Part 20

1. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of all words in this paragraph that you do not understand.

2. Account for the capitalization and punctuation. Why is the term _Edinburgh Review_ inclosed in quotation marks?

3. What kind of noun is _family_ in sentence (1)? Use it in a sentence so as to reveal its number and its gender. What is its number in sentence (3)? How do you account for it?

4. What two plural forms has the term _Miss Lamb_? What is the plural of _Lady Mayoress_? What does the dictionary say about the plural form _folks_? What is the number of _everybody_ in sentence (1)? What is the plural of _attorney_? of _dandy_?

5. Tell the part of speech and use of _long_, _enough_, sentence (1); _however_, _one_, _which_, sentence (2); _ever_, _since_, sentence (3); _no_, _longer_, _no_, _but_, sentence (4); _too_, _up_, _hitherto_, sentence (5). Which of these words can be used as other parts of speech? Illustrate in sentences.

6. Are _thriving_ in sentence (1) and _towering_ in sentence (2) participles or adjectives? How do you decide? Is _pleased_ in sentence (1) a complement of _was_ or a part of a passive verb _was pleased_? How do you decide? How is _smitten_ used in sentence (3)? Find two passive verbs, and prove that they are passive.

7. Supply the ellipsis before and after _popular_ in sentence (1); before _put_ in sentence (1).

8. Tell the use of each of the following verbals: _being_ (2); _reading_, _talking_, _playing_ (4); _talking_ (5). Tell how each of these verbals is modified or completed.

9. Select each prepositional phrase and tell what it modifies.

10. Select all the infinitives with _to_ and tell the grammatical use of each.

11. Parse the relative pronouns in sentences (4) and (5). Are the clauses that they introduce restrictive or unrestrictive?

12. Tell the use and case of each of the following nouns: _belles_ (1); _talk_, _detestation_ (3); _characters_ (5).

13. Tell the principal parts of each of these verbs: _put_ (1); _had_, _wore_ (2); _got_, _set_ (3); _took_ (4).

Exercise 2

(1) Ahem! Dry work, this speechifying, especially to an unpracticed orator. (2) I never conceived till now what toil the temperance lecturers undergo for my sake; hereafter they shall have the business to themselves. (3) Do, some kind Christian, pump a stroke or two, just to wet my whistle. (4) Thank you, sir! (5) My dear hearers, when the world shall have been regenerated by my instrumentality, you will collect your useless vats and liquor casks into one great pile and make a bonfire in honor of the town pump. (6) And when I shall have decayed like my predecessors, then, if you revere my memory, let a marble fountain, richly sculptured, take my place upon this spot. (7) Such monuments should be erected everywhere and inscribed with the names of the distinguished champions of my cause.

(8) One o’clock! (9) Nay, then, if the dinner bell begins to speak, I may as well hold my peace. (10) Here comes a pretty young girl of my acquaintance with a large stone pitcher for me to fill. (11) May she draw a husband while drawing her water, as Rachel did of old! (12) Hold out your vessel, my dear! (13) There it is, full to the brim; so now run home, peeping at your sweet image in the pitcher as you go, and forget not, in a glass of my own liquor, to drink “Success to the town pump.”

—NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, _Twice Told Tales_.

1. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of words in these paragraphs that you do not understand.

2. Classify each sentence both as to purpose and structure.

3. What part of speech is _ahem_? What feeling does it express in sentence (1)?

4. Supply the ellipsis in sentence (1). What part of speech is _speechifying_? What is its grammatical use?

5. What does the adverb _especially_ in sentence (1) modify?

6. Account for the use of _shall_ and _will_ in these paragraphs.

7. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the class and use of each, and the introductory word.

8. Select all the terms of address. What is the base word of each?

9. What is the use of _now_ sentence (2)? _old_ (11)? _dinner_ (9)?

10. Parse each predicate verb in sentences (3), (5), (6), (7).

11. Tell the part of speech and use of _themselves_, sentence (2); _stroke_, _two_ (3); _there_, _full_, _peeping_, _glass_, _own_ (13).

