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THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTH EDITION
FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771. SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784. THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797. FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810. FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817. SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824. SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842. EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860. NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889. TENTH " ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903. ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.
COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention
by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
_All rights reserved_
THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME VII
CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV
New York Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue
Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.
A. B. F. Y. ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG. Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner Stories_; &c.
Dance (_in part_).
A. Bo.* AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L. Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris. Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_.
Curia Romana; Decretals.
A. Ca. ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.
Curve (_in part_).
A. E. B. REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D. Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of Remesiana_; &c.
Creeds.
A. E. J. ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A. Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.
Continued Fractions.
A. F. P. ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.
Coverdale; Cox, Richard; Craig, John; Cranmer; Cromwell, Thomas; Crowley.
A. G. MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.
Crime; Criminology.
A. Go.* REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
Coornhert.
A. H. J. G. ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905). Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_; _Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_; _History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._
Consul: Roman.
A. H. P. REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A. Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A. Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative Failure_; &c.
Deaf and Dumb.
A. J. B. ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT. Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c.
Copts: _The Coptic Church_.
A. J. B.* ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910). Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Italian Language and Literature, University College, London. Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante and his Times_; &c.
Dante.
A. J. E. ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos. Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology.
Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_.
A. L. ANDREW LANG. See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.
Crystal-Gazing.
A. Mw. ALLEN MAWER, M.A. Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of Sheffield.
Danelagh.
A. M. C. AGNES MARY CLERKE. See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.
Copernicus; Delambre; Delisle, J. N.
A. M. Cl. AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE). Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._
Curia; Decemviri; Decurio.
A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.
Coot; Cormorant; Crane; Crossbill; Crow; Cuckoo; Curlew.
A. N.* REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A. Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College, London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of Atonement_; &c.
Creatianism and Traducianism.
A. N. M. A. N. MONKHOUSE. Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_.
Cotton (_in part_).
A. van M. ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D. Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of _Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c.
Constantinople.
A. W. H.* ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.
Curia Regis.
A. Wi. ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P. Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive, International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910. Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c.
Co-operation.
A. W. R. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B. Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of _Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.
Corporal Punishment; Covenant.
A. W. W. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. See the biographical article: WARD, A. W.
Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist.
C. E.* CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S. Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Constellation.
C. E. N. CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D. See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E.
Curtis, George William.
C. F. A. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_.
Crimean War; Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_)
C. F. B. CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D. Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c.
Decimal Coinage.
C. K. WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of _The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c.
Dalling, Lord.
C. K. S. CLEMENT KING SHORTER. Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontës: Life and Letters_; &c.
Cowper, William; Crabbe, George.
C. L. H. CALDWELL LIPSETT. Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore, India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_.
Coolie.
C. Pf. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ÈS L. Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Étude sur le règne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le Duché merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_.
Dagobert.
C. R. B. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_; _The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.
Conti, Nicolo de'; Cook, Captain; Dampier; Daniel of Kiev; Davis, John.
D. C. T. DAVID CROAL THOMSON. Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers Maris_; _The Barbizon School of Painters_; _Life of "Phiz"_; _Life of Bewick_; &c.
Corot; Daubigny.
D. F. T. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analyses, comprising Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations_; and analyses of many other classical works.
Contrapuntal Forms; Counterpoint.
D. G. H. DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A. Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905; Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.
Cyrenaica; Cyrene.
D. H. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.
Convoy (_in part_); Copenhagen, Battle of; Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de; Dahlgren, John Adolf.
D. Mn. REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Missionary Society.
Cruden, Alexander.
E. Br. ERNEST BARKER, M.A. Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.
Crusades.
E. B. El. EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of _Algebra of Quantics_; &c.
Curve (_in part_).
E. B. P. EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., LL.D. Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _The Colours of Animals_; _Essays on Evolution_; _Darwin and the Original Species_; &c.
Darwin.
E. C. Q. EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in Modern Languages, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic.
Cuchulinn.
E. F. S. EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE. Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.
Della Quercia.
E. G. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.
Conte; Couplet; Cowley; Crashaw; Criticism; Daniel, Samuel; Davenant, Sir William; Dekker, Edward Douwes.
E. Gr. ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A. See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY.
Corfu (_in part_); Corinth: _Isthmus of_; Cos (_in part_); Crisa; Daphne; Delos; Delphi.
E. Ma. EDWARD MANSON. Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of _Journal of Comparative Legislation_. Author of _Debentures and Debenture Stock_; &c.
Debentures and Debenture Stock.
Ed. M. EDUARD MEYER, D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D., PH.D. Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Forschungen zur alten Geschichte_; _Geschichte des alten Ägyptens_; _Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme_; &c.
Ctesiphon; Cyaxares; Cyrus; Darius; Deioces; Demetrius of Bactria.
E. M. W. REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER, M.A. Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen's College, Oxford.
Constitution of Athens.
E. Pr. EDGAR PRESTAGE. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society, &c.
Corte-Real, Jeronymo; Cruz e Silva.
E. R. B. EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, M.A. Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of _House of Seleucus_; _Jerusalem under the High Priests_.
Demetrius of Macedonia.
