Part 9
2. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, in chief a label of 3 points arg. _Brotherton._
3. Chequy, or and az. _Warren._
4. Gu., a lion rampant or, langued and armed az. _Fitz-Alan._
A crescent for difference.
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
[MARSILIUS. _Interpretatione, etc._ Jenae, 1586.]
Henry Howard (born 25th February 1539, died 15th June 1614) was the second son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was beheaded in 1547. Henry Howard the younger was restored in blood by Queen Elizabeth, and on the accession of James I. he quickly became a person of much importance. He was made a Member of the Privy Council, Warden of the Cinque Ports, and Constable of Dover Castle.
In 1604 Mr. Howard was created Earl of Northampton and a Knight of the Garter, and in 1608, Lord Privy Seal. Lord Northampton was a man of much learning, and wrote several treatises on astrology and theology. He had much taste in knowledge as to architecture, and built Northumberland House from the designs of Moses Glover.
HOWARD, THOMAS, EARL OF ARUNDEL, SURREY, AND NORFOLK
_Arms._--Gu., on a bend between six crosses crosslet fitchée arg., an escutcheon or, thereon a demi lion rampant, pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure flory counterflory of the first. _Howard._
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
_Legend._--BIBLIOTHECA ARVNDELIANA.
_Note._--A nineteenth-century stamp.
[LYDGATE. _Siege of Troy._ Arundel MS. 99.]
Thomas Howard (born c. 1585, died 24th September 1646) was the son of Philip, Earl of Arundel, who was attainted and died in 1595. James I. restored his father's titles to Thomas Howard, but not the property, much of which, however, he subsequently purchased; and in 1644 he was created Earl of Norfolk in addition. He was a descendant of Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, who had also been a great book collector, and whose library had been largely acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales.
Lord Arundel travelled largely and made very valuable collections of all sorts of antiquities, manuscripts particularly; but as well as these he acquired marbles, coins, gems, and pictures. Among the more notable of the collections of manuscripts purchased by Lord Arundel was that made by the Pirckheimer family of Nüremberg. The manuscripts were for some time kept at Arundel House, where they suffered much from neglect, and in 1666 most of them were given to the Royal Society and others to the Heralds' College.
In 1831 the Arundelia MSS. in the Royal Society's library were transferred, by arrangement, to the British Museum. Lord Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter in 1611; in 1616 he became a Member of the Privy Council; and in 1621 he was restored to his hereditary post of Earl Marshal. He was also High Steward of England.
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS
_Arms._--Per pale gu. and az., a lion rampant between three crosses crosslet arg. _Hutchinson._
_Crest._--A cockatrice, wings expanded az., comb, wattles, and members or, issuing from a heraldic coronet.
_Motto._--FORTITER GERIT CRUCEM.
[D * * *. _Satyres sur les Femmes._ 1718.]
Thomas Hutchinson (born May 1698, died February 1769) was a son of Peter Hutchinson of Cornforth, Durham. He was educated at Oxford, and entered the Church about 1730. In 1731 he was Rector of Lyndon in Rutland, and in 1748 he was Vicar of Horsham, Rector of Cocking, and a Prebendary of Chichester.
Dr. Hutchinson edited a few editions of the classics, and published several sermons and a few essays, particularly one on Demoniacal Possession.
JAMES I., KING OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quarterly.
1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly.
1 and 4. Az., 3 fleurs-de-lys, 2 and 1, or. _France._
2 and 3. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant in pale or, langued and unguled az. _England._
2nd grand quarter; or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gu. _Scotland._
3rd grand quarter; az., a harp or, stringed arg. _Ireland._
Ensigned with a Royal Crown.
_Supporters._--Dexter, a lion or, royally crowned ppr. _England._
Sinister, a unicorn arg., armed, crined, unguled or, gorged with a princely coronet, a chain affixed thereto, passing between the forelegs, and reflexed over the back of the last. _Scotland._
_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.
_Initials._--I. R. (Jacobus Rex).
The thistle, the badge of Scotland, shows at the base.
