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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. TENTH " ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IV

BISHARIN to CALGARY

New York Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.SC. Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

Botany.

A. E. H. A. E. HOUGHTON. Formerly Correspondent of the _Standard_ in Spain. Author of _Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain._

Cabrera.

A. E. S. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., M.A., D.SC. Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge Natural History_.

Brachiopoda.

A. F. P. ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of all Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford), 1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the Protector Somerset_, _Henry VIII._; _Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Bonner; Burghley; Baron.

A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Blandrata; Brenz; Buckholdt.

A. H. B. ARTHUR HENRY BULLEN. Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon. Editor of _Collection of Old English Plays_; _Lyrics from the Song Books of the Elizabethan Age_; &c.

Burton, Robert.

A. H.-S. SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Bushire.

A. H. Sm. ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A. Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British Museum_; &c.

Brooch.

A. J. G. REV. ALEXANDER J. GRIEVE, M.A., B.D. Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Butler; Bishop (_in part_).

A. J. L. ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX. Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Bogota; Bolivia: _Geography and Statistics_; Brazil: _Geography and Statistics_; Buenos Aires.

A. Lo. AUGUSTE LONGNON. Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute. Author of _Geographie de la Gaule au VI. siecle; Documents relatifs au comte de Champagne et de Brie;_ &c.

Blois: _Countship of._

A. Me. MRS ALICE MEYNELL. Author of _Poems_; _Later Poems_; _The Rhythm of Life and other Essays_; &c.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett.

A. M. C. MISS AGNES MARY CLERKE. See the biographical article: CLERKE, A.M.

Brahe, Tycho.

A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Bunting; Bustard; Buzzard.

A. S. C. ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B. Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South Kensington. Author of _Ornament in European Silks_; _Catalogue of Tapestry_, _Embroidery_, _Lace and Egyptian Textiles in Victoria and Albert Museum_; &c.

Brocade.

A. T. Q.-C. SIR ARTHUR T. QUILLER-COUCH. See the biographical article: QUILLER-COUCH, Sir A.T.

Brown, Thomas Edward.

A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900. Burdett, Sir Francis.

Brandenburg: _Margraviate;_ Burdett, Sir Francis.

A. W. Po. ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A. Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of King's College, London. Hon. Secretary, Bibliographical Society. Editor of _Books about Books_ and _Bibliographica_. Joint-editor of _The Library_. Chief Editor of the "Globe" _Chaucer_.

Book; Book Collecting.

A. W. R. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B. Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Boarding-House.

B. R. SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD, D.SC., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C., ASSOC. INST. C.E., M. INST. M.E. Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office, Corporation of London, and Port of London Authority. President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Member of the Council of the Chemical Society. Member of Council of Institute of Chemistry. Author of _Cantor Lectures on Petroleum_, _Petroleum and its Products_, _Chemical Technology_, &c.

Bitumen.

C. B.* CHARLES BEMONT, D.ES.L., LITT.D. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: BEMONT, C.

Brequigny.

C. D. CYRIL J.H. DAVENPORT, F.S.A. Assistant to the Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Cantor Lecturer on Decorative Bookbindings, Society of Arts. Author of _Royal English Bookbindings_, _English Embroidered Bookbindings_, _History of the Book_, &c.

Bookbinding.

C. D. W. HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT. See the biographical article: WRIGHT, C. D.

Building Societies: _United States._

C. E.* CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Bone: _Industrial._

C. E. A. C. E. AKERS. Formerly _The Times_ Correspondent in Buenos Aires. Author of _A History of South America, 1854-1904_.

Brazil: _History (in part)_.

C. El. SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L. Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate, Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar, and Consul-General for German East Africa, 1900-1904. Author of _Turkey in Europe_; _Letters from the Far East_, &c.

Bokhara (_in part_).

C. E. S. HON. CHARLES EMORY SMITH. See the biographical article: SMITH, CHARLES EMORY.

Blaine.