E. Tn. REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of the Jesuits in England_.
Cullen, Paul; Curci.
E. V. REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895). Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of England_.
Crypt.
F. E. W. REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A. Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church_; &c.
Dedication.
F. G. M. B. FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.
Deira.
F. Lu. FRIEDRICH LUCKWALDT, PH.D. Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig. Author of _Österreich und die Anfänge des Befreiungskriege von 1813_; &c.
Dahlmann.
F. Ll. G. FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A. Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and _Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of Imperial German Archaeological Institute.
Copts (_in part_).
F. Po. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L. See the biographical article: POLLOCK: _Family_.
Contract.
F. S. P. FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., B.SC. Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member of American Historical Association.
Cuba.
F. T. M. SIR FRANK THOMAS MARZIALS, K.C.B. Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of "Great Writers" Series.
Daudet.
F. W. Ha. FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A. Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901.
Cyzicus.
F. W. R.* FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S. Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.
Corundum; Cryolite; Demantoid.
G. A. B. GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society of London.
Cyprinodonts.
G. C. B. GILBERT CHARLES BOURNE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S. Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. Author of _An Introduction to the Study of Comparative Anatomy of Animals_; &c.
Coral-reefs.
G. C. C. G. C. CHUBB.
Cytology.
G. C. W. GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT. D. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Portrait Miniatures_; _Life of Richard Cosway, R.A._; _George Engleheart_; _Portrait Drawings_; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's _Dictionary of Painters and Engravers_.
Cooper, Alexander; Cooper, Samuel; Cosway, Richard.
G. F. Z. G. F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S. Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_.
Conveyors.
G. H. Fo. GEORGE HERBERT FOWLER, F.Z.S., F.L.S., PH.D. Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and Assistant Professor of Zoology at University College, London.
Ctenophora.
G. J. T. GEORGE JAMES TURNER. Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Editor of _Select Pleas of the Forest_ for the Selden Society.
County.
G. P. R. GERALD PHILIP ROBINSON. President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint Engraver to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII.
Cousins, Samuel.
G. Sa. GEORGE SAINTSBURY, L.L.D., LITT.D. See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B.
Corneille, Pierre; Corneille, Thomas.
G. Sn. GRANT SHOWERMAN, A.M., PH.D. Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American Philological Association. Author of _With the Professor_; _The Great Mother of the Gods_; &c.
Corybantes; Criobolium; Curetes; Cybele.
G. W. T. REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D. Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.
Damiri.
H. Br. HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D. Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The Making of English_; &c.
Cynewulf.
H. B. W. HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S. Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of the Geological Society of London_; &c.
Dechen.
H. F. G. HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D. Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural History).
Crocodile.
H. Fr. HENRI FRANTZ. Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, Paris.
Courbet.
H. M. W. H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC. (d. 1905). Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber and some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Disease in Plants_; &c.
De Bary.
H. St. HENRY STURT, M.A. Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and _Personal Idealism_.
Crusius; Cudworth, R.
H. S. J. HENRY STUART JONES, M.A. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_; &c.
Costume: _Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman_.
H. Th. SIR HENRY THOMPSON, BART. See the biographical article: THOMPSON, SIR HENRY.
Cremation.
H. Tr. SIR HENRY TROTTER, K.C.M.G., C.B. Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for Roumania, 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European Commission of the Danube. Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical Society, 1878.
Danube.
H. W. C. D. HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls' College, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and Angevins_; _Charlemagne_.
Coutances, Walter of.
I. A. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A. Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of _A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_.
Crescas; Delmedigo.
J. An. JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D. Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient Scottish Weapons_; &c.
Crannog.
J. A. C. SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G. See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR J. A.
Cranach; Cuyp.
J. A. H. JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC. Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.
Corallian; Cornbrash; Culm.
J. C. S.-H. JOHN CASTLEMAN SWINBURNE-HANHAM, J.P. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation Society of England.
Cremation: _Statistics_.
J. D. B. JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S. King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.
Crete: _Geography and Statistics_; and _Modern History_.
J. D. Pr. JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York. Daniel (_in part_).
J. E. B. JOHN EGLINTON BAILEY. Author of _John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius_; _Life of Thomas Fuller_.
Cryptography.
J. Go.* JOSEPH GREGO. Art Critic. Author of _A History of Parliamentary Elections_; _A History of Dancing_; _Thomas Rowlandson_; _James Gillray_; &c.
Cruikshank.
J. G. K. JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S. Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904.
Cyclostomata.
J. H. F. JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Demeter.
J. H. M. JOHN HENRY MIDDLETON, M.A., F.S.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896). Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of Cambridge, and Art Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author of _The Engraved Gems of Classical Times_; _Illuminated Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times_.
Della Robbia (_in part_).
J. H. R. JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.). Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c.
Court Baron.
J. Hl. R. JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of Pitt_; &c.
Daru, Count; Decaen.
J. H. Rs. REV. JAMES HARDY ROPES, D.D. Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, and Dexter Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University. Author of _The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism_; &c.
Corinthians: _Epistles to the_.
J. L. M. JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A. Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical Archaeology in University of Oxford.
Cyprus (_in part_).