Part 19

NOTE 1. _Man_, following _great_, and _what_, in the last two examples, are nom. after _is_: RULE 21. _To seek God_, and _to die for one's country_, are members of sentences, each put as the nom. case to _is_ respectively: RULE 24. The verb _to correct_ is the infinitive mood absolute: NOTE under RULE 23. _May be allotted_ is a passive verb, agreeing with _which_, the relative part of _whatever. That_, the first part of whatever, is an adj. pronoun, agreeing with _task_; and _task_ is governed by _study._ _Hear_, following _let_, and _repeat_, following _hear_, are in the infinitive mood without the sign _to_, according to RULE 25. _To recite_ is governed by _prepare_: RULE 23. _Is told_, is a passive verb, agreeing with _which_, the relative part of _whatever_; and _you_, following, is governed by _to_ understood: NOTE 1, under RULE 32.

2. In parsing a pronoun, if the noun for which it stands is not expressed, you must say it represents some person or thing understood.

LECTURE XIII.

OF THE AUXILIARY, PASSIVE, AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

I. AUXILIARY VERBS.

Before you attend to the following additional remarks on the Auxiliary Verbs, you will do well to read again what is said respecting them in Lecture XI. page 140. The short account there given, and their application in conjugating verbs, have already made them quite familiar to you; and you have undoubtedly observed, that, without their help, we cannot conjugate any verb in any of the tenses, except the present and imperfect of the indicative and subjunctive moods, and the present of the imperative and infinitive. In the formation of all the other tenses, they are brought into requisition.

Most of the auxiliary verbs are defective in conjugation; that is, they are used only in some of the moods and tenses; and when unconnected with principal verbs, they are conjugated in the following manner:

MAY. Pres. Tense _Sing_. I may, thou mayst, he may. _Plur_. We may, ye _or_ you may, they may.

Imperf. _Sing_. I might, thou mightst, he might. Tense. _Plur_. We might, ye _or_ you might, they might.

CAN. Pres. _Sing_. I can, thou canst, he can. Tense. _Plur_. We can, ye _or_ you can, they can.

Imperf. _Sing_. I could, thou couldst, he could. Tense. _Plur_. We could, ye _or_ you could, they could.

WILL. Pres. _Sing_. I will, thou wilt, he will. Tense. _Plur_. We will, ye _or_ you will, they will.

Imperf. _Sing_. I would, thou wouldst, he would. Tense. _Plur_. We would, ye _or_ you would, they would.

SHALL. Pres. _Sing_. I shall, thou shalt, he shall. Tense. _Plur_. We shall, ye _or_ you shall, they shall.

Imperf. _Sing_. I should, thou shouldst, he should. Tense. _Plur_. We should, ye _or_ you should, they should.

TO DO. Pres. _Sing_. I do, thou dost _or_ doest, he doth _or_ does. Tense. _Plur_. We do, ye _or_ you do, they do.

Imperf. _Sing_. I did, thou didst, he did. Tense. _Plur_. We did, ye _or_ you did, they did. _Participles_. Pres. doing. Perf. done.

TO BE. Pres. _Sing_. I am, thou art, he is. Tense. _Plur_. We are, ye _or_ you are, they are.

Imperf. _Sing_. I was, thou wast, he was. Tense. _Plur_. We were, ye _or_ you were, they were. _Participles_. Pres. being. Perf. been.

TO HAVE. Pres. _Sing_. I have, thou hast, he hath _or_ has. Tense. _Plur_. We have, ye _or_ you have, they have.

Imperf. _Sing_. I had, thou hadst, he had. Tense. _Plur_. We had, ye _or_ you had, they had. _Participles_. Pres. having. Perf. had.

_Do, be, have_, and _will_, are sometimes used as principal verbs; and when employed as such, _do, be_, and _have_, may be conjugated, by the help of other auxiliaries, through all the moods and tenses.

DO. The different tenses of _do_, in the several moods, are thus formed: Indicative mood, pres. tense, first pers. sing. I do; imperfect tense, I did; perf. I have done; pluperfect, I had done; first future, I shall or will do; sec. fut. I shall have done. Subjunctive mood, pres. tense, If I do; imperf. if I did; and so on. Imperative mood, do thou. Potential, pres. I may, can, or must do, &c. Infinitive, present, to do; perf. to have done. Participles, pres. doing; perf. done; compound, having done.

