Part 3

1. I live on the street which leads to the park. 2. Those who live without a plan have never any leisure. 3. A short distance from the house I discovered a box, which was made of iron. 4. I met a policeman, who told me about the fire. 5. We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.—_Coleridge._ 6. There, at the foot of yonder nodding birch, That wreaths its old fantastic roots so high, His listless length at noontide would he stretch, And pore upon the brook that babbles by.—_Gray._

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=LESSON XXVI.=

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Point out the pronouns in the following sentences, that are used in asking questions:—

1. Who did this? 2. What are you going to do next? 3. Which of the boys lost his knife?

A pronoun that is used in asking a question is called an =interrogative pronoun=; as, _Who_ gave you the orange?

The interrogative pronouns are _who_, _which_, and _what_.

_Who_ and _which_ are declined like the relatives.

_Who_ refers to persons; _which_ refers to persons or to things; _what_ refers to things.

_Note._—_Which_ differs from _who_ in being selective; as, _Which_ of the books is yours?

EXERCISE.

Select the interrogative pronouns in the following sentences, and give the case of each:—

1. Who received the first prize in your class? 2. Of what is this article composed? 3. Which of the girls has the pencil? 4. What are you going to do next? 5. Whom did he send with the horse?

* * * * *

=LESSON XXVII.=

Point out the pronouns in the following sentences that do not stand for any particular persons or things:—

1. Many went home before nine o’clock. 2. Each has his work to do. 3. All are here now.

Pronouns which do not stand for particular or definite persons or things, are called =indefinite pronouns=; as, _Few_ believed him.

The principal words used as indefinite pronouns are _all_, _any_, _other_, _another_, _both_, _some_, _such_, _few_, _many_, _one_, _none_, _each_, _either_, _neither_, and words made by joining _some_, _any_, _every_ and _no_ to the words _one_, _thing_ and _body_.

EXERCISE.

Select the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences, and give the case of each:—

1. Some have gone home already. 2. I knew both of the boys. 3. He has not any to give to me. 4. Everybody goes to the wharf in the evening. 5. I told some one to bring it with him.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXVIII.=

PARSING.

To parse a pronoun is to state the class to which it belongs, its gender, person, number, case, and its grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.

Parse all the pronouns in the following sentences:—

1. I have the knife which you gave me. 2. He saw the letter that I wrote. 3. Who told you they did it? 4. Few shall meet where many part.—_Campbell._ 5. He is the freeman whom the truth makes free.—_Cowper._ 6. There’s a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them as we will.—_Shakespeare._ 7. I have seen him buy such bargains as would amaze one.—_Goldsmith._ 8. Ye, therefore, who love mercy, teach your sons To love it too.—_Cowper._ 9. I dare do all that may become a man, Who dares do more is none.—_Shakespeare._ 10. Breathes there a man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land.—_Scott._

=Model:=—I have the knife _which you_ gave _me_.

_I_, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; nominative case, subject of _have_.

_which_, a relative pronoun; third person; singular number; objective case, direct object of the verb _gave_.

_you_, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; second person; singular or plural number; nominative case, subject of the verb _gave_.

_me_, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; objective case, indirect object of the verb _gave_.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXIX.=

_CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES._

ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY.

Point out the adjectives in the following sentences that express _quality_ or _kind_ in the objects named by the nouns with which they are used:—

1. This is a sweet apple. 2. I bought an oak table and a silver tray. 3. These girls are happy.

Adjectives that express quality or kind in the objects named by the nouns with which they are used, are called =qualifying adjectives=; as, These _kind_ girls took some _fresh_ flowers to a _sick_ woman.

Qualifying adjectives that are formed from proper nouns are called =proper adjectives=. They begin with capital letters; as, He gave her an _English_ coin.

EXERCISE.

Select the qualifying adjectives in the following sentences, and state the nouns they qualify:—

1. A wise man considers his words. 2. Gentle, loving Nell was dead. 3. Her sleep was beautiful and calm. 4. Wonderful animals are to be seen in African forests. 5. With a slow and noiseless footstep Comes that messenger divine.—_Longfellow._ 6. Like other dull men, the king was all his life suspicious of superior people.—_Thackeray._ 7. O Caledonia! stern and wild, Meet nurse for a poetic child! Land of brown heath and shaggy wood, Land of the mountain and the flood.—_Scott._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXX.=

ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY.

Point out the adjectives in the following sentences, that express the _quantity_ or _number_ of the objects named by the nouns with which they are used:—

1. This man has little strength left. 2. I wish you much success in your studies. 3. There are three boys in the yard.

Adjectives that express the quantity or number of the objects named by the nouns with which they are used, are called =quantifying adjectives=; as, He won the _second_ prize.

EXERCISE.