C. H. CHARLES HOSE, D.SC. Formerly Divisional Resident and Member of the Supreme Council of Sarawak. Author of _A Descriptive Account of the Mammals of Borneo_, and numerous papers in scientific journals.

Brunei.

C. K. S. CLEMENT KING SHORTER. Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Charlotte Bronte and her Circle_, _The Brontes Life and Letters_, &c.

Bronte, C., E. and A.

C. L. K. CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A. Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of London_.

Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.

C. Pf. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES. L. Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_, _Le Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Saint Odile_.

Brunhilda.

C. S. S. CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON, D.SC., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign Member of Academies of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Gottingen, &c. Author of _The Integrative Action of the Nervous System_.

Brain: _Physiology_.

C. W. W. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., R.E. (1836-1897). Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of _From Korti to Khartum_; _Life of Lord Clive_, &c.

Caesarea Mazaca (_in part_).

D. B. Ma. DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Author of _Development of Muslim Theology_, _Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory_,_ Selections from Ibn Khaldun_, _Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_, &c.

Bukhari; Cadi.

D. C. B. DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOULGER. Author of _History of Belgium_, _England and Russia in Central Asia_, _History of China_, _Life of Gordon_, _India in the 19th Century_, &c.

Bruges; Brussels.

D. C. T. DAVID CROAL THOMSON. Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers Maris_, _The Barbizon School of Painters_, _Life of "Phiz"_, _Life of Bewick_, &c.

Browne, Hablot Knight.

D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analysis_, comprising _The Classical Concerts_, _The Goldberg Variations_, and analyses of many other classical works.

Boccherini; Bruckner.

D. H. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_, _Life of Emilio Castelar_, &c.

Bouvet; Brenton; Brigandage; Buccaneers; Byng; Calderon, Rodrigo.

D. Ll. T. DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS. Stipendiary Magistrate for Pontypridd and Rhondda. Formerly Assistant Commissioner to the Labour Commission and Secretary to the Welsh Land Commission.

Brecon; Caerphilly.

D. Mn. REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Missionary Society. Author of _Constructive Congregational Ideals_.

Blaikie; Boston, Thomas; Bruce, Alexander Balmain; Cairns, John.

E. Br. ERNEST BARKER, M.A. Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

Bohemund.

E. Ca. EGERTON CASTLE, M.A., F.S.A. Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of _English Book Plates_, _Bibliotheca Dimicateria_, &c.

Book Plates.

E. C. B. RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT. Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath.

Bridgittines; Brothers of Common Life; Bruno, Saint.

E. Es. EDMOND ESMONIN.

Bombelles, Mare Marie, Marquis de.

E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND

Bjornson; Blank Verse; Bouts-Rimes; Bucolics; Busken-Huet.

E. H. C. ERNEST HARTLEY COLERIDGE, M.A. Balliol College, Oxford. Editor of _Byron's Poems_, _Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge_, &c.

Byron.

E. H. B. SIR EDWARD H. BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895). M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of _A History of Ancient Geography_, &c.

Bithynia (_in part_).

E. H. M. ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M.A. Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Palaeography.

Bosporus Cimmerius; Budini.

E. K. EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., F.I.C. Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of _A Manual of Dyeing_, &c. Editor of _Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists_.

Bleaching.

E. L. B. EDWARD LIVERMORE BURLINGAME, A.M., PH.D. Editor of _Scribner's Magazine_. Formerly on Staff of _New York Tribune_.

Brook Farm.

E. Ma. EDWARD MANSON. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Joint-editor with Sir John Macdonell, C.B. of the _Journal of Comparative Legislation_. Author of _Law of Trading Companies_, &c.

Bond.

E. O.* EDMUND OWEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.SC. Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London. Author of _A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students_.

Bladder and Prostate Diseases; Bone: _Medical_.

E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Examiner in Portuguese in the University of London, Manchester, &c.

Bocage.

E. Wa. REV. EDMOND WARRE, M.A., D.D., D.C.L., C.B., C.V.O. Provost of Eton. Hon. Fellow of Balhol College, Oxford. Head Master of Eton College, 1884-1905. Author of _Grammar of Rowing_, &c.

