Part 7

1. The verb may be placed first; as, _Flashed_ all their sabres bare. 2. The object may be placed first; as, _Knowledge_ I do not slight. 3. The complement may be placed first; as, _Broad_ is the way that leadeth to destruction. 4. The adverbial modifier may be placed first; as, _Still in thy right hand_ carry gentle peace.

The subject of the sentence may follow the verb:—

1. In interrogative sentences; as, Are _you_ there?

2. In expressing a wish; as, May _you_ succeed.

3. In imperative sentences; as, Seek _ye_ not my face again.

4. In poetry; as,

Then off there flung in smiling joy, And held himself erect By just his horse’s mane, a boy.—_Browning._

5. In subjunctive clauses without _if_; as, Had _I_ your advantages I should improve them.

6. In introducing quotations; as, “Pardon!” said the _Emperor_.

7. In inversion for emphasis; as, Flashed all their _sabres_ bare.

8. When the real subject is a clause, and the representative subject is _it_; as, It is well known _that he received money_.

The object may precede the verb that governs it:—

1. When it is an interrogative or relative pronoun; as, _Whom_ did you see? I saw the man _whom_ you want.

2. For emphasis; as, _Honor_ and _fame_ I seek not.

Attributes naturally precede the noun, but they may follow:—

1. When they consist of a phrase or clause; as, I love the song _of birds_. The book _that I found_ is here.

2. When they consist of two or more adjectives; as, And fast through the midnight _dark_ and _drear_, the vessel swept.

3. In poetry; as,

See how from far upon the eastern road The star-led wizards haste with odors _sweet_!

The adjectives _a_, _an_ and _the_ always precede the noun. When the noun is qualified by another adjective, these adjectives generally precede it, but they stand between the following adjectives and the noun to which they refer:—

1. Such; as, One cannot admire such _a_ man. 2. Many; as, Many _a_ poor man’s son would have lain still. 3. Both; as, Both _the_ boys came home. 4. All; as, All _the_ girls are in the room. 5. What; as, What _a_ trial it was.

The =relative= is always the first word in its clause, but when it is governed by a preposition, the preposition generally precedes it; as, I found the knife _which_ you lost. I know the person _to whom_ you refer.

The =adverbial modifier=, when a phrase, generally follows the verb, or the object if the verb be transitive; as, James fell _into the lake_. He found an apple _on the ground_.

The =adverbial modifier=, when a single word, generally follows an intransitive verb, and either precedes a transitive verb, or follows its object; as, This river flows _rapidly_. He did his work _well_.

When there are a number of adverbial modifiers in a sentence, they should be distributed over the sentence; as, _At the request of my father_, I _gladly_ left my studies, _to accompany him_.

An adverb may stand in any part of the sentence, but its meaning generally varies with its position, hence the adverb should be placed as near as possible to the word or words it modifies.

Observe the following example:—

He-_only_ lost his book. (No one else lost a book.) He _only_-lost his book. (He did nothing else with it.) He lost _only_ his book. (He lost nothing else.) He lost his _only_ book. (His single book.)

Certain adverbs and conjunctions are correlative (that is, _having a mutual relation_) to one another. Be careful to use the proper correlatives; as, He is esteemed _not only_ for his accomplishments, _but also_ for his piety.

The following is a list of correlatives:—

=Adverbs.= =Conjunctions.= not only, but also, not, but, but only, only, not, so, that, so, as, such, that, both, and, as, well, soon, as, neither, nor, either, or.

The correlatives must be attached to the corresponding words and phrases; as, They gave me _neither_ money _nor_ shoes. I assisted _only_ in the evening, _not_ in the morning.

The preposition generally stands immediately before the word it governs; as, We live _in_ Toronto.

1. When the noun has attributive adjectives, the preposition precedes the adjective; as, I walked _through_ a beautiful park.

2. When the object of the preposition is a relative, the preposition sometimes stands at the end of the clause; as, My brother owns the building which he lives _in_, [_in which he lives_ is preferable.]