HAVE. _Have_ is in great demand. No verb can be conjugated through all the moods and tenses without it. _Have_, when used as a principal verb, is doubled in some of the past tenses, and becomes an auxiliary to itself; thus, Indic. mood, pres. tense, first pers. sing. I have; imperf. tense, I had; perf. I have had; pluperf. I had had; first fut. I shall or will have; sec. fut. I shall have had. Subjunctive, present, if I have; imperf. if I had; perf. if I have had; pluperf. if I had had; first fut. if I shall or will have; sec. fut. if I shall have had. Imper. mood, have thou. Potential, present, I may, can, or must have; imperf. I might, could, would, or should have; perf. I may, can, or must have had; pluperf. I might, could, would, or should have had. Infinitive, present, to have; perf. to have had. Participles, pres. having; perf. had; compound, having had.

BE. In the next place I will present to you the conjugation of the irregular, neuter verb, _Be_, which is an auxiliary whenever it is placed before the perfect participle of another verb, but in every other situation, it is a _principal_ verb.

TO BE.--INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. _Sing_. I am, thou art, he, she, _or_ it is. _Plur_. We are, ye _or_ you are, they are.

Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. I was, thou wast, he was. _Plur_. We were, ye _or_ you were, they were.

Perf. Tense. _Sing_. I have been, thou hast been, he hath _or_ has been. _Plur_. We have been, ye _or_ you have been, they have been.

Plup. Tense. _Sing_. I had been, thou hadst been, he had been. _Plur_. We had been, ye _or_ you had been, they had been.

First Fut. T. _Sing_, I shall _or_ will be, thou shalt _or_ wilt be, he shall _or_ will be. _Plur_. We shall _or_ will be, you shall _or_ will be, they shall _or_ will be.

Second Fut. T. _Sing_. I shall have been, thou wilt have been, he will have been. _Plur_. We shall have been, you will have been, they will have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. _Sing_. If I be, if thou be, if he be. _Plur_. If we be, if ye _or_ you be, if they be.

Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. If I were, if thou wert, if he were. _Plur_. If we were, if ye _or_ you were, if they were.

The neuter verb to _be_, and all passive verbs, have two forms in the imperfect tense of this mood, as well as in the present; therefore, the following rule may serve to direct you in the proper use of each form. When the sentence implies doubt, supposition, &c. and the neuter verb _be_, or the passive verb, is used with a reference to present or future time, and is either followed or preceded by another verb in the imperfect of the potential mood, the _conjunctive_ form of the imperfect tense must be employed; as, "_If_ he _were_ here, we _should_ rejoice together;" "She _might_ go, _were_ she so disposed." But when there is no reference to present or future time, and the verb is neither followed nor preceded by another in the potential imperfect, the _indicative_ form of the imperfect tense must be used; as, "_If_ he _was_ ill, he did not make it known;" "_Whether_ he _was_ absent or present, is a matter of no consequence." The general rule for using the conjunctive form of the verb, is presented on page 145. See, also, page 135.

The perfect, pluperfect, and first future tenses of the subjunctive mood, are conjugated in a manner similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicative. The second future is conjugated thus:

Second Fut. T. _Sing_. If I shall have been, if thou shalt have been, if he shall. &c _Plur_. If we shall have been, if you shall have been, if they, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. _Sing_. Be, _or_ be thou, _or_ do thou be. _Plur_. Be, _or_ be ye _or_ you, or do ye _or_ you be.

POTENTIAL MOOD. Pres. Tense _Sing_. I may, can, _or_ must be, thou mayst, canst, _or_ must be, he may, can, _or_ must be. _Plur_. We may, can, _or_ must be, ye _or_ you may, can, _or_ must be, they may, can, _or_ must be. Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. I might, could, would, _or_ should be, thou mightest, &c. _Plur_. We might, could, would, _or_ should be, you might, &c.

Perf. Tense _Sing_. I may, can, _or_ must have been, thou mayst, canst, &c. _Plur_. We may, can, _or_ must have been, you may, can, _or_ must be, &c.

Pluper. Tense. _Sing_. I might, could, would, _or_ should have been, thou, &c. _Plur_. We might, could, would, _or_ should have been, you, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. To be. Perf. Tense. To have been.