12. Tell the use of all infinitive phrases in sentences (3), (6), (9), (10), (13).

Exercise 3

(1) Once upon a time there came to this earth a visitor from a neighboring planet. And he was met at the place of his descent by a great philosopher, who was to show him everything.

(2) First of all they came through a wood, and the stranger looked upon the trees. “Whom have we here?” said he.

(3) “These are only vegetables,” said the philosopher. “They are alive, but not at all interesting.”

(4) “I don’t know about that,” said the stranger. “They seem to have very good manners. Do they never speak?”

(5) “They lack the gift,” said the philosopher.

(6) “Yet I think I hear them sing,” said the other.

(7) “That is only the wind among the leaves,” said the philosopher. “I will explain to you the theory of winds; it is very interesting.”

(8) “Well,” said the stranger, “I wish I knew what they are thinking.”

(9) “They cannot think,” said the philosopher.

(10) “I don’t know about that,” returned the stranger; and then laying his hand upon a trunk: “I like these people,” said he.

(11) “They are not people at all,” said the philosopher. “Come along.”

(12) Next they came through a meadow where there were cows.

(13) “These are very dirty people,” said the stranger.

(14) “They are not people at all,” said the philosopher; and he explained what a cow is in scientific words which I have forgotten.

(15) “That is all one to me,” said the stranger. “But why do they never look up?”

(16) “Because they are graminivorous,” said the philosopher; “and to live upon grass, which is not highly nutritious, requires so close an attention to business that they have no time to think, or speak, or look at the scenery, or keep themselves clean.”

(17) “Well,” said the stranger, “that is one way to live, no doubt. But I prefer the people with the green heads.”

(18) Next they came into a city, and the streets were full of men and women.

(19) “These are very odd people,” said the stranger.

(20) “They are the people of the greatest nation in the world,” said the philosopher.

(21) “Are they indeed?” said the stranger. “They scarcely look so.”

—R. L. STEVENSON, _Fables_.

1. Rewrite this selection, changing the direct to indirect discourse and noting the changes made in verbs, pronouns, and other words.

2. Fill out the elliptical sentences, and tell the grammatical use of each of the words that you supply.

3. Comment on the use of _and_ (1), _but_ (15), and _but_ (17).

4. Explain how each of the following verbs and verbals is completed and modified: _was_, _to show_, paragraph (1); _have_ (2); _are_, and _are_ (3); _seem_ (4); _lack_ (5); _think_, _hear_, _said_ (6); _wish_, _knew_, _are thinking_ (8); _laying_ (10); _explained_, _is_, _have forgotten_ (14); _is_ (15); _keep_ (16).

5. Find the subject of _came_ in the first sentence, and explain the use of _there_. Prove that _was met_ in paragraph (1) is a true passive verb.

6. Tell the grammatical use of each infinitive in paragraphs (16) and (17).

7. Tell the part of speech and use of _once_, paragraph (1); _first_ (2); _highly_, _so_ (16); _well_ (17); _next_ (18); _very_ (19); _indeed_, _scarcely_, _so_ (21).

8. Parse all the adjective pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and relative pronouns.

9. Find all the prepositional phrases, and tell what each phrase modifies. Tell the object of each preposition, and if there is anything peculiar about any object, comment upon the peculiarity.

10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each clause, and its introductory word. Classify the adjective clauses as restrictive or unrestrictive, and tell what the adverbial clauses denote.

If a word is used in a peculiar or uncommon way, consult the dictionary for information regarding it.