3. In poetry the preposition often follows its object; as, The heavy night hung dark the hills and waters _o’er_.

4. When two verbs or adjectives in association are followed by different prepositions, the prepositions must be repeated after each; as, He found him a man whom he agreed _with_ on a few subjects, and differed _from_ on many; or, He found him a man _with_ whom he agreed on a few subjects, _from_ whom he differed on many.

* * * * *

PART FOURTH.

_ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES._

* * * * *

=LESSON LXII.=

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

=Model I.=—Many brave soldiers lost their lives in that war.

Kind, a simple declarative sentence. Subject, soldiers. Adj. modifiers of subj., many, brave. Predicate, lost. Object, lives. Adj. modifier of obj., their. Adv. modifier of pred., in that war.

=Model II.=—Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace to silence envious tongues.

Kind, a simple imperative sentence. Subject, [you.] Predicate, carry. Object, peace. Adj. modifier of obj., gentle. Adv. modifiers of pred., still, in thy right hand, to silence envious tongues.

=Model III.=—Having crossed the river, he ran into the adjoining wood.

Kind, a simple declarative sentence. Subject, he. Participial mod. of subj., having crossed the river. Predicate, ran. Adv. mod. of pred., into the adjoining wood.

=Model IV.=—My pupils like to write stories.

Kind, a simple declarative sentence. Subject, pupils. Adj. mod. of subj., my. Predicate, like. Object, to write stories. Object of _to write_, stories.

=Model V.=—The scholars gave their teacher a beautiful present.

Kind, a simple declarative sentence. Subject, scholars. Adj. mod. of subj., the. Predicate, gave. Direct object, present. Adj. modifiers of direct obj., a, beautiful. Indirect object, teacher. Adj. mod. of indirect obj., their.

=Model VI.=—It is wrong to slight your work.

Kind, a simple declarative sentence. Real subject, to slight your work. Representative subject, it. Predicate, { Verb of incomplete predication, _is_. { Adj. complement of predicate, _wrong_.

_Note._—When the predicate is completed by an adjunct describing the subject, the completing adjunct is called the =complement=.

EXERCISES FOR ANALYSIS.