PARTICIPLES. Pres. Being. Perf. Been. Compound, Having been.

This verb to be, though very irregular in its conjugation, is by far the most important verb in our language, for it is more frequently used than any other; many rules of syntax depend on constructions associated with it, and, without its aid, no passive verb can be conjugated. You ought, therefore, to make yourself perfectly familiar with all its changes, before you proceed any farther.

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II. PASSIVE VERBS.

The _cases of nouns_ are a fruitful theme for investigation and discussion. In the progress of these lectures, this subject has frequently engaged our attention; and, now, in introducing to your notice the passive verb, it will, perhaps, be found both interesting and profitable to present one more view of the nominative case.

Every sentence, you recollect, must have one _finite_ verb, or more than one, and one _nominative_, either expressed or implied, for, without them, no sentence can exist.

The _nominative_ is the _actor_ or _subject_ concerning which the verb makes an affirmation. There are three kinds of nominatives, _active, passive_, and _neuter_.

The nominative to an _active_ verb, is _active_, because it _produces_ an action, and the nominative to a _passive_ verb, is _passive_, because it _receives_ or _endures_ the action expressed by the verb; for,

A Passive Verb denotes action _received_ or _endured_ by the person or thing which is the nominative; as, "The _boy is beaten_ by his father."

You perceive, that the nominative _boy_, in this example, is not represented as the _actor_, but as the _object_ of the action expressed by the verb _is beaten_; that is, the boy _receives_ or _endures_ the action performed by his father; therefore _boy_ is a _passive_ nominative. And you observe, too, that the verb _is beaten_, denotes the _action_ received or endured by the nominative; therefore _is beaten_ is a _passive_ verb.

If I say, John _kicked_ the horse, John is an active nominative, because he performed or produced the action; but if I say, John _was kicked_ by the horse, John is a passive nominative, because he received or endured the action.

The nominative to a _neuter_ verb, is _neuter_, because it does not produce an action nor receive one; as, John _sits_ in the chair. John is here connected with the neuter verb _sits_, which expresses simply the state of being of its nominative, therefore _John_ is a neuter nominative.

I will now illustrate the active, passive, and neuter nominatives by a few examples.

I. Of ACTIVE NOMINATIVES; as, "The _boy_ beats the dog; The _lady_ sings; The _ball_ rolls; The _man_ walks."

II. Of PASSIVE NOMINATIVES; as, "The _boy_ is beaten; The _lady_ is loved; The _ball_ is rolled; The _man_ was killed."

III. Of NEUTER NOMINATIVES; as, "The _boy_ remains idle; The _lady_ is beautiful; The _ball_ lies on the ground; The _man_ lives in town." You may now proceed to the conjugation of passive verbs.

Passive Verbs are called _regular_ when they end in _ed_; as, was _loved_; was _conquered_.

All Passive Verbs _are formed_ by adding the _perfect participle_ of an active-transitive verb, to the neuter verb _to be_.

If you place a perfect participle of an active-transitive verb after this neuter verb _be_, in any mood or tense, you will have a _passive_ verb in the same mood and tense that the verb _be_ would be in if the participle were not used; as, I am _slighted_; I was _slighted_; he will be _slighted_; If I be _slighted_; I may, can, _or_ must be _slighted_, &c. Hence you perceive, that when you shall have learned the conjugation of the verb _be_, you will be able to conjugate any passive verb in the English language.

The regular passive verb to _be loved_, which is formed by adding the perfect participle _loved_ to the neuter verb to _be_, is conjugated in the following manner:

TO BE LOVED.--INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense _Sing_. I am loved, thou art loved, he is loved. _Plur_. We are loved, ye _or_ you are loved, they are loved.

Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. I was loved, thou wast loved, he was loved. _Plur_. We were loved, ye _or_ you were loved, they were loved.

Perfect Tense. _Sing_. I have been loved, thou hast been loved, he has been loved. _Plur_. We have been loved, you have been loved, they have, &c.

Pluper. Tense _Sing_. I had been loved, thou hadst been loved, he had been, &c. _Plur_. We had been loved, you had been loved, they had been, &c.

First Future. _Sing_. I shall _or_ will be loved, thou shall _or_ wilt be loved, he, &c. _Plur_. We shall _or_ will be loved, you shall _or_ will be loved, they, &c.

