Part 5

THE FORMS OF THE VERBS _SHALL_ AND _WILL_.

=SHALL.=

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall, 1. We shall, 2. Thou shalt, 2. You shall, 3. He shall. 3. They shall.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I should, 1. We should, 2. Thou shouldst, 2. You should, 3. He should. 3. They should.

=WILL.=

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I will, 1. We will, 2. Thou wilt, 2. You will, 3. He will. 3. They will.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I would, 1. We would, 2. Thou wouldst, 2. You would, 3. He would. 3. They would.

The auxiliaries _shall_ and _will_ are used with the infinitive to form the future tense of a verb. To denote simple futurity _shall_ is used in the first person, and _will_ in the second and third persons; as, I _shall go_ to-morrow; You _will go_ again; He _will go_ next year.

To make a promise or to denote determination, _will_ is used in the first person, and _shall_ in the second and third persons; as, I _will get_ it for you; You _shall_ not _go_; He _shall do_ that work.

_Should_ and _would_ have the same uses as _shall_ and _will_.

EXERCISE.

Tell how _shall_ and _will_. are used in the following sentences:—

1. The expectation of the wicked shall perish.—_Bible._ 2. When ye come where I have stepped, Ye will wonder why ye wept.—_E. Arnold._ 3. Well, see to live; I will not touch thine eyes For all the treasure that thine uncle owns.—_Shakespeare._ 4. He that covereth his sins shall not prosper.—_Bible._ 5. But in my time a father’s word was law, And so it shall be now for me.—_Tennyson_. 6. If I talk to him, with his innocent prate He will awake my mercy, which lies dead: Therefore I will be sudden, and despatch.—_Shakespeare_. 7. The cock’s shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.—_Gray_. 8. “If you are not the heiress born, And I,” said he, “the lawful heir, We too shall wed to-morrow morn, And you shall still be Lady Clare.”—_Tennyson_.

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=LESSON XLVII.=

THE FORMS OF THE VERBS _DO_ AND _BE_.

=DO.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I do, 1. We do, 2. Thou doest 2. You do, or dost, 3. He does. 3. They do.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I did, 1. We did, 2. Thou didst, 2. You did, 3. He did. 3. They did.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I do, 1. (If) we do, 2. (If) thou do, 2. (If) you do, 3. (If) he do. 3. (If) they do.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I did, 1. (If) we did, 2. (If) thou did, 2. (If) you did, 3. (If) he did. 3. (If) they did.

=Imperative Mode.= =Infinitives.= =Participles.= Do (thou or you). (To) do. IMPERFECT—Doing. Doing. PERFECT—Done.

The present and past tenses of _do_ are used as auxiliaries with the present infinitive, (1) to express emphasis; as, I _do study_ every evening. (2) To express a denial; as, I _did not do_ it. (3) To ask questions; as, _Did_ you _see_ him?

When _do_ means _to perform_, it is an independent verb; as, He _did_ his part.

EXERCISE.

Name the sentences in which _do_ is used as an independent verb, and those in which it is used as an auxiliary, and explain the use of each auxiliary:—

1. Do they not err that devise evil?—_Bible._ 2. All their works they do to be seen of men.—_Bible._ 3. Stone walls do not a prison make.—_Lovelace._ 4. And for that offense Immediately we do exile him hence.—_Shakespeare._ 5. And everybody praised the Duke Who this great fight did win.—_Southey._ 6. The evil that men do lives after them.—_Shakespeare._ 7. So little they rose, so little they fell, They did not move the Inchcape Bell.—_Southey._ 8. If I do so, it will be of more price, Being spoke behind your back, than to your face.—_Shakespeare._

=BE.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I am, 1. We are, 2. Thou art, 2. You are, 3. He is. 3. They are.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I was, 1. We were, 2. Thou wast, 2. You were, 3. He was. 3. They were.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I be, 1. (If) we be, 2. (If) thou be, 2. (If) you be, 3. (If) he be. 3. (If) they be

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I were, 1. (If) we were, 2. (If) thou wert, 2. (If) you were, 3. (If) he were. 3. (If) they were.

=Imperative Mode.= =Infinitives.= =Participles.= Be (thou or you). (To) be. IMPERFECT—Being. Being. PERFECT—Been.

1. The verb _to be_ is used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a transitive verb, to form the _passive voice_; as, I _am hurt_.

2. The verb _to be_ is used as an auxiliary with the present participle of a verb, to form the _progressive form_; as, I _am writing_.

3. The verb _to be_, without the participle of another verb, is used to express (1) _existence_; as, Whatever _is_, is right. (2) To act as a _copula_ (connecting word); as, Sugar _is_ sweet. Whatever is, _is_ right.

EXERCISE I.