Boat.

E. W. B. SIR EDWARD WILLIAM BRABROOK, C.B. Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies, 1891-1904. Author of _Building Societies_, _Provident Societies and Industrial Welfare_, _Institutions for Thrift_, &c.

Building Societies: _United Kingdom_.

F. By. FRANK BRINKLEY. Captain R.N. Foreign Adviser to Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Tokyo. Correspondent of _The Times_ in Japan; Editor of the _Japan Mail_. Formerly Professor of Mathematics at Imperial Engineering College, Tokyo. Author of _Japan_, &c.

Bonin Islands.

F. D. A. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS, D.SC., PH.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science, and Logan Professor of Geology, McGill University, Montreal. President of Canadian Mining Institute.

British Columbia (_in part_).

F. G. P. FREDERICK GYMER PARSONS, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R.ANTHROP.INST. Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital and the London School of Medicine for Women. Formerly Examiner in the Universities of Cambridge, Aberdeen, London and Birmingham, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Brain: _Anatomy_.

F. H. FRANCIS HUEFFER, PH.D. (1845-1899). Formerly Musical Critic of _The Times_. Author of _The Troubadours: a History of Provencal Life and Literature in the Middle Ages_, _Richard Wagner and the Music of the Future_. Editor of _Great Musicians_.

Boccaccio.

F. J. C. SIR FRANCIS J. CAMPBELL, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.S.A. Principal, Royal Normal College for the Blind, Norwood, London. Author of Papers on the Education of the Blind.

Blindness.

F. J. H. FRANCIS JOHN HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A. Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer,1906-1907. Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c.

Boadicea; Britain: _Pre-Roman and Roman_; Caerleon; Caledonia.

F. Ll. G. FRANCIS LLEWELYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A. Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and _Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Hon. Member of Imperial German Archaeological Institute, the Societe Asiatique, and the Institut Egyptien, Cairo. Author of _Stones of the High Priests of Memphis_; _Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the Rylands Collection, Manchester_; &c.

Bubastis; Busiris; Buto.

F. L. L. LADY LUGARD. See the biographical article: LUGARD, SIR F.J.D.

Bornu; British Empire.

F. R. C. FRANK R. CANA. Author of _South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union_.

British East Africa.

F. R. M. FRANCIS RICHARD MAUNSELL, C.M.G. Lieut.-Col. R.A. Military Vice-Consul, Sivas, Trebizond, Van (Kurdistan), 1897-1898. Military Attache, British Embassy, Constantinople, 1901-1905. Author of _Central Kurdistan_; &c.

Bitlis.

F. We. FREDERICK WEDMORE. See the biographical article: WEDMORE, F.

Boudin.

F. W. Ha. FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A. Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901.

Bithynia (_in part_).

F. W. M. FREDERICK WILLIAM MAITLAND, LL.D. See the biographical article: MAITLAND, F.W.

Bracton.

G. A. B. GEORGE A. BOULENGER, D.SC., PH.D., F.R.S. In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London.

Caecilia.

G. E. REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON, M.A., F.R.HIST.S. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1909-1910. Employed by British Government in preparation of the British Case in the British Guiana-Venezuelan and British Guiana-Brazilian boundary arbitrations.

Bolivia: _History (in part)_; Brabant: _Duchy_; Brazil: _History (in part)_.

G. F. Z. G.F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S. Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_.

Bread.

G. G. P.* GEORGE GRENVILLE PHILLIMORE, M.A., B.C.L. Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.

Burial and Burial Acts.

G. L. G. GEORGE LOVELL GULLAND, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edin.). Assistant Physician to the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. Lecturer on Medicine at Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh.

Blood: _Pathology of the_.

G. M. D. GEORGE MERCER DAWSON, LL.D., F.R.S. Formerly Director of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geologist and Naturalist to H.M. North American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875; one of H.M. Bering Sea Commissioners, 1891. Author of numerous scientific and technical reports printed by the Canadian Government.