First Future. _Sing_. I shall have been loved, thou wilt have been loved, he, &c. _Plur_. We shall have been loved, you will have been loved, &c.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense _Sing_. If I be loved, if thou be loved, if he be loved. _Plur_. If we be loved, if ye _or_ you be loved, if they be loved.

Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. If I were loved, if thou wert loved, if he were loved. _Plur_. If we were loved, if you were loved, if they were loved.

This mood has six tenses:--See conjugation of the verb to _be_.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. _Sing_. Be thou loved, _or_ do thou be loved. _Plur_. Be ye _or_ you loved, _or_ do ye be loved.

POTENTIAL MOOD. Pres. Tense. _Sing_. I may, can, _or_ must be loved, thou mayst, canst, _or_ must, &c. _Plur_. We may, can, _or_ must be loved, you may, can, _or_ must, &c.

Imperf. Tense. _Sing_. I might, could, would, _or_ should be loved, thou mightst, &c. _Plur_. We might, could, would, or should be loved, ye _or_ you, &c.

Perfect Tense. _Sing_. I may, can, _or_ must have been loved, thou mayst, canst, &c. _Plur_. We may, can, _or_ must have been loved, you may, can, &c.

Plup. Tense. _Sing_. I might, could, would, _or_ should have been loved, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, _or_ shouldst have _Plur_. We might, could, would, _or_ should have been loved, you might, could, would, _or_ should have been loved, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD. Pres. Tense. To be loved. Perf. Tense. To have been loved.

PARTICIPLES. Present, Being loved. Perfect _or_ Passive, Loved. Compound, Having been loved.

NOTE. This conjugation of the passive verb _to be loved_, is called the _passive, voice_ of the regular active-transitive verb _to love_.

Now conjugate the following passive verbs; that is, speak them in the first pers. sing, and plur. of each tense, through all the moods, and speak the participles; "to be loved, to be rejected, to be slighted, to be conquered, to be seen, to be beaten, to be sought, to be taken."

NOTE 1. When the perfect participle of an _intransitive_ verb is joined to the neuter verb _to be_, the combination is not a passive verb, but a _neuter_ verb in a _passive form_; as, "He _is gone_; The birds _are flown_; The boy _is_ grown_; My friend _is arrived_." The following mode of construction, is, in general, to be preferred; "He _has_ gone; The birds _have_ flown; The boy _has_ grown; My Friend _has_ arrived."

2. Active and neuter verbs may be conjugated by adding their present participle to the auxiliary verb _to be_, through all its variations; as, instead of, I teach, thou teachest, he teaches, &c., we may say, I am teaching, thou art teaching, he is teaching, &c.; and, instead of, I taught, &c.; I was teaching, &c. This mode of conjugation expresses the continuation of an action or state of being; and has, on some occasions, a peculiar propriety, and contributes to the harmony and precision of language. When the present participle of an active verb is joined with the neuter verb to be, the two words united, are, by some grammarians, denominated an active verb, either transitive or intransitive, as the case may be; as, "I am writing a letter; He is walking:" and when the present participle of a neuter verb is thus employed, they term the combination a neuter verb; as, "I am sitting; He is standing." Others, in constructions like these, parse each word separately. Either mode may be adopted.

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III. DEFECTIVE VERBS.

DEFECTIVE VERBS are those which are used only in some of the moods and tenses.

The principal of them are these.

_Pres. Tense. Imperf. Tense. Perfect or Passive Participle is wanting_.

May, might. ------------ Can, could. ------------ Will, would. ------------ Shall, should. ------------ Must, must. ------------ Ought, ought. ------------ ----- quoth. ------------

NOTE. _Must_ and _ought_ are not varied. _Ought_ and _quoth_ are never used as auxiliaries. _Ought_ is always followed by a verb in the infinitive mood, which verb determines its tenses. _Ought_ is in the _present_ tense when the infinitive following it is in the present; as, "He _ought_ to do it;" and _ought_ is in the _imperfect_ tense when followed by the perfect of the infinitive; as, "He _ought_ to have done it."

Before you proceed to the analysis of the following examples, you may read over the last _three_ lectures carefully and attentively; and as soon as you become acquainted with all that has been presented, you will understand nearly all the principles and regular constructions of our language. In parsing a verb, or any other part of speech, be careful to pursue the _systematic order_, and to conjugate every verb until you become familiar with all the moods and tenses.