1. My father gave me a fine pony. 2. At this moment the noise grew louder. 3. There are eight girls in the class. 4. Seek the company of the good. 5. It is a sin to deceive anyone. 6. How could he mark thee for the silent tomb! 7. Crossing the field, I found a knife, rusty and broken. 8. On an eminence above the sea paces a strong, rough Cornishman. 9. On the eastern side of the Nile lies the temple of Karnak. 10. For their lean country much disdain, We English often show. 11. Home they brought her warrior dead.—_Tennyson._ 12. Bright-eyed beauty once was she.—_Lucy Larcom._ 13. Do men gather figs from thorns?—_Bible._ 14. The lowing herd winds slowly o’er the lea.—_Gray._ 15. These are the gardens of the desert.—_Bryant._ 16. Soon on the hill’s steep verge he stood.—_Scott._ 17. The Indian knows his place of rest far in the cedar shade.—_Hemans._ 18. Through all eternity, to Thee A joyful song I’ll raise.—_Addison._ 19. The uncertain vacillating temper common to all Indians now began to declare itself.—_Parkman._ 20. The fine English cavalry then advanced to support their archers, and to attack the Scottish line.—_Scott._ 21. So saying, from the ruined shrine he stept.—_Tennyson._ 22. Yet Fortune was bending over him, just ready to let fall a burden of gold.—_Hawthorne._ 23. On the first day of his fasting, Through the leafy woods he wandered.—_Longfellow._ 24. Raising his head, he looked the lustrous stranger in the face.—_Hawthorne._ 25. At daybreak on the bleak sea-beach, A fisherman stood aghast, To see the form of a maiden fair Lashed close to a drifting mast.—_Longfellow._ 26. Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace The day’s disasters in his morning face.—_Goldsmith._ 27. All the livelong day, Oliver paced softly up and down the garden, raising his eyes every instant to the sick chamber, and shuddering to see the darkened window.—_Dickens._ 28. By Nebo’s lonely mountain, On this side Jordan’s wave, In a vale in the land of Moab, There lies a lonely grave.—_Mrs. Alexander._ 29. Wolfe had discovered a narrow path winding up the side of the steep precipice from the river.—_Warburton._ 30. Along the cool sequestered vale of life They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.—_Gray._ 31. The silent influence of Shakespeare’s poetry on millions of young hearts in England, in Germany, in all the world, shows the almost superhuman power of human genius.—_Müller._ 32. Now see him mounted once again Upon his nimble steed, Full slowly pacing o’er the stones, With caution and good heed.—_Cowper._ 33. By comparing the words of these inscriptions with many others, the proper method of interpreting this peculiar language was ascertained.—_Ontario Reader._ 34. Failing in this, they set themselves, after their custom on such occasions, to building a rude fort of their own in the neighboring forest.—_Parkman._ 35. I heard a brooklet gushing From its rocky fountain near, Down into the valley rushing, So fresh and wondrous clear.—_Longfellow._ 36. Up from the meadows rich with corn, Clear in the cool September morn, The clustered spires of Frederick stand Green-walled by the hills of Maryland.—_Whittier._ 37. No nightingale did ever chant So sweetly to reposing bands Of Travellers in some shady haunt Among Arabian sands.—_Wordsworth._ 38. The French, blown and exhausted, inferior beside in weight both of man and horse, offered but a short resistance.—_Lever._ 39. Looking, looking for the mark, Down the others came, Struggling through the snowdrifts stark, Calling out his name.—_Lushington._ 40. A voice so thrilling ne’er was heard In spring-time from the Cuckoo bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.—_Wordsworth._

* * * * *

=LESSON LXIII.=

CLAUSES.

The leading thought of a sentence is called the =principal clause=.

A clause that has the function of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, is called a =subordinate clause=.

Select the principal clauses and the subordinate clauses in the following sentences, and state the function of each subordinate clause:—

1. They knew who did it. 2. The book which you gave me, is here. 3. I shall go when he returns.

A clause that has the function of a noun, is called a noun clause; as, He said _he knew his lesson_. How I shall reach my destination_ is the question.

A noun clause may be used:—

1. As the object of a verb; as, He knew _what I did_. 2. As the subject of a verb; as, _What course he pursued_ is seen now. 3. As the object of a preposition; as, My friend annoyed me by _what he said_. 4. As a predicate nominative; as, The end of it all is (_that_) _he receives his choice_.

A clause that has the use or function of an adjective, is called an =adjective clause=; as, He found the book _which he lost_.

A clause that has the use or function of an adverb, is called an =adverbial clause=; as, I shall go _where they are_. He will destroy it _unless we hinder him_.

A sentence that consists of one principal clause, and one or more subordinate clauses, is called a =complex sentence=; as, I have met the person of whom you speak.

A sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses, is called a =compound sentence=; as, James came home, but John remained there.

A compound sentence that is made up of complex sentences, or simple and complex sentences, is called a =compound-complex sentence=; as, We entered the building, and a man who was working there, gave us information about it.

EXERCISES.

Name the clauses in the following sentences, and state the kind and relation (if any) of each:—

1. Whilst I was thus musing, I cast my eyes towards the summit of a rock that was not far from me, where I discovered one in the habit of a shepherd, with a musical instrument in his hand.—_Addison._

=Model.=—

_Whilst . . . . musing_ is an adv. clause, mod. cast.

_I cast . . . . a rock_ is a principal clause.

_That . . . . . me_ is an adj. clause, mod. _summit of a rock_.

_Where I . . . hand_ is an adj. clause, mod. _summit of a rock_.