British Columbia (_in part_).

G. T. G. SIR GEORGE D. TAUBMAN GOLDIE. See the biographical article: GOLDIE, SIR G.D.T.

Brazza, Count de.

G. W. Ca. GEORGE WASHINGTON CABLE. See the biographical article: CABLE, G. W.

Bryant, William Cullen.

G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.

Buhturi; Busiri.

H. Br. HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D. Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The Making of English_; &c.

Caedmon.

H. Ch. HUGH CHISHOLM, M.A. Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the 11th Edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_. Co-editor of the 10th edition.

Boulanger; Bridgman, Laura D.

H. Cl. SIR HUGH CHARLES CLIFFORD, K.C.M.G. Colonial Secretary, Ceylon. Fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute. Formerly Resident, Pahang. Colonial Secretary, Trinidad and Tobago, 1903-1907. Author of _Studies in Brown Humanity_; _Further India_; &c. Joint-author of _A Dictionary of the Malay Language_.

Borneo.

H. De. REV. HIPPOLYTE DELEHAYE, S.J. Bollandist. Joint-editor of the _Acta Sanctorum_.

Bollandists.

H. Fr. HENRI FRANTZ. Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_ (Paris).

Bocklin; Bonheur, Rosa.

H. H. J. SIR HENRY HAMILTON JOHNSTON, K.C.B., G.C.M.G. See the biographical article: JOHNSTON, SIR H.H.

British Central Africa.

H. M. C. HECTOR MUNRO CHADWICK, M.A. Fellow and Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge. Author of _Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions_.

Britain: _Anglo-Saxon_.

H. P. B. HENRY PERCIVAL BIGGAR. Author of _The Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland_.

Cabot, John.

H. S. J. HENRY STUART JONES, M.A. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_, &c.

Caesar, Julius.

H. W. C. D. HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of _Charlemagne_, _England under the Normans and Angevins_, &c.

Bohun; Breaute, Falkes de; Burgh, Hubert de.

H. W. S. H. WICKHAM STEED. Correspondent of _The Times_ at Rome (1897-1902) and Vienna.

Bonghi, Ruggero.

J. A. F. M. JOHN ALEXANDER FULLER MAITLAND, M.A., F.S.A. Musical Critic of _The Times_. Author of _Life of Schumann_, _The Musician's Pilgrimage_, _Masters of German Music_, _English Music in the Nineteenth Century_, _The Age of Bach and Handel_. Editor of the new edition of Grove's _Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, &c.

Brahms.

J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. Curator and Librarian, Museum of Practical Geology, London.

Bunter; Cainozoic.

J. A. M. JAMES ALEXANDER MANSON. Formerly Literary Editor of the _Daily Chronicle_. Author of _The Bowler's Handbook_, &c.

Bowls.

J. B.* JOSEPH BURTON. Partner in Pilkington's Tile and Pottery Co., Clifton Junction, Manchester.

Brick (_in part_).

J. Bt. JAMES BARTLETT. Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities, &c., King's College, London. Member of Society of Architects, Institute of Junior Engineers, Quantity Surveyors' Association. Author of _Quantities_.

Brickwork; Building.

J. C. C. J.W. COMYNS-CARR. Author of _Essays on Art_, &c.

Blake, William.

J. D. B. JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S. Correspondent of _The Times_ in South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

Bulgaria.

J. E. H. JULIUS EGGELING, PH.D. Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Edinburgh University. Formerly Secretary and Librarian to Royal Asiatic Society.

Brahman; Brahmana; Brahmanism.

J. F.-K. JAMES FITZMAURICE-KELLY, LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S. Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, Liverpool University. Norman MacColl Lecturer, Cambridge University. Fellow of the British Academy. Knight Commander of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of _A History of Spanish Literature_, &c.

Breton de los Herreros; Caballero; Calderon de la Barca.

J. G. C. A. JOHN GEORGE CLARK ANDERSON, M.A. Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College. Craven Fellow (Oxford), 1896. Conington Prizeman, 1893.