Exercise 4

(1) There troop the three most roguish boys that ever made parents scold or laugh. (2) They have nothing to do but to set each other on to mischief. (3) They pull off buds from the unblossomed rose bushes; they pick cucumbers by the half bushel that were to have been let alone; they break down rare shrubbery to get whips, and instead get whippings; they kill the guinea-pigs; chase the chickens; break up hens’ nests; get into the carriages and wagons only to tumble out, and set all the nurses a-running; they study every means of getting under the horses’ feet, and, as the more dangerous act, they are fond of tickling their hind legs, and pulling at their tails; they fill the already fed horses with extra oats, causing the hostler to fear for his charges’ health, since they refuse oats at the next regular feeding; they paddle in all the mud on the premises; sit down in the street and fill their pockets with dirt; they wet their clothes in the brook, tear them in the woods, lose their caps a dozen times a day, and go bare-headed in the blazing sun; they cut up every imaginable prank with their long-suffering nurses when meals are served, or when bedtime comes, or when morning brings the washing and dressing. (4) They are little, nimble, compact skinfuls of ingenious, fertile, endless, untiring mischief. (5) They stub their toes, or cut their fingers, or get stung, or eat some poisonous berry, seed, or root, or make us think that they have, which is just as bad; they fall down stairs, or eat green fruit till they are as tight as a drum; and yet there is no peace to us without them, as there certainly is none with them. Mischievous darlings! Joyful plagues! Loving, rollicking, laughing rogues!

—HENRY WARD BEECHER, _Star Papers_.

1. Give the principal parts of each predicate verb in this selection; its tense. Read the selection with the predicate verbs in the past tense.

2. Explain how the following verbs are completed and modified: _made_, sentence (1); _have_ (2); _pull_, _were_, _lose_, _go_, _cut_ (3); _are_ (4); _get_, _make_ (5).

3. Select all the adjectives and tell what they modify. Classify them as limiting or descriptive. Compare them, if possible. If any of them do not admit of comparison, tell why.

4. Tell the use of _there_, sentence (1) and _there_ (5).

5. Tell the use and case of each of the following nouns: _boys_, sentence (1); _legs_ (3); _hostler_ (3); _times_ (3); _day_ (3); _drum_ (5); _darlings_ (5).

6. Find three nouns in the possessive case, and tell what each of them modifies. Decline each of these nouns.

7. Select all the infinitives with _to_ and tell the use of each.

8. Select and classify all the words in _-ing_.

9. Account for the punctuation of this selection.

10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each, and the introductory word.

11. Tell the part of speech and use of _on_ (2); _off_, _alone_, _down_, _up_, _already_ (3); _just_, _down_, _certainly_ (5).

12. Select all the coördinate conjunctions in sentences (3) and (5) and tell what each conjunction joins.

INDEX

Absolute phrases, 237.

Absolute use of noun, 237.

Abstract nouns, 14.

Active voice, 40.

Address, term of, 39, 40.

Adjective clauses, 171. restrictive, 193. unrestrictive, 194.

Adjective elements, 29.

Adjective phrases, 31.

Adjective pronouns, 121. declension of, 122.

Adjectives, appositive, 88. classified, 110. comparison of, 116, 117. defined, 25. errors in use of, 118, 119. misused for adverbs, 70, 71. modifying pronouns, 26. objective complement, 94. parsing of, 120. review of, 120. subjective complement, 69.

Adverbial clauses, of cause, 183. of comparison, 188, 189. of concession, 186. of condition, 186. of manner, 181. of place, 181. of purpose, 184. of result, 184. of time, 180, 181. office of, 171.

Adverbial nouns, 91.

Adverbial noun phrases, 91. modifying adjectives or adverbs, 92.

Adverbial noun phrases, modifying verbs, 91. what they denote, 91.

Adverbial phrases, 31.

Adverbs, comparison of, 170. conjunctive, 172. defined, 28. formation of, 31. interrogative, 170. introducing noun clauses, 204, 205. meaning of, 28. misused for adjectives, 70, 71. modifying adjectives, 29. modifying adverbs, 29. modifying sentences, 175. modifying verbs, 28. parsing of, 174. simple, 170. summary of, 173.

_After_, 178.