2. King Harold had a rebel brother in Flanders, who was a vassal of Harold Hardrada, king of Norway.—_Dickens._

3. Those who knew him best affirmed that this Mr. Toil was a very worthy character, and that he had done more good, both to children and grown people, than anybody else in the world.—_Hawthorne._

4. Portia, when she returned, was in that happy temper of mind which never fails to attend the consciousness of having performed a good action; her cheerful spirits enjoyed everything she saw: the moon never seemed to shine so brightly before; and when that pleasant moon was hid behind a cloud, then a light which she saw from her house at Belmont as well pleased her charmed fancy.—_Lamb._

5. Once upon a time, there lived a very rich man, and a king besides, whose name was Midas; and he had a little daughter, whom nobody but himself ever heard of, and whose name I either never knew, or have entirely forgotten. So, because I love odd names for little girls, I choose to call her Marygold.—_Hawthorne._

6. I rose and prepared to leave the Abbey. As I descended the flight of steps which lead into the body of the building, my eye was caught by the shrine of Edward the Confessor, and I ascended the small staircase that conducts to it, to take from thence a general survey of this wilderness of tombs.—_Irving._

7.

All things that love the sun are out of doors; The sky rejoices in the morning’s birth; The grass is bright with rain-drops;—on the moors The hare is running races in her mirth.—_Wordsworth._

8.

I thought of a mound in sweet Auburn Where a little headstone stood; How the flakes were folding it gently, As did robins the babes in the wood.—_Lowell._

9.

Lightly they’ll talk of the spirit that’s gone, And o’er his cold ashes upbraid him; But little he’ll reck if they let him sleep on In the grave where a Briton has laid him.—_Wolfe._

10.

The humble boon was soon obtained; The Aged Minstrel audience gained. But, when he reached the room of state, Where she, with all her ladies, sate, Perchance he wished his boon denied: For when to tune his harp he tried, His trembling hand had lost the ease Which marks security to please.—_Scott._

* * * * *

=LESSON LXIV.=

ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES.

=Model I.=—Love had he found in huts where poor men lie.

Kind, a complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, he. Predicate, had found. Object, love. Adv. mod. of predicate, in huts _where poor men lie_.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, an adj. clause, mod. _huts_. Subject, men. Adj. mod. of subj., poor. Predicate, lie. Adv. mod. of pred., where.

=Model II.=—Tell me who did it.

Kind, a complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, [you.] Predicate, tell. Direct object, _who did it_. Indirect object, me.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, a noun clause, direct obj. of _tell_. Subject, who. Predicate, did. Object, it.

=Model III.=—He goes home when I return.

Kind, a complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, he. Predicate, goes. Adv. modifiers of pred., home, _when I return_.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, an adv. clause, mod. _goes_. Subject, I. Predicate, return. Adv. mod. of pred., when.

=Model IV.=—It doth appear you are a worthy judge.

Kind, a complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Real subject, _you are a worthy judge_. Representative subject, it. Predicate, doth appear.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, a noun clause, real subj. of _doth appear_. Subject, you. Predicate, { verb incomplete predication, _are_. { complement of predicate, _a worthy judge_.

=Model V.=—The boy does not know this part of the wood, but he runs on.

Kind, a compound sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, boy. Adj. mod. of subj., the. Predicate, does know. Object, part. Adj. modifiers of obj., this, of the wood. Adv. mod. of pred., not.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, he. Predicate, runs. Adv. mod. of pred., on.

=Model VI.=—

From yonder ivy-mantled tower The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient, solitary reign.—_Gray._

Kind, a complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, owl. Adj. modifiers of subj., the, moping. Predicate, does complain. Adv. modifiers of pred., from yonder ivy-mantled tower, to the moon, of such _as, wandering_ . . . . . . . . _reign_.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, an adj. clause, mod. _such_. Subject, as. Adj. mod. of subj., wandering near her secret bower. Predicate, molest. Object, reign. Adj. modifies of obj., her, ancient, solitary.

=Model VII.=—Train up a child in the way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it.—_Bible._

Kind, a compound-complex sentence.

