Part 4

Select the words in the following sentences that are used to modify nouns, and also imply action or being:—

1. On came the boy running lightly. 2. Hearing the noise, I went to the door. 3. I have a book written in Old English.

A word that _participates_ in the nature of the verb and the adjective is called a _participle_; as, _Leaving_ the room, we walked into the garden. I found a treasure _hidden_ in the ground.

A participle qualifies a noun or pronoun, like an adjective, and takes modifiers like a verb. A participle formed from a transitive verb takes an object.

A participle that is used to denote unfinished action is called a =present= or =imperfect participle=; as, _Jumping_ the fence, I ran across the field.

A participle that is used to denote finished action is called a =past= or =perfect participle=; as, He gave me a pencil _painted_ red.

EXERCISE I.

Classify the participles in the following sentences and tell what each modifies:—

1. Onward they went, carrying death and ruin before them.—_Lever._ 2. I heard my own mountain goats bleating aloft.—_Campbell._ 3. The cuirassiers, repulsed, disordered, and broken, had retired beneath the protection of the artillery.—_Lever._ 4. And, his chief beside, Smiling, the boy fell dead.—_Browning._ 5. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again; The eternal years of God are hers.—_Bryant._ 6. Toiling,—rejoicing,—sorrowing, Onward, through life he goes.—_Longfellow._ 7. Poor lone Hannah, Sitting at the window binding shoes. Faded, wrinkled, Sitting, stitching, in a mournful muse.—_Lucy Larcom._

EXERCISE II.

Determine the grammatical value of the italicized words in the following sentences, according to the use of each:—

1. _Walking_ is good exercise. 2. _Seeing_ me _coming_, he came to meet me. 3. This _building_ cost one hundred thousand dollars. 4. Every _bleaching_ breeze chastens her purity. 5. He gave up all hope of _recovering_ his health. 6. The fields are covered with _growing_ grain. 7. A miser gives up all the pleasure of _doing_ good. 8. _Kneeling_ down, I kissed the little flower.

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=LESSON XL.=

TENSE.

State the time of the action in each of the following sentences, and point out the different forms of the verb:—

1. He writes a letter. 2. He wrote a letter. 3. He will write a letter.

The change which takes place in the _verb_ to mark this change of time, is called _tense_.

There are three natural divisions of time—present, past, and future, so that there are three corresponding tenses—=present=, =past=, and =future=.

A verb that denotes an action in the present time is in the =present tense=; as, I _speak_.

A verb that denotes an action in the past time is in the past tense; as, I _spoke_.

A verb that denotes an action in the future time is in the future tense; as, I _shall speak_.

Besides these three simple tenses, there are three perfect tenses, which denote action as completed.

Point out a verb in the following sentences that denotes an action completed in present time, one that denotes an action completed in past time, and one that denotes an action completed in future time:—

1. He has written a letter. 2. He had written a letter. 3. He will have written a letter.

A verb that denotes an action as completed at the present time is in the =present perfect tense=; as, I _have spoken_.

A verb that denotes an action as having been completed before a certain past time is in the =past perfect= or =pluperfect tense=; as, I _had spoken_ before you came.

A verb that denotes an action to be completed before a certain future time is in the =future perfect tense=; as, I _shall have spoken_ before he will arrive.

The present and the past tenses are indicated by the form of the verb itself. The other tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, called _auxiliary_ verbs.

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MODE.

Present. I see. Past. I saw. Future. I shall see. Present Perfect. I have seen. Past Perfect. I had seen. Future Perfect. I shall have seen.

_Note._—_Shall_ is used in the first person, and _will_ in the second and third persons to denote future action. _Will_ is used in the first person, and _shall_ in the second and third persons to denote determination.

EXERCISE.

Select the verbs, and state the tense of each:—

1. The sailor twitched his shirt of blue, And from within his bosom drew The kerchief. She was wild.—_Alice Cary._ 2. The Christian princes felt that the scene which they had beheld weighed heavily on their spirits.—_Scott._ 3. The boy stood on the burning deck, Whence all but he had fled.—_Hemans._ 4. The nurse sleeps sweetly, hired to watch the sick, Whom sleeping, she disturbs.—_Cowper._ 5. When kindness had his wants supplied, And the old man was gratified, Began to rise his minstrel pride.—_Scott._ 6. He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again.—_Shakespeare._

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=LESSON XLI.=

PERSON AND NUMBER.

Point out the different forms of the verb that are used with the different subjects:—

=Singular.= =Plural.= First Person. I write. We write. Second Person. Thou writest. You write. Third Person. He writes. They write.

The different forms that a verb takes to agree with the person and number of its subject are called =person= and =number= forms.

Observe that there is no change in the action expressed by the verb; it has merely adapted itself to the person and number of its subject.

The third person singular has, in the present indicative, the ending _s_ or _es_, and the old form _eth_; as, He _walks_; He _goes_; He _dreameth_.

The second person singular has the ending _est_ or _st_ in both the present and the past tenses; as, Thou _lovest_; Thou _lovedst_.