State the use of the verb _be_ in each of the following sentences:—

1. “Alas,” said I, “man was made in vain!”—_Addison._ 2. Brevity is the soul of wit.—_Shakespeare._ 3. The waves were white, and red the morn, In the noisy hour when I was born.—_Procter._ 4. It was a summer evening, Old Kaspar’s work was done, And he before his cottage door Was sitting in the sun.—_Southey._ 5. It is my lady, O, it is my love! O, that she knew she were!—_Shakespeare._ 6. When the heart is right there is true patriotism.—_Berkeley._ 7. True worth is in being, not seeming.—_A. Cary._ 8. We are such stuff As dreams are made on; and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.—_Shakespeare._

EXERCISE II.

1. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used as an independent verb.

2. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used in making the progressive form.

3. Write four examples of the verb _be_ used in forming the passive voice.

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=LESSON XLVIII.=

OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS.

In the last three lessons we have studied the auxiliaries used in distinguishing the time of an action. We shall now study the auxiliaries _can_, _may_, _must_, _ought_, _should_ and _would_, which enable us to express other distinctions.

=CAN.=

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I can, 1. We can, 2. Thou canst, 2. You can, 3. He can. 3. They can.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I could, 1. We could, 2. Thou couldst, 2. You could, 3. He could. 3. They could.

_Can_ is used to denote power or ability; as, I _can_ sing. He _could_ write very rapidly.

=MAY.=

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I may, 1. We may, 2. Thou mayest, 2. You may, 3. He may. 3. They may.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I might, 1. We might, 2. Thou mightest, 2. You might, 3. He might. 3. They might.

_May_ is used to denote permission, possibility, or a wish; as, You _may_ leave the room. He _might_ succeed again. _May_ you be there too.

_Could_ and _might_ are used sometimes in a conditional sense; as, They _might_ stay here if we _could_ help them.

The phrases made by the auxiliaries _may_ and _can_ with the infinitive of a verb are sometimes called _potential verb-phrases_, because they express that an action is possible from the subject having power to perform it.

=MUST and OUGHT.=

_Must_ has no other form. It is used to denote necessity or obligation; as, I _must_ remain here.

_Ought_ is the old past of the verb _owe_. It is used to denote duty or obligation; as, I _ought_ to help him.

The phrases made by the auxiliaries _must_ and _ought_, with the infinitive of a verb, are sometimes called _obligative verb-phrases_, because they imply _obligation_.

=SHOULD and WOULD.=

_Should_ and _would_ are the past tense forms of the auxiliaries _shall_ and _will_.

_Should_ and _would_ are especially used with the infinitive of a verb to express a conditional statement; as, _I should do so_ if I had the opportunity. _He would come_ if I asked him.

Since the phrases formed by _should_ and _would_ with the infinitive of a verb imply a condition, they are called _conditional verb-phrases_.

1. _Should_ and _would_ are often used in expressing the condition itself; as, _If he should be here_, they would know it.

2. They have sometimes their more independent meanings of _ought_ and _be determined_; as, _I should go_, I know. _She would come_, no matter what happened.

EXERCISE I.

State the use of the verbs _may_, _can_, _must_, _ought_, _should_ and _would_ in the following sentences:—

1. For I can weather the roughest gale, That ever wind did blow.—_Longfellow._ 2. She must weep or she will die.—_Tennyson._ 3. We ought to obey God.—_Bible._ 4. And when he next doth ride abroad May I be there to see!—_Cowper._ 5. “Please, Brown,” he whispered, “may I wash my face and hands?”—_Hughes._ 6. I would not for the wealth of all the town Here in my home do him disparagement.—_Shakespeare._ 7. For men may come and men may go, But I go on forever.—_Tennyson._ 8. If a storm should come and wake the deep, What matter! I shall ride and sleep.—_Procter._ 9. It may be that Death’s bright angel Will speak in that chord again, It may be that only in Heaven I shall hear that grand Amen.—_Procter._

EXERCISE II.

Write sentences containing the following verbs used correctly—_can_, _may_, _must_, _ought_, _should_, _would_. State the use in each case.

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=LESSON XLIX.=

CONJUGATION TO DENOTE THE TIME OR TENSE OF AN ACTION OF THE VERB _PRAISE_.

=ACTIVE VOICE.=—INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I praise, 1. We praise, 2. Thou praisest, 2. You praise, 3. He praises. 3. They praise.

=PRESENT= =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I have praised, 1. We have praised, 2. Thou hast 2. You have praised, praised, 3. He has praised. 3. They have praised.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I praised, 1. We praised, 2. Thou praisedst, 2. You praised, 3. He praised. 3. They praised.

=PAST = =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I had praised, 1. We had praised, 2. Thou hadst praised, 2. You had praised, 3. He had praised. 3. They had praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.= (Denoting Future Action.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall praise, 1. We shall praise, 2. Thou wilt 2. You will praise, praise, 3. He will praise. 3. They will praise.

=FUTURE TENSE.= (Denoting a Promise or Determination.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I will praise, 1. We will praise, 2. Thou shalt 2. You shall praise, praise, 3. He shall 3. They shall praise. praise.