"He _should have been punished_ before he committed that atrocious deed."

_Should have been punished_ is a verb, a word that signifies to do--passive, it denotes action received or endured by the nom.--it is formed by adding the perfect part, _punished_ to the neuter verb to _be_--regular, the perf. part, ends in _ed_--potential mood, it implies obligation, &c.--pluperfect tense, it denotes a past act which was prior to the other past time specified by "committed"--third pers. sing. num. because the nom. "he" is with which it agrees: RULE 4. _The verb must agree_, &c.--Conjugated, Indic. mood, pres. tense, he is punished; imperf. tense, he was punished; perf. tense, he has been punished; and so on. Conjugate it through all the moods and tenses, and speak the participles.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

Columbus discovered America. America was discovered by Columbus. The preceptor is writing a letter. The letter is written by the preceptor. The work can be done. The house would have been built ere this, had he fulfilled his promise. If I be beaten by that man, he will be punished. Young man, if you wish to be respected, you must be more assiduous. Being ridiculed and despised, he left the institution. He is reading Homer. They are talking. He may be respected, if he become more ingenuous. My worthy friend ought to be honored for his benevolent deeds. This ought ye to have done.

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES IN PARSING.

All the most important principles of the science, together with many of the rules, have now been presented and illustrated. But before you proceed to analyze the following exercises, you may turn over a few pages, and you will find all the rules presented in a body. Please to examine them critically, and parse the _examples_ under each rule and note. The examples, you will notice, are given to illustrate the respective rules and notes under which they are placed; hence, by paying particular attention to them, you will be enabled fully and clearly to comprehend the meaning and application of all the rules and notes.

As soon as you become familiarly acquainted with all the _definitions_ so that you can apply them with facility, you may omit them in parsing; but you must always apply the rules of Syntax. When you parse without applying the definitions, you may proceed in the following manner:

"Mercy is the true badge of nobility."

_Mercy_ is a noun common, of the neuter gender, third person, singular number, and in the nominative case to "is:" RULE 3. _The nominative case governs the verb_.

_Is_ is an irregular neuter verb, indicative mood, present tense, third person, singular number, agreeing with "mercy," according to RULE 4. _The verb must agree_, &c.

_The_ is a definite article, belonging to "badge," in the singular number: RULE 2. _The definite article_ the, &c.

_True_ is an adjective in the positive degree, and belongs to the noun "badge:" RULE 18. _Adjectives belong_, &c.

_Badge_ is a noun com. neuter gender, third person, singular number, and in the nominative case _after_ "is," and put by apposition with "mercy," according to RULE 21. _The verb to be may have the same case after it as before it_.

_Of_ is a preposition, connecting "badge" and "nobility," and showing the relation between them.

_Nobility_ is a noun of multitude, mas. and fem. gender, third person, sing, and in the obj. case, and governed by "of:" RULE 31. _Prepositions govern the objective case_.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

Learn to unlearn what you have learned amiss.

What I forfeit for myself is a trifle; that my indiscretions should reach my posterity, wounds me to the heart.

Lady Jane Gray fell a sacrifice to the wild ambition of the duke of Northumberland.

King Missipsi charged his sons to consider the senate and people of Rome as proprietors of the kingdom of Numidia.

Hazael smote the children of Israel in all their coasts; and from what is left on record of his actions, he plainly appears to have proved, what the prophet foresaw him to be, a man of violence, cruelty, and blood.

Heaven hides from brutes what men, from men what spirits know.

He that formed the ear, can he not hear?

He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.

NOTE 1. _Learn_, in the first of the preceding examples, is a transitive verb, because the action passes over from the nom. _you_ understood, to _the rest of the sentence_ for its object: RULE 24. In the next example, _that my indiscretions should reach my posterity_, is a part of a sentence put as the nominative to the verb _wounds_, according to the same Rule.

2. The noun _sacrifice_, in the third example, is nom. after the active-intransitive verb _fell_: RULE 22. The noun _proprietors_, in the next sentence, is in the objective case, and put by apposition with _senate_ and _people_: RULE 7, or governed by _consider_, understood, according to RULE 35.