The first person singular and the plural forms for all the persons have no endings to mark person and number, with but one exception, the verb _to be_; as, I _am_; We _are_; I _was_; We _were_.

EXERCISE.

Write out the present tense forms, indicative mode, of the following verbs, using the personal pronouns for subjects:—

live, find, come, teach, talk, go, run, play, make, do.

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=LESSON XLII.=

CONJUGATIONS OF THE VERB.

Point out how the past tense and perfect participle of the following verbs are formed:—

=Present.= =Past.= =Perfect Participle.= wish, wished, wished. love, loved, loved. take, took, taken. write, wrote, written.

A verb that forms its past tense and perfect participle by adding _ed_ or _d_ to the present tense form, is a verb of the =weak= or =new conjugation=; as, _look_, _looked_, _looked_.

A verb that forms its past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and its perfect participle by adding _n_ or _en_ to the present, is a verb of the =strong= or =old conjugation=; as, _fall_, _fell_, _fallen_.

_Note._—Verbs of the old conjugation are called _strong_ because they form their past tense within themselves. Verbs of the new conjugation are called _weak_ because they form their past tense by the aid of an additional syllable.

Weak verbs are called verbs of the _new_ conjugation because the method of forming the past tense by the addition of _ed_ or _d_ is of more recent origin than the method of the strong conjugation.

If we know the present tense form, the past, and the perfect participle of any verb, we can tell to which conjugation it belongs, and can give all its inflections of person, number, tense, and mode, therefore the present tense form, the past and the perfect participle, are called the _principal parts_ of the verb. When we give all the inflections of a verb, or indicate them by the principal parts, we _conjugate_ it.

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=LESSON XLIII.=

IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

We have learned that regular verbs of the weak conjugation form their past tense and perfect participle by adding _ed_ or _d_ to the present tense form.

Point out how the following verbs form their past tense and perfect participle:

=Present.= =Past.= =Perfect Participle.= mean, meant, meant. sleep, slept, slept. say, said, said. cost, cost, cost.

In some verbs the _ed_ or _d_ of the past tense is sounded like _t_, and in many cases the spelling has changed to _t_. A few verbs shorten the vowel of the present; as, _feel_, _felt_, _felt_. Other verbs of this conjugation change the vowel before adding _d_; as, _tell_, _told_, _told_; and a number that end in _t_ or _d_ make no change; as, _set_, _set_, _set_.

A LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.= bend, bent,[1] bent. bereave, bereft,[1] bereft. beseech, besought, besought. bleed, bled, bled. breed, bred, bred. bring, brought, brought. build, built,[1] built. burn, burnt,[1] burnt. burst, burst, burst. buy, bought, bought. cast, cast, cast. catch, caught, caught. cleave (adhere), clave,[1] cleaved. clothe, clad,[1] clad. cost, cost, cost. creep, crept, crept. cut, cut, cut. dare, durst,[1] dared. deal, dealt, dealt. dream, dreamt,[1] dreamt. dwell, dwelt,[1] dwelt. feed, fed, fed. feel, felt, felt. flee, fled, fled. gild, gilt,[1] gilt. gird, girt,[1] girt. have, had, had. hear, heard, heard. hit, hit, hit. hurt, hurt, hurt. keep, kept, kept. kneel, knelt, knelt. knit, knit,[1] knit. lay, laid, laid. lead, led, led. lean, leant,[1] leant. leap, leapt,[1] leapt. learn, learnt,[1] learnt. leave, left, left. lend, lent, lent. let, let, let. light, lit,[1] lit. lose, lost, lost. make, made, made. mean, meant, meant. meet, met, met. pay, paid, paid. pen (enclose), pent,[1] pent. put, put, put. quit, quit,[1] quit. read, read, read. rend, rent, rent. rid, rid, rid. say, said, said. seek, sought, sought. sell, sold, sold. send, sent, sent. set, set, set. shed, shed, shed. shoe, shod, shod. shoot, shot, shot. shut, shut, shut. sleep, slept, slept. smell, smelt,[1] smelt. speed, sped, sped. spell, spelt,[1] spelt. spend, spent, spent. spill, spilt,[1] spilt. spit, spit, spit. split, split, split. spoil, spoilt,[1] spoilt. spread, spread, spread. sweat, sweat, sweat. sweep, swept, swept. teach, taught, taught. tell, told, told. think, thought, thought. thrust, thrust, thrust. weep, wept, wept. wet, wet,[1] wet. whet, whet,[1] whet. work, wrought,[1] wrought.

[1] Sometimes conjugated regularly.

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=LESSON XLIV.=

A LIST OF THE VERBS OF THE STRONG CONJUGATION.

We learned in Lesson XLII. that regular verbs of the strong conjugation form their past tense by changing the vowel of the present, and their perfect participle by adding _en_ or _n_ to the present.

_Note._—Sometimes _one_ of these characteristics is wanting; as, _chide_, _chid_, _chidden_; _sit_, _sat_, _sat_.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.= write, wrote, written. abide, abode, abode. am, was, been. arise, arose, arisen. awake, awoke,[2] awaked. bear, {bore, {borne. {bare, {born. beat, beat, beaten. begin, began, begun. bid, bade, bid, bidden. bind, bound, bound. bite, bit, {bitten, {bit. blow, blew, blown. break, broke, broken. chide, chid, chidden. choose, chose, chosen. cleave, (split), clove, cloven. cling, clung, clung. come, came, come. crow, crew,[2] crowed. dig, dug[2] dug. do, did, done. draw, drew, drawn. drive, drove, driven. drink, drank, drunk. eat, eat, ate, eaten. fall, fell, fallen. fight, fought, fought. find, found, found. fling, flung, flung. fly, flew, flown. forget, forgot, {forgotten, {forgot. forsake, forsook, forsaken. freeze, froze, frozen. get, got, {gotten, {got. give, gave, given. go, went, gone. grind, ground, ground. grow, grew, grown. hang, hung,[2] hung.[2] hide, hid, {hidden, {hid. hold, held, held. know, knew, known. lie, lay, lain. mow, mowed, mown. ride, rode, ridden. ring, rang, rung. rise, rose, risen. run, ran, run. see, saw, seen. shake, shook, shaken. shear, sheared, shorn.[2] shine, shone,[2] shone.[2] show, showed, shown.[2] shrink, shrank, shrunk. sing, sang, sung. sink, sank, {sunk, {sunken. sit, sat, sat. slay, slew, slain. slide, slid, slidden. sling, slung, slung. slink, slunk, slunk. slit, slit, slit. smite, smote, smitten. sow, sowed, sown.[2] speak, spoke, spoken. spin, spun, spun. spring, sprang, sprung. stand, stood, stood. steal, stole, stolen. stick, stuck, stuck. sting, stung, stung. stink, stank, stunk. strew, strewed, {strewn,[2] {strown. stride, strode, stridden. strike, struck, {struck, {stricken. string, strung, strung. strive, strove, striven. swear, swore, sworn. swim, swam, swum. swing, swung, swung. take, took, taken. tear, tore, torn. thrive, throve,[2] thriven.[2] throw, threw, thrown. tread, trod, trodden. wax, waxed, waxen.[2] wear, wore, worn. weave, wove, woven. win, won, won. wind, wound, wound. wring, wrung, wrung. write, wrote, written.

[2] Also like the weak conjugation.

A LIST OF DEFECTIVE VERBS OF THE WEAK CONJUGATION.

=Present.= =Past.= =Perf. Part.= can, could, —— may, might, —— shall, should, —— will, would, —— must, must, —— ought, ought, ——

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=LESSON XLV.=

AUXILIARY VERBS.

We have learned in Lesson XL. that the verb has different forms of itself to express a difference between present and past time only, and when we wish to express that an act took place any other time, we use another verb to aid the principal verb.

State which of the italicized verbs in the following sentences is used independently, to express its own meaning, and which is used to aid another verb to express its meaning:—

1. I _have_ a knife. 2. I _have_ written the letter. 3. He _was_ a good student. 4. He _was_ fined for doing wrong.

A verb that is used to help to conjugate other verbs is called an =auxiliary verb=; as, We _have_ found your book.

The auxiliary verbs that aid in distinguishing the time of an action are _have_, _shall_, _will_, _do_ and _be_.

THE FORMS OF THE VERB =_HAVE_=.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =PAST TENSE.= =PERFECT PART.= have, had, had.

INDICATIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I have, 1. We have, 2. Thou hast, 2. You have, 3. He has. 3. They have.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. I had, 1. We had, 2. Thou hadst, 2. You had, 3. He had. 3. They had.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

=PRESENT TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I have, 1. (If) we have, 2. (If) thou have, 2. (If) you have, 3. (If) he have. 3. (If) they have.

=PAST TENSE.= =Singular.= =Plural.= 1. (If) I had, 1. (If) we had, 2. (If) thou had, 2. (If) you had, 3. (If) he had. 3. (If) they had.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

=Singular.= =Plural.= Have (thou). Have (ye or you).

=Infinitives.= =Participles.= (To) have, IMPERFECT—Having, Having. PERFECT—Had.

_Have_ is used as an auxiliary with the perfect participle of a verb, to form the perfect tenses; as,

PRESENT PERFECT—I have written. PAST PERFECT—I had written. FUTURE PERFECT—I shall have written. PERFECT INFINITIVES—(To) have written; having written. PERFECT PARTICIPLE—Having written.

When _have_ denotes possession it is an independent verb; as My friends _have_ a canary.

EXERCISE.

In which of the following sentences is _have_ an independent verb, and in which is it an auxiliary:—

1. The wheelmen have their own road. 2. I know that he has taken it. 3. England had won the sources of the Nile!—_Baker._ 4. Have then thy wish; he whistled shrill, And he was answered from the hill.—_Scott._ 5. I have obeyed my uncle until now. And I have sinned, for it was all through me That evil came on William at the first.—_Tennyson._ 6. Have you the heart? When your head did but ache, I knit my handkercher about your brows, (The best I had, a princess wrought it me,) And I did never ask it you again.—_Shakespeare._

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=LESSON XLVI.=