[COQUAEUS. _Apologia pro summis ecclesiae Romanae Pontificibus, etc._ Mediolani, 1619.]
_Variety._--With vine spray and a thistle at the top.
[GODWIN. _Rerum Anglicarum Annales._ London, 1616.]
_Variety._--With an ornamental border containing the falcon badge of Queen Anne Bullen and Queen Elizabeth, the triple ostrich plume of the Prince of Wales, the fleur-de-lys of France, the portcullis of the De Beauforts, and the Tudor rose. A thistle of Scotland at the top.
[DU BELLAY. _Mémoires._ Parisiis, 1569.]
_Variety._--Without supporters.
[T. BRADWARDINI. _Arch. Cantuariensis de causa Dei contra Pelagium._ London, 1618.]
_Variety._--Without supporters.
[BOVERIUS. _Orthodoxa Consultatio._ Matriti, 1623.]
The badge of a Tudor rose, arg. and gu., reeded or and leaved vert, royally crowned, with sprays of rose leaves.
[PERKINS. _Works._ Cambridge, 1603.]
The badge of a Tudor rose, as before, royally crowned, within a lozenge of laurel leaves.
[_Christian Dictionarie._ London, 1612.]
James Stuart (born 19th June 1566, died 27th March 1625) was the son of Mary, Queen of Scotland, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. He was great-grandson of the Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII., who had married James IV., King of Scotland, in 1502, and by right of this descent James came into the line of succession of the English throne. On the dethronement of Queen Mary in 1569, under the Regency of the Earl of Murray, James became King of Scotland under the title of James VI., and reigned for thirty-four years until the death of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, when he inherited the English crown and came to England as James I.
On the accession of James I., a greater change took place in the English Royal coat-of-arms than had ever occurred before. The old coat, France and England quarterly, which had practically been in use ever since the time of Edward III., now became only a quartering, and was shown in the first and fourth quarters, then in the second quarter James put the ancient coat-of-arms of Scotland, or, a lion rampant, within a double tressure flory counterflory gu.
The lion appears for the first time on the shield of Alexander II., and it is supposed to have been derived from the ancestors of the Scottish kings, the Earls of Northumberland and of Huntingdon, whose device it was. The tressure is also of doubtful origin, and is also very ancient; it is popularly supposed to have been given by Charlemagne in recognition of a league between that monarch and Achaius, King of Scotland. The double tressure is presumed to indicate that there were two treaties.
In the third quarter is the coat-of-arms of Ireland, az., a harp or, stringed arg. This harp appears on an illuminated manuscript that belonged to Elizabeth, and is said to have been granted to Ireland by Henry VIII. as a mark of his admiration for the musical qualities of the Irish. It also is used as a badge on Irish coins of and after 1526, and this single harp was increased to three in similar coins made during Elizabeth's reign. The harp was sacred to Apollo Grian or Beal, an ancient Irish deity. Irish silver groats of 1478 show the device of three crowns in pale, and this was probably the coat-of-arms of Ireland at that time, and before that, in 1422, a single crown is found as a badge.
It is curious to note the strong tendency of single devices or badges to merge into threes. It occurs first in the case of the single crown, which presently gets tripled, then the single harp does the same, and the three castles, the arms of Dublin, very likely began as one.
James I. made one more important change; he substituted one of the Scottish unicorn supporters for the red dragon of Cadwallader, used as a dexter supporter by Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. The ancient Scottish supporters were two unicorns arg., armed, maned, and unguled, gorged with a princely coronet and chained or. The origin of the unicorn supporters is lost, but the creature is generally considered to be an emblem of purity and of freedom; the horn, moreover, was credited with medical powers as a remedy against poisons. The idea of an animal bearing a single horn arose probably from the horn of the narwhal, which has diagonal striations upon it resembling those generally shown on the horn of a unicorn, and certainly does not look like the tooth of a fish. On the other hand cups made of rhinoceros horn are credited with the same magical powers as that of the unicorn. The chain attached to a princely coronet on the neck of the unicorn is not easy to explain; it is said that it alludes to an early king of Scotland, who, as a young man, accidentally killed his father, and bore the chain ever afterwards on his supporters as a sign of grief.