Agreement, of participle and noun, 239. of subject and verb, 165, 166.

_Among_, 37.

Analysis, models for, 34, 48, 191, 225, 244.

Antecedent, of personal pronoun, 98. of relative pronoun, 197.

Anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.

Appositive, adjective, 88. case of, 87. in possessive case, 86. infinitive, 215. noun, 85, 86.

Appositive, noun clause, 201. position of, 86. punctuation of, 86, 87.

Articles, definite and indefinite, 113. uses of, 114.

_As_, relative pronoun, 197.

_At_, 37.

Auxiliary verbs, 124. _can_, _could_, etc., 154-156. _shall_ and _will_, 151, 152.

_Before_, 178.

_Beside_, 38.

_Besides_, 38.

_Between_, 37.

_But_, conjunction and preposition, 46. relative pronoun, 197. uses of, 178.

_By_, 38.

_Can_ and _could_, 155, 156.

Capitalization, of proper adjectives, 111. of proper nouns, 13, 14.

Case, 83-95, 100, 108, 196.

Cause, clauses of, 183.

Clauses, adjective, 171, 193-197. adverbial, 171, 180-191. defined, 48. dependent, 52, 53. independent, 48. noun, 200, 201. review of, 206.

Collective nouns, 166.

Common gender, 78.

Common nouns, 13, 14.

Comparative degree, 116.

Comparison, clauses of, 188, 189. of adjectives, 116. of adverbs, 170. how denoted, 116, 117. irregular, 117.

Complement, defined, 61.

Complement, direct object, 61. double object, 216. objective, 94, 145. subjective, 67, 68.

Complex sentences, 53.

Compound personal pronouns, 106. uses of, 106.

Compound predicate, 19, 20.

Compound sentences, 50.

Compound subject, 20.

Concession, clauses of, 186.

Condition, clauses of, 186.

Conjugation, active voice, 128-130, 132, 134. defined, 127. emphatic, 149. imperative mode, 134. indicative mode, 128-130. interrogative, 129. passive voice, 140-142. progressive, 148. subjunctive mode, 132.

Conjunctions, 46. coördinate, 174. correlative, 175. in compound sentences, 50. subordinate, 176, 177.

Conjunctive adverbs, 172. in noun clauses, 204.

Contractions, 130.

Coördinate conjunctions, 174.

Correlative conjunctions, 175.

Dangling participles, 239.

Declarative sentences, 9, 10.

Declension, of nouns, 84. of personal pronouns, 98. of relative pronouns, 196.

Defective verbs, 154-157.

Demonstrative adjectives, 113.

Dependent clauses, 52.

Descriptive adjectives, 110, 111.

Direct and indirect discourse, 162-165.

Direct and indirect quotations, 162-165.

_Do_, as principal verb, 157.

Double object, of preposition _for_, 220. of verb, 216-218.

Double possessive, 81, 104.

_Each other_, 122.

Elliptical sentences, 249, 250.

_Else_, as limiting adjective, 113. uses of, 178.

Emphatic conjugation, 149, 150.

_Enough_, 113.

Errors, in adjectives, 70, 71, 118, 119. in adverbs, 70, 71. in infinitives, 221, 222. in interrogative pronouns, 109, 110. in participles, 239. in personal pronouns, 101, 103. in verbs, 130, 137-142.

Exclamatory nouns, 40.

Exclamatory sentences, 44, 45.

Feminine gender, 78.

Floating participle, 239.

_For_, 179.

Gender, 77, 78. how denoted, 78.

Gerund, 211.

_Going_, in verb phrase, 156.

_Have_, as principal verb, 157.

_Hence_, 179.

Idiomatic expressions, 104, 201, 220, 235, 247.

Imperative mode, 134. conjugation of, 134.

Imperative sentences, 41. subject omitted, 42.

Impersonal verbs, 157.

_In_, 37, 38.

Independent elements, 39, 40.

Indicative mode, 127.