Select the quantifying adjectives in the following sentences, and state the noun each modifies:—

1. William has twenty marbles. 2. Much study is a weariness of the flesh. 3. My brother has the third place in his class. 4. This poor man has little coal for the winter.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXI.=

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

Which of the italicized words are used as pronouns and which as adjectives?

1. _This_ belongs to my brother. 2. _This_ book belongs to my brother. 3. _Which_ is your pen? 4. _Which_ pencil will you have? 5. _All_ are lying on the bank. 6. _All_ men are mortal. 7. _Mine_ are in the house. 8. _My_ slate is broken.

Adjectives that are sometimes used as pronouns are called =pronominal adjectives=; as, _These_ books are mine. _All_ boys can learn.

There are five kinds of =pronominal adjectives=.

1. =Possessive adjectives.= These are the possessive forms of the personal pronouns used as adjectives. They are given in Lesson XXII., and are as follows:—_my_ or _mine_, _thy_ or _thine_, _our_ or _ours_, _your_ or _yours_, _his_, _her_ or _hers_, _its_, _their_ or _theirs_.

2. =Interrogative adjectives.= These are _which_ and _what_ when used with a noun to ask a question; as, _Which_ poem will you recite? _What_ wrong have you done?

3. =Relative adjectives.= These are the words _which_ and _what_ used relatively _with a noun_; as, I know _which_ pen you prefer. I see _what_ course you are taking.

4. =Indefinite adjectives.= These are the words which, when used without nouns, are indefinite pronouns; as, _Few_ persons believe his story. [See Lesson XXVII.]

5. =Demonstrative adjectives.= These are _this_, _these_; _that_, _those_; _yon_, _yonder_, when used with nouns; as, _That_ tree is very tall. _Yon_ ship is coming nearer.

To the foregoing list of demonstrative adjectives we may add _a_, _an_, and _the_, since they are _demonstrative in their nature_, that is they are used _to point out_, but they have _no pronominal use_; as, _The_ man is well again. _An_ apple is on the table.

_Note._—_An_ is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as, _An_ orange is yellow. _An_ hour contains sixty minutes.

_A_ is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; as, _A_ pencil is on the desk. Many _a_ one has succeeded. (_One_ begins with the consonant sound of _w_.)

EXERCISE.

Select the pronominal adjectives in the following sentences, give the _kind_ of each and the word it modifies:—

1. Which way did he go? 2. That lady explained my lesson. 3. Any other pen will do. 4. I do not know what work he did. 5. Their father bought them some fruit. 6. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree’s shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.—_Gray._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXII.=

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

In the following sentences what degree of quality do the different forms of the adjective _large_ express?

1. John has a large ball. 2. I have a larger ball than John’s. 3. James has the largest ball in the yard.

In sentence number 2, two balls are _compared_. In sentence number 3, three or more balls are _compared_. Hence the change of form of adjectives to express different _degrees_ of quality is called =comparison=.

The form of the adjective, which merely expresses the quality, is called the =positive degree=; as, I have a _small_ pen.

The form of the adjective that expresses a higher or lower degree of the quality, is called the =comparative degree=; as, Charles has a _smaller_ pen than mine.

The form of the adjective that expresses the highest or the lowest degree of the quality, is called the =superlative degree=; as, The teacher has the _smallest_ pen in the room.

Most adjectives of one syllable form the comparative by adding _er_ to the simple form, and the superlative by adding _est_ to the same form; as,

=Positive.= = Comparative.= =Superlative.= tall, taller, tallest. fine, finer, finest.

_Note._—If the simple form ends in _e_, one e is omitted in the comparison.

Most adjectives of more than one syllable are composed by prefixing _more_ and _most_, or _less_ and _least_ to the simple form; as,

=Positive.= =Comparative.= =Superlative.= beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful, worthy, less worthy, least worthy.

The following adjectives of two syllables are often compared by adding _er_ and _est_: _happy_, _pleasant_, _common_, _noble_, _able_, _narrow_.

The following adjectives are compared irregularly:—

=Positive.= =Comparative.= =Superlative.= good, better, best, bad, evil, or ill, worse, worst, little, less, least, much or many, more, most, far, farther, farthest, (forth,) further, furthest or furthermost, near, nearer, nearest or next, late, later, latest or last, fore, former, foremost or first, old, older or elder, oldest or eldest.

EXERCISE I.

Name each adjective in the following sentences, state its degree, and give the word it modifies:—

1. I never saw a brighter sky. 2. It was a cruel and most unjust sentence. 3. The shores of this lake are high and rocky. 4. To-morrow’ll be the happiest time of all the glad New-year; Of all the glad New-year, mother, the maddest, merriest day.—_Tennyson._ 5. I sat and watched her many a day, When her eyes grew dim and her locks were gray.—_Eliza Cook._ 6. Small service is true service while it lasts; Of friends, however humble, scorn not one.—_Wordsworth._ 7. Look. She is sad to miss, Morning and night His—her dead father’s—kiss; Tries to be bright, Good to mamma, and sweet. That is all. “Marguerite.”—_Dobson._

EXERCISE II.