The lion and the unicorn have remained ever since the time of James I. as the supporters of the English Royal coat-of-arms, without any change whatever.
In Scotland James VI. had John Gibson for his bookbinder. He was appointed under the Privy Seal, and was "Our Soverane Lordis Buikbinder," but there is no binding left that can with certainty be attributed to him. On James's advent to England John and Roger Norton and Robert and Christopher Barker were made Royal binders and printers, and in 1604 John and Abraham Bateman were made "Bookbinders to the King."
The many fine armorial bindings which were used by James I. were probably made by one or other of these binders, but for the present no signed binding has been found, so the authorship of any one of them is only conjectural.
The main characteristic of the finer bindings made for James I. is the form of ornamentation known as a semis, that is to say, a powdering all over the field of small stamps arranged symmetrically near together. The commonest of these small stamps show stars, flaming hearts, ermine spots, roses, thistles, pineapples, tridents, fleurs-de-lys, and lions, but there are several others. Another characteristic is the presence of large corner stamps. These are cut in arabesque designs, and many of them are very handsome. The idea of corner ornamentation of this sort began late in Queen Elizabeth's reign, but it did not reach its highest excellence in stamp form until well into the reign of James I.
James I. was the first sovereign to have his books mainly bound in morocco, and this leather is found in most quiet colours--greens and browns and blues, but not red. Several beautiful volumes are also bound in vellum, and others in velvet and satin. The Jacobean period was a decorative one, but not one of the highest level of the art of bookbinding. The greater number of James I.'s books came to the British Museum by gift of George II. in 1757, with the rest of the Old Royal Library of England.
JAMES II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND
_Arms._--Within the Garter. Quartered.
1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly, France and England.
2nd grand quarter, Scotland.
3rd grand quarter, Ireland.
As used by James I. (q.v.).
_Crest._--A Royal crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.
_Helmet._--Royal.
_Supporters._--A lion and a unicorn as used by James I. (q.v.).
_Motto._--DIEV ET MON DROIT.
Used from 1685 until 1689, when James II. was deposed.
[_Ordnance Rules._ 1683-1685. Stowe MS. 442.]
_Variety._--Used in France from 1689 until 1701.
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th, England.
2nd, Scotland.
3rd, Ireland.
Colours as used by James I. (q.v.). Ensigned with the Royal Crown, and between two palm branches.
In this coat James has left out the coat of France, probably out of courtesy to the French King, Louis XIV., who had given him asylum at St. Germains. It is remarkable that this coat-of-arms subsequently became that used by Queen Victoria in 1837.
[_La Renommée qui publie le Bonheur de l'Europe sous le regne de Jacques ... Roy de la Grande Bretagne._ 1688.]
[E. Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]
_Variety._--Within the Garter. Used in France from 1689 until 1701. The same curious coat-of-arms as in the preceding plate.
[_Traité des obligations des Chrétiens._ Paris, 1699.]
[E. Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]
Used as Duke of York.
_Initials._--J. D. (Jacobus Dux). Ensigned with a princely coronet, and within two palm branches.
This cypher occurs in corners of books, and it appears to have been designed so that either the D or the J is always properly visible. It is found in conjunction with the two C's of Charles II., which also show clearly either way up.
[_Ser. Jacobi Stuarti et Mariae Beatricis Estiae ... epithalamium._ Londini, 1673.]
James, Duke of York (born 14th October 1633, died 16th September 1701), was the second son of Charles I. He succeeded his brother Charles II. in 1685. James II. had a short and troubled reign, chiefly because he had Roman Catholic tendencies, and ultimately joined that faith. The feeling in favour of Protestantism in England was very determined, and the nation ultimately invited William, Prince of Orange, who had married James's elder daughter Mary and was a strong Protestant, to come and accept the throne. This he did, and in 1689 James was deposed and William became King in his stead.
James fled to France where he lived for the rest of his life, and the book-stamps that he had made at this time do not include the French coat. He was known as the Duke of York, but nevertheless his book-stamps show a Royal Crown. James's second wife, Mary of Modena, was a Roman Catholic and strongly influenced his views. He died at St. Germains, Paris, at the age of seventy.
JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES
_Arms._--Quartered.
1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly, France and England.
2nd grand quarter, Scotland.
3rd grand quarter, Ireland.
As used by James I. (q.v.). Ensigned with a princely coronet.
_Note._--A foreign stamp.
[GERVAISE. _La vie de Saint Martin, Evêque de Tours._ Tours, 1699.]
James Francis Edward (born 10th June 1688, died 1st January 1766) was the eldest son of James II. and his second wife, Mary of Modena. He was born before his father became King of England. Prince James, who is known as the Old Pretender in distinction to his son Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, is also known as the Chevalier St. George. His history is an unhappy one from his birth. On his father's death in 1701 at St. Germains he was proclaimed James III. of England and VIII. of Scotland, but by the Act of Settlement made in the same year the Stuarts were cut out of the succession to the English throne.
The Chevalier St. George spent his life in fruitless endeavours to make good his claim to the English throne. His character appears to have been wanting in most of the qualities that make for success, and towards the latter part of his life his misfortunes so preyed upon him that he gave way to unworthy dissipations.
KEMP, THOMAS READ
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th; gu., 3 garbs within a bordure engrailed or. _Kempe._
2nd and 3rd; sa., 3 crescents arg., 2 and 1. _Read._
[_Alliances généalogiques de France._ Paris, 1561.]
Thomas Read Kemp (born c. 1781, died 20th December 1844) was the son of Thomas Kemp, Member of Parliament for Lewes, who married Ann Read of Brookland. Mr. Kemp was educated at Cambridge, and in 1811 he represented Lewes in the House of Commons. He sold his castles at Lewes and at Hurstmonceaux and built largely near Brighton, where the district known as Kemp Town was founded by him. He spent all his fortune in this speculation, which, however, in time became of great value.
The family of Kemp or Kempe is one of great antiquity in Kent. John Kempe, Archbishop of Canterbury in the fifteenth century, and his nephew Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, both belonged to it. The immediate ancestor of Mr. T. R. Kemp was Sir Thomas Kempe of Olantigh, near Ashford, an estate which had belonged to the family since the time of Edward I.
KER, JOHN, THIRD DUKE OF ROXBURGHE
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th; vert., on a chevron between 3 unicorns' heads erased arg., armed and maned or, as many mullets sa. _Ker._
2nd and 3rd; gu., 3 mascles or. _Weapont._
_Coronet._--That of a Duke.
_Supporters._--Two savage men, wreathed about the head and waist with laurel, each holding, with the exterior hand, a club resting upon the shoulder, all ppr.
_Motto._--PRO CHRISTO ET PATRIA.
[_The Roxburghe Ballads._]
_Variety._--Without Supporters.
[ONOSANDER. _Strategicus._ Lut. Parisiorum, 1599.]
John Ker (born 23rd April 1740, died 19th March 1804) was the elder son of Robert Ker, second Duke of Roxburghe. He succeeded his father in the title in 1755. The Duke brought together a splendid library, among which was the special collection of ballads which are now known by his name. The ballads were at first collected by Robert Harley, and they were largely added to by a Mr. West and by Major T. Pearson, and after the entire collection had been purchased by the Duke of Roxburghe he continued adding to it himself.
In 1812 the Duke's library was sold and the books widely scattered; the ballads, however, in 1845 were acquired for the British Museum at the sale of the books of Mr. B. H. Bright. The Duke of Roxburghe was a Knight of the Garter, and also a Knight of the Thistle. He was a Lord of the Bedchamber and a Privy Councillor.
The Roxburghe Club of Edinburgh was founded in honour of the Duke in 1812.
KERR, WILLIAM, EARL OF LOTHIAN
_Arms._--Gu., on a chevron arg., 3 mullets of the field. _Kerr._
_Coronet._--That of an Earl.
_Supporters._--Two bucks, each gorged with a collar arg., charged with 3 mullets gu.
_Motto._--SORS MEA DEXTRA DEI.
[BACON. _Of the advancement and proficience of Learning._ Oxford, 1640.]
William Kerr (born c. 1605, died October 1675) was the son of Robert Kerr, first Earl of Ancrum, and in 1631 he was created Earl of Lothian. In that year he had married Anne, Countess of Lothian in her own right, and there was some litigation about the title. The Earl was at the Battle of Newbury in 1643; he was Governor of Newcastle, and a man of much political importance. He was a Commissioner of the Treasury in Scotland, and Lieutenant-General of the Scottish army in Ireland. In 1642 he went to France for the purpose of considering the position of the Scottish Guard at the French Court.
Lord Lothian was one of the commissioners sent by the Scottish Parliament to protest against the proceedings against Charles I., and he also served on several of the commissions which were appointed about that time concerning the Restoration of Charles II.
KINNEAR, JOHN GARDINER
_Arms._--Quarterly.
1st and 4th; sa., on a bend or, 3 martlets vert., a bordure of the second. _Kinnear._
2nd and 3rd; arg., on a fret gu., 4 hearts, one in each angle, gu., and in every interstice a rose of the second. _Gardiner._
_Crest._--An anchor in pale az.
_Motto._--SPEM FORTUNA ALIT.
[BANNATYNE CLUB. _The Palice of Honour._ Edinburgh, 1827.]
John Gardiner Kinnear was a banker of Edinburgh. He was a member of the Bannatyne Club, to which he was admitted in 1826.
The Kinnears were well known as a family of bankers, and they also had literary tastes. The particular book from which I have taken the accompanying coat-of-arms is one that was presented to the Bannatyne Club in 1827, and reprinted in that year for Mr. J. G. Kinnear. The text is taken from a rare book written by Gawyn Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, called _The Palice of Honour_, and "Imprentit at Edinburgh be Johne Ros, for Henric Charteris, Anno 1579."
LAUD, WILLIAM, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY
_Arms._--Impaled.
Dexter: Az., an archiepiscopal staff, headed with a cross pattée or, surmounted by a pall arg., charged with 4 crosses pattée fitchée sa., fringed and edged or. _See of Canterbury._
Sinister: Sa., on a chevron or, between 3 estoiles of 6 points of the second, as many crosses pattée fitchée gu. _Laud._
[LAUD. _A relation of the Conference between William Lawd ... and Mr. Fisher the Jesuite, etc._ London, 1639.]
William Laud (born 7th October 1573, died 10th January 1645) was the son of William Laud of Reading. After leaving Reading he went to Oxford and entered the Church, and quickly came into notice as a theologian. He was supposed to favour Romish doctrines. After enjoying several minor appointments, Laud was made Dean of Gloucester in 1616, and by this time he was high in the favour of James I., who in 1621 promoted him to the Bishopric of St. David's.
Under Charles I. Laud acquired still more importance. In 1626 he was made Dean of the Chapel Royal, and next year a member of the Privy Council, and in 1628 he became Bishop of London. In 1629 Laud was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and in 1633 he was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop Laud was impeached for treason in 1641; he underwent his trial in 1644, and an ordinance of attainder was passed in the next year. Although Laud had in his possession a pardon from the king, he was beheaded on Tower Hill in 1645. He wrote a large number of books, mainly theological or historical. Several of his books are in the library at Lambeth Palace, and others are in the British Museum.
LEY, JAMES, EARL OF MARLBOROUGH
_Arms._--Arg., a chevron between 3 seals' heads couped sa. Ley.
The Ulster hand gu., on an escutcheon arg., in the chief point of the chevron.
_Crest._--A lion sejant or.
_Helmet._--That of an Esquire.
Used between 1620 and 1625.
[_Brutus Abbreviatus._ Add. MS. 34,266.]
James Ley (born c. 1550, died 14th March 1628) was the son of Henry Ley of Teffont Ewias, Wilts. He was educated as a lawyer, and attained great eminence in that profession. In 1605 he became Chief-Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland, and in 1620 he was made a Baronet, and next year Chief-Justice of the King's Bench in England.