Indirect discourse, 162-165.

Indirect object, 89, 90. becoming subject of passive verb, 141. position of, 90.

Infinitive phrases, 211.

Infinitives, defined, 209. errors in use of, 221, 222. in apposition, 215. in _-ing_, 210. modified by possessive, 211. modifier of adjective, 220, 221. modifier of noun, 215. modifier of verb, 218. object of preposition, 220. object of verb, 213. part of double object, 216-218. subjective complement, 213. summary of, 224, 225. used independently, 221. with _to_, 209, 210.

Interjections, 43.

Interrogative adjectives, 113.

Interrogative adverbs, 170.

Interrogative conjugation, 129.

Interrogative pronouns, 108. errors in use of, 109, 110. in noun clause, 204. uses of, 108.

Interrogative sentences, 23, 24. order of, 24.

_Into_, 38.

Intransitive verbs, of action, 64. of being, 64, 66, 67.

Irregular verbs, defined, 135, 136. errors in use of, 137-140. principal parts of, 137.

_It_, as anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.

_Lay_ and _lie_, 137.

_Like_, 181.

Limiting adjectives, 110, 113, 114.

Manner, clauses of, 181.

Masculine gender, 77.

_May_ and _might_, 155, 156.

Mode, defined, 127. imperative, 134. indicative, 127. subjunctive, 131, 132.

Modifier, 26.

_Must_, 155, 156.

Natural order, 22.

Neuter gender, 78.

Nominative case, 83, 84, 100.

Noun clauses, 200. introductory word of, 203, 204. uses of, 200, 201.

Nouns, abstract, 14. adverbial, 91, 92. as adjectives, 27. as interjections, 43. case of, 83, 84. collective, 166. common, 13, 14. compound, 81. declension of, 84. defined, 11, 12. direct object, 61. gender of, 77, 78. in apposition, 85-87. in exclamation, 40. in _-ing_, 240. indirect object, 89. number of, 74-76. object of preposition, 35. objective complement, 94. parsing of, 96. possessive, 79-82. proper, 13, 14. term of address, 39, 40. used absolutely, 237.

Number, defined, 74. singular and plural, 74, 75.

Numeral adjectives, 113.

_O_, 43.

Object, double, 216. indirect, 89, 90, 141. of preposition, 35, 36. of verb, 61. retained, 146.

Objective complement, 94. becoming subjective complement of passive verb, 145.

_Off_, 38.

_One_, declined, 122.

_One another_, 122.

_Only_, 179.

_Other_, declined, 122.

_Own_, with possessives, 100.

Parsing, of adjectives, 120. of adverbs, 174. of nouns, 96. of prepositions, 179. of pronouns, 100, 208. of verbs, 150, 168.

Participial phrases, 229.

Participles, agreement of, 239. dangling, or floating, 239. defined, 228, 229. differing from adjectives, 231. errors in use of, 239. forms of, 228. summary of, 243, 244. uses of, 140, 144, 145, 148, 228, 229, 231, 235, 237.

Parts of speech, summary of, 57.

Passive voice, 140-142.

Past participle, 135, 228. as subjective complement, 144, 145. in passive conjugation, 140.

Person, of nouns, 98. of pronouns, 98. of verbs, 127.

Personal pronouns, 98. compound, 106. declension of, 98. errors in use of, 101-103. uses of, 100, 103-105.

Phrases, 31, 33. absolute, 237. adjective, 31. adverbial, 31. as subjective complement, 69. defined, 33. denoting possession, 81. in a series, 32. infinitive, 211. participial, 229. position of, 32. prepositional, 35, 36.

Place, clauses of, 181.

Plurals, foreign, 75. formation of, 74, 75. compound nouns, 75. letters and figures, 75. titles, 75. regular and irregular, 74. same as singular, 74.

Positive degree, 116.

Possessive case, 83. of compound nouns, 81.