=Analysis of (A.)= Subject, [you.] Predicate, train. Object, child. Adj. mod. of obj., a. Adv. modifiers of pred., up, in the way _he should go_.

=Analysis of (B.)= Kind, an adj. clause, mod. _way_. Subject, he. Predicate, the verb-phrase, should go.

=Analysis of (C.)= Kind, an adv. clause, mod. _will depart_. Subject, he. Predicate, { verb of incomplete predication, _is_. { complement of predicate, _old_. Adv. of mod. of pred., when. =Analysis of (D.)= Kind, a principal clause. Subject, he. Predicate, will depart. Adv. modifiers of pred., not, from it, _when he is old_.

EXERCISES.

1. The evil that men do lives after them.—_Shakespeare._

2. An idler is a watch that wants both hands.—_Cowper._

3. If sinners entice thee, consent thou not.—_Bible._

4. “I have it ready,” said Bassanio; “here it is.”—_Lamb._

5. I think of those upon whose rest he tramples.—_Bryant._

6. It is a great day when the sled is loaded with the buckets, and the procession starts for the woods.—_Warner._

7. Meantime the French had given way, and were flying in all directions.—_Warburton._

8. I believe there is no permanent greatness to a nation except it be based upon morality.—_Bright._

9. Gilliatt had thrust his arm deep into the opening; the monster had snapped at it.—_Hugo._

10. The things we have described occupied only a few minutes.—_Hugo._

11. The Turks spread gradually over the battlefield below us, slaughtering as they advanced.—_Forbes._

12. There were many boys in the room by whom that little scene was taken to heart before they slept.—_Hughes._

13. General Brock, who had risen as usual before day-break, hearing the cannonading, galloped from Niagara to the scene of action.—_Miss Machar._

14. In walking one day up the mountain behind Montreal, I leaned over a paling which enclosed the water reservoir of the city.—_Argyle._

15. Then was committed that fearful crime, memorable for its singular atrocity, memorable for the tremendous retribution which followed.—_Macaulay._

16.

She was a phantom of delight When first she gleamed upon my sight.—_Wordsworth._

17.

He that died at Azan gave This to those who made his grave.—_Arnold._

18.

He sendeth the springs into the valleys, Which run among the hills.—_Bible._

19.

Thy dress was like the lilies, And thy heart as pure as they.—_Longfellow._

20.

A pound of that same merchant’s flesh is thine; The court awards it, and the law doth give it.—_Shakespeare._

21. Happy is the man whose good intentions have borne fruit in deeds and whose evil thoughts have perished in the blossom.—_Scott._

22. There was one tall Norman knight who rode before the Norman army on a prancing horse, throwing up his heavy sword and catching it, and singing of the bravery of his countrymen.—_Dickens._

23. This dashed the spirits of the Iroquois, and they sent a canoe to call to their aid five hundred of their warriors, who were mustered near the mouth of the Richelieu.—_Parkman._

24. The parent who sends his son into the world uneducated, defrauds the community of a useful citizen and bequeaths to it a nuisance.—_Chancellor Kent._

25. The smoke which hung upon the field rolled in slow and heavy masses back upon the French lines, and gradually discovered to our view the entire of the army.—_Lever._

26.

As o’er the verdant waste I guide my steed, Among the high, rank grass that sweeps his sides, The hollow beating of his footsteps seems A sacrilegious sound.—_Bryant._

27.

Scarcely the hot assault was staid, The terms of truce were scarcely made, When they could spy, from Branksome’s towers, The advancing march of martial powers.—_Scott._

28.

I made a footing in the wall, It was not therefrom to escape, For I had buried one and all, Who loved me in a human shape.—_Byron._

29.

So the storm subsides to calm; They see the green trees wave On the heights o’erlooking Grève; Hearts that bled are stanched with balm.—_Browning._

30.

He who from zone to zone Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight In the long way that I must tread alone Will lead my steps aright.—_Bryant._