=FUTURE= =PERFECT TENSE.= (Denoting Future Action.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall have praised, 1. We shall have praised, 2. Thou wilt have 2. You will have praised, praised, 3. He will have praised. 3. They will have praised.

=FUTURE= =PERFECT TENSE.= (Denoting a Promise or Determination.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I will have praised, 1. We will have praised, 2. Thou shalt have 2. You shall have praised, praised, 3. He shall have praised. 3. They shall have praised.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I praise, 1. (If) we praise, 2. (If) thou praise, 2. (If) you praise, 3. (If) he praise. 3. (If) they praise.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I praised, 1. (If) we praised, 2. (If) thou 2. (If) you praised, praised, 3. (If) he praised. 3. (If) they praised.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= Praise (thou). Praise (ye or you).

=INFINITIVES.= =Present.= =Perfect.= (To) praise, (To) have praised, Praising. Having praised.

=PARTICIPLES.= =Present or =Present Perfect Imperfect.= or Perfect.= Praising. Having praised.

=PASSIVE VOICE.=

The passive forms of a transitive verb are made by the aid of the auxiliary _be_.

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I am praised, 1. We are praised, 2. Thou art praised, 2. You are praised, 3. He is praised. 3. They are praised.

=PRESENT= =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I have been praised, 1. We have been praised, 2. Thou hast been 2. You have been praised, praised, 3. He has been praised. 3. They have been praised.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I was praised, 1. We were praised, 2. Thou wast praised, 2. You were praised, 3. He was praised. 3. They were praised.

=PAST= =PERFECT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I had been praised, 1. We had been praised, 2. Thou hadst been 2. You had been praised, praised, 3. He had been praised. 3. They had been praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.= (Denoting Future Action.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall be praised, 1. We shall be praised, 2. Thou wilt be praised, 2. You will be praised, 3. He will be praised. 3. They will be praised.

=FUTURE TENSE.= (Denoting a Promise or Determination.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I will be praised, 1. We will be praised, etc. etc.

=FUTURE= =PERFECT TENSE.= (Denoting Future Action.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I shall have been 1. We shall have been praised, praised, etc. etc.

=FUTURE= =PERFECT TENSE.= (Denoting a Promise or Determination.) =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I will have been 1. We will have been praised, praised, etc. etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I be praised, 1. (If) we be praised, 2. (If) thou be praised, 2. (If) you be praised, 3. (If) he be praised. 3. (If) they be praised.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I were praised, 1. (If) we were praised, 2. (If) thou were 2. (If) you were praised, praised, 3. (If) he were praised. 3. (If) they were praised.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= Be (thou) praised.

=INFINITIVES.= =Present.= =Perfect.= (To) be praised, (To) have been praised, Being praised. Having been praised.

=PARTICIPLES.= =Present or Imperfect.= =Perfect or Present Perfect.= Being praised. Praised or Having been praised.

_PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB_ =PRAISE.=

INDICATIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.= =Present Perfect Tense.= I am praising, etc. I have been praising, etc.

=Past Tense.= =Past Perfect Tense.= I was praising, etc. I had been praising, etc.

=Future Tense.= =Future Perfect Tense.= I shall be praising, etc. I shall have been praising, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.= =Past Tense.= (If) I be praising, etc. (If) I were praising, etc.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=Present Tense.= Be (thou) praising.

INFINITIVES.

=Present.= =Perfect.= (To) be praising. (To) have been praising, Having been praising.

PARTICIPLES.

=Present or Imperfect.= =Perfect or Present Perfect.= Praising. Having been praising.

EXERCISE I.

Fully conjugate the verb _freeze_ in both voices.

EXERCISE II.

Write out the progressive forms of the verb _sing_.

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=LESSON L.=

PARSING OF VERBS.

To parse a verb is to state its _class_, its _conjugation_, its _voice_, its _mode_, its _tense_, its _person_, and _number_, and its _subject_.

=Model.=—The boys _have broken_ the window.

_Have broken_, a verb, transitive; strong conjugation (break, broke, broken); active voice; indicative mode; present perfect tense, third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _boys_.

=Model.=—If they _help_ my friend I _shall be_ glad.

_Help_, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (help, helped, helped); active voice; subjunctive mode; present tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _they_.

_Shall be_, a verb, intransitive; strong conjugation (am, was, been); indicative mode; future tense; first person; singular number, agreeing with its subject _I_.

=Model.=—_Being provided_ with tools, they _planted_ a row of stakes within their palisade, _to form_ a double fence.

_Being provided_, a present participle; passive form, modifying _they_.

_Planted_, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (plant, planted, planted); active voice; indicative mode; past tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subject _they_.

_To form_, a present infinitive; active voice; used as an adverb to modify _planted_.

EXERCISE.

Parse the verbs, the infinitives, and the participles in the following sentences:—