Possessive nouns, 80, 83. form of, 80, 81. in double possessives, 81. what they denote, 81.

Possessive pronouns, 103. how used, 104. in double possessives, 104.

Predicate, compound, 19, 20. defined, 9, 10. simple, 16. transposed, 22.

Prepositions, 34, 35. correct use of, 37-39. parsing of, 179.

Present participle, in progressive conjugation, 148, 228.

Principal parts, 135.

Principal parts, of irregular verbs, 137.

Progressive conjugation, 148.

Pronouns, adjective, 121. compound personal, 106. defined, 18. in clauses of comparison, 190, 191. indefinite, 204. interrogative, 108. parsing of, 100, 208. personal, 98, 100, 103.

Pronouns, relative, 196, 197. review of, 207.

Proper adjectives, 111.

Proper nouns, 13, 14.

Punctuation, of a series, 20, 25, 26, 32. of appositives, 86-88. of compound sentences, 50. of compound subject and predicate, 20. of declarative sentences, 10. of exclamatory sentences, 44. of interrogative sentences, 24. of phrases, 32.

Purpose, clauses of, 184.

_Raise_ and _rise_, 138.

Reflexive use of pronouns, 106.

Regular verbs, 135, 136.

Relative pronouns, 196, 197. _what_, 204.

Result, clauses of, 184.

Retained object, 146.

Review, general, 257-264. of adjectives, 120. of adverbs, 173. of analysis, 252. of clauses, 206. of infinitives, 224, 225. of nouns, 96, 97. of participles, 243. of parts of speech, 57. of prepositions, 179.

Review, general, of pronouns, 207. of sentences, 55. of verbs, 72, 168.

Sentences, complex, 53. compound, 50. declarative, 9, 10. defined, 9, 10. elliptical, 249, 250, exclamatory, 44, 45. imperative, 41. interrogative, 23, 24. review of, 55. simple, 48.

Sequence of tenses, 125, 163.

Series, of adjectives, 25. of phrases, 32. of predicates, 20.

_Set_ and _sit_, 138.

_Shall_ and _will_, 151. in indirect discourse, 163. in interrogative sentences, 152. rules for use of, 152.

_Should_ and _would_, 160-162. in subjunctive mode, 155.

Simple adverbs, 170.

Simple predicate, 16.

Simple sentences, 48.

Simple subject, 11.

_Since_, 179.

Singular number, 74.

_So_, 179.

Subject, compound, 20. defined, 9, 10. how found, 16. simple, 11. transposed, 22.

Subjective complement, 67, 68. adjective, 69. infinitive, 213. noun, 67, 69. participle, 144, 145. prepositional phrase, 69.

Subjunctive mode, 131. conjugation of, 132.

Subjunctive mode, tenses of, 132.

Subordinate conjunctions, 176, 177.

Summary, of adverbs, 173. of case relations, 97. of infinitives, 224, 225. of participles, 243, 244.

Superlative degree, 116.

Tense, 123. errors in, 125, 126. in noun clauses, 201. primary, 124. secondary, 124. sequence of, 125, 163.

Term of address, 39.

_The_, an adverb, 170.

_There_, 247, 248.

_Till_, 179.

Time, clauses of, 180, 181.

_To_, omitted in infinitives, 217.

_To_, use of, 37.

Transitive verbs, 60, 61. followed by indirect object, 90. followed by objective complement, 94. what they denote, 62.

Transposed order, 22.

_Until_, 179.

_Used_, in verb phrases, 156.

Verb phrases, 155, 156.

Verbals, 210, 211.

Verbs, defective, 154-157. defined, 16. errors in use of, 130, 137-142. intransitive, 64, 66, 67. mode of, 127, 131, 134. parsing of, 150, 168. principal parts of, 135, 137. regular and irregular, 135, 136. review of, 72, 168. tense of, 123-126. transitive, 60, 61. used as interjections, 43. used transitively or intransitively, 64, 66. voice of, 140-142.