Compare the following adjectives:—

near, bad, happy, wise, plain, first, grateful, numerous, brief, lofty, rapid, fortunate, far, cloudy, handsome, sincere, hind, dreary, pale, extraordin ary.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIII.=

Parse all the adjectives in the following sentences:

1. Wisdom is more precious than rubies. 2. This is a wonderful scene. 3. Let my little story answer this question. 4. It was lazy, idle work, lying in the tent all day long. 5. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 6. From a shoal of richest rubies Breaks the morning clear and cold, And the angel on the village spire, Frost-touched, is bright as gold.—_Aldrich._ 7. Every hour that fleets so slowly, Has its task to do or bear; Luminous the crown and holy, When each gem is set with care.—_Adelaide Procter._

=Model.= _These kind_ girls brought me _some_ flowers.

_These_, a pronominal adjective; demonstrative; modifying the noun _girls_.

_kind_, a qualifying adjective; positive degree; (kind, kinder, kindest), modifying the noun _girls_.

_some_, a pronominal adjective; indefinite; modifying the noun _flowers_.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIV.=

CLASSES OF VERBS.

Name the verbs in the following sentences that express an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, and the verbs that express an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer:—

1. James broke his pencil. 2. This boy found a knife. 3. Our girls like literature. 4. The sun shines brightly. 5. The birds fly into the trees. 6. The pupils feel cold.

A verb that expresses an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, is called a =transitive verb=; as, He _wrote_ a letter. We _love_ our friends.

A verb that expresses being, a state, or an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer, is called an =intransitive verb=; as, He _is_ here. She _sleeps_ now. The wind _blows_ from the north. This man _feels_ sick.

EXERCISE I.

Classify the verbs in the following sentences:—

1. My brother sold his knife. 2. The boys play ball in the yard. 3. He ran across the street. 4. This little girl cut her hand. 5. That tree is very tall. 6. The window was broken by a stone. 7. Many birds build their nests in trees. 8. He told them of the river whose mighty current gave Its freshness for a hundred leagues to Ocean’s briny wave.—_McGee._ 9. We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone, But we left him alone in his glory.—_Charles Wolfe._ 10. I see the wealthy miller yet, His double chin, his portly size, And who that knew him could forget, The busy wrinkles round his eyes?—_Tennyson._

EXERCISE II.

_Note._—The same verb may be used either transitively or intransitively; as, I _see_ the house. I _see_ through this paper.

Some verbs have only an intransitive use because they do not express action; as, _be_, _seem_, _appear_, _remain_, _become_, etc.

1. Write sentences using the following words as transitive verbs:—

make, paper, water, sharpen, ran, find, paint, reprove, set, study.

2. Write sentences using the following words as intransitive verbs:—

ran, sit, was, walks, read, remain, fall, writes, dreams, move.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXV.=

Point out each verb that is used by itself to make a complete statement, and each verb that is not used by itself to make a complete statement:—

1. The boy sleeps. 2. My task is done. 3. This rose smells sweet. 4. The girls are cold.

When a verb by itself makes a complete statement, it is called =a verb of complete predication=; as, Birds _fly_.

When a verb by itself does not make a complete statement, it is called =a verb of incomplete predication=; as, This man _is_ a merchant.

EXERCISE.

Select the verbs of incomplete predication, and state the word or words that complete the predication:—

1. This water is warm. 2. He became a sailor. 3. My brother studies in the evening. 4. This man has been sick for a month. 5. Some murmur when their sky is clear.—_French._ 6. A soft answer turneth away wrath.—_Bible._ 7. An idler is a watch that wants both hands.—_Cowper._ 8. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening’s close, Up yonder hill the village murmur rose.—_Goldsmith._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVI.=

VOICE.

Is the same idea expressed by the sentences in each group?—

1. {I cut the paper. {The paper was cut by me.

2. {John broke the window. {The window was broken by John.

3. {He caught a bird. {A bird was caught by him.

With a certain form of the verb, its subject names the _actor_; with another form of the verb, the subject names _the thing acted upon_. This change in the form of the verb is called =voice=.

A transitive verb that represents the person or thing named by its subject as acting is said to be in the =active voice=; as, James _struck_ the horse.

A transitive verb that represents the person or thing named by its subject as being acted upon is said to be in the =passive voice=; as, The horse _was struck_ by James.

_Note_ (a).—The object in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice, so that only transitive verbs can properly be used in the passive voice. There are, however, some exceptions to this principle. When an intransitive verb is followed by a phrase made up of a preposition and noun, the intransitive verb may often be used passively with the preposition as an adverbial adjunct; as, I _despair_ of success. Success _is despaired of_ by me. He _shot_ at a bird. A bird _was shot at_ by him.

_Note_ (b).—The agent in the passive voice is indicated by the preposition _by_.

EXERCISE I.

Name the voice of each verb in the following sentences, and state the reason in each case:—

1. He found his knife under the table. 2. This curious bird was brought from Africa by a traveller. 3. My friend has written two letters. 4. This ring was given to me by my mother. 5. The bird flew away into the bush. 6. The old man was sick and hungry. 7. Near the moulded arch he saw low, dark grottos within the cavern. 8. These ample fields Nourished their harvests, here their herds were fed, Where haply by their stalls the bison lowed, And bowed his manèd shoulder to the yoke.—_Bryant._

EXERCISE II.

Change the voice of each transitive verb in the preceding lesson.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVII.=

MODE.

Point out in the following sentences a verb that states something as a fact, one that is used in asking a question, one that mentions something merely thought of, and one that expresses a command:—

1. He knows his lesson to-day. 2. Are you first in the class? 3. I hope that he succeed. 4. Put away your books.

The manner in which the verb presents the idea is called the =mode= of the verb.

A verb that is used to state something as a fact, to ask a question, or to express a condition relating to an actual state of things, is in the =indicative mode=; as, He _reads_ well. _Does_ he _read_ well? If he _was_ guilty, his punishment _was_ too light.

A verb that is used to express something merely thought of is in the =subjunctive mode=; as, I wish that he _go_. If he _were_ present I would speak to him. Thy kingdom _come_.

_Note._—The verb in conditional sentences is in the subjunctive mode only when it expresses something merely thought of.

A verb that expresses a command or request is in the =imperative mode=; as, _Come_ into the house. _Open_ your book.

EXERCISE I.

Name the mode or mood of each verb, and give the reason in each case:—

1. Home they brought her warrior dead.—_Tennyson._ 2. What sought they thus afar?—_Hemans._ 3. If my standard-bearer fall, press where ye see my white plume—_Macaulay._ 4. Thine own friend, and thy father’s friend, forsake not.—_Bible._ 5. If fortune serve me I’ll requite this kindness.—_Shakespeare._ 6. The meteor flag of England Shall yet terrific burn, Till danger’s troubled night depart, And the star of peace return.—_Campbell._ 7. Backward, flow backward, O tide of the years! I am so weary of toil and of tears— Toil without recompense—tears all in vain— Take them, and give me my childhood again.—_E. A. Allen._

EXERCISE II.

1. Write three sentences each containing an example of the indicative mode.

2. Write three sentences each containing an example of the subjunctive mode.

3. Write three sentences each containing an example of the imperative mode.

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXVIII.=

The preceding lesson treated of verbs that are _limited_ by their subjects as to number and person; as, I _am_ here. John _is_ here. The boys _are_ here. Hence these verbs are called =finite= verbs.

This lesson will treat of verbs that are _not so limited_; hence they are called =infinitive verbs=.

THE INFINITIVE.

Select from the following sentences forms of verbs that are used (1) as a noun, (2) as an adverb, and (3) as an adjective:—

1. I like to sing. 2. I came to see the ship. 3. Have you any water to drink?

The form of the verb that does not make an assertion, and that is not limited as to person and number is called the =infinitive=.

The infinitive may be used as a noun; as, _To forgive_ is divine.

The infinitive may be used as an adverb; as, I came _to call_ you back.

The infinitive may be used as an adjective; as, He has no pen _to write with_.

The infinitive may be used as the complement of verbs of incomplete predication; as, He appeared _to hesitate_.

There are two infinitives, the simple infinitive with or without _to_, and the infinitive in _ing_; as, I like _to row_ a boat. He may _go_. She is fond of _writing_ letters.

The infinitive in _ing_ is sometimes called a _gerund_.

The infinitive has a variety of uses. Its grammatical value in English is always determined by its function in the sentence.

Name the infinitives in the following sentences, tell the grammatical value of each, and state the reason:—

1. To read well is an accomplishment. 2. I am glad to hear it. 3. This man has a house to rent. 4. There is little hope of finding him. 5. To hesitate is to fail. 6. She was about to leave. 7. Poverty is hard to bear. 8. When the rain ceased to fall, the wind began to blow. 9. I prefer to starve first. 10. There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray, To bless the turf that wraps their clay; And Freedom shall a while repair, To dwell a weeping hermit there.—_Collins._

* * * * *

=LESSON XXXIX.=

THE PARTICIPLE.