks ordered, 216.

Weights and Measures: ale standard measures, 188; barrel of beer and ale respectively, 195; chalder or chaldron, 17-18; cloth regulations, 136, 138, 150, 160-3; coal for, variety of, 14; lead for, variety of, 56.

Weld, use of, for dying wool, 144, 147.

Wellington, forest of, wood consumed by limekilns, 90.

Westminster, regulations for wages of workmen employed in building, 214.

Westminster Abbey: bell cast for, by Edward Fitz Odo, 102; inlaid tiles in chapter-house, 127; stone used for, 79.

Westmoreland, Earl of, alabaster tomb at Staindrop, 88.

Westmoreland, lead-mining, 60-1.

Whickham, coal mine, 11, 16-17.

Whitchurch, Dorset, bells cast for and dispute over, 100.

Whitechurch, Hants, Roman iron-works, 21.

Whittington, Richard, 229.

Whyt, Thomas, lease of tilery, 125.

Wight, Isle of: clothmaking industry, 167-8; question of identification with the Ictis of Diodorus Siculus, 62-3; stone quarries, 79.

Willarby, George, report on lead mines, 60.

William of Corfe, worker in Purbeck marble, 85.

William, the founder, 102, 108.

William of Malmesbury, on manufacture of wine in England, 198.

William de Plessetis, property in Sea Coal Lane, 4.

William de Wrotham, warden of the stannaries, 1198, 72.

Willoughby, Sir John, legal action against Nicholas Strelley, 12-13.

Wiltshire, limestone quarries, 78-9.

Wimbish family, bell-founders, 102.

Winchcombe, John, clothier of Newbury, 158, 167.

Winchelsea: beer and cider imported, 193, 197; hops imported, 194.

Winchester: clothmaking industry, 133, 136, 138, 150, 151, 158; iron sent to, from Forest of Dean, 23; stone for royal palace, 78-9.

Wine, manufacture in England, 198-9.

Wingerworth, accident at, in 1313, 7.

Winlaton, coal mines, 11, 17.

Wirksworth, lead mines, 39.

Wisborough, cider industry, 198.

Woad, use of, for dying wool, 144-8.

Wodeward, William, gun-founder, 102, 108.

Wolsingham, Durham, water-power used in lead mines, 52.

Women: employment discouraged, 154, 228; exempted from certain trade restrictions, 218; iron-workers' wages, 32-3; lead mines employment, 51; spinning a staple employment, 148-9; stone quarrywork, payment for, 82-3.

Wood, Thomas, builder of Goldsmiths' Row, 95.

Wood: consumption by iron works, 36-7; lead-miners' privileges in Cumberland, 46.

Woodstock, iron sent to, from Forest of Dean, 23.

Wookey, smelting of ore at, 58.

Wool, processes of dealing with, for clothmaking, 141-9.

Worcester: brewing-trade regulations, 189; clothmaking industry, 134, 168; tile industry regulations, 120, 222.

Worcester Cathedral, tomb of King John in marble, 84.

Worsted, village, clothmaking industry, 139, 161.

Worsteds, manufacture and frauds practised, 161-2, 164-5, 205.

Worth, Sussex, wood burnt at iron-mills, 36-7.

Wren, Christopher, use of Portland stone, 79.

Wroxeter, discovery at, of Roman use of coal, 1.

Wye, Kent: cider industry, 197; tile manufacture and processes employed, 121-3.

Wylwringword, John de, gold found in Devon by, 61.

Yarmouth: clothmaking industry, 165; herring fishery, struggle over monopoly, 203.

York: alabaster industry, 89; bell-founding industry, 103.

York Minster: bell-maker's window, 103-4; bells cast for, in 1371, 103; English glass bought for, 130; Plaster of Paris for, 89-90; stained glass for, from abroad, 131; stone for, 77.

Yorkshire: Cistercian ware found in, 118; clothmaking industry, 147, 158, 167; coal-mining, 6.

Zoetmann, Cornelius, grave at Playden, 194.

Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty at the Edinburgh University Press

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Minor punctuation and printer errors